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Impacts of Urbanization and River Water Contaminants on Abundance, Locomotion and Aggression of a Local Freshwater Crustacean

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Impacts of Urbanization and River Water Contaminants on Abundance, Locomotion and Aggression of a Local Freshwater Crustacean Impacts of urbanization and river water contaminants on abundance, locomotion and aggression of a local freshwater crustacean Thesis by José L. Ortiz Lugo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor in Philosophy (Ph.D.) Thesis Committee: Dr. María A. Sosa Lloréns - Dissertation Advisor, UPR Medical Sciences Campus Dr. Jennifer L. Barreto-Estrada - UPR Medical Sciences Campus Dr. Alberto M. Sabat - UPR Río Piedras Campus Dr. Carlos I. González - UPR Río Piedras Campus Dr. José L. Agosto - UPR Río Piedras Campus University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras and Medical Sciences Campus Department of Biology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Intercampus Doctoral Program 2015 1 | P a g e 2 | P a g e COPYRIGHT In presenting this thesis dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree Doctor in Philosophy-Biology at the University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras and Medical Sciences Campus. I agree that the library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this dissertation for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, shall not be allowed without my written permission. 3 | P a g e Dedicatory First at all, I thank God for giving me spiritual strength and hope to keep going on. I dedicate this thesis to my special family, to my mother and father, Nilda Lugo Espinosa and William Ortiz Solis for being with me always in this adventure. I also dedicate this thesis to my brothers and sisters, Joel Ortiz Lugo who passed away on 1998, William Ortiz Lugo, Elsa I. Ortiz Lugo, Javier Ortiz Lugo, and Wilma I. Ortiz Lugo for their important help, love, affection, and believe in me. Finally to my eight nephews Valerie Ortiz, Emely Ortiz, Carelys E. Soto Ortiz, Keiralys E. Soto Ortiz, Keliel J. Soto Ortiz, Kimberly E. Soto Ortiz, Jeilian I. Serrano Ortiz and Isander Y. Serrano Ortiz. All this work is for you, thanks. Acknowledgements During my graduate studies in the University of Puerto Rico several persons and institutions collaborated directly and indirectly with my research. I wish to dedicate this section to acknowledge their support. I would especially like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Maria A. Sosa Lloréns for the trust and giving me the opportunity to develop as a science professional in her laboratory. I will be always grateful. Also to my thesis committee, Dr. Alberto M. Sabat, Dr. Jennifer L. Barreto-Estrada, Dr. Carlos I. González and Dr. José L. Agosto for dedicating time, guidance, and supervision during this research. I want to thank everyone who participated in this project especially to the members of my lab; without their support it would have been impossible to complete the research. I would also like to thank people from the lab of Dr. Alonso Ramírez at the UPR-Río Piedras for their collaboration and important advices in this project. This research was supported by the NSF HRD-1137725 (CREST) and the PRCEN Graduate Fellowship. 4 | P a g e Table of Contents Research Summary………………………………………………………………………. 6 General Introduction………………………………………………………………………8 Chapter 1: The effects of urbanizing watersheds on population assemblages of freshwater macro-invertebrates…………………………………………………………11 Methods………………………………………………………………………16 Results………………………………………………………………………. 20 Discussion…………………………………………………………………... 23 Conclusions…………………………………………….…………………....28 Appendix……………………………………………………………...….…..30 Literature cited...……………………………………….…………………....91 Chapter 2: The influence of water pollutants from urban streams on agonistic behaviors in a Puerto Rican native adult omnivorous prawn……..…………………99 Methods………………………………………………………..……………103 Results………………………………………………………………………107 Discussion…………………………………………………………………..109 Conclusions…………………………………………….…………………..114 Appendix……………………………………………………………...….…117 Literature cited...……………………………………….…………………..166 Chapter 3: Locomotor activity as a measure of the effect of urban anthropogenic chemicals on freshwater prawns……………………..…………………..………...…171 Methods………………………………………………………..…………….174 Results………………………………………………………………………177 Discussion…………………………………………………………………..178 Conclusions…………………………………………….…………………..183 Appendix……………………………………………………………...….…186 Literature cited...……………………………………….…………………..225 General Discussion……………………………………………………………………231 5 | P a g e Summary Humanity today is experiencing a dramatic shift to urban living. Local urban environmental stressors and global ones are combining to accelerate the rates of degradation of different marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In the tropical regions, especially in the Caribbean natural habitats can be disturbed by human activities often more rapidly and persistently. As natural landscapes are altered by human disturbances, the health of streams and their fauna are increasingly at risk. Puerto Rico is a small island with a high population density and growing rate of urbanism that is driving a continual conversion of land to anthropogenic uses, increasing the accumulation of contaminants in water resources. An increasing number of chemicals liberated into the environment through human activities have demonstrated potential for disruption of biological processes critical to normal growth and development of wild species. So far, it is not known if the introduction of different types of contaminants into water bodies and urban development has the potential of altering the physiology, behavior and nervous system of aquatic animals. Organism responses vary by assemblage group, and aquatic macro-invertebrates often show the highest sensitivity to urbanization. Our study species Macrobrachium carcinus is the largest freshwater prawn that inhabits the rivers of Puerto Rico. Therefore, since it is known that macro-invertebrates are sentinel species, sensitive to contaminants, and environmental variables, it is thus a good candidate to explore if water contaminants from urban rivers can affect population rates and different aspects of neural function, including activity, and interactive behaviors. We hypothesized that anthropogenic activities near Puerto Rican urban watersheds are associated with changes on relative population density, and impairment on interactive behaviors, and general activity of freshwater prawn species. Effects of environmental contaminants can be studied at various levels of organization, including biochemical and cell levels, the level of individual organisms, and the population and community level. The results from this project will contribute towards the knowledge base of our understanding on behaviors, neural responses and management of Puerto Rico stream prawn´s communities and ecosystems. To achieve this goal three primary research objectives were postulated: (1) quantitatively determine differences in the relative abundance of individuals in four rivers with 6 | P a g e different levels of urbanism; (2) evaluate the effect of specific pollutants found in urban streams on the general activity; and (3) determine the effects of urban water chemicals on agonistic behaviors of adult Macrobrachium prawns. 7 | P a g e Introduction All the freshwater prawns that have been cultured so far belong to the genus Macrobrachium, the largest genus of the family Palaemonidae. Macrobrachium species are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical zones of the world. They are found in most inland freshwater areas including lakes, rivers, swamps, irrigation ditches, canals and ponds, as well as in estuarine areas (New and Singholka 1985). About 200 species have been described, almost all of which live in freshwater at least for part of their life. In the Western Hemisphere there are about 35 native species of this genus (Bowles 2000). In the rivers of Puerto Rico, large Decapod crustaceans are represented by members of the Macrobrachium genus of giant freshwater prawns. Local species of freshwater Macrobrachium include: M. acanthurus, M. carcinus, M. crenulatum, M. faustinum, and M. heterochirus (Fig ?). Most of them require brackish water for full larval development before the benthic post- larvae develop and begin to migrate considerable distances upstream to the rivers headwaters, where juveniles continue to grow into reproductive, omnivorous adults (Chace and Hobbs 1969; Crowl, Mc Dowell et al. 2001; Snyder, Anderson et al. 2011). Macrobrachium carcinus (Fig. 1A) is the largest and most prevalent of the prawn species found in Puerto Rico (Covich 2006); however, few studies have been conducted with this model (Pérez Reyes, Crowl et al. 2013). Other species such as the introduced giant Malaysian prawn M. rosenbergii is a classic example of a species that has become widespread because of its popularity in commercial aquaculture (Iketani, Pimentel et al. 2011). Expeditions by Holthuis were used to provide useful information on the distribution, local names, habitats and maximum sizes of commercial (fished and farmed) species of Macrobrachium (Holthuis 1950). Accessibility to local rivers and ease of handling in the lab make M. carcinus a good candidate to explore questions of how water contaminants from urban rivers can affect variables such as the number of individuals, levels of general activity, interactive behaviors, and their sensitiveness to pollutants. Crustaceans are major constituents of aquatic ecosystems, living in different habitats and having the ecological role of shredders and thus are important components of nutrient
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