Factors Influencing Local Attitudes Towards the Conservation of Leopard Cats Prionailurus Bengalensis in Rural Taiwan

Factors influencing local attitudes towards the conservation of leopard cats Prionailurus bengalensis in rural Taiwan

I AN B EST and K URTIS J AI-CHYI P EI

Abstract Understanding the human dimension is critical and facing population declines (Ripple et al., ). for effective conservation management of species involved Contemporary approaches to wildlife conservation have in human–carnivore conflict. There is also a need to recog- become more interdisciplinary, emphasizing the need for nize who among the local human population is supportive research that considers human dimensions and socio- of wildlife conservation. We investigated how local people’s economic as well as ecological factors (Marchini, ; attitudes and knowledge of the leopard cat Prionailurus ben- Verdade et al., ). In areas where people and carnivores galensis are influenced by socio-demographic variables, en- increasingly come into contact as human activities encroach counter rates and the nature of encounters with the felid in on wildlife habitat, an understanding of human–carnivore Taiwan. During June–August  we interviewed  resi- interactions and underlying human–human conflicts is dents in Miaoli County in northern Taiwan, where the leop- essential (Young et al., ; Redpath et al., ), and ard cat is known to occur. More than half of the participants opinions and attitudes toward carnivores will undoubtedly indicated they were supportive of leopard cat conservation. vary (Jacobs et al., ; Suryawanshi et al., ). The majority of those who expressed positive attitudes to- The leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis is categorized as wards protection of the leopard cat belonged to younger, Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (Ross et al., ) but more educated socio-demographic groups. Negative attitudes on the island of Taiwan it is categorized as Endangered and towards leopard cat conservation were most prevalent among is protected under Taiwan’s Wildlife Conservation Act. farmers, who also reported the highest incidence of negative Leopard cats were once widely distributed throughout experiences, mainly involving predation of poultry. We pro- Taiwan but are now limited to Miaoli County, Taichung vide recommendations to mitigate human–felid conflict, City and Nantou County (Pei, ; Chen et al., ). including changes to animal husbandry practices. We also Their current habitats, in low-elevation mountainous describe how conservation efforts for this species and wildlife regions with secondary vegetation, are in close proximity in general in Taiwan could be improved, for example through to human settlements and agricultural areas and are thus incentive and awareness-raising programmes. vulnerable to further development and encroachment (Pei, ; Chen et al., ). The leopard cat population on the Keywords Attitudes, felid conservation, human–carnivore island is estimated to comprise c.  individuals; a small conflict, leopard cat, socio-demographic factors, Taiwan, fraction of the former population (Pei et al., ). The de- threatened species cline has been caused by anthropogenic factors, including Supplementary material for this article is available at commercial hunting for pelts, and habitat loss, degradation https://doi.org/./S and fragmentation (McCullough, ; Ross et al., ). Regardless of the leopard cat’s protected status under the Wildlife Conservation Act, illegal hunting still takes place (Pei, ; St. John et al., ). With increased infrastruc- Introduction ture development and habitat fragmentation, leopard cats are also occasionally killed by motorized vehicles while ffective wildlife conservation planning and manage- attempting to cross roads (Pei et al., ). ment have become critically important in many parts E Conflicts between people and leopard cats in Taiwan are of the world, with more and more species threatened often a result of poultry predation incidents, and sometimes lead to retaliatory killings of leopard cats by trapping or poi-

IAN BEST* (Corresponding author) Department of Biology, Lund University, soning. In a survey conducted in Miaoli County (St. John Lund, Sweden. E-mail [email protected] et al., ), –%of respondents (n = ) admitted KURTIS JAI-CHYI PEI (Corresponding author) Institute of Wildlife Conservation, to killing leopard cats during –. Conflicts and College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and ’ Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan. E-mail [email protected] negative attitudes are likely to persist if farmers livelihoods are threatened and they suffer economic losses, especially in *Also at: Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program,  Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan the case of small-scale poultry farmers (St. John et al., ). – Received  February . Revision requested  April . Human humanconflictsalsooccurinTaiwanbetweengroups Accepted  July . First published online  February . with varying interests concerning leopard cat conservation

Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 866–872 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318000984 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.126, on 27 Sep 2021 at 10:14:17, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318000984 Attitudes towards leopard cats in Taiwan 867

in this region are engaged in small-scale poultry farming for personal use (Mai, ). Also, % of the land in Miaoli County is secondary forest, artificial forest, bamboo forest or agricultural land (Miaoli County Government, ), which can be suitable habitat for leopard cats (Pei et al., ; Ross et al., ).

Methods

We conducted a social survey utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire (Supplementary Table ) during  July– August . The questionnaire contained both closed- and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was adminis- tered during one-to-one interviews designed to elicit infor- FIG. 1 Locations of the townships Tongxiao, Yuanli and Sanyi in mation concerning socio-demographic factors (including Miaoli County, Taiwan, where surveys were conducted to age, gender, education level and occupation), attitudes and investigate local attitudes to leopard cats Prionailurus bengalensis. perceptions regarding leopard cats, knowledge of leopard cat ecology and conservation, prior experiences with the felid, and experience with conservation organizations (Pei et al., ). For example, in Miaoli County there have and/or groups. These socio-demographic variables are com- been disputes between those interested in preserving leop- monly used in studies of attitudes to wildlife conservation ard cat habitat and those with other interests, such as devel- (Kideghesho et al., ; Kansky & Knight, ; Mkonyi opment projects. The majority of leopard cat hotspots et al., ). (quality habitat with higher density of the species) occur We carried out preliminary tests of the questionnaire on on privately owned land (Pei et al., ), and therefore colleagues and made any necessary revisions. We interviewed the success of leopard cat conservation efforts depends on  local residents ( per township), accounting for c. .%of the support of private landowners. households. The majority of interviews were conducted in The objectives of this exploratory study were to investi- Mandarin, with a few in English and some in Taiwanese; an gate how attitudes and awareness of leopard cat conserva- interpreter was present during all interviews. Each interview tion are influenced by various socio-demographic factors lasted – minutes and all were recorded, with the permis- in Miaoli County, northern Taiwan. We also determined sion of the participants. All interviews were later transcribed the frequency and nature of encounters, and whether they into English. The same researcher (IB) facilitated the ques- contribute to human–carnivore conflict and affect attitudes tionnaire in all interviews. towards conservation. We predicted that () any prior nega- All participants were  years of age or older. Before the tive experiences involving leopard cats, such as poultry interview, participants were shown a picture of a leopard cat predation, would influence participants’ attitudes, and ()indi- and if they were familiar with the study species they were viduals that had participated in any conservation activities asked to complete the questionnaire. would have more favourable attitudes toward the conserva- We utilized a combination of snowball and random sam- tion of leopard cats. We provide novel data on local people’s pling. Snowball sampling techniques is effective for facilitat- attitudes toward the conservation of a threatened carnivore, ing access to populations or interest groups that may be and contribute to improved understanding of the human challenging to reach (Atkinson & Flint, ). We employed dimensions of wildlife conservation in a rapidly developing this technique to gain access to local people whose land East Asian country. overlaps leopard cat habitat, those who had lost poultry to leopard cat depredation, and individuals known locally to Study area have hunting experience. In the centre of each township we chose locations at random using a random number We conducted the study in three townships in Miaoli generator, to recruit interviewees. To avoid bias we did County: Sanyi, Tongxiao and Yuanli (Fig. ). These locations not interview more than one member of any household. were chosen based on the latest data available for the distri- Based on the information collected in the interviews, par- bution of leopard cats, and hotspots for the species (Pei ticipants were categorized as either supportive or neutral/ et al., ; Chen et al., ). We expected that local resi- unsupportive with respect to their attitudes towards leopard dents in these townships would have a greater chance of cat protection (Table ). The strict conditions for the sup- encountering leopard cats. Furthermore, % of farmers portive group were to control for an over-representation

TABLE 1 Key for assigning interviewees to groups based on their attitudes to leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis protection and their knowledge of leopard cats and their ecology.

Questions Responses Leopard cat protection (1) Do you think protecting leopard cats is more important ‘Yes’ to all three questions = Supportive group than development projects in the region? All other combinations = Neutral/Unsupportive group (2) Would you be willing to help protect leopard cats? (3) If there were leopard cats living on your land would you tolerate/protect them? Knowledge of leopard cats and their ecology (1) What is suitable habitat for leopard cats? All questions answered correctly = High group (2) How many leopard cats can be found in Miaoli? 2–3 questions answered correctly = Medium group (3) What does a leopard cat diet consist of? 0–1 questions answered correctly = Low group (4) How much land does one leopard cat need?

 TABLE 2 Summary statistics of χ tests to determine associations between the dependent variables ‘support for leopard cat protection’ and ‘knowledge’.

Support for leopard cat protection Knowledge Variable n1 df χ2 Pn1 df χ2 P Age 141 1 8.24 0.004*** 141 2 2.802 0.238 Gender 150 1 3.32 0.081 150 2 8.38 0.012* Education level 149 4 15.11 0.004*** 149 8 4.612 0.799 Occupation 150 8 24.12 0.002*** 150 16 13.892 0.494 Experience3 149 1 1.90 0.168 149 2 1.56 0.495 Experience type4 56 1 5.75 0.016 56 2 0.742 0.793 Conservation experience5 149 1 6.26 0.012* 149 1 8.262 0.012*

 Varies because not all respondents answered all questions.   χ statistic calculated with Fisher’s exact test (used when the subgroup sample of a variable was , ).  Previous experiences with leopard cats: yes or no.  Type of experience with leopard cats: neutral or negative.  Previous experiences with conservation activities: yes or no. *P , ., ***P , ..

of participants in this group and acquire a more realistic (Huizingh, ). Fisher’s exact tests were used when estimation of supportive individuals in our sample. We required for quality control (Upton, ). also defined conditions for groups reflecting their level of knowledge (high, medium or low) of leopard cat ecology  and current conservation status (Table ). Results Participants were also categorized according to whether or not they had encountered leopard cats, and whether their Of the  participants, .% were supportive of leopard cat encounters had been negative or neutral. For example, protection (Supplementary Table ). Furthermore, the major- depredation of an interviewee’s poultry by a leopard cat ity of the participants considered leopard cats to be important would qualify as a negative experience. Additionally, we (.%), more than half perceived them positively (.%), determined if participants had any previous experiences and more than half considered protecting leopard cats to be with conservation organizations, groups and/or activities (de- more important than further development in the region noted the conservation experience variable). Our explanatory (.%). The majority of the participants (.%) had a variables were derived from the socio-demographic and ex- medium level of knowledge about leopard cats; only .% perience factors, and our dependent variables were leopard had a high level of knowledge. cat protection, and knowledge. Individuals with a higher level of education were more We used SPSS v. . (IBM, Armonk, USA) for statistical supportive of leopard cat protection (Table , Fig. b), and analyses. Descriptive statistical tests were used to compute participants younger than  years were more supportive  cross-tabulations, and χ tests to determine association than those  or older (Table , Fig. a). Farmers had the and significance between the two dependent variables highest opposition (neutral/unsupportive) to leopard cat

(Table ). However, participants who reported negative experiences had a higher proportion in the neutral/unsupportive group (Table , Fig. a). Individuals who self- identified as farmers not only had the highest incidence of experiences with leopard cats but also of negative experiences with leopard cats, compared with other occupational groups; nine out of  experiences with leopard cats reported by this occupational group were negative (Fig. b). Farmers who reported having had negative experiences all claimed to have small-scale poultry farms. The other participants (not in the farmers group) who reported having had negative experiences with leopard cats as a result of poultry predation stated during the interviews that they were rela- tives of poultry farmers or had economic interests in a farm. Only .%of individuals claimed to have participated in some sort of conservation activity through an organization or group. These participants were more supportive of leopard cat protection and more aware of the ecology and status of the leopard cat (Table ).

Discussion

More than half of the participants were supportive of leopard cat conservation, stating that the species’ habitat should be preserved and that they would be willing to help improve awareness of its current status and take part in promotional and/or educational activities supporting its conservation. The attitudinal variable for leopard cat protection was associated with the socio-demographic variables education level and occupation. Participants with higher levels of education were more supportive of leopard cat protection. FIG. 2 Attitudes towards leopard cat protection, based on (a) age Positive attitudes towards wildlife conservation have been    (n = ), (b) education level (n = )and(c)occupationof reported to increase with higher levels of education (Casey interviewees in three townships in Miaoli County, Taiwan (Fig. ). et al., ; Mkonyi et al., ). With respect to occupation, participants in the academic group were most frequently protection compared to other occupational groups (Table , supportive, whereas farmers were most frequently neutral/ Fig. c). unsupportive. This is consistent with other surveys that We found that gender did not affect attitudes towards showed farmers have more negative attitudes towards carni- leopard cat protection. However, for the variable ‘knowl- vores than other occupational groups (Hemson et al., ; edge’, the only significant association was with gender: Liu et al., ). Furthermore, as predicted, we found a there was a higher proportion of male participants in the strong association between negative experiences with leop- medium knowledge group (Table ). ard cats (almost entirely involving poultry predation inci- Less than half of the participants (.%) had personal dents) and unsupportive and negative attitudes towards experiences/encounters with leopard cats. The majority of the felid and its protection. Those who have experienced those experiences were sightings but  (.%of) were conflict with carnivores are less likely to base their decisions, defined as negative experiences (mainly poultry depredation and subsequent actions, regarding wildlife conservation on incidents (.%), the remainder being attributed to hunt- objective facts or knowledge, as experiences can lead to ing of leopard cats, which was information freely divulged emotional prejudice and subjectivity (Inskip & Zimmerman, by the participants). ; Slagle et al., ). However, we found the incidence of Whether or not participants had had a personal experi- negative experiences with leopard cats to be relatively low, ence with leopard cats did not influence their attitudes to- consistent with the findings of St. John et al. (), whose ward leopard cat conservation, or their level of knowledge results showed that only  of  respondents surveyed

FIG. 3 (a) Attitudes towards leopard cat protection, based on experience type (n = ), and (b) experience type within occupational subgroups (n = ) among interviewees in three townships in Miaoli County, Taiwan (Fig. ).

perceived leopard cats as pests, and all  owned small-scale indicated they would be willing to help improve awareness. poultry farms. The relatively low incidence of negative ex- This could be achieved via online media platforms. periences and associated attitudes should not be overlooked The success of conservation action plans for wildlife, es- however, because of the potential harm to the felid’s reputa- pecially carnivores, depends on the support of local people. tion (Sakurai et al., ). For leopard cats, mitigation of any sources of conflict is a In terms of the relationship between age and supportive- priority, especially as many farmers in Miaoli stock poultry. ness of leopard cat conservation, the results are significant One of the participants in our study mentioned that he had when the participants are divided into two groups: ,  installed powerful lights surrounding the enclosure of his and $  years old. Other authors have reported that age poultry to deter leopard cats, which he claimed was success- is negatively associated with attitude towards carnivores; ful. Lights can act as disruptive visual stimuli for predators, i.e. younger people have more positive attitudes towards and have been found to be useful (Shivik & Martin, ). these species (Casey et al., ; Suryawanshi et al., ). Another effective, non-lethal management technique is to Our results also indicate that conservation experience construct and/or strengthen and reinforce enclosures to contributes to favourable attitudes towards leopard cats, maintain barriers between carnivores and livestock or poultry which confirms our second prediction. This is not surpris- (Shivik & Martin, ; Ravenelle & Nyhus, ). Apart from ing, as we would expect individuals with conservation alterations to animal husbandry, compensation schemes are experience to have an interest in the subject and be more commonly adopted to mitigate the impact of depredation empathetic towards wildlife, especially threatened wildlife (Zabel & Holm-Muller, ; Maheshwari et al., ). (Teel & Manfredo, ). Individuals with conservation However, in Taiwan ex-post compensation schemes are in- experience had higher levels of knowledge of leopard cat effective as they are not offered through the government but ecology and status. through NGOs, with minimal compensation, requirement Few of the participants were able to correctly answer the for substantial evidence of losses, and lengthy processing question pertaining to the current status of leopard cats, time (Pei et al., ). Moreover, farmers may be reluctant which implies that awareness could be improved at the to report losses to the government or conservation groups, local level. St. John et al. () found that few of the re- as they may prefer to take matters into their own hands and spondents in their survey were aware that leopard cats are carry out retaliatory killings of leopard cats (Kao, ). protected by law. Thus there is room for improvement in As an alternative, programmes based on conservation community-level environmental educational programmes performance payments have been designed and implemen- in Taiwan (Hsu et al., ). ted in developed countries (e.g. Sweden) to support carni- Awareness of and support for leopard cats could be vore conservation, and these have been largely successful increased by targeting younger, higher-educated socio- (Persson et al., ). Performance payments are made to demographic groups through social media and other online individuals and/or groups for specific conservation achieve- platforms. Online sampling and outreach is becoming more ments, such as successful reproduction of target species widely used in the scientific community (Baltar & Brunet, (Zabel & Holm-Muller, ; Persson et al., ). The pay- ). When asked how they would be willing to help sup- ments are contingent on reciprocity; i.e. the amount paid port leopard cats, many of the participants in our study is dependent on specific conservation targets being met

(Zabel & Engel, ; Ravenelle & Nyhus, ). Currently conservation value of tourism in a human-carnivore conflict in there are no incentives for private landowners in Taiwan to Botswana. Biological Conservation, , –. endorse leopard cat conservation but performance payment HSU, M.-J., AGORAMOORTHY, G., DESENDER, K., BAERT,L.& BONILLA, H.R. () Wildlife conservation in Taiwan. programmes could potentially be an effective means of miti- Conservation Biology, , –. gating impacts and promoting coexistence between leopard HUIZINGH,E.() Applied Statistics with SPSS. Sage, London, UK. cats and landowners. A feasible approach for implementing INSKIP,C.&ZIMMERMANN,A.() Human–felid conflict: a review such a programme could involve paying farmers and other of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx, , –.  landowners to record occurrences of mature and/or juvenile JACOBS, M.H., FEHRES,P.&CAMPBELL,M.( ) Measuring emotions towards wildlife: a review of generic methods and leopard cats in their habitat and hotspot areas. The conserva- instruments. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, , –. tion outcomes could be verified by trained scientists, and KANSKY,R.&KNIGHT, A.T. () Key factors driving attitudes landowners would have an incentive to not only tolerate towards large mammals in conflict with humans. Biological but also protect leopard cats. Conservation, , –.  Our findings indicated an appreciation for leopard cats KAO, C.-T. ( ) Removal patterns and conflicts of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis) at Tongsiao Miaoli, Taiwan. amongst the residents of our three study areas. As leopard MSc thesis. Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung cats are the sole remaining wild, native felid species in University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. [In Taiwan, their preservation is critical. However, leopard Chinese, with English abstract] cats are threatened locally, and face population declines. KIDEGHESHO, J.R., RØSKAFT,E.&KALTENBORN, B.P. () Factors To rectify this, conservation action plans need to be devel- influencing conservation attitudes of local people in Western Serengeti, Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation, , –. oped and implemented, with channels of discussion estab- LIU, F., MCSHEA, W.J., GARSHELIS, D.L., ZHU, X., WANG,D.&SHAO, lished between stakeholders, policymakers and conservation L. () Human–wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not biologists to facilitate the necessary changes. necessarily behaviors: factors driving the poaching of bears in China. Biological Conservation, , –. Acknowledgements We thank all those who participated in the in- MAHESHWARI, A., MIDHA,N.&CHERUKUPALLI,A.() terviews; Mei-Ting Chen, Hong-Wei Fong, Angel Lin and Tsai-Yu Lee Participatory rural appraisal and compensation intervention: for their assistance in arranging interviews in Miaoli; local academics challenges and protocols while managing large carnivore–human for their assistance in revising our questionnaire; the translators for conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, , –. transcribing the interviews; Ola Olsson for his counsel and support MAI, C.-H. () Current status of small carnivores hunting in rural of this study; and the Department of Biology, Lund University, area of Miaoli, Taiwan. MSc thesis. Institute of Wildlife Lund, Sweden for funding. Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. 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