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Tables

2.1. Comparison of the natural environments of the central Scioto, lower Illinois, and lower Wabash-Ohio valleys...... 78 2.2. Ubiquity and density of seeds, nut shells, and charcoal in Middle Woodland sites in the Licking valley (Ohio), the lower Illinois valley, and the American Bottom (Illinois)...... 83 2.3. Ohio Hopewell artworks depicting plants...... 85 2.4. Changes in the use of all seeds and Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds over the Early Woodland and Middle Woodland periods in the upper Ohio river basin. . . 87 2.5. Changes in the use of all seeds and Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds over the Early Woodland through Early Late Woodland periods in the upper Ohio valley basin...... 88 3.1. Multi-season residential sites, single-season base camps, and logistical sites in the Scioto drainage...... 105 3.2. Comparison of artifact densities at the McGraw and Murphy sites, Ohio, and the Smiling Dan site, Illinois...... 113 3.3. Modalities in calibrated radiocarbon dates from Middle Woodland habitations. . 114 4.1. Paraphernalia probably used in shaman-like and nonshaman-like leadership roles, and found in Scioto Hopewell burial contexts...... 155 4.2. Global organization of roles at 15 Ohio Hopewell ceremonial centers...... 200 4.3. Presence and organization of roles through time at four Scioto Hopewell ceremonial centers...... 203 4.4. Segregation of roles of leadership and importance over time...... 207 4.5. Comparison of proposed Ohio Hopewell clan eponyms to clan eponyms of the historic Eastern Woodlands...... 218 4.6. Clans that most commonly filled various social roles...... 220 4.7. Clans indicated to be present in the Scioto-Paint Creek area over time...... 224 4.8. Large deposits of artifacts indicating sodalities and other ceremonial societies.. . 234 4.9. Distribution of artifact classes among the sexes, and associated statistics...... 245 4.10. A typology of Ohio Hopewell ceremonial gatherings...... 257 4.11. Supra-household to community-wide ceremonies performed historically by Wood- lands and Plains Native Americans...... 260 4.12. Numbers of individual burial assemblages and ceremonial deposits that represent gatherings of given minimal size ranges, for 22 ceremonial centers in Ohio. .... 262 4.13. Burial populations and possible numbers of mourners at Scioto Hopewell earth- works and mound centers...... 263 733 734 TABLES

4.14. Estimates of the numbers of gift givers of various social roles (categorized), for 22 ceremonial centers in Ohio...... 265 4.15. Estimates of numbers of gift givers of various social roles (categorized) represented by large burial assemblages and ceremonial deposits (> 15 items), for 22 ceremonial centers in Ohio...... 266 4.16. Numbers of individual burial assemblages and ceremonial deposits that represent gatherings of given minimal size ranges, for large ceremonial centers through time...... 272 4.17. Estimates of the numbers of gift givers of various social roles (categorized), for individual large ceremonial centers through time...... 273 5.1. Possible indicators of interpersonal violence in Ohio Hopewellian societies, and alternative interpretations...... 316 5.2. Frequencies and percentages of trophy skulls in large ceremonial centers through time...... 319 7.1. Location of Ohio Hopewell sites by major and minor drainage...... 345 7.2. Ceremonial centers, mounds, and cemeteries, and their numbers of individuals and independent graves in the data base...... 346 7.3. Ceremonial centers with multiple mounds or cemeteries and their numbers of individuals and independent graves within each excavated mound or cemetery in the data base...... 348 7.4. Mounds for which internal provenience information on individuals, artifacts, and graves is missing or largely missing...... 350 7.5. Earthworks and mounds having maps of their spatial layout in Appendix 7.2.. . . 391 7.6. Correspondence of mound numbers assigned by Shetrone (1926a), Moorehead (1922), and Squier and Davis (1848)...... 397 7.7. Numbers of earthen mounds and enclosures in counties of Ohio...... 417 8.1. List of variables in the HOPEBIOARCH data base and number of entries in each. 420 8.2. Definition of classes of bifacial points and prismatic blades used in the database. 425 8.3. Conversion of terms used for bifacial points and prismatic blades...... 426 8.4. The meaning of blank cells in the HOPEBIOARCH data base...... 430 9.1. Age and sex information by site...... 468 9.2. Comparison of Johnston’s (1995, 2002) age and sex assessments for the Hopewell site...... 472 9.3A. Sex correspondence for Ohio Hopewell sites: number of individuals placed in the same age categories...... 474 9.3B. Age correspondence for Ohio Hopewell sites: number of adults placed in the same age categories...... 475 10.1. Sexing methods used in this study...... 487 10.2. Aging methods used in this study...... 487 10.3. Curation locations and catalog numbers of sites having human remains and included in this study...... 493 10.4. Principal components analyses results...... 497 10.5. Aged and sexed skeletons from the Hopewell site, by provenience...... 499 11.1. Woodlands, Prairie, Plains, and Subarctic Native American tribes covered in the eHRAF and included in the survey of artifacts and raw materials...... 505 11.2. Ohio Hopewell artifact classes and corresponding terms searched in ethnographic literature...... 511 11.3. Summary of the uses, meanings, and social role associations of artifacts of historic Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands, Prairies, Plains, and Subarctic .... 515 TABLES 735

14.1. Equivalencies defined between N. Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH database, for artifact classes, tomb forms, and body treatments...... 580 14.2. Number of equivalencies defined between N. Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH database, for demographic characteristics...... 587 14.3. Number of equivalencies defined between N. Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH database, for tomb form, grave form, and treatment variables. 587 14.4. Number of equivalencies defined between N. Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH database, for artifact classes...... 588 14.5. Agreement between N. Greber’s (1976) data set and the HOPEBIOARCH database...... 589 14.6. Agreement between T. Lloyd’s (n.d.) data set and the HOPEBIOARCH database for the Hopewell Site...... 593 15.1. Earthworks in southwestern Ohio...... 617 15.2. Ceremonial paraphernalia and raw materials deposited in large numbers in Scioto Hopewell sites...... 645

Figures

1.1. A Scioto Hopewell person costumed as a feline...... 5 1.2. Warren King Moorehead and his field crew at the Hopewell earthwork...... 6 1.3. Ohio Hopewellian mound and earthen enclosure ceremonial centers reported in this book...... 9 1.4. The Scioto-Paint Creek area with selected mound and earthen enclosure ceremonial centers...... 9 1.5. The misty Scioto valley in 1891, with Warren King Moorehead’s field camp in the foreground...... 10 1.6. (A) The Scioto Hopewell ceremonial center, Seip. (B) The Pricer mound under excavation at the Seip earthwork. (C) The charnel house enclosing tombs under the Pricer mound at Seip. (D) Model of a log tomb similar to those under the Seip-Pricer mound...... 11 1.7. The Scioto Hopewell ceremonial center, Baum...... 13 1.8. (A) Bodily parts of animals that displayed their power represent the eponyms or totems of clans. (B) Copper geometrics depicting the eight cardinal and semicardinal directions and moon rise and set points...... 14 1.9. Deposit of 100+ mica mirrors in Mound 7, Mound City earthwork...... 15 2.1. Landscape change from central to southern Ohio...... 43 2.2. A wet prairie within the oak-hickory forests of the Till Plain province in Ohio. . 45 2.3. Tall and dense hardwoods of the Allegheny Plateau province in Ohio...... 46 2.4. (A) Till plains, glaciated Allegheny Plateaus, and unglaciated Allegheny Plateaus of Ohio. (B) Relative topographic relief in Ohio...... 47 2.5. Comparison of the widths of the flood plains of the Scioto, main Paint Creek, and North Fork of Paint Creek valleys in the Chillicothe area...... 48 2.6. Relation of natural vegetation to physiography in the Scioto valley near the confluence of Paint Creek...... 50 2.7. (A) Kinds of forests in Ohio. (B) Kinds of forests in the lower and central Scioto drainage...... 51 2.8. The Great Multiple Burial within the Seip-Pricer mound was layered like the Scioto Hopewellian layered, multidimensional cosmos...... 54 2.9. Artifacts depicting the Ohio Hopewell cosmos, from the side, from above, and in three dimensions...... 55 2.10. Beings and creatures that tended to reside in and be associated with the Above and Below realms of the cosmos and its Center, as envisioned by Ohio Hopewell peoples, are well represented in their art...... 58

737 738 FIGURES

2.11. Copperas Mountain’s shale cliff in Paint Creek valley, adjacent to the Seip earthwork...... 64 2.12. Layout and photo of the stone effigy raptor and burials under the North Benton mound in northeastern Ohio...... 71 2.13. A section of Mills’ (1914:XI) map of all reported earthen mounds and enclosures in Ohio, focusing on the Scioto drainage only...... 76 2.14. Consistency and diversity in the species of nuts used at four Hopewellian habitation sites in the Licking valley, Ohio...... 80 2.15. Consistency and diversity in the categories of seeds used at four Hopewellian habitation sites in the Licking valley, Ohio...... 81 2.16. Consistency and diversity in the genera of Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds used at four Hopewellian habitation sites in the Licking valley, Ohio...... 81 2.17. Possible Scioto Hopewell artistic representations of plants...... 86 2.18. Consistency and diversity in the genera of Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds used at ten Early Woodland through Late Woodland habitation sites in the upper Ohio valley drainage...... 87 2.19. The use of seed foods and Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds increased abruptly in the upper Ohio valley drainage between about 40 B.C. and A.D. 10...... 89 2.20. The use of seed foods broadly in the midwestern and midsouthern Eastern Woodlands increased dramatically about 100 B.C...... 89 3.1. The Madeira Brown habitation site, 33Pk153, in the lower Scioto valley...... 110 3.2. The Murphy complex, a concentration of multiple Hopewellian habitations and use areas in the Licking drainage that comprised a residential community and that shifted locations over time...... 112 3.3. (A) A local symbolic community in the Scioto valley, between about A.D. 1 and 250. (B) The Dunlap Works. (C) The Cedar Banks complex. (D) The Mound City earthwork and Shriver Circle. (E) The Hopeton earthwork...... 116 3.4. (A) Three local symbolic communities in the Scioto valley, main Paint Creek valley, and North Fork of Paint Creek valley, between about A.D. 300 and 350. (B) The Seip earthwork. (C) The Baum earthwork. (D) The Old Town, or Frankfort, earthwork. (E) The Hopewell earthwork. (F) The Liberty earthwork. (G) Works East...... 119 3.5. Histogram of nearest neighbor distances for ten earthworks in the Scioto-Paint Creek area...... 125 3.6. Ten kilometer diameter catchments around six tripartite earthworks in the Scioto- Paint Creek area...... 127 3.7. Overlapping catchments from which laborers likely were drawn during the construction of five of the six tripartite earthworks in Figure 3.6...... 128 3.8. Geometric relationships shared by some tripartite earthworks in the Scioto-Paint Creek area...... 129 3.9. Floor plans of charnel houses under the mounds of Seip-Pricer, Seip-Conjoined, Edwin Harness, and Hopewell 25...... 130 3.10. One of a pair of copper geometric cutouts from the Copper Deposit under Mound 25 in the Hopewell earthwork...... 136 3.11. Floor plan of the charnel house under the Tremper mound...... 138 4.1. Many kinds of Scioto Hopewell ceremonial paraphernalia used by specialized, shaman-like practitioners in performing classic shamanic tasks...... 158 4.2. Smoking pipes with sculpted animal effigies, from the Tremper earthwork, the Great Cache...... 176 FIGURES 739

4.3. Transformation, which is a core characteristic of shamanic tasks, was expressed pervasively in Scioto Hopewell art, ceremony, and daily life...... 177 4.4. A copper breastplate patinated with the image of a duck-human with spread wings...... 178 4.5. Positive–negative play through the ambiguity of line-work on a copper repousse breastplate, and through the ambiguity of dark and light on a zone-incised, dentate stamped ceramic pot and on an incised human or bear femur...... 179 4.6. (A) A bird-man in flight. Smoking pipe. (B) A bear shaman. The “Wray” figurine. 182 4.7. Engraved clay or stone Adena tablets showing the World Tree with bird impersonators and/or birds on top of it, or making their way up its trunk...... 184 4.8. Depictions of persons in ceremonial headdresses, and ceremonial headdresses themselves, that imply shaman-like practitioners who used the powers of nature, impersonated animals, and practiced “becoming” one’s power animal but not necessarily soul flight...... 186 4.9. Depictions of persons in ceremonial headdresses, and ceremonial headdresses and paraphernalia, that do not directly imply shaman-like practitioners who used the powers of nature, impersonated animals, and practiced “becoming” one’s power animal ...... 191 4.10. Costumery that probably reflects the prestige and wealth of an individual and his or her clan, rather than a position of leadership...... 198 4.11. The process of role segregation over the Middle Woodland period...... 208 4.12. Power parts of the animal eponyms and/or totems of Scioto Hopewell clans. . . . 215 4.13. Sauk and Mesquakie leader, Keokuk, dressed with a bear claw necklace...... 218 4.14. Copena-style effigy pipe sculpture of a “dog” eating a decapitated human head. 221 4.15. Number of important roles that various Scioto Hopewell clans commonly held. . 223 4.16. Deposit of 100+ mica mirrors in the Great Mica Grave in Mound 13 of the Mound City earthwork...... 227 4.17. Copper earspools and breastplates...... 230 4.18. Copper earspools bound together by a heavy cord and deposited, suggesting the collective offering of a sodality...... 232 4.19. Smoking pipes from the Tremper earthwork, the Great Cache...... 235 4.20. Bear canines, split to expose the pulp cavity and reassembled, may have been filled with medicines by bear doctors...... 237 4.21. Copper effigy of a woman’s head in profile, facing left...... 247 4.22. Floor plan of the charnel house under the Ater mound...... 254 4.23. Ratio of leaders of shaman-like and nonshaman-like nature to individuals in personal roles who gave gifts at gatherings, as a function of the sizes of the gatherings...... 270 4.24. Ratio of nonshaman-like leaders to nonshaman-like leaders who gave gifts at gatherings, as a function of the sizes of gatherings...... 270 4.25. Change over time in the frequencies of large gatherings and the average size of large gatherings, measured in numbers of gift givers...... 272 4.26. Change over time in the ratio of leaders of shaman-like and nonshaman-like kinds compared to individuals in personal roles who gave gifts at gatherings...... 272 4.27. Change over time in the ratio of nonshaman-like leaders to shaman-like leaders who gave gifts at gatherings...... 272 5.1. Religious, ritual, social, economic, and demographic conditions that changed in the Scioto-Paint Creek area during the Middle Woodland and their relationships. 292 740 FIGURES

5.2. Representations of the axis mundi in circular ditch-embankment earthworks, a slate tube, and a smoking pipe...... 297 5.3. Symbolic water barriers surrounding the remains of deceased persons and decommissioned ceremonial artifacts...... 301 5.4. A conical mound-shaped, natural hillock at the edge of the Scioto valley...... 305 5.5. Scioto Hopewell artistic representations of human body parts and of bodies missing parts, which might indicate war trophies and captives but also have other interpretations...... 318 7.1. Map of locations of sites in the HOPEBIOARCH data base and other major earthen enclosures...... 344 7.2. Map of archaeological sites in Ohio, from Mills’ (1914:XI) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio...... 411 7.3. Map of archaeological sites in Franklin County, Ohio, from Mills’ (1914:25) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio...... 412 7.4. Map of archaeological sites in Pickaway County, Ohio, from Mills’ (1914:65) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio...... 413 7.5. Map of archaeological sites in Ross County, Ohio, from Mills’ (1914:66) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio...... 414 7.6. Map of archaeological sites in Pike County, Ohio, from Mills’ (1914:71) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio...... 415 7.7. Map of archaeological sites in Scioto County, Ohio, from Mills’ (1914:73) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio...... 416 15.1. A possible geographic expansion over time of Hopewell ceremonialism up the Scioto valley and its tributaries, followed by a slight geographic contraction. . . . 613 15.2. Five clusters of earthworks in southwestern Ohio, most of which are certainly or very probably Middle Woodland in age...... 616 15.3. Examples of Scioto Hopewell burials with arrangements of skeletons, cremation remains, and/or associated grave goods that may have been materialized ritual dramas...... 636 Figure Credits

The following figures are reproduced in this book from the sources referenced or with courtesy of the named individuals and/or institutions.

1.1. Shetrone 1936:122, figure 66; Squier and Davis 1848:244, figure 142. 1.2. Field Museum of Natural History, negative CSA39669. 1.5. Moorehead 1922:plate 38. 1.6. (A) Squier and Davis 1948:plate XXI, no. 2. (B) Ohio Historical Society, Archaeological Collections, Envelope 46. (C) Adapted from Greber 1979:58, figure 1A. (D) Shetrone and Greenman 1931:484, figure 76. 1.7. Squier and Davis 1848:plate XXI, no. 1. 1.8. (A) Shetrone 1926a:163, figure 89. (B) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Objects in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. nos. 56163 (left), 56164 (right). See also Moorehead 1922:109, plate 65, nos. 2, 3. 1.9. Mills 1922::472–477, 492–494, figure 22A. 2.1. (A–D) Photographs by Christopher Carr. 2.2. Gordon 1969:57, figure 17. 2.3. Gordon 1969:frontispiece. 2.4. (A) Adapted from Brockman 2006. (B) Gordon 1969:82, figure 23. 2.5. (A–C) Photographs by Christopher Carr. 2.6. Data from Maslowski and Seeman 1992:11, Kempton and Goldthwait 1959, Gordon 1969. 2.7. (A, B) Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2005, adapted from the Ohio Biological Survey. 2.9. (A, B) Willoughby and Hooton 1922:46–47, 57–58, figure 24. (C) Pictures of Record. Object in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, cat. no. HOCU-2664. See also Mills 1922:443, 510–512, figure 40. (D, F, G, I, J) Photographs by Christopher Carr and Andrew Lydecker. Objects in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. nos. 56205, 56164, 56200/56201, 56163, 56178, respectively; Carr nos. G201A, G212A, no number, G209B, G217A, respectively. (E) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in Hopewell Culture National Historical Monument, cat. no. HOCU-2687. (H) Photograph by Christopher Carr and Andrew Lydecker. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 85-35-10-29898, Carr no. G301A. See also Willoughby and Hooton (1922:44–49, plate 10). 2.10. (A) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922:109, 127, plate 69–3; Brose et al. 1985:150, figure 25. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56356. Compare with Brose et al. 1985:50, plate 37. (B) Brose et al. 2005:51, 741 742 FIGURE CREDITS

plate 38. See also Mills 1922:489–492, 532, figure 60. (C) Shetrone 1926a:95–97, figure 35, right side; 1936:117, figure 62B. Townsend and Sharp 2004:56, figure 1, show a modern replica at the Field Museum of Natural History (cat. no. 110133); the original is at the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. (D) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/695. (E) Otto 1984:28. Photograph in the Ohio Historical Society. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A125/53. See also Mills 1916:282–285, 322–323, figure 40. (F) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A7/78.2. (G) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Mills 1922:452–453, 549, figure 72. Object in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, cat. no. 2690. (H) Field Museum of Natural History, negative A1110026c, photograph by Ron Testa 1986. See also Moorehead 1922:125, plate 69, no. 2; Parmalee 1965:117. (I) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Willoughby and Hooton 1922:56, plate 15. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 30003. (J) Photograph in Townsend and Sharp 2004:21, figure 9. See also Willoughby and Hooton 1922:64–65, 70–71, figure 32, plate 19; Brose et al. 1985:56, plate 43; Starr 1960:3. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum cat. no. 82-53-10/29685. (K) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 82-53-10/29685. Same object as 2.10J. (L) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A1176/129. (M) Photograph in the Ohio Historical Society. Object cat. no. 1176/129. Same object as 2.10L. 2.11. Photographs by Christopher Carr. 2.12. (A) Magrath 1945:41, figure 4. (B) Magrath 1945:plate 5. 2.14. Adapted from Wymer 1996:figure 3.3. 2.15. Adapted from Wymer 1996:figure 3.4. 2.16. Adapted from Wymer 1996:figure 3.5. 2.17. (A) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A7/78.3. (B) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 84-6-29897. 2.18. Adapted from Wymer 1992:figure 9.7. 2.20. Adapted from Smith 1992:206, figure 9.3a. 3.1. Bush et al. 1989. 3.2. Adapted from Pacheco 1993:223, figure 50. 3.3. (B–E) Squire and Davis 1848:plates XXIII, XVIII, XIX, XVII, respectively. 3.4. (B–G) Squire and Davis 1848:XXI-2, XXI-1, XXI-4, X, XX, XXI-3, respectively. 3.7. Bernardini 2004:347, figure 10A. 3.8. (A) Adapted from Romain 2000:47, figure 2.6. (B) Adapted from Romain 2000:48, figure 2.7. 3.9. (A, B) Adapted from Greber 1979a:58, 66. (C) Adapted from Greber 1983:28. (D) Adapted from Greber and Ruhl 1989:50, figure 2.16. 3.10. Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922:plate LXV-1. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56161. 3.11. Adapted from Mills (1916:271, figure 3). 4.1. (A) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A4193/1. Similar novaculite spear from the Pricer mound, Seip earthwork, is cat. no. A957/277. (B) Photograph by Patricia Essenpreis, in the care of Robert Connolly and the Cincinnati Museum Center. (C) Adapted from Pictures of Record. See also Shetrone 1926a:208, figure 145, left. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 283/241. (D) Shetrone 1926a:136, figure 64. Ohio Historical Society, envelope 36. (E) Shetrone and Greenman 1931:429, figure 49A. Ohio Historical Society, envelope 40. Compare FIGURE CREDITS 743

with Shetrone and Greenman 1931:429, figures 49B, D, E; Brose et al. 1985:152, figure 27; Townsend and Sharp 2004:61, figure 11. (F) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Objects in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56555. (G) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56581. (H) Two cones on top and one in lower left, photographs by Christopher Carr. See also Mills 1916:285, 367–368. Objects in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. nos. A125/160.1, A125/137, A125/136, respectively. Cone in lower right in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56718A, negative no. A110045. (I) Mills 1916:285, 367–368, figure 98. (J) Mills 1916:285, 366–367, figure 96. (K) Shetrone and Greenman 1931:424–425; Shetrone 1936:102, figure 51. (L) Field Museum of Natural History cat. no. 56718-8; negative no. A110045. (M) Moorehead 1922:145, figure 42. (N) Moorehead 1922:170, figure 69. (O) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A957/61. Right: Shetrone and Greenman 1931:427, figure 47. (P) Moorehead 1922:146, figure 6. (Q) Shetrone and Greenman 1931:377–380, 424–425, figure 41. (R) Shetrone and Greenman 1931:373–374, 421, figure 42. (S) Photographer unknown. See also Moorehead 1922:plate 55, nos. 2, 3. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56701. (T) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/338. Right: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. A313. (U) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A957/2109. (V) Shetrone and Greenman 1931:450, figure 63. (W) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser from a photograph in Shetrone 1926a:68–72, figure 26. (X) Shetrone 1926a:164, figure 90. (Y) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922:plate 66. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56196. (Z) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Objects in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. nos. A7/127.1, A7/127.2. Similar ones shown by Mills 1907:168, figure 48. (AA) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56044. (BB) Moorehead 1922:167, figure 66. (CC) Shetrone 1926a:212, figure 149. (DD) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Shetrone and Greenman 1931:422, figure 43. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 957/27. (EE) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Mills 1922:494–496, 549–552, figure 74. Object in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, cat. no. 2687. (FF) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Shetrone 1926:157, figure 81. Objects in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 283/239. (GG) Mills 1922:489–494, 547, figure 71. (HH) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 1039/-. (II) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, based on a photograph by Cheryl A. Johnston. Skull and copper nostrils in the Ohio Historical Society A283/92, A283/444. (JJ) Photographs by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/176. (KK) Drawing by Christopher Carr and Rebekah Zinser. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A1020/3.1. (LL) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A3719/1. Right: Baby 1961:109, figure 2. (MM) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A7/78.4. (NN) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/319. 4.2. (A) Mills 1916:327, figure 44. (B) Mills 1916:311, figure 27. (C) Mills 1916:318, figure 35. (D) Mills 1916:304, figure 21. 4.3. (A) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the private collection of Robert Harness, Site 28, Projectile 1. (B) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922: 88–89. Objects in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56012. (C) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 52427. 744 FIGURE CREDITS

4.4. Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Mills 1919:165, figure 6. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A172/1, Carr no. B050. 4.5. (A) Mills 1922:489–491, 534, figure 62. See also Brose et al.1985:52, plate 40. Object at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, cat. no. 2829 (E) Perino 1968:27. (H) Moorehead 1922:128, figures 20, 21. 4.6. (A) Squier and Davis 1848:247. (B) Photograph in the Ohio Historical Society. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A3874/1. See also Dragoo and Wray 1964; Brose et al. 1985:163, figure 29; Townsend and Sharp 2004:78, figure 9. 4.8. (A) Shetrone 1936:112, figure 66; Squier and Davis 1848:244, figure 142; Fowke 1902:591. (B) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Shetrone 1926a:176, figure 105. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 283/76. (C) Mills 1922:451–452, 543, figure 68. (D) Mills 1922:545. (E) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922:109, figure 12a. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56364–1. (F) Line drawing by Rebekah Zinser, based on a photograph by Cheryl A. Johnston. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A7/51. (G) Willoughby 1916:489–500, plate 4a; Moorehead 1922:107–108, plate XLIX. See also Greber and Ruhl 1989:99. (H) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Shetrone 1926a:37, 176, figure 104. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 283/457. (I) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Willoughby 1922: plate 15; Brose et al. 1985:49, plate 36; Townsend and Sharp 2004:60, figure 9. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 30002. (J) Shetrone 1926a:177, figure 106; 1936:115, figure 61. Object in the Ohio Historical Society 283/104. (K) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56043; Carr no. C205. (L) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr and Andrew D. W. Lydecker, enhancement by Jeff Barron, object in the Harvard Peabody Museum cat. no. 84-6/32346. Carr no. C301. 4.9. (A) Peabody Museum photograph no. N27083c, cat. no. 84-6-10/35002. See also Carr and Case 2005b:209, figure 5.8A; Greber 1983:33. (B) Squier and Davis 1848:244, figure 143; Fowke 1902:591. (C) Moorehead 1922:169, figure 68. (D) Townsend 2004:62, figure 12. See also Moorehead 1922:142, figure 38. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56401. (E) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/546. (F) Mills 1922:552, figure 76. (G) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/1054. (H) Moorehead 1922:143, figure 39, plates 79, 64, respectively. See also Townsend and Sharp 2004:46, figure 6. (J) Left: Drawing by Rebekah Zinser; photographed object in Shetrone 1926a:106, figure 6. Right: Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56100, negative no. A110091. (K) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A957/2030. (L) Shetrone 1926a:117, 118, figures 42, 43. (M, top) Mills 1921:158, figure 30. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A0242/6/1. (M, middle) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922:109, plate 65, nos. 2, 3. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56163. (M, bottom) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Mills (1916:373, figure 104). Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A125/159.1. (N) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 84-6-10/34902. (O) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56225; Carr no. G214. (P) Photograph by Jennifer Pederson. Object in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, cat. no. 2719. (Q) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum cat. no. 82-35-10/29896; Carr no. P303. (R) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 82-35-10/29897; Carr no. P309. (S) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Willoughby and Hooton FIGURE CREDITS 745

1922:plate 11d. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 82-35-10/29978; Carr no. P315. (T) Moorehead 1922:plate LVI-5. (U) Moorehead 1922:plate 61, nos. 8-9; Shetrone 1926a:216, figure 152-17. 4.10. (A) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A7/126. (B) Shetrone 1926a:171, figure 98. 4.12. (A) Top two, Ohio Historical Society, envelope 37; bottom one, Shetrone 1926a:162, figure 8. (B) Shetrone 1926a:204. (C) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 56103. (D) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Mills 1909:305, figure 29. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 957/283. (E) Shetrone 1926a:157, figure 82. (F) Shetrone 1926a:157, figure 81, top. (G) Willoughby and Hooton 1922:plate 17e. (H) Top: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in Ohio Historical Society, cat nos. A957/271.1 and A957/271.2. Bottom: Shetrone and Greenman 1931:442, figure 56A. 4.13. Photograph in the State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines, IA. Special Collections, Daguerreotype #1452B. From George Catlin’s (1926) North American Indians. 4.14. Shetrone and Greenman 1931:416, 418. 4.16. Drawing by Deann Gates and Christopher Carr, after a photograph by Mills, 1922: 448–451, figure 11. 4.17. (A) Moorehead 1922:plate 57-3. (B) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Moorehead 1922:121, plate 56. Object in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. nos. 56200, 56201. (C) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Harvard Peabody Museum, cat. no. 30132. (D) Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Indiana Department of Transportation. (E) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/1006; Carr no. B027. (F) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Shetrone 1926a:182, figure 112; 1936:113, figure 59. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 283/27. Carr no. B048. (G) Photograph by Christopher Carr. See also Mills 1909:285, figure 11. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A957/2015, Carr no. B033. 4.18. Photograph by Ron Testa, 1988, in the Field Museum of Natural History, negative no. A-111102c. See also Greber and Ruhl 1989:149–150, figure 4.63. 4.19. Otto 1984:28, 28, 31, and 31, respectively. See also Mills 1916: 293, 336, 337, figures 9, 10, 53, 54 respectively. Photographs in the Ohio Historical Society. Objects in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. nos. A125/7, A125/8, A125/25, A125/24, respectively. 4.20. From Shetrone 1926a:160, figure 84. 4.21. Left: Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A283/501-A. 4.22. Adapted from Greber 1979a:68. 5.2. (A) Photograph by William S. Webb, January 23, 1939. Print no. 4Gp8, negative no. 3192, William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky. See also Clay 1987:49, figure 4. (C) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in the private collection of Robert Converse, Plain City, OH. (D) Photograph in the Ohio Historical Society. Object in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. A4345/22332. (E) Shetrone 1936:187. 5.3. (A) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph by Mills 1922: 496–497, figure 33. (B) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser and Deann Gates, after a photograph by Shetrone and Greenman 1931:375, figure 12. (C) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser after a photograph by Shetrone 1926a:41, figure 10. (D) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser and Deann Gates, after a photograph by Shetrone and Greenman 1931:461, figure 68. (E) Drawing by Deann Gates and Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph by Mills 1922:491, figure 32. 5.4. Photograph by Christopher Carr. 746 FIGURE CREDITS

5.5. (A) Photograph by Christopher Carr. Object in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, cat. no. 4082. (B) Mills 1922:494–496, 542, figure 67. (C) Shetrone 1926a: 87–89, 209, figure 146. See also Brose et al. 1985:162, figure 28. Townsend and Sharp (2004:46, figure 5) show a modern replica of the figure on the left. The replica is in the Field Museum of Natural History, cat. no. 110133, while the original is at the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. 283/242. 15.2. After Riordon 2004a:226, figure 16.1. 15.3. (A) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. P396/B3/F2/E6/14/Photo 855. (B) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph by Shetrone 1926a:34, figure 9. Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. P396/B3/F1/E9/6/Photos 829, 830. (C) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph by Shetrone, 1926a:52, figure 17. Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. P396/B5/F1/E10/7/Photo 831-1. (D) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. P396/B3/F1/E2/15. (E) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. P396/B3/F2/E6/14/Photo 857. (F) Drawing by Rebekah Zinser, after a photograph in the Ohio Historical Society, cat. no. P396/B3/F6/E6/15/Photo 2429-13; dated 10, 1920. See also Shetrone 1936:99, figure 49. Appendices on Compact Disk

4.1. Artifact classes found in large numbers in ceremonial deposits: numbers and percentages of burials within sites having the artifacts. 4.2. Artifact classes included in the study of gatherings, and the specific social roles and general categories of social roles that they probably indicate. 6.1. The HOPEBIOARCH data base. 6.2. Provenience sheets describing burials and ceremonial deposits coded in the HOPEBIOARCH data base. 7.1. Latitude-longitude locations of sites in the HOPEBIOARCH data base and additional, key enclosures. 7.2. Maps of layouts of certain earthworks and mounds in Ohio and coded in the HOPEBIOARCH data base. 7.3. Maps of the geographic distribution of archaeological sites in Ohio, by county. From Mills Archaeological Atlas of Ohio (1914). 9.1. Sources of age and sex information for human remains used in this study. 9.2A. Sex data comparison for the Hopewell site (all observers). 9.2B. Age data comparison for Hopewell site (all observers). 9.3. Comparison of C. Johnston and P. Sciulli’s age and sex assessments. 9.4. Comparison of C. Johnston’s lab assessments and H. Shetrone’s field assessments. 9.5. Comparison of C. Johnston’s and C. Snow’s age and sex assessments. 9.6. Comparison of C. Johnston’s and K. Reichs’ sex assessments. 9.7. Comparison of R. Pickering’s and W. Moorehead’s age and sex assessments. 9.8. Comparison of Johnston’s, Pickering’s, and Sciulli’s combined age and sex assessments to Snow’s. 9.9A. Comparison of sex assessments for Turner site skeletons. 9.9B. Comparison of age assessments for Turner site skeletons. 9.10A. Comparison of sex data for Seip-Pricer mound (all observers). 9.10B. Comparison of age data for Seip-Pricer mound (all observers). 9.11. Age and sex comparisons for the Ater, Esch, Edwin Harness, Marietta, Rockhold, and Wright-Holder sites. 10.1. Human remains from H. C. Shetrone’s and W. K. Moorehead’s investigations of the Hopewell mound group. 10.2. Results of discriminant function analyses. 10.3. Description of burials from W. K. Moorehead’s excavations at the Hopewell mound group.

747 748 APPENDICES ON COMPACT DISK

10.4. Description of burials from H. C. Shetrone’s excavations at the Hopewell mound group. 11.1. Technical aspects of the procedures used to search the eHRAF, the American Indian CD-Rom, and analog texts, and accompanying examples. 11.2. E-HRAF Collection of Ethnography. Quotations from multiple sources concerning artifacts, features, and materials. 11.3. American Indian CD-ROM. Quotations from H. R. Schoolcraft’s Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, concerning artifacts and materials. 11.4. J. R. Swanton’s (1928) Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians. Index, Quotations, and Plates concerning artifacts and materials. 11.5. J. R. Swanton’s (1946) Indians of the Southeastern United States. Index, Quotations, Plates, and Table concerning artifacts and materials. 11.6. J. Mooney’s (1891a) Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. Index and Quotations concerning artifacts and materials. 11.7. J. Mooney’s (1900a) Myths of the Cherokee. Index, Quotations, Plates, and Glossary concerning artifacts and materials. 11.8. Uses, meanings, and social role associations of artifacts of historic Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands, Prairies, Great Plains, and Subarctic. 12.1. Distributions of mortuary traits among age classes. 12.2. Distributions of mortuary traits among the sexes. 12.3. Distributions of mortuary traits among burials and ceremonial deposits. 12.4. Distributions of counts of mortuary traits among burials. 13.1. Occurrences of 81 artifact classes among 782 burials at 16 ceremonial centers and 57 ceremonial deposits at 11 ceremonial centers. 13.2. Variables used in the matrix in Appendix 13.1 and in the Jaccard matrices in Appendices 13.3 through 13.10, and the correspondences of these variables to variables and variable states in the HOPEBIOARCH database, Appendix 6.1. 13.3. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 81 artifact classes in 782 burials, for 16 ceremonial centers. 13.4. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 81 artifact classes in 57 ceremonial deposits within 16 ceremonial centers. 13.5A. Occurrences of 41 artifact classes that were found in two or more of 767 burials within 15 ceremonial centers. 13.5B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 41 artifact classes that occurred in two or more of 767 burials within 15 ceremonial centers. 13.6A. Occurrences of 21 artifact classes that were found in two or more of 56 ceremonial deposits within 11 ceremonial centers. 13.6B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 21 artifact classes that occurred in two or more of 56 ceremonial deposits within 11 ceremonial centers. 13.7A. Occurrences of 45 artifact classes among 106 burials within the Mound City earthwork. 13.7B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 45 artifact classes that occurred among 106 burials within the Mound City earthwork. 13.8A. Occurrences of 45 artifact classes among 102 burials within Mound 25 of the Hopewell earthwork. 13.8B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 45 artifact classes that occurred among 102 burials within Mound 25 of the Hopewell earthwork. 13.9A. Occurrences of 45 artifact classes among 123 burials within the Pricer mound of the Seip earthwork. APPENDICES ON COMPACT DISK 749

13.9B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 45 artifact classes that occurred among 123 burials within the Pricer mound of the Seip earthwork. 13.10A. Occurrences of 45 artifact classes among 60 burials within the Ater mound. 13.10B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 45 artifact classes that occurred among 60 burials within the Ater mound. 13.11A. Occurrences of 15 classes of clan markers and 48 other artifact classes among 782 burials within 15 ceremonial centers. 13.11B. Jaccard coefficients of association among pairs of 15 classes of clan markers and 48 other artifact classes among 782 burials within 15 ceremonial centers. 14.1. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for the presence of given artifact types with an individual: the Seip-Pricer mound. 14.2. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for the presence of given artifact types with an individual: the Ater mound. 14.3. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for the presence of given artifact types with an individual: the Turner Burial Place. 14.4. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for counts of given artifact types found with an individual: the Seip-Pricer mound. 14.5. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for counts of given artifact types found with an individual: the Ater mound. 14.6. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for counts of given artifact types found with an individual: the Turner Burial Place. 14.7. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for the materials of given artifact types found with an individual: the Seip-Pricer mound. 14.8. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for the materials of given artifact types found with an individual: the Ater mound. 14.9. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for materials of given artifact types found with an individual: the Turner Burial Place. 14.10. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for bodily variables for an individual: the Seip-Pricer mound. 14.11. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for bodily variables for an individual: the Ater mound. 14.12. Comparison between Greber’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for bodily variables for an individual: the Turner Burial Place. 14.13. Comparison of T. Lloyd’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for the total interments at the Hopewell site by mound. 14.14. Comparison of T. Lloyd’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for methods of body processing at the Hopewell site. 14.15. Comparison of T. Lloyd’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for tomb forms at the Hopewell site. 14.16. Comparison of T. Lloyd’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data base for number of provenienced skeletons associated with various artifact types at the Hopewell site. 14.17. Comparison of T. Lloyd’s data set and the HOPEBIOARCH data set for demographic information on the provenienced individuals from the Hopewell site.

Author Index

A Blazier, Jeremy, 22, 305, 687 Blom, Deborah E., 621 Abbott, David R., 8, 103 Blosser, Jack K., 632, 633 Abel, Timothy J., 134 Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, 488 Abernethy, Thomas P., 508 Boehme, Sarah E., 506 Adair, James, 508, 509 Bohannan, Paul, 671 Aftandilian, David, 503 Bolnick, Deborah A., 621, 622, 623, 628, 629 Alden, John R., 508 Bortenschlager, Sigmar, 658 Ambrose, S. H., 524, 609 Bowen, Francis J., 506 Anderson, James P., 99 Brace, C. L., 622 Angel, Michael, 507 Brain, Jeffrey P., 70, 503, 635, 653 Asch, David L., 313, 317 Branch, James L., 74, 97, 275, 291, 293, 304, 310, 317, Asch, Nancy B., 42, 313, 317 419, 614, 653, 666 Aument, Bruce W., 100, 104, 106, 108, 145 Brandt, Elizabeth, 668 Aykroyd, Robert G., 488 Braun, David P., 74, 92, 99, 103, 147, 226, 269, 278, 289, 291, 313, 317, 501, 523, 524, 609, 645, 648, 666, B 671, 674, 685 Bacon, Willard S., 45, 57, 63, 68, 668 Brockman, C. S., 47 Baker, Frank C., 325 Broida, M. O., 98 Baker, Stanley W., 104, 107, 144, 145 Brooks, S. T., 29, 471, 475, 482, 483, 489, 494 Barbeau, C. Marius, 236, 637 Brose, D. S., 38, 410, 503 Barnouw, Victor, 53, 95, 236, 639 Brown, J. A., 20, 31, 34, 38, 42, 82, 83, 94, 98, 206, 212, Barrett, J. H., 524 221, 234, 255, 263, 282, 313, 317, 501, 502, 503, Bartram, Laurence E., 108 523, 605, 620, 634, 635, 645, 648, 653, 654, 655, Bartram, William, 508, 509 671, 683 Brown, Joseph E., 53, 54, 95 Bass, W. M., 487, 488, 495 Buikstra, J. E., 7, 37, 95, 324, 327, 467, 469, 470, 480, Basso, Keith H., 103 488, 491, 495, 496, 523, 524, 621, 632, 633, 645, Bayman, James M., 671 646, 648, 650, 657, 685, 686 Beard, Thomas C., 327 Burkett, F. N., 316–317 Beddoe, John, 509 Burks, J., 83, 100, 108, 142, 275, 327, 362, 619 Bedford, M. E., 489, 495 Burton, Kelli Whitlock, 108, 142, 143, 642 Bellrose, Frank Chapman, 49 Bush, D. R., 100, 106, 108, 142, 145 Bender, Barbara, 289, 311, 313, 685 Butler, B. M., 108, 683 Bense, Judith A., 39 Byers, Martin, 38, 95, 632, 633 Bernardini, Wesley, 126, 148, 192, 206, 275, 276, 451, 649, 655, 673, 688 C Berres, Thomas E., 236, 503 Bieder, Robert E., 505 Cadiente, Teresa, 19, 438, 439, 466, 477, 478, 479, Binford, Lewis R., 7, 108, 501, 523, 646, 659 482, 483 Bird, Traveller, 316 Caldwell, Joseph R., 74, 92, 317, 319 Blanton, Richard E., 7 Callender, Charles, 70, 94, 138, 206, 221, 222, 224–226, Blau, Peter M., 311 235, 239, 240, 282, 664, 665, 668

751 752 AUTHOR INDEX

Cannon, Aubrey, 646 Dorson, Richard M., 507 Capasso, Luigi, 622 Dowson, T. A., 178 Carlson, Earnest H., 64, 96 Dragoo, Don W., 38, 137, 183, 219, 236, 294, 307, 323 Carskadden, Jeff, 84, 106, 107, 143, 327, 361, 368, 619 Driver, Harold E., 237, 242, 282, 682 Casagrande, Joseph B., 237 Duncan, James R., 503 Cass, Lewis, 506 Dupre, G., 645 Catlin, George, 326, 521 Dwight, Thomas, 470 Chagnon, Napoleon A., 8, 672 Dye, David H., 53, 94, 503, 635, 655 Chamberlain, Alexander F., 471, 509 Charles, Douglas K., 7, 8, 95, 103, 324, 327, 633, 645, E 646, 648, 686 Earle, Timothy, 39, 135, 211 Chaudhuri, Jean, 54, 93, 94, 633, 646 Easton, Robert, 54, 116 Chaudhuri, Joyotpaul, 54, 93, 94, 633, 646 Eliade, Mircea, 53, 57, 157, 182, 202, 242, 281, 296, 303, Childe, V. Gordon, 646 304, 669 Church, Flora, 104, 106, 107, 142, 143, 144, 410, 642 Elliot Abrams, M., 99 Churchill, Mary C., 63, 94, 509, 510 Ellison, George, 508, 510 Claassen, Cheryl, 244 Ember, Carol R., 654 Clay, R. Berle, 137, 238, 305, 307, 441, 508 Ember, Melvin, 654 Cleland, Charles E., 503 Emerson, Thomas E., 68, 83, 139, 284, 322, 356, 503, Clements, William M., 506 605, 668 Clifton, James A., 261 Ericksen, Annette, 104, 106, 107, 142, 143, 144, 642 Cobb, Charles R., 503 Colby, William M., 508 F Connolly, Robert P., 357, 618, 675, 690 Conrad, A. R., 98 Fagan, Brian M., 21, 38, 39, 74, 92, 289, 317, 645, Converse, Robert N., 84, 96, 100, 242, 296 648, 686 Cook, Thomas Genn, 99, 100 Farnsworth, Kenneth B., 323–327, 668 Cordy-Collins, Alana, 178 Faulkner, Charles H., 108 Cotkin, Mary L., 99 Fazekas, György, 495 Cotkin, Spencer J., 99 Feather, Eagle, 116 Coughlin, Sean, 106, 142, 619, 623, 685 Feest, Christian F., 70, 95, 281, 503 Counts, David R., 646 Feest, Johanna E., 70, 95, 281, 503 Cowan, Frank L., 239, 357, 358, 386, 424, 525, 618, 632, Feinman, Gary, 7 642, 672, 675, 676, 681, 690 Fenneman, Nevin M., 47, 50 Cox, G., 621 Fenton, William N., 94, 507 Crowl, Gordon S., 49 Fiedel, Stuart J., 21, 38, 39 Crown, Patricia L., 249 Field, Stephanie, 33, 242, 244, 248, 332, 524, 620, 624, Cunningham, Wilbur M., 100, 296 655, 670, 674, 679, 683, 688 Firth, Raymond, 621, 658 D Fischer, Fred William, 335, 337, 361, 374, 389, 684 Fish, S. K., 249 Dancey, William S., 21, 38, 94, 92, 99, 100, 104, 106, Fitzgerald, William, 57, 503 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 118, 141, 142, 146, 147, Flannery, Kent V., 4 149, 150, 289, 313, 327, 410, 418, 619, 620, 654, Flesche, Francis La, 94, 95, 300 672, 690 Fletcher, Alice C., 94, 95, 300 Davis, Edwin H., 19, 34, 95, 147, 148, 149, 180, 189, 234, Fletcher, Robert V., 96 326, 353–354, 359, 362, 363, 369, 375, 376–379, Folkens, Pieter A., 490 384, 410, 431, 610, 689 Fortier, Andrew C., 84 Dawson, Alice, 669 Fowke, Gerard, 38, 180, 379 de Volney, Comte, 506 Fowler, Melvin L., 100, 502 Dearing, B. E., 34 Fox, William A., 57, 503 DeBoer, Warren R., 3, 38, 53, 72, 96, 108, 133, 276, 605, Frankenberg, Susan R., 488 609, 610, 612, 649, 685 Frazer, James George, 39, 135 Delcourt, Hazel R., 42 Freeman, J. E., 108 Delcourt, Paul A., 42 Fried, Morton, 103, 226, 282, 645, 661 DeMarrais, Elizabeth, 674 Friedman, Jonathan, 645 Derry, Douglas E., 466, 467 Frolking, Tod A., 96, 503 Diaz-Granados, Carol, 503 Fryer, Brian J., 10, 503, 668 Dippie, Brian W., 521 Fulton, R., 249, 368 AUTHOR INDEX 753

G Hauser, Raymond, 249 Hawkes, Jacquette, 4 Gallatin, Albert, 506 Hawkey, Diane E., 524, 622 Gardner, Helen, 38 Hawkins, Benjamin, 508 Gardner, Robert, 33, 652, 687 Hayden, Brian, 645 Gearing, Fred, 7 Hays, Christopher Tinsley, 323 Geertz, Clifford, 34 Haywood, John, 509 Genheimer, Bob, 88, 94 Heidenreich, Conrad E., 134 Giddens, Anthony, 33 Helms, Mary, 668, 669, 671, 674 Giesen, Myra, 19, 438, 477 Henderson, John G., 324 Gilbert, B. M., 471 Henricksen, Harry C., 53, 632 Gill, Sam D., 221, 236 Hewitt, J. N. B., 300 Gill, Sam, 45, 282, 668, 685 Hickerson, Harold, 134, 263 Gillespie, Susan D., 3, 634, 647, 686 Hillson, Simon, 489 Goddard, Ives, 281 Hintze, Jerry L., 500 Goffman, Erving, 153 Hively, R., 37, 147, 306, 629 Goldstein, Beau J., 69, 73, 139, 199, 241, 256, 274, 312, Hodder, Ian, 3, 4, 658 332, 341, 523–597 Hodell, D. A., 622, 624, 628 Goldthwait, Richard P., 47 Hodgson, William B., 508 Goodenough, Ward H., 33, 154 Hoebel, E. Adamson, 283 Goodman, Felicitas D., 183, 362 Hoffman, Darla S., 503 Goose, Denys H., 496 Hoffman, Walter James, 260, 282, 507, 661, 667 Gordon, Robert B., 49, 50, 53, 93 Hogarth, A. C., 4 Grant, Bruce, 222 Holder, Preston, 206, 655 Graybill, Jeffrey Robert, 410 Hollimon, Sandra E., 249 Greber, N’omi, 20–21, 31, 34, 38, 42, 53, 63, 92, 118, Holmes, William H., 635 136, 148, 212, 229, 253, 281, 304, 312, 321, 333, Hooton, Earnest A., 22, 38, 84, 99, 246, 395, 396, 410, 365, 383, 435, 442, 452, 469, 477, 481, 525, 467, 471, 473, 477–479, 482, 483, 637, 652, 663, 575–597, 605–612, 618–619, 628–629, 631–633, 680, 689 640, 658–659, 661, 677 Horn, R., 37, 147, 306, 629 Greenman, Emerson F., 19, 54, 139, 219, 221, 377, 383, Houart, Gail L., 21, 39, 147, 324, 501 466, 468, 470, 480, 607 Howard, James H., 57, 206, 249, 287, 306, 637, 664 Gremillon, Kristen J., 98 Hudak, Curtis M., 619 Griffin, James B., 21, 38, 39, 84, 97, 246, 289, 313, 319, Hudson, Charles, 45, 53, 57, 63, 69, 80, 86, 94, 116, 189, 322, 325, 326, 410, 425, 668, 673 206, 222, 248, 305, 306, 503, 509, 620, 643 Grim, John A., 165, 242, 281, 295 Hughes, Randall E., 10, 323, 668 Grün, Rainer, 609 Hultkrantz, Aoke, 165, 295, 296, 503 Hunt, K. D., 622 H Huntington, Richard, 39, 135, 634 Haag, William G., 84, 100 Haas, Herbert, 90, 91, 99, 106, 288, 313, 323, 327, 328, I 614, 654 Igarashi, Yuriko, 471 Haas, Mary R., 508 Ingerman, Sandra, 70, 237 Hajic, Edwin R., 619 Insoll, Timothy, 502 Hale, Everett E., 142 Iscan, Mehemet Y., 467, 468, 476 Halifax, Joan, 177, 182, 183, 249, 276 Ivanov, S. V., 249 Hall, Robert L., 4, 37, 38, 54, 183, 190, 296, 300, 319, 502, 629, 632 J Hallowell, A. Irving, 53, 69, 95, 305, 510, 525, 643, 673 Hamell, George R., 57, 503, 637 Jackes, Mary, 466, 470, 471, 488, 489 Hansen, Michael C., 47, 96 Jefferson, Thomas, 506 Harding, R. M., 622 Jeffries, Richard W., 84 Harn, Alan D., 99, 323 Johannessen, Sissel, 291 Harner, Michael, 157, 165, 177, 183, 221, 222, 233, 237, Johnson, Gregory, 311 242, 276, 281, 657 Johnston, Cheryl A., 19, 37, 190, 222, 244, 293, 314, 315, Harpending, H. C., 622 466, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 480, 481, 485, Hartwig, F., 34 593, 650, 651 Hassen, H., 327 Joyce, Rosemary A., 244 Hatch, James W., 239, 605, 605, 611, 612, 668 Judd, Neil M., 507 754 AUTHOR INDEX

K Mann, Robert W, 471 Marsella, A. J., 646 Katz, Daryl, 471 Marshall, F. F., 50, 53 Katzenberg, Mary Anne, 621 Marshall, James A., 37, 630 Keene, Arthur S., 619 Martin, Susan R., 637, 668 Keesing, Roger M., 654 Marwitt, John P., 84, 99–100 Kehoe, Alice Beck, 503, 510 Maslowski, Robert F., 47, 49, 93, 118, 127, 322, 327, 610, Kellar, James H., 327 614, 615, 623, 683, 684 Kempton, John P., 47 Masset, Claude, 470, 488 Keyser, James D., 502 Mauss, Marcel, 634 King, Duane H., 508 Maxwell, Moreua S., 99 Kinietz, W. Vernon, 236, 639 McAdams, William C., 324 Komorowski, Jean-Christophe, 274, 312, McClintock, Walter, 300 641, 673 McDermott, John F., 506 Konigsberg, Lyle W., 19, 124, 212, 314, 439, 480–481, McElrath, Dale L., 83–84 488–489, 621–622, 654, 684, McGregor, John C., 3 686, 688 McKern, Thomas W., 471, 490 Kosa, Peter F., 495 McLachlan, Carrie Ann, 57, 95 Kozerak, Sue Ellen, 80 Mead, George H., 153 Kroeber, Alfred L., 507 Meillassoux, C., 645 Krogman, Wilton Marion, 467, 468, 476, 490, 495, 621 Meindl, Richard S, 470, 471, 495 Kurath, Gertrude P., 236, 237 Mensforth, R. P., 37, 489, 650, 651 Kus, Susan, 39, 135, 211, 281, 311, 501, 523 Merbs, Charles F., 524, 622 Metcalf, Peter, 39, 135, 634 L Metress, James F., 621 Lahontan, Louis Armand, 249 Metz, C. L., 19, 21, 22, 387, 388, 470, 477 Lane, Rebecca A., 621, 624 Michaelsen, Scott, 506, 507 Langlois, Suzanne M., 671 Miles, A. E. W., 489, 493 Lankford, George E., 53, 69, 92, 94, 95, 206, Miller, Walter R., 83, 94, 206, 214, 510 507, 635 Mills, Lisa, 255, 581, 582, 583, 585, 619, 635, 647 Larsen, Clark Spencer, 524, 621, 624 Mills, William C., 19, 21–22, 34, 38, 68, 75, 84, 97, 100, Lee, Alfred M., 248, 335, 361, 389, 683 124, 137, 138, 150, 183, 185, 234, 238, 285, 304, Leigh, Steven R., 686 357, 358, 359, 361, 369, 370, 375, 376, 383, 387, Lepper, Bradley T., 96, 183, 276, 281, 296, 347, 377, 503, 410, 418, 434, 607, 621–623, 625, 626, 661, 615, 628, 629, 630, 631, 684, 685 677, 689 LeVine, R. A., 646 Milner, George R., 21, 37, 38, 39, 293, 524, 645, 648, Lewis, I. M., 246 650, 671, 686 Lewis-Williams, J. D., 178 Minturn, Penny, 622 Linton, Ralph, 153, 154 Mobius, P. J., 467 Lloyd, Timothy, 31, 333, 341, 575, 578, 591, 659, 689 Montet-White, Anna, 99, 327 Lonergan, David, 507 Mooney, James, 18, 54, 56, 63, 94, 95, 303, 304, 502, 467, Lovejoy, C. Owen, 471, 486, 488, 489, 493, 494, 495, 496 507, 508–510, 513, 514 Lovis, William A., 503 Moore, John H., 103 Lurie, Nancy Oestreich, 221 Moorees, Coenraad F., 494, 495 Lydecker, A. D. W., 37, 69, 70, 176, 229, 281, 688 Moorehead, Warren King, 19, 20, 21, 22, 38, 70, 132, 189, Lynott, Mark J., 142, 610, 686 229, 239, 240, 281, 304, 358, 364, 365, 366, 367, Lyon, Jr., D. W., 466, 470 369, 373, 379, 380, 381, 385, 410, 442, 452, 466, 474, 476, 485, 500, 525, 577, 594, 596, 597, 631, M 640, 653, 659, 661, 662, 675, 679, 689, 690 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 54 MacCauley, Clay, 508 Morgan, Richard G., 357, 358, 382 MacNeish, Richard S., 99 Morinis, Alan, 685 Magrath, William H., 38, 183, 378, 391 Morris, Ian, 632, 646 Mahaney, Michael C., 629 Morrison, Kenneth M., 53, 69, 305, 510 Mahoney, Nancy M., 8, 103, 380, 618 Morrow, Carol A., 327 Mails, Thomas E., 53, 54, 94, 95, 116, 165, 222, 295, Morse, Dan F., 319, 322 296, 306 Morse, Phyllis A., 319, 322 Mallam, R. C., 632 Morton, James, 84, 99, 106, 107, 143, 327, 328 Mann, Barbara Alice, 38, 54, 94, 95, 303, 304, 510 Moseley, Michael E., 103 AUTHOR INDEX 755

Moses, Lester G., 508 R Muller, Jon, 319, 503 Radin, Paul, 94, 95, 226, 282, 634 Munson, Patrick J., 99, 322, 323, 324 Rainey, Katharine, 90, 106, 113, 114, 620 Murdock, George P., 8, 85, 103, 248, 682 Rappaport, Roy A., 8, 104, 634 Murphy, James, 687, 689 Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 176, 178 Reichs, Katherine J., 19, 466, 474, 475, 476, 480–481, N 484, 593 Nabokov, Peter, 116 Reidhead, Van A., 619 Nadel, S. F., 33, 153, 154 Relethford, John H., 622 Nanda, Serena, 249 Renfrew, Colin, 150, 502 Nass, John Jr., 143 Rey, P., 645 Nawrocki, Stephen P., 652 Rice, Glen E., 8, 103 Neihardt, John G., 57, 95 Rice, Prudence M., 113 Neitzel, Jill E., 4 Richards, M. P., 53, 524, 669 Netting, Robert McC., 39, 135, 311 Riordon, Robert V., 73, 97, 410, 617, 618, 676, 678, Nichols, Frances S. G., 505, 507 684, 690 Niquette, Charles M., 88 Ritzenthaler, Robert E., 237, 282, 669 Norris, Rae, 235, 307, 322 Robertson, William, 506 Rodrigues, Teresa, 22, 33, 248, 524, 622, 655, 657, 670, O 674, 679, 682–684. See also Cadiente Roe, Peter, 176, 177, 178, 311, 669 O’Shea, John, 501 Rogers, J. Daniel, 95 Oeggle, Klaus, 658 Romain, William F., 37, 50, 57, 63, 68, 74, 95, 96, 116, Oehler, Charles, 100, 410 118, 123, 128, 129, 147, 148, 306, 323, 629, 630, Olbrechts, Frans M., 508 632, 633, 640 Ortiz, Alfonzo, 634 Rosaldo, Renato I., 652, 687 Osborn, Chase S., 505 Roscoe, Will, 249 Osborn, Stella B., 505 Rowlands, Michael J., 645 Otto, Martha Potter, 34, 68, 69, 73, 84, 96, 99, 165, 185, 229, 233, 410, 669, 671, 675 S Ousley, Stephen D., 622 Sabloff, Jeremy, 22, 38 Sabo, George, 95 P Sahlins, Marshal, 39, 645 Parmalee, Paul W., 49, 79, 83, 109 Saitta, Dean J., 289, 313 Payne, John H., 509 Salisbury, Charles B., 361, 630 Pearson, Mike Parker, 53, 621 Salisbury, James A., 361, 630 Peebles, Christopher S., 31, 39, 135, 211, 281, 311, Sampson, Kelvin W., 57, 503 501, 523 Saul, Frank P., 621 Penney, David W., 53, 95, 185, 233, 323, 629, 639, 671, Saul, Julie M., 621 673, 674 Saunders, Shelley R., 490 Perino, Gregory, 57, 503 Saville, M. H., 22, 387, 389 Phagan, Carl J., 106, 108 Schillaci, Michael A., 621, 622 Phenice, Terrell, 467, 468, 480, 488, 491 Schmidt, E., 466 Phillips, Philip, 42, 206, 212, 281, 317, 503, 635, 653, 655 Schoeninger, Margaret J., 83, 98 Pittard, E., 466, 467 Schurr, Mark R., 83, 98 Plog, Stephen, 103, 226, 269 Schwartz, Jeffrey H., 483, 489, 491, 495 Potter, Martha A., 373 Sealy, J., 621 Power, Susan C., 503 Seeman, Mark F., 19, 32, 47, 49, 63, 64, 68, 73, 74, 75, Price, T. Douglas, 622, 624, 628 84, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 107, 124, 134, 142, Provost, Caterina, 248, 682 147, 148, 190, 222, 235, 239, 253, 275, 278, 286, Putnam, F. W., 19, 21, 149, 369, 387, 388, 466, 467, 470, 291, 293, 304, 310, 311, 312, 313, 317, 319, 323, 477, 689 327, 328, 335, 337, 369, 410, 418, 524, 605, 607, 608, 609, 611, 617, 623, 642, 645, 651, 653, 660, Q 672, 677, 687 Senior, Louise M., 237, 524 Quimby, George I., 282 Sered, Susan Starr, 85 Quinn, Michael J., 47, 49 Service, Elman, 39, 211, 212, 222, 226, 293, 661 Quinn, R. L., 47, 49 Setzler, Frank M., 323 756 AUTHOR INDEX

Shane, A., 670, 671, 674 Tukey, John W., 34 Shane, Orrin C., 84, 100, 410 Turff, Gina, 42, 72, 92, 312, 424, 448, 524, 525, 644, 655, Shimada, Izumi, 622 668, 673, 678, 681 Shipman, Pat, 489, 491 Shriner, Christine M., 93, 310, 624 U ShupSheWana, 95 Ubelaker, Douglas H., 467, 469, 470, 471, 480, 483, Shweder, R. A., 646 487–491, 494, 495, 496 Skinner, Alanson B., 57, 235, 237, 239, 282, Ullman, Kyle L., 410 637, 668 Smucker, I., 296, 685 Snyder, John Francis, 325–327 V Sobolik, Kristin D., 98 van Gennep, Arnold, 250, 255, 632 Soday, Frank, 19, 312, 328, 369, 410 Varien, Mark D., 103, 119 Sonnefeld, J., 99 Venum, Thomas Jr., 282 Speck, Frank G., 95, 237 ver Steeg, Karl, 47 Spence, Michael W., 10, 503, 622, 624, 668 Vickery, Kent D., 10, 248, 361, 389, 396, 642, Spielmann, Katherine A., 281, 311, 669, 670, 671, 672, 683, 690 674, 688 Vierra, Robert K., 83, 99, 100 Spindler, Konrad, 658 Vitebsky, Piers, 281 Spindler, Louise S., 206, 282 Vizenor, Gerald, 316 Squier, Ephraim G., 19, 34, 147–149, 180, 189, 234, 321, Volk, Ernest, 22, 387, 470, 477 326, 353, 359, 363, 369, 376, 397, 424, 509, von Gernet, Alexander, 68, 69, 165, 295 610, 689 Voss, Jerome A., 226, 269 Stansbery, David H., 49, 79, 83, 109 Steinhilper, Judy, 143, 293, 619, 653, 687 W Stevenson, Christopher M., 239, 612 Stevenson, P. H., 469 Wagner, Gail, 98 Steward, Julian H., 85, 99, 507 Walker, Phillip L., 490 Stewart, T. Dale, 471, 488, 490 Wallace, Anthony, 157 Stojanowski, Christopher M., 621, 624 Walsh, Roger, 657 Stone, Anne C., 621 Walthall, John A., 10, 39, 668 Stothers, David M., 134 Waring, Antonio J., 206, 655 Straus, William L., 467 Watson, Patty Jo, 98 Struever, Stuart, 7, 8, 21, 39, 74, 97, 98, 147, 278, 324, Webb, William S., 68, 70, 73, 84, 96, 99, 100, 137, 185, 501, 620 169, 229, 235, 237, 238, 285, 294, 303, 305, Styles, Bonnie W., 42, 84, 317 306–308, 321, 323, 652 Sublett, Audrey J., 621, 624 Weets, Jaimin, 7, 37, 103, 139, 243, 284, 606, 611, Suchey, Judy M., 471, 489, 494 628, 663 Sullivan, Irene F., 221, 236 Weller, Ryan J., 106, 108, 142, 145 Sullivan, Lynn P., 108 Whallon, Robert, 34 Sunderhaus, Ted S., 618, 632, 633, 690 Wheeler, R. E. Mortimer, 4 Suzanne, Charles, 622 Whitley, David S., 502 Whittlesey, Charles, 386, 630 T Wiant, Michael D., 668 Wilk, M. B., 34 Tainter, Joseph A., 92, 289, 313, 523 Willey, Gordon, 22, 38 Tanner, Helen H., 505 Williamson, Matthew, 621 Tax, Sol, 235, 282 Willoughby, Charles C., 22, 38, 84, 85, 99, 100, 246, 387, Taylor, Jay L. B., 410 388, 467, 468, 471, 473, 477, 507, 577, 637, 652, Thew, Heather, 70, 138, 225, 234, 237, 282, 285, 663, 680, 689 650, 652 Wilson, John. N., 630 Thwaites, Reuben G., 91, 521 Winters, Howard D., 7, 84, 99, 100, 671 Timmins, Peter, 68, 69, 165, 295 Wisseman, Sarah U., 605 Todd, T. Wingate, 466, 470, 471, 684 Witthoft, John, 99 Tooker, Elisabeth, 94, 224, 664 Wobst, Martin, 103, 264 Triandis, Harry C., 646 Wymer, Dee Anne, 8, 50, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, Trigger, Bruce G., 83, 86, 134, 139, 240, 259, 263, 285, 88, 89, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107, 108, 109, 306, 308, 502, 643, 649 142, 291, 293, 313, 317, 321, 619, 620, 624, 653, Tringham, Ruth E., 103 654, 687, 688 AUTHOR INDEX 757

Y Z Yarnell, Richard A., 98, 99, 109 Zeisberger, David, 68, 236 Yeatts, Michael L., 673 Zimmer, L. O., 490 Yellen, John E., 108 Zurel, Richard, 85, 236 Yerkes, Richard W., 83, 98, 107, 108

Subject Index

A Anderson Site: see Sites Animal body parts Above World(s), 27, 40, 53, 60, 62–63, 64, 80, 82, 294, antlers/tines, 219, 636 305, 309, 315, 319, 321, 503, 640, 655 astragali, 217–219, 455, 662–663, 681–682 Acorns, 49, 80, 82, 101, 143–145, 309, 687 canines, 69, 152, 177, 219, 236, 238, 276, 656, 665, 668 Adena claws, 7, 25, 152, 214, 218, 228, 234, 236, 319, 592, ceremonial centers, 17–18 635, 680 cultural organization, 12–13 images, 15, 69, 84, 421, 669 Late, 27, 40, 292, 294, 323, 426, 605–606 jaws, 7, 14, 25, 138, 214, 225, 234, 285, 294, 501, 640, mounds and earthworks, 17–18, 74, 137, 229, 237, 241, 650, 680 277, 285, 291, 293, 304, 307, 324, 332, 339, 441, talons, 7, 25, 60, 150, 162, 214, 217, 230, 319, 429, 605, 614 635, 640, 680 pipes, 235, 296 teeth, 7, 14, 25, 61, 152, 162, 185, 209, 217, 228, 239, practices, 23, 27, 34, 41, 53, 69, 89, 91, 97, 113, 137, 241, 282, 319, 501, 609, 633, 640, 642, 645, 662, 141, 211, 233, 239, 248, 295, 319, 428, 483, 491, 665, 667, 673, 680, 689 576, 605, 627, 630, 635, 644, 647–648, 651, 668, alligator, 156, 228, 239, 421, 431, 445, 455, 501, 670, 674, 681, 688 511, 516, 571, 645, 673, 681 tablets, 180, 183, 185, 186, 230, 281, 295, 296 bear, 662 water barrier construction, 27, 294, 295, 296, 300, 304, clan-specific ceremonial society markers, 229, 313, 323, 339, 441, 525, 607 234, 667 Aging/sexing skeletons, issues deer/elk, 69, 185, 229, 234, 241–242, 285, 645 age estimation for subadults, 489–491 fox/wolf, 228, 285, 633, 642, 645, 665 cranial indicators, 466, 469, 482, 491 opossum, 225, 662, 689 sex estimation techniques, 491–492 pendants and necklaces, 138, 208, 215, 217, 218, Agricultural intensification, 92, 291–292, 293, 311 225, 319, 454, 524, 650, 662, 665, 680, reasons for removal as a prime mover, 291–293 689, 690 Alabama: see States raccoon, 208, 217, 228, 234, 242, 285, 645, 665 Algonkian/Algonquian: see Native American replacements, 69, 185, 186 Tribes/Cultures representing sodalities, 228, 229 Alliances, 5, 7, 13, 28, 32, 40, 94, 102, 133, 135–137, 212, shark, 18, 155, 332, 421, 431, 445, 455, 511, 516, 250–280, 290, 304, 308, 315, 527, 595, 620, 537, 592 624–644, 677 as tools, 489 concepts formation of, 627–644 Animal eponyms, 25, 69, 124, 149, 291 intercommunity, 7, 28, 32, 39, 133, 212, 252, 274, 290, Animal impersonators, 69–70, 189, 211, 281, 294 320, 622, 624–627, 641, 644, 649, 660 Animal symbolism, 70, 275 means/media, future research, 641–644 Annual residential mobility/stability, 107–109 spiritual/ritual, 23, 92, 102, 141, 226, 277, 304, 527, Anthropological approaches 624–625, 631, 642, 649 archaeology, 4, 17, 19, 22, 501, 620, 644 Alum-weeping Copperas mountain, 64, 93 dental, 84, 466 American Bottom Region: see Regions/Areas methods of, 466, 622, 635 Amethyst, 177, 278, 446, 511, 512, 518 reconstruction, 16, 19, 20, 22 Ancestor cults, 632–633, 685 theory, 5, 31, 33, 212, 311, 603

759 760 SUBJECT INDEX

Anthropology 524, 571, 609, 615, 633, 641, 645, 650, 656, 666, context of anthropology, gender, 244 668, 671, 673, 681, 682 leadership facets in, 154–157 sucking/blowing/bubbling/breathing tubes, 7, 15, Schoolcraft’s role in early America, 505–507 157, 515 sociocultural anthropology, 644 tinklers, 155, 157, 162, 421, 431, 445, 511, 519, 580 Appalachia: see Regions/Areas wands (wands, rods), 15, 155, 162, 422, 432, 450, 515 Applachian Plateau, 92 raw materials of multiple or uncertain social role Apple Creek Site: see Sites associations Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge (AOAK), 505, 506 amethyst, 177, 278, 446, 511, 512, 518 Artifact location relative to body cannel coal, 155, 156, 191, 316, 515 Positions (P1, P2, P3), 462–463 copper, 519: see also Copper Artifacts fluorite, 177, 512, 519 decommissioned, ceremonial deposits, 308–309 galena, 519: see also Galena paraphernalia of nonshamanic leaders/sodality gold, 519 members/roles of social importance graphite, 519 atlatl, 156, 316, 317, 502, 503, 512, 518, 571 hematite, 461, 519 awls, 7, 100, 124, 143, 209, 211, 244, 436, 515, meteoric iron, 10, 18, 72, 176, 177, 239, 286, 332, 539, 607 451, 519, 667 batons (staffs/rods/batons/mace), 84, 211, 422, 432, mica, 7, 10, 15, 18, 27, 60, 64, 69, 84, 124, 176, 199, 452, 549, 671, 673 240, 294, 443, 454, 519, 535, 551–552, 565, 571, breastplates: see Breastplates 608, 651, 681 celt: see Celts micaceous schist (goldstone), 519 crescents, 124, 156, 191, 198, 199, 208, 212, 228, obsidian, 10, 37, 72, 124, 134, 155, 159, 176, 199, 264, 269, 294, 358, 411, 416, 454, 552, 671, 689 208, 221, 228, 239–240, 279, 446–447, 459, 519, earspools, 518 525, 540, 569, 606, 633, 641, 672 ocher (red and yellow), 68, 502, 519 gorgets, pendants, 198, 199, 212, 264, 269, 275, 294, pearls, 422, 432, 453, 454, 502, 518, 553, 566, 673, 681 27, 72, 176, 215, 300, 339, 441, 519, 565–566, 661, 667 headplates: see Headplates/headdresses pyrite, 64, 96, 199, 461, 519, 566, 571 ‘trophy’ skulls/jaws/ears/fingers, 156, 190, 211, 220, quartz: see Quartz 222, 244–245, 248, 275, 315, 319, 448–449, 545 shell, 520: see also Conch shells Possible Shaman-like Practioners’ Paraphernalia silver: see Silver barracuda jaw scratchers (barracuda, scratcher), 7, tortoise and turtle shell, 520, 662, 689 155, 162, 244, 511, 516, 657, 673 translucent stone, 520 boatstones, 69, 124, 155, 201, 209, 211, 221, 246, Astronomy, 37 294, 444, 513, 642 Ater Mound, 20, 96, 149, 199, 203–205, 209, 211, 254, conch shell cups, 18, 149, 210, 213, 276, 280, 332, 304, 326, 341, 352, 398, 579–588, 608, 613, 625, 511, 516 658, 660, 673: see also Sites cones, hemispheres, 69, 155, 199, 201, 208, 241, 424, Awls, 7, 100, 209, 211, 244, 515, 539, 607 641, 645, 672 Axis Mundi, 27, 54, 57, 180, 295–303, 309, 321, 503, 518: crystals of quartz or other stones, 511, 515 see also Cultural innovation; World Tree cutouts of copper, mica, 511, 516 concept, 296 figurines (small), 517: see also Figurines copper nostril inserts, 300 fossils, concretions, 515 tubular pipes, 296 idols, 517 incised tablets, 516 B mica mirrors, 25, 60, 69, 160, 199, 208, 211, 227, 234, 238, 242, 246, 264, 285–286, 308, 443, 515, Barracuda jaw scratchers, 7, 155, 162, 244, 511, 516, 524, 527, 528, 569, 621, 644, 667, 672, 681, 682 657, 673 owl, 517, 538 Baum Site: see Sites panpipes (flutes/whistles), 37, 208, 228, 239, 246, Bear canines: see Animal body parts 249, 419, 421, 424, 431, 484, 502, 516, 525 Bedford Site: see Sites plummets, 421, 431, 444, 454, 501, 511, 515, 537, Below World(s), 27, 40, 53, 60, 62–63, 64, 80, 82, 294, 571, 671, 673 305, 309, 315, 319, 321, 503, 640, 655 rattlers (gourd), 516 Berewan, 634 shark teeth uses, alligator teeth fans, 479: see also Bioarchaeological record, 5, 8, 293, 333, 578 Animal body parts Black walnuts, 49, 80, 82, 93, 143, 144, 687 smoking pipes, 15, 25, 37, 54, 68, 139, 152, 155, 176, Blades & Knives, 29, 84, 114, 143, 155, 426, 428, 458, 208, 212, 228, 233, 240, 248, 273, 286, 503, 516, 561, 562–563 SUBJECT INDEX 761

Boblett Mound Group: see Sites animal totems or eponyms, 206, 214, 225, 228, 238, “Bone pickers,” 70 264, 680 Bourneville Earthwork: see Sites artifact deposits, 17, 234, 322, 326, 339, 378, 435, 436 Breastplates bear jaws, 234, 236, 650, 667 copper, 25, 37, 69, 84, 159, 176, 178, 183, 208, 228, burial at, 10 230, 239, 241, 243, 281, 315, 428, 524, 605, 628, BurialDep (Burial/Ceremonial Deposit), 435–436 635, 640, 650, 660, 669, 672 containing earspools/breastplates, 208, 229–233 iron, 6, 286, 644, 661, 688 decommissioned artifacts, 295, 308–309, 627–628 Burial mounds/houses, 4–5, 11, 13, 19, 21, 27, 38, 64, definition, 304, 319 101, 103, 116, 118, 123, 255, 294, 304, 307–308, effigy platform pipes, 605, 673 324, 343, 348, 370, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, fabrics found at, 623 503, 509, 602, 609, 611, 617, 625, 651, 659, 677: gatherings at, 10, 153, 251, 253, 264, 271 see also Cultural innovation identifiers of, 434–435 conical to subconical shaped, 303–304 lacking human remains, 30, 333, 523, 524, 527, features and internal organization, 307–308 570–571, 678 location of, 304–305 of mica mirrors, 238, 515 shape of, 303–304 of personal items used by leaders, 229, 266–268 “Buzzard men,” 70 ritual drama, suggestive of, 634–640, 665 rituals held at, 276, 649 Ceremonial deposits, 16, 17, 29, 30, 93, 176, 199, 212, C 218, 227, 229, 233, 236, 238, 240, 251, 252, 256, “Cache,” 436 262, 264, 266–268, 270, 272, 277, 279, 287, 295, Caddo Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures 308–309, 326–327, 338, 419, 424, 425, 523–525, Cahokia (Mississippian): see Sites 526–527, 571, 573, 609, 626, 627–628, 632–633, Campbell Earthwork: see Sites 635, 637, 640, 644–654, 682, 689 Ceremonial gatherings, 677–679: see also Ceremony(ies) Cannel coal, 155, 156, 191, 316, 451, 460, 515, 518, 563, differences in contexts of, 250–255 571, 681 of different function, 16, 251 Carriage Factory Mound, 150, 304, 324, 605, 606, 684 gift-giver method, 153, 236, 255, 256, 262, 276 Cedar Banks, 63, 116, 118, 123, 137, 140, 147, 344, 610: production of paraphernalia/markers of social roles, 312 see also Sites sizes, 26, 153, 262–264, 270–271, 275–277, 310–311, Celts 677–678 copper, 26, 86, 96, 187, 191, 206, 211, 213, 246, 249, social compositions, 264–276 264, 462, 607 of different function/sizes, 270–271 stone, 135, 144, 191, 193, 200, 209, 265, 281, 548 Ceremonial paraphernalia, 10, 15, 16, 18, 32, 72, 101, 134, Central Algonkian tribes, 83, 213, 218, 278, 282, 664, 665 140, 158, 168, 212, 227, 240, 278, 295, 312, 320, Ceremonial artifacts, functions/meanings 332, 421, 431, 502, 503–504, 519, 525, 571, 602, artifact classes and raw materials, 510–513 637, 644, 645, 649, 652, 668–669, 671–673, ethnohistoric sources 674, 689 eHRAF collection, 505 prehistoric interpretations of, 503 Mooney/his works, 508–510 Ceremonial Sites, 6, 19, 63, 118, 123, 139, 323, 343, 419, Schoolcraft and his archives of aboriginal knowledge, 572, 576, 594, 618, 640–641, 663, 672, 682 505–507 Ceremony(ies) Swanton and his works, 507–508 clan system description, 666 research (earlier)/importance of survey, 502–504 elements of, 632 archaeological studies (recent), compared with, feasting, 645–646, 672 503–504 feast of the dead (Algonkian/Huron), 24, 26, 134, 139, Glacial Kame sandalsole gorgets, 502 263, 285, 649 red ocher turkey tail knives, 502–503 future research search procedures, 513 functions of, 632–634 suggestions for future work, 520–521 sizes of, 627–628 survey results, 513–520 joint, 240, 252, 304 works of Robert Hall, 464 mortuary, 68, 134, 139, 219, 236, 272–273, 276, 315, Ceremonial Calendar, 24, 128, 141, 280 517, 627, 632 Ceremonial centers, 9, 10, 13, 15, 19, 23–29, 31, 37–39, potlatch, 645 41, 71, 73, 96, 102, 115, 125, 132, 200–202, 203, rites of passage, 31, 41, 151, 259, 524, 632–633 250–253, 262, 265, 266–268, 270–271, 272, 273, ritual dramas (ceremonial form), 634–640 294, 319, 333, 346, 348, 510, 569, 575, 605, 611, shaman-like/non shaman-like leaders of public, 622, 680 198–199, 200–202 762 SUBJECT INDEX

Ceremony(ies) (cont.) chronological uncertainties in Scioto-Paint creek spatial organization, 675–677 area, 609–612 supra-household, 32, 632–634 geographic expansion, Scioto Hopewell cultural timing of, 640–641 tradition over time, 612–615 world renewal, 32, 57, 63, 95, 255, 632–633 methods, 609 Charnel houses, 7, 11, 13, 15, 21, 25, 27, 32, 37, 54, 70, Community(ies): see also Models 94, 96, 102–103, 116, 123–124, 130, 132–134, ecological situation, 293 138, 148, 209, 232, 262, 275, 296, 304, 310, 336, hamlets, 21, 103, 145 369, 520, 606, 608, 612, 621–622, 625, 631, 649, local symbolic, 115–125 653, 660, 667, 674, 686, 688 multiple kinds and geographic scales, 102–104: see also burial clusters, 133, 148–149, 608, 623, 624, 640 Settlements/communities floor plan, 19 organization of, 12, 18, 21, 23, 32, 38, 102, 118, 141, horizontal, 304 147, 150, 239, 332, 601, 604, 605–618, 622–624, Cherokee Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures 675–677, 678–679, 687 Chickasaw Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures residential, 8, 24–26, 41, 102, 103, 104–115, 140–141, Chillicothe area, 48, 139, 345, 346, 348, 350, 392 151–152, 214, 228, 271, 277, 320, 527, 620, 622, Chippewa Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures 632–633, 650, 666, 682 Chitimacha Indians, 70: see also Native American sustainable, 8, 24–25, 102, 104, 125–139, 140–142, 151, Tribes/Cultures 154, 157, 253, 264, 284, 620, 622–623, 675, 677 Choctaw Indians, 70: see also Native American symbolic, 8, 24–25, 75, 102, 104, 115–125, 132, 142, Tribes/Cultures 151, 209, 232, 235, 243, 249, 250–251, 253–255, Chronology, 605–618 271, 293, 310, 315, 322, 527, 608, 610, 622–624, Circleville Earthwork: see Sites 625, 650, 653, 666–667, 678, 690 Circular ditch-embankment, 295–296, 322, 323–324 Circular symbols of the cosmos, 136–137 Conch Shells, 7, 210, 300, 301, 548 Clan organization: see Social and Ritual Organization Cones, 7, 69, 155, 157, 160, 199, 201, 208, 209, 211, 221, Clans 228, 238, 241, 264, 269, 424, 443, 515, 525, 535, animal-totemic, 210, 218–219, 455 571, 641, 672 bear, 25, 125, 149, 208, 210, 214, 219, 220, 223, 234, Copper 236, 237–240, 264, 268, 269, 284–285, 650, 661, axes, 37 681, 690 cutouts/geometrics, 57, 60, 86, 134, 137, 190, 191, 446, bird, 206, 221–223 453–454, 551, 640, 643 hawk, 221 effigy, 57, 69–70, 85, 155, 156, 162, 186, 191, 217, raptor, 210, 218, 219, 220, 221–224, 269, 422, 228, 239, 247, 301, 318, 445, 446, 501, 513, 656, 662 651, 665 canine/wolf, 219, 221, 223, 225, 286, 665 nose inserts, 201, 209, 246, 249, 538 deer, 219, 662–663 nuggets/raw form, 593 elk, 221–222, 286 Copperas mountain (alum weeping), 64, 93 feline/lynx, 219, 222, 225 Cosmology, Scioto Hopewell, 42 fox, 219, 221–222, 223, 264, 666 Costumery, 69, 178, 180–198, 199, 219, 227, 295, 321 future research Cougar, 70, 219 identification of clans, 662–664 Cranial suture, 469–471, 476, 478, 482–483, 488, 495–496 origins, 666 Creek Indians: see Native American tribes/cultures social and ritual parameters, 664–666 Crescents, 156, 198, 199, 208, 212, 228, 239, 267, 275, markers of, 236, 573, 666 286, 294, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 453, 454, organization of, 25, 41, 69, 115, 133, 152, 214–226 518, 552–553, 671, 673, 689 raccoon, 25, 69, 206, 210, 221–222, 238, 285–286 Cultural climaxes, 38 sizes of, 152, 680 Cultural innovation, 294–295 turtle, 662, 663 artifacts (decommissioned), ceremonial deposits of, upper/lower, 138 308–309 wealth of, 198, 210, 223–224, 656–657 Clarence Ford: see Sites burials: see also Burial mounds/houses Communities, future research in chronological implications features/internal organization, 307–308 clans: see Clans location of, 304–305 ecology: see Ecology, future research shape of, 303–304 known facts, studies contributed, 605–608 earthen enclosure plan, changes in, 305–307 social organization: see Social Organization horizontal relationships, 305 unknown facts intermixing of cremations, 308 beyond Scioto, 615–618 shamanic trance, 294 SUBJECT INDEX 763

D Edwin Harness Mound, 21–22, 60, 86, 128, 130, 132, 133, 148, 189, 191, 198, 234, 252, 271, 274, 304, 369, Database, Ohio Hopewell people 493, 606–607, 624, 630, 649, 659, bioarchaeological, 16–17: see also HOPEBIOARCH 660, 665 documentation, 331–333 EHRAF collection, 505 empirical significance of Elite, 37, 38, 72, 118, 135, 168, 176, 177, 210, 217, 238, archaeological collections, 19 246, 250, 312, 517, 629, 648, 653 artifact, classifications/terminologies, 20 artifacts, 168, 176–177, 648, 653 limited distribution of information, 21 items, 72, 168 missing data, 21–23 persons, 37, 118, 238, 517 reporting formats, 20 residence, 135, 210 sources, diverse, 10, 19–20 Elizabeth Site: see Sites ethnohistoric, 18 Ellerbusch Site: see Sites regional geographic, 17–18 see Data sources. inconsistencies, 338 Esch Mounds: Sites Dating Exchange/Trade: see also Elite AMS, 604, 609 ceramic vessels, 641–642 obsidian hydration, 605, 606, 611, 612 ceremonial paraphernalia, 673 radiocarbon dates, 24, 32, 88, 112–113, 114, 125, of fabrics, 127 146–147, 239, 322, 327, 605–607, 610–612, of food, 8, 24, 33, 41, 140, 142, 151, 615–616, 617–618, 675, 683–684 672–673, 674 Death, good/bad, 651 intercommunity, 82 Decco Site: see Sites of material resources, 8, 24, 102, 126, 140, 142, Dualities 149, 151 dark and dull, 72, 168–176 social relations, 13 light and shiny, 72, 168–176 light vs. darkness, 136: see also Earspools F rough vs. smooth, 136 Dunlap Site: see Sites Fabrics, 24, 28, 53, 85, 94, 102, 127, 162, 191, 250, 253, Dyadic relationships, 251, 252, 272, 312, 527, 641 281, 340, 446, 502, 609, 615, 623, 665, 689: see also Elite E Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, 19, 338, 476 Figurines Earspools aspects of, bear man depicting his soul, 183 large deposits, 234 clay/ceramic, 637, 670, 673 morphology of, 677 depictions, persons in ceremonial headdresses, 185 seriation of, 605, 608 elite males/females depiction/hair style, 246 size of, 275 facial tattoos, 5, 189, 213 sodalities marked by, 26, 229, 230, 239, 242, 248, 283 postures, 183, 233, 235, 605 visibility of, 26, 311, 314 transforming into bear, 69 Earth Disk, 27, 40, 53, 54, 62–63, 82, 91, 278, 294–296, uses, 517 303, 304, 307, 309, 312, 319, 321, 322, 640 Earth-diver myths, 54 Wray figurine, 69, 182, 219, 281, 295 Earthen enclosures, 50 Finney Mound: see Sites plan, changes in, 305–307: see also Cultural innovation Flood plains, importance of, 74 Eastern Agricultural Complex (EAC) specimens, 81 Florida: see States Ecological setting Flutes, 156, 163, 202, 205, 246, 249, 419, 421, 431, 448, flood plains, 74 511, 516, 544, 572, 671, 673: see also Fort Ancient Earthwork, 73 Panpipes/Panpipers Little Miami valley, 73, 97, 187, 263, 410, 675–676, 689 Food resources, reconstruction of balance Ecology, future research artifactual, 20–21, 23 mobility, 620 artistic, 23, 40, 42 subsistence, 619–620 gender-based evidence, 42 Economic organization and socio-political relations, future paleoethnobotanical, 42 research zooarchaeological, 23, 42, 92 local exchange, 672–673 Fort Ancient Earthwork: see Sites production, 671–672 Four/eight-directional symbolism, 136: see also Dualities socio-political uses of economic relations, Frankfort (aka “Old Town”): see Sites 673–674 Franklin Site: see Sites 764 SUBJECT INDEX

G Headplates/headdresses, 5, 7, 69, 84, 134, 149, 162, 163, 176, 180, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 200, 206, 210, Galena, 18, 25, 37, 152, 155, 177, 199, 208, 209, 228–229, 219, 246, 264, 281, 311, 318, 421, 450, 512, 517, 234, 238–241, 243, 264, 286–287, 294, 300, 312, 547, 578, 605, 637, 655, 660, 671, 688–689 315, 325, 332, 340, 461, 512, 519, 524, 564, 569, animal effigy, 15, 69, 185, 211 621, 626, 633, 641, 650, 666, 669, 672, 681, 682 copper, 69, 85, 134, 149, 162, 168, 186, 187, 191, 192, Gatherings (ritual) and alliances 206, 209–213, 244, 280, 311, 460, 606, 660–661 changes over time, 271–276 iron, 450, 655 diverse sociocultural contexts lacking animal parts, 135, 192, 275 changes in alliance strategies, 251–253 pictures of animal impersonators, 69, 70, 211 changes in number of allied/local symbolic plain, 210, 211, 276, 281 communities, 253–255 Headquarters: see Sites local symbolic community at ceremonial centers, 251 Healers/healing, 7, 15, 16, 37, 68, 93, 102, 151, 155, 157, social status of individuals buried at ceremonial 183, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 209, 213, 226, 226, centers, 251 237, 242, 259, 269, 296, 315, 331, 490, 515, sizes, 262–264 517, 518 social compositions, 264–276 Hematite, 60, 155, 423, 433, 461, 512, 519, 565 related to sizes/at sites of different function, 270–271 Hickory nuts, 49, 82, 101, 145, 309, 663, 687 typology, 255–262 High Bank Site: see Sites Gender: see also Subsistence Hildebrand Site: see Sites feminine, 25, 244, 248 HOPEBIOARCH, 16, 39, 335–342, 343, 344–350, 351, pattern, 670, 683 369, 389, 397, 398, 407, 419, 428, 430, 465, 470, relations, 25, 85–86, 152, 206, 210, 244–249, 621: see 473, 477, 482, 485, 502, 510, 523, 526, 567, also Social and ritual organization 575–597, 609, 615, 674, 679 roles, 8, 13, 249, 485, 570, 670, 682–683 biological categories, 338 future research, 682–683 error checks, 340–341 sodalities and, 39, 241–242 geographic locations of sites, 344–350 system, 244, 249–250 inconsistencies, 338 third, 25, 151, 248, 524 intrasite/intersite mortuary analyses, 337 Geographic expanse of participation in ceremonies, provenience sheets, 337, 339–340 628–629 site descriptions, 351–396 Geometric earthen ceremonial grounds: see Symbolic stages, 337–339 setting HOPEBIOARCH data base to N. Greber’s/T. Lloyd’s, Geometric relationships, tripartite earthworks, 129 comparison of Georgia: see States curation in museums, 576–578 Ginther Mound and Earthwork: see Sites data coding, 578–579 Glacial Kame field/laboratory observations, 576 ceremonialism, 77, 296, 502–503 field sampling, 575–576 Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Hopewell Site sites, 270–271 methods, 591 Glen Helen Mound: see Sites Seip-Pricer/Ater/Turner burial place Golden Eagle Site: see Sites methods, 579–588 Gorgets results, 588–590 other (or unspecified), 422, 432, 454–455, 503, 512, three-way comparison, 594 518, 553, 567 Hopeton Earthwork: see Sites reel-shaped, 156, 191, 198, 199, 202, 212, 220, 264, Hopeton Site: see Sites 265, 269, 294, 645, 671, 673, 682, 689 Hopewell, end of “Great Cache,” 138 archaeological evidence, suggestions, 314 Great Lakes-Riverine Native Americans, 25, 99, 206, 218, communicable diseases, 314 226, 237, 240, 248 competitive displays, 315 Greber’s/Lloyd’s/ HOPEBIOARCH data bases, three-way cool period in climatic history, northern Mississippi comparison, 594 drainage, 313 H demographic explanations, 313–314 difficulties, 313 Handbook of North American Indians, 502 horticulture/wild plant collecting, 313 Harness Mound: see Sites social competition, 313 Havana Hopewell, 114, 180, 322–324, 327, 629, 650, spiritual-social alliance, 314 657, 670 Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in Chillicothe Hazlett Mound: see Sites (Ohio), 338 SUBJECT INDEX 765

Hopewell Earthwork: see Sites Intercommunity alliances, 7, 28, 32, 39, 133, 212, 252, Hopewell human remains, aging and sexing 274, 290, 320, 622, 624–627, 641, 644, 649, 660: comparative analyses see also Alliances C. Johnston and K. Reichs, 476 Intermarriage, 32, 133, 141, 225, 312, 622, 624, 625, 629 C. Johnston Lab Assessments and H. Shetrone Field among communities, 32, 225, 312, 622, 624, 625, 629 Assessments, 475–476 Intermixing of cremations, 308, 325–326: see also Cultural C. Snow to C. Johnston, P. Sciulli, and R. Pickering innovation Combined, 477 Interregional Hopewell, 311–312, 670, 681, 683: see also C Johnston and C. Snow, 476 Hopewell Interaction Sphere goal of determining methods, 466 Interregional interaction, 206, 246, 277, 311–312, 602, historical perspective, 466–471 604, 628 improving age/sex data, 486–488 Iroquois, 95, 236, 237, 282, 303, 506, 669 issues: see Aging/sexing skeletons, issues Irvin Coy Mound: see Sites methods, 473–474, 488–489 Irvine Site: see Sites other sites, 481–482 results, 500 J for use of age/sex determinations in analyses, Jaccard similarity coefficient, 572–573 483–484 John Boyle’s Farm Mound: see Sites samples included: see Samples, aging/sexing in Joseph Dayrs’ Farm Mound: see Sites Hopewell sites Journeys Seip-Pricer Mound acquiring power, 41, 668 C. Johnston/L. Konigsberg/K. Reichs/C. Snow/ R. to afterlife/to land of dead, 41, 236, 503, 637–638 Baby/Blosser/Krogman’s Data, 480–481 pilgrimage rites, 630, 668 sex assessment in twentieth century and Ohio Hopewell social and religious purpose, 37 skeletal data, 467–469 Junction Group: see Sites Turner Site, analyses of, 477–480 Comparison of Teresa Cadiente with M. Giesen /E. Hooton/Santa Luca, 477–479 K Hopewell Interaction Sphere, 134, 312, 402: see also Kaliai People, 646 Interregional Hopewell Kampsville: see Sites Hopewell Mound 25, 85, 96, 98, 135, 136, 148–150, 176, Kentucky: see States 189, 199, 203–205, 207–209, 211, 219, 229, 232, Kickapoo Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures 252, 258, 262, 263, 269, 274, 281, 284–285, Kinship (Groups), 8, 12, 25, 26, 31, 38, 39, 82, 85, 103, 287–288, 318, 324, 393, 435, 440, 573, 606–607, 135, 152, 154, 206, 210, 222–223, 226, 228, 623, 625, 640, 643–644, 650, 657, 665, 681, 683, 244–250, 305, 503, 524, 526–527, 624, 650, 654, 689–690 681–682, 688 Hopewell-Old Town local symbolic community, 126 patrilineal, 26, 248 Hopewell Site: see Hopewell Mound 25 structure, 25, 31, 38–39, 82, 152, 244–250, 524, Households, 8, 21, 41–42, 80, 82, 90, 103, 105, 106–107, 526–527 109, 111, 113–115, 118, 124, 127, 132, 140–141, units, 228, 650 145, 239, 243, 310, 614, 619, 620, 622, 641–642, Knight Mound Group: see Sites 672–674, 685 Kohl Mound: see Sites hamlet, 103 Koster: see Sites length of occupation, 106, 113 sizes, 106, 140 L valley based, 80 Humans, role of, 305 Labor pool, 149, 254, 275 Hunter-gatherer-horticulturalists, 5 Land of the Dead, 168, 236, 261, 296, 303, 315, 637 Huron Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Leaders, social roles of, 38, 221, 251 Leadership, future directions I life histories, 656–658 metallic celts, 655–656 Illinois: see States Leaders(ship) Indiana: see States achievement, 31, 524 Indians costumery, 178, 180–199 American Indians, 506–508, 511, 512, 521 depictions, 25, 69, 176, 178, 180–199, , 244, 246, 648, Eastern Woodland Indians, 45, 502, 510, 656 653, 661 southeastern Indians, 507, 508 idiosyncratic leadership styles,276, 310 1946 Indians of the Southeastern United States, 508 leadership roles, nature/organization 766 SUBJECT INDEX

Leaders(ship) (Cont.) M geographic domains of power, 209–210 Macoupin Site: see Sites institutionalized roles, 208–209 Madeira-Brown Sites, 100, 106, 108, 109, 142, 145: see power bases, 202 also Sites process of segregation over time, 207–208 floor plan of houses, rectangular/circular, 110 question of priest-chiefs, 211–214 Madisonville: see Sites recruitment, 210–211 Maize, 82–83, 98 segregation of, 202–207 Mann phase, 327 nonshaman-like, 153, 155–156, 199, 250, 256, 258–259, Mann Site: see Sites 264–265, 270–271, 275, 276, 287, 290, 310, Manring Mounds and Earthwork: see Sites 421, 432 Marietta Area Mound/Earthwork: see Sites organization of, 199–211 Marietta Earthwork, 63, 345, 371–372, 402 peace chiefs, 206, 213 Markers, sodality, 210, 228, 229–236, 238, 419 proportion of shamanic/shaman-like to nonshaman-like Marksville Tradition, 72 leaders, 199 Marriage/intermarriage, 8, 32, 41, 101, 106, 133, 135, 140, recruitment, 136, 138: see also Social Roles 141, 151, 219, 225, 250, 259, 287, 312, 622, 624, religious, 220 625, 627, 629, 645, 664, 673, 688 role segregation: see Shaman/Shamanism; Social roles Marriot Mounds: see Sites shaman-like aspects of Scioto Hopewell material record, Marsh Run Site: see Sites 157–179 Martin Mound: see Sites shaman/shaman-like: see Shaman/Shamanism McGraw Site: see Sites supralocal, 209–210, 290 McKenzie Mound Group: see Sites symbols of position, 7, 16, 70, 178, 180–199, 212, McKittrick Earthwork, 68: see also Sites 250–251, 604, 606, 607–608, 611, Melvin Phillips Mound Group: see Sites 622–624, 630 Menominee Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures war chiefs/leaders, 183, 206, 213, 222, 246, 287, 518 Meteoric Iron, 10, 18, 72, 155, 176, 239, 332, 451, 512, Lee Mound: see Sites 519, 667–668 Lenape, 303 Methods, future research, 609 Levina Russell/Rollins Ford Farm Mound: see Sites Miami Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Liberty Earthwork, 19, 21, 48, 86, 95, 118, 119, 128, 129, Mica: see also Mirrors 130, 132, 137, 140, 142, 148, 162, 163, 177, 186, cutouts/geometrics, 60, 86, 124, 199, 221, 223, 336, 189, 191, 198, 271, 284, 288, 304, 328, 345, 347, 443, 551, 637, 643 349, 368–370, 401–402, 434, 473, 492, 611, 624, Michigan: see States 630, 649, 654, 660, 690: see also Edwin Harness Midewiwin: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Mound Midwestern Hopewell: see Regions/Areas Liberty-Works East local symbolic community, 126, 687 Miller Site: see Sites Licking drainage, 50, 73, 80, 97, 100, 106, 107, 112, 115, Mirrors, 15, 18, 25, 60, 69, 86, 100, 157, 160, 183, 199, 142, 628, 642 208, 211, 221, 227–228, 234, 238, 240–243, 246, 264, 332, 515, 527, 569, 621, 626, 628, 633, 643, Licking valley, 32, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 99, 104, 650, 656, 666, 672, 682 109, 111, 147, 183, 293, 377, 615, 619, 654, 685, Mississippian society/people, 83, 221, 293, 503, 653, 655 687–688, 690 Mobility, residential, 107–109 Local symbolic communities, 115–125: See also Models Settlements/communities annual residential mobility, 24, 102, 107–109, 111–112, Baum Earthwork, 123 115, 141 ceremonial diversity/centers, 116 competitive, 646 Dunlap Earthwork, 116 ecological, 77, 79 example of, 123–125 economic, 619 fabric styles, 127 geographic, 126 Liberty-Works East, 126 Ohio Hopewell community organization, 21 Mound City, 118 of origins of tribal organization, 269 Muskingum valley, 119 prestige goods, 645, 646, 673 Platform Mounds, 118, 123 Scioto Hopewell swidden system, 113 Seip Earthwork, 124 subsistence change, 86–88, 92, 309, 313, 619 Shilder Mound, 118 vacant ceremonial center-dispersed hamlet, 21 similarities, among communities, 127 Winkelman’s shamanic role segregation, 185, 207, 209 Logistical Sites, 24, 100, 105, 107, 109, 110, Moieties, 38, 138, 225, 664, 680 143–144, 620 dual divisions, 138, 225 SUBJECT INDEX 767

Mortuary(ies) Shoshoni, 296 age/sex/burial-deposit and intraburial artifact count Sioux, 54, 94–95 distributions Timucua, 662 artifact class, categories, 528 Winnebago, 95, 226, 249, 282, 503, 506 documentation methods, 526–528 Yuchi, 133 mortuary traits, dimensions, 523–524, 527–528 Neutron activation analyses, 641–642 analysis of, 31, 332, 621 Newark Earthwork: see Sites associations of artifact classes across burials New York: see States Jaccard similarity coefficient., 572 Nonraptorial birds, 69, 70, 206, 218–219, 221–225, 269, methods, 570–574 621, 656, 662–663, 666, 680, 689 buildings, 10, 605 North Benton Site: see Sites ceremonies/rites/rituals, 26, 32, 64, 68, 133, 134, 139, North Carolina: see States 141, 219, 236, 250–252, 253, 272–274, 276, 307, Northeastern Woodlands Tribes, 39, 113, 206, 236, 503 310, 315, 517, 627, 632–633, 641, 646, 665 intercommunity alliances/programmes, 624–627 O patterns, 17, 222, 253, 332–333, 526–527, 658–659, Obsidian 660–661 bifaces, 124, 134, 208, 228, 238–239, 241, 286, 428, practices/programs, 7, 8, 19, 21, 70, 74, 137, 294, 307, 446–447, 458, 540–541, 569, 621, 633, 656, 667, 605, 611, 624–627, 635, 681 669, 671, 673 specialists, 16, 331 deposit at Hopewell Site, 340 Mortuary-related ceremonies, Ater charnel house, 312 Yellowstone, 668 Mortuary traits, patterns of distributions, 529–566 Ochre/Ocher, 93, 155, 201, 448, 458, 512 Mound, specific: see Sites Ohio: see Regions/Areas see Mound City: Sites Ohio Historical Society in Columbus, 338 Mount Vernon (aka GE Mound): see Sites Ohio Valley tribes: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Multiple-ecotone setting, 108 Ojibwa Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Multi-season residential sites/stability, indicators, 90 Old Town (Frankfort) Earthwork: see Sites Murphy Site: see Sites Ontario, 37, 74, 237, 282: see also Rivers/Creeks Musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM), 622, Opportunism: see Subsistence 657, 670 Ornaments, 25, 70, 138, 278, 282, 448, 454, 484, 515, Myths 519–520, 544–545, 577, 592, 642–643, 689 Earth Diver myth, 54, 94, 503, 632 reiteration of creation, 632 P Myths of the Cherokee, 30, 505, 509–510 Paleoethnobotanical studies, 80 N Panpipes/Panpipers, 37, 163, 208, 228, 239, 246, 249, 286, 419, 424, 448, 501–502, 511, 516, 525, 543, 572, Native American Tribes/Cultures 635, 673: see also Ceremonial Deposits Algonkian/Algonquian, 83, 213, 218, 224, 278, Pan-tribal sodality organizations, 104 282–283, 505, 664–665 Pax Hopewelliana, 280, 312, 687 Caddo, 95, 133, 505, 506, 508 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 16, 19, Cherokee, 30, 56, 61, 93–95, 303, 305, 506, 338, 507, 679–680, 684 509–510, 521 Pearls, 27, 72, 96, 176, 215, 300, 301, 339, 441, 461, 519, Chickasaw, 95, 506 565–566, 607, 628, 657, 661, 667, 668 Chippewa, 94–95, 236 Peer Polities, 147 Chitimacha, 70 Pence Mound: see Sites Choctaw, 70, 94–95, 133, 259, 303, 649 Perry Township Mound: see Sites Fox, 213–214, 221, 506, 664 Petrography, 685 Glacial Kame, 77, 100, 296, 502 Phratries, 38, 101, 102, 138, 151–152, 225, 226, 234, 279, Huron, 24, 26, 134, 139, 141, 236, 259, 263, 285, 308, 310, 680 643, 649 Pilgrimage, 310, 312, 315, 629–630, 631, 668, 685 Kickapoo, 83, 218, 282, 506, 664 Pipes (smoking), 15, 25, 37, 54, 60, 68–70, 84–85, 139, Menominee, 224, 236, 282, 664–665 152, 157, 176, 182, 185, 207, 228, 233–236, Miami, 83, 218, 249, 282, 506, 664 241–244, 246, 248, 251, 259, 264, 269, 273, 278, Midewiwin, 159, 226, 237, 282, 517, 661, 667 282, 286–287, 296, 315, 319, 423, 447, 449, 503, Ojibwa, 95, 159, 506–507, 637 516, 524, 609, 615, 633, 641–643, 650, 656, Potawatomi, 218, 249, 282, 506, 664 666–669, 671, 681 Sauk, 83, 218, 249, 282, 506, 664 Plummets, pendula, 511, 515, 520 Shawnee, 83, 133, 218, 221, 222, 249, 282, 287 Points/Spears, 20, 424, 426–427, 641 768 SUBJECT INDEX

Porter Mound: see Sites eastern woodlands, 21, 25, 30, 74, 97, 133, 206 “Positional meaning” of symbol, Turner’s (1969) concept, Illinois(lower) valley, 77, 79, 97–99, 619, 657 504, 570 Main Paint Creek, 32, 47, 48, 104, 118, 123, 126–127, “Positive–negative play,” 72, 177–178, 179, 180, 212, 129, 144, 149, 253–254, 283–285, 287, 312, 314, 279, 281: see also Leaders(ship) 610–614, 623–626, 654, 660, 667, 687 Potawatomi Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures midwestern, 21, 24, 42, 83, 86, 88–89, 291, 651 Pottery/ceramics, 7, 24, 57, 72, 74, 84, 99, 107, 113, 143, midwest-riverine, 42, 82, 92 146, 176, 248, 312, 325, 335, 353, 436, 448, 544, northeastern Ohio, 70–245, 345, 348, 391, 526, 615, 662 606, 627, 641–642, 673: see also Figurines northeastern woodlands, 39, 113, 206, 236, 503 clay for, 72, 176, 335 North Fork of Paint Creek, 32, 43, 48, 104, 118, 126, utilitarian, 335, 436 129, 132, 134, 142, 144, 149–150, 253, 254, Power, centralization, 27, 38, 135–137, 157, 199, 214, 283–287, 312, 314, 352, 379, 607, 623, 625, 657, 220, 227 660, 667, 687 Power, societal leaders, 69 Salt Creek, 74, 142, 144 Power Animals, 15, 151, 165, 208, 233, 241–242, 259, Scioto-Paint Creek, 9, 23–25, 27, 32, 38–39, 41–43, 47, 295, 319, 424 69, 72–75, 77, 93, 101–102, 105–109, 113, 119, Prairies, 42, 45, 49, 69, 83, 93, 218, 332, 502, 505–507, 123–127, 129, 132–134, 137, 140–142, 146–150, 515–520, 664–665 154, 180, 185, 199, 202, 207–208, 210, 212, Prestige: see Social Organization 218–219, 220, 224, 227, 238, 239–241, 243–245, Pricer Mound, 54, 68, 124, 132, 139, 149, 161, 162, 211, 249, 252–256, 259, 262, 270, 274–277, 279, 271, 576, 607–608, 624, 660 283–286, 290–295, 300, 303–304, 307–315, Provenience sheets, 337–338, 339–340 327–328, 527, 578, 601–602, 604, 609–612, usefulness, 339–340 614–615, 618–631, 634, 641, 653–655, 657, 660, Psychopomp, 124, 155, 183, 201, 202, 209, 211, 213, 219, 662, 666–668, 670, 672–683, 680–682, 685, 221, 233, 236, 241, 269, 315, 665, 681 689–690 Puma, 70, 138, 224–225, 650, 663 southeastern Woodlands, 30, 70, 95, 108, 206, 248, 305, Purdom Mound Group: see Sites 505, 507, 510 Purification, rites of, 63 southwestern Ohio, 32, 80, 246, 248, 321, 341, Putnam Mounds: see Sites 345–347, 349–350, 395–396, 526, 604, 615–618, 622, 645, 652, 657, 662, 670, 674–683 Q Wabash-Ohio (lower), 77–79, 97–98 Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Quartz Indians (1928), 30, 505, 508 crystal, 7, 37, 61, 96, 155, 158, 160, 199, 228, 239, 286, Residential communities, 104–115: see also 443, 501, 681 Settlements/communities points, 176, 199, 221, 244, 264, 269, 278, 641, 642, annual logistical mobility, 106–107 643, 651, 671–672, 681 annual residential mobility, 107–109 Questing (power, vision), 241, 315 examples, 109–111 R residential mobility/lengths, occupation of sites, 111–115 Radiometric/radiocarbon dating, 324, 609, 611, 618, 684 Richard Shumard’s Farm Mound: see Sites Rank: see Social Organization Rites, “going to water”/“blending,” 63 Raptorial birds, 70 Ritual paraphernalia, 17, 30–31, 68, 124, 152, 259, 308, Raw materials 510, 569–571, 604, 628, 643, 659, 668–670, 671, exotic/fancy, 32, 38, 134, 206, 257, 294, 339, 602, 604, 673–674 654, 666, 668, 672, 673 Ritual/social organization, future research lithic, 107, 111, 641–642 southwestern Ohio/Scioto-Paint Creek area, compared shiny, 315, 503 with Hopewell Raymond Ater Mound, 352, 398, 492, 493, 658: see also ceremonial gatherings, 677–679 Sites clan organization, 680 Recruitment, means of, 38, 69, 152, 154, 206, 207, community and ceremonial spatial organization, 210–211, 214, 227, 241, 246, 279, 523, 570, 675–677 655–657 leadership, 679–680 Reel-Shaped Gorgets: see Gorgets social ranking, 680 Regions/Areas sodalities and ceremonial societies, 680–682 American Bottom, 83, 88–89, 97, 99 Rivers/Creeks Appalachian, 47, 73, 75, 144, 309, 668 Beaver Creek, 346, 370 central Scioto, 78, 91, 345, 350, 352, 353, 362, 383, Big Darby Creek, 142, 144 384, 389, 392, 620, 674 Big Walnut Creek, 142 SUBJECT INDEX 769

Black River, 345, 355 sex assignment Brush Creek, 96, 410 discriminant function analysis, 496–500 Chillicothe, 47, 74 seriation of cranial robusticity, 496 Donnels Creek, 346, 352–354 Sauk Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Dry Run Creek, 345, 384–385 Schoolcraft and His Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Great Miami River, 80, 353, 354, 370, 379, 389 505–507 Green River, 100 Scioto Hopewell archaeological record, competitive view, Hargus Creek, 355 644–646 Illinois River, 327, 620: see also Regions/Areas Scioto Hopewellian cosmology, 42, 45, 64 Jonathan Creek, 119, 345, 360–361, 368, 382, 385 Scioto-Paint Creek area, 9, 23–25, 27, 32, 38–39, 41–43, Kokosing River, 142, 145 47, 69, 72–75, 77, 93, 101–102, 105–109, 113, Licking River, 345, 360–361, 382, 385, 629 119, 123–127, 129, 132–134, 137, 140–142, Little Miami River, 258, 345, 357, 366, 380–381, 146–150, 154, 180, 185, 199, 202, 207–208, 210, 386–387, 675 212, 218–219, 220, 224, 227, 238, 239–241, Little Walnut Creek, 345, 384, 385 243–245, 249, 252–256, 259, 262, 270, 274–277, Mad River, 353, 354, 370 279, 283–286, 290–295, 300, 303–304, 307–315, Mahoning River, 345–346, 378 327–328, 527, 578, 601–602, 604, 609–612, Muskingum River, 63, 367, 371 614–615, 618–631, 634, 641, 653–655, 657, 660, Ohio Brush Creek, 410 662, 666–668, 670, 672–683, 680–682, 685, Ohio River, 47, 63, 74, 87, 88, 97, 137, 346, 361, 371, 689–690: see also Regions/Areas 374, 389, 410, 492 Natural/experiential setting, 42–53 Olentangy River, 142, 145, 147, 373, 492 climate, 50 Paint Creek: see Regions/Areas confluence, 42, 47, 50, 63, 73–74, 92–93, 97, 104, Pond Creek, 139, 387 109, 118, 137, 139, 142, 144, 149, 290, 310, 352, Price’s Creek, 346, 367, 368 361, 374, 387, 389, 492, 602, 610, 612–614, Raccoon Creek, 111, 142–143 629–630, 653, 687 Rock River, 323 power, 50 Rocky Run Creek, 381 vegetation, 50–51 Salt Creek, 74: see also Regions/Areas Seal Earthwork: see Sites Scioto River: see Regions/Areas Sedentism, 73, 77, 92, 97, 104, 108, 146, 291, 293, 317 Shoshoni, 296 residential, 73, 291, 293 Sycamore Creek, 142 Seip: see Seip-Conjoined Mound; Seip-Pricer Mound; Tuscarawas River, 367, 390 Sites Twin Creek, 346, 359 Seip-Baum local symbolic community, 123, 126 Walhonding River, 372 Seip-Conjoined Mound, 22, 149, 251–253, 255, 287, 321, Walnut Creek, 95, 142, 345, 385, 629–630 326, 328, 608 Whitewater Creek, 379 Seip Earthwork: see Sites Rockhold Mound: see Sites Seip-Pricer Mound, 11, 135, 149, 199, 203–205, 208–210, Rock shelters, 98, 107, 685 219, 221, 232, 234, 253, 281, 284–285, 304, 328, Rods, copper, 155, 422, 433, 458, 513, 561 341, 435, 480–481, 573, 575, 578, 579–590, Rotating system of garden plots, 89–90 606–607, 623, 625, 657, 660, 662, 664, 689 Russell Brown Mounds: see Sites Serpent Mound: see Sites Rutledge Mound: see Sites Settlements/communities communities of multiple kinds and geographic scales, S 102–104 local symbolic communities, 115–125 Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees and Myths of the residential communities, 104–115 Cherokee, Mooney’s, 30, 505, 509–510 sustainable communities, 125–139 Sacred geological formations, 15, 45 Shamanic qualities: see Leaders(ship) Samples, aging/sexing in Hopewell Sites Shamanic trance, 294, 295, 322–323: see also Cultural age estimation, 488 innovation auricular surface of ilium, 488 Shaman-like positions, 7, 26 degree of union of centers of ossification, 495 Shaman/Shamanism: see also Leaders(ship) dental seriations, 483, 487–491 as animal impersonator, 185 diaphysis length, 490, 495 classic, 25, 69–70, 152, 154, 157, 158, 168, 178, 180, ectocranial suture closure, 495, 496 183, 185, 198, 199, 206, 207–208, 211–213, 227, overall size and robusticity, 495 242, 246, 264, 278, 290, 310–311, 524 principal components analysis, 495–496 roles played, 178, 185, 192, 200–202, 207, 209, 213, stage of formation of the dental crown/root/apex, 495 221, 222–223, 620 770 SUBJECT INDEX

Shaman/Shamanism (cont.) Hopeton Earthwork, 95, 116, 123, 137, 140, 142, 147, shaman-like practitioners, 25–26, 96, 152–154, 362, 610, 630, 686 156–158, 162, 178, 185–186, 190–192, 199, 209, Hopewell Earthwork, 6, 10, 15, 19, 30, 49, 57, 60, 63, 211–213, 227–229, 238, 244, 246, 264, 269–270, 64, 93, 136–137, 140, 147, 149, 158–163, 176–177, 276, 290, 292, 310–311, 420, 428, 431, 511, 515, 180, 186–187, 191–192, 197, 215, 217, 224, 230, 524, 674, 681 263, 304, 306, 362–363, 492, 571, 575, 577, 624, soul flight/journeying, 25, 27, 41, 69, 95, 152, 157–158, 628, 630, 635–636, 640, 649, 659, 685, 688, 690 177, 180, 182–183, 185–186, 212, 281, 294–295, Irvin Coy Mound, 365–366 304, 321 John Boyle’s Farm Mound, 366 trance, 222, 294, 295, 322–323 Joseph Dayrs’ Farm Mound, 366–367 Shawnee Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Junction, 355, 371, 469, 610, 611, 613 Shell, turtle/tortoise, 155, 156, 162, 201, 421, 423, 448, Kohl Mound, 367, 391 512, 516, 520, 544–545, 662, 689 Lee Mound, 335 Shilder Site: see Sites Levina Russell/Rollins Ford Farm Mound, 345 Shinkal Mound: see Sites Liberty Earthwork, 86, 345: see also Sites Shoshoni: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Macoupin, 115 Shriver Circle: see Sites Madeira-Brown, 100, 105, 106 Silver, 10, 37, 72, 155–156, 176, 228, 239, 278, 461, 501, Madisonville (Ft. Ancient), 22, 478–479, 679, 684 520, 550, 566, 595, 661, 667–668 Mann, 77, 98, 147, 327, 670 Single-season base camps, 111 Manring Mounds and Earthwork, 346, 347, 350, Sioux Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures 370–371 Site occupation, lengths of, 111–115 Marietta Area Mound/Earthwork, 345, 346, 371 Sites Marriot Mounds: see Sites Anderson, 118, 610 Marsh Run, 99, 100, 105–106, 108–109, 115, 142, Apple Creek, 115 144–145 Ater: see Raymond Ater Mound Martin, 335, 372–373, 434, 662–663, 668 Baum, 116, 123, 127, 134, 140, 142, 147–149, 314, McGraw, 60, 79, 83, 98–99, 107, 109, 112, 142–143, 410, 611, 623, 649, 676, 687 146, 274, 288, 312–313, 619, 642, 685, 690 Bedford, 503 McKenzie Mound Group, 345, 347, 349, 373, 395, Boblett Mound Group, 352–354 660, 689 Bourneville Earthwork, 345, 353–354 McKittrick, 68 Cahokia (Mississippian), 83, 634–635 Melvin Phillips Mound Group, 345–346, 348, 373–374, Campbell Earthwork, 354 392, 615 Cedar Banks, 63, 116, 118, 123, 137, 610 Miami Fort Earthwork, 374–375 Circleville Earthwork, 271, 345, 355, 392, 630 Miller Site, 280, 291, 304 Clarence Ford, 99, 100, 108–109, 115, 142, 144 Mound City Earthwork, 60, 345 Decco, 106, 108 Mount Vernon (aka GE Mound), 77, 98 Dayrs’ Farm, 335, 344, 366–367, 434 Murphy, 88, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111–112, 113 Dunlap, 116, 118, 306, 323, 344, 610, 612, 613 Newark Earthwork, 69, 111, 142–143, 236, 296, Edwin Harness Mound, 21–22, 60, 86, 128, 130, 377–378, 602, 604, 629–630, 685 132–133, 148–149, 162–163, 186, 189, 191, 198, North Benton Mound, 71, 346, 378, 391, 615 252, 271, 348, 369, 492–493, 606–607, 624, 630, Old Town (Frankfort) Earthwork, 378–379 649, 659, 660, 665 Pence Mound, 335, 379–380 Elizabeth, 686 Perry Township Mound, 335, 380 Esch Mounds, 20, 61, 355–356, 436, 615 Porter, 274, 288, 378–379, 607 Finney Mound, 335, 345, 356 Purdom Mound Group, 380–381 Fort Ancient Earthwork, 73, 348, 356–357, 675, 677 Putnam Mounds, 368, 370 Fortney Mound, 178, 335, 348, 359 Richard Shumard’s Farm Mound, 381 Frankfort (aka “Old Town”), 103, 345, 352, 378, Rockhold Mound Group, 345, 347, 349, 382, 492, 611 606, 630 Russell Brown Mounds, 137, 369–370 Franklin, 93, 322 Rutledge Mound, 382 Ginther Mound and Earthwork, 345, 346, 359–360 Seal Earthwork, 57, 150, 684 Glen Helen Mound, 335, 345, 360, 684, 690 Seip Earthwork, 11, 19, 21, 49, 54, 64, 68, 93–94, 118, Golden Eagle, 98, 323, 663 124, 128, 130, 217, 224, 230, 300, 302, 304, 383, Harness: see Edwin Harness Mound 611, 613, 623–625, 628, 649, 671, 678: see also Hazlett, 344, 345, 360–361 Seip-Conjoined Mound ; Seip-Pricer Mound Headquarters Site, 361 Serpent Mound, 96 High Bank, 306, 307, 610, 611, 612, 615, 628, 629, 631 Shilder Mound, 118, 383–384 Hilderbrand, 324 Shinkal Mound, 384 SUBJECT INDEX 771

Shriver Circle, 118, 410, 610 Sodalities Shumard’s Farm, 335, 381, 679 and ceremonial societies Smiling Dan, 113 artifact classes placed in large deposits, 238–239 Snake Den Mound Group, 335, 384–385 clan-specific ceremonial society, 236–238 Spatial layouts of sites/mounds, HOPEBIOARCH data development of sodalities and ceremonial societies base, 397 over time, 240–241 Spruce Hill, 116, 118, 140 and gender, 241–242 Stone Mound, 385 geographic expanse of sodalities, 667 Stubbs Earthwork, 385–386 grades of prestige, 667–668 Tremper Mound and Earthwork, 386–387 identification, 667 Turner Earthwork, 387–388 leadership and, 670 Twin Mounds, 388–389 material acquisition, 668 Wade, 99, 107–108, 115, 142–143, 642 overlap in membership among sodalities and grades Westenhaver, 574 of achievement, 239–240 West Mound, 389 ritual paraphernalia, production of, 668–670 Wright-Holder Earthwork, 389–390 smoking pipes as a sodality marker, 233–236 Yant Mound, 390 marked by artifacts, 25, 85–86, 207, 210, 222 Smiling Dan Site: see Sites sacred packs, 226, 662, 664, 665 Snake Den Mound Group: see Sites Southeastern tribes, 124, 507, 508 Social and ritual organization: see also Gatherings (ritual) Spatial layouts of Sites/Mounds, HOPEBIOARCH data and alliances base clan organization Franklin County, 412 change over time, 224 Pickaway County, 413 possible phratry, 224–225 Pike County, 414 gender relations/kinship structure, 244–250 Ross County, 415 leadership: see Leaders(ship) Scioto County, 416 organizational principles/themes, 278–281 Spiro Society (Mississippian), 221 social role, concept of, 153–154 Spoonbill Duck, 278 sodalities/ceremonial society: see Sodalities Spruce Hill: see Sites Social competition States Anglo-American archaeological practice, 647–648 Alabama, 133 conceptions of self, crosscultural variation, 646–647 Florida, 508, 635 questions/evidence to consider, 648–655 Georgia, 74, 133, 521 Scioto Hopewell archaeological record, competitive Illinois, 19, 32, 74, 83, 114, 139, 146, 213, 289, 309, view, 644–646 313, 323, 629, 632, 645, 650, 668 Social identity/position, 152, 510 Indiana, 83, 99, 100, 199, 213, 230, 296, 508, 642, Social organization 672, 690 complexity of, 69, 244, 269: see also Subsistence Kentucky, 70, 93, 98, 238, 651, 687 differentiation, 206, 224, 241, 291, 310, 311, 324 Michigan, 74, 632 division of labor, 322, 619 New York, 34, 74 future studies North Carolina, 37, 508, 509 alliance formation/ritual gatherings/ceremonies, Ohio: see Regions/Areas; Rivers/Creeks 627–644 Tennessee, 88, 521, 683 ceremonial integration, Newark and Scioto-Paint Wisconsin, 47, 49, 74, 83, 213 Creek communities, 529–631 Stone Mound: see Sites ritual dramas, 634–640 Style matrilineality, 248 artifact, 125, 327, 675 patrilineality, 26, 86, 153, 226, 248, 526, 665, 688 artistic, 139, 235, 323 prestige, 142, 212, 278–280, 283, 316, 602, 646 ceramic, 74 ranking of, 31–32, 38, 604, 621, 627, of charnel house, 7, 296, 304, 308, 605, 607, 608, 609, 658–661, 680 611, 613, 630 Social roles earspool, 255, 275 centralization/segregation of, 152, 154, 199, 202–207, fabric, 127 222, 269, 278–279, 290, 295, 311, 525, pipe, 208, 209, 571, 650, 666, 668 570, 655 Subsistence, 79–91 of importance, 26, 149, 222, 225, 244, 293, 308 animal foods, 79–80 Societies in transition, 290–317 valley-based residences, 80 consequences, changes in world view, 309–312 base of, 23, 42 end of Hopewell, reasons for, 312–317 change/continuity, 40, 86–88, 92, 309, 313, 619 772 SUBJECT INDEX

Subsistence (cont.) Trade change over time, 86–88 ceramic vessels, 627, 641–642, 672–673 environment and, 41–42 ceremonial ceramics, 274 farming, 27, 50, 74, 82–86, 88–90, 111, 114–115, ceremonial paraphernalia, 672–673 291, 295 of fabrics, 127 Ohio Hopewell artworks depicting plants, 85 of food, 8, 24, 33, 41, 101–104, 126, 140, 142, 151, 672 qualitative data, seven kinds, 83–85 intercommunity, 82 gender and, 682–683 of material resources, 8, 24, 102, 126, 140, 142, 151 horticulture, 23, 28, 41–42, 83, 86, 88, 91–92, 141, 291, social relations, 10 309, 312–313, 317, 319, 624 Transformation, 42–43, 53, 64, 168–169, 177–178, intensification, 289, 313 190–191, 212, 229, 276, 281, 283, 291, 315–316, mobility and climate, 314, 618–620 601, 670 opportunism, 90 darkness into light: see Dualities multi-season residential stability, 90 and shamanism, 168: see also Shaman/Shamanism plant foods, 80–82 Travel role of cultivars, 82–83 by river, 630 practices and strategies, 39, 90 in spirit world, 157–158, 211, 637–639 resources, 98, 314, 653, 654 Tremper, 22, 28, 68–69, 70, 93, 103, 131, 137–139, 142, risk, 82, 92, 289, 313, 672 161, 176, 202, 224–225, 228, 230, 237, 240, 251, seasonal camps, 24, 80, 82, 90–91, 140 263, 270–271, 291, 295, 306, 308, 386–387, 492, and settlement, 7, 8 605, 611, 631, 649, 663, 679: see also Sites storage pits, 84, 100, 105, 107, 673 Trophies/Carved Bones swidden farming, 88–90 femur, 452, 549, 661 evidences, for reconstruction, 88–89 parietals, 450, 547 system, 7, 83, 619 skulls/jaws, 190, 200, 211, 220, 222, 244–245, 248, variation, 24, 102, 140–141 249, 275, 293, 421, 431, 448–449, 481, 512, 518, Sustainable communities, 125–139: see also 545, 591, 596, 651 Settlements/communities ‘Trophy’skulls/jaws/ears/fingers, 156, 190, 200, 211, 222, “Big House,” 133 318, 421, 432, 449, 518, 545 burial populations, 133–134 Tubes, 7, 157, 511, 515, 537 Cedar Banks-Ginther-Shilder complex, 137 Turkey-buzzard men, 70 charnel building: see Charnel houses Turner Site: see Sites copper geometrics, 136 Twin Mounds: see Sites dualities, emphasis on: see Dualities example, 137–139 U centralized leadership/identity/alliance, 135–137 Underwater Panther, 57, 503 sense of social identity, 134–137 sharing, three local symbolic communities, 28, 118, V 123, 126–129, 132–137, 139 single sustainable community, 126 Variables Swidden farming/horticulture, 24, 41–42, 50, 88–90, 111, Age1, 420, 430, 438 113–115, 140–141, 320, 688 Age2, 420, 430, 438 Symbolic communities, 115–125 Age3, 420, 430, 438–439 Symbolic setting AgeCode, 420, 437–438 “positive-negative play,” 72 AlligTeeth (Alligator Teeth), 421, 431, 445 turkey-buzzard men”, 70 AnimImage (Animal Image), 421, 424, 432, 449–450 Turtle Island, 53–55, 60 ArtifAccum (Artifact Accumulation), 420, 430, 436 Symbolism of water barrier and soul guide, 300 ArtPresAbs, 420, 430, 437 Symbols, 16 Awl, 446 BadgerPP (Badger Power Part), 456 T Bead, 457 BeadNeck (Bead Necklace), 457 Tennessee: see States BeadNum (Bead Number), 457 Territoriality, 77, 82, 132, 653, 687 BeadString, 457–458 Thick prehistory, 3–5, 6–8, 23, 34, 320, 465, 501, 648 BearCanNum (Bear Canine Number), 456 approach, 3–4 BearPP (Bear Power Part), 456 Till Plains, 13, 42–45, 47, 50, 53, 73, 75, 77, 91, 93, BeaverPP (Beaver Power Part), 456 144, 309 BigCatPP (Big Cat Power Part), 455 Timucua Indians, 662 BigPipe (Big Pipe), 447 SUBJECT INDEX 773

Boat (Boatstone), 444 IndAssoc (Individuals Associated), 437 BodyWrap, 441 IronRaw (Iron Raw), 461 BoneAntPointKnife (Bone/Antler Points/Knives), 458 KnSpeciesPPNum (Number of Power Parts from BoneMisc (Miscellaneous Animal Bone), 460 Known Species), 457– BPLongest, 453 LightCelt (Lightest Celt), 451 BPShortest, 453 LongCelt (Longest Celt), 451 BPTotalArea, 453 Marble, 444 BPTotalNum, 453 MarmotPP (Marmot Power Part), 456 BraceAnklet (Bracelet/Anklet), 457 MicaCutout (Mica Cutout), 454 BreastPlate (Breastplates), 452 MicaScrap (Mica Scrap), 461 BurialDep (Burial/Ceremonial Deposit), 435–436 MicaSheet (Mica Sheet), 443 Button, 455 MiscCPObj (Miscellaneous Copper Objects), 459 CannelRaw (Cannel Coal Raw), 460 MiscCPTool (Miscellaneous Copper Tools), 459 CarveBone (Carved Bone), 450 MiscIRTool (Miscellaneous Iron Tools), 459 CeltAreaAll, 450 MiscNMTool (Miscellaneous Non-Metal Tool), 459 CeltAreaKnown, 450 MiscObsid (Miscellaneous Obsidian Items), 459 CeltAreaLgst (Celt Area Largest), 450 MiscShellObj (Miscellaneous Shell Object), 459 CeltCoal (Celt, Cannel Coal), 451 MiscStone (Miscellaneous Stone Objects), 460 CeltCopp (Celt, Copper), 450 MiscUtilFancyObj (Miscellaneous Utilitarian or Fancy CeltIron (Celt, Meteoric Iron), 451 Object), 460 CeltStone (Celt, Stone), 451 MNI (Minimum Number of Individuals), 437 CeltWtKnown (Celt Weight Known), 451 Mushroom, 445 Conch (Conch Shell Vessel), 451 NeedleBodkin (Needle or Bodkin), 458 ConeHemi (Cone/Hemisphere), 443–444 ObsidBiface (Obsidian Bifaces), 446–447 Container, 458 OchrePaint (Ochre or Paint), 448 CopperBall (Copper Balls), 444 OpossumPP (Opossum Power Part), 456 CopperRod (Copper Rod), 458 OtherFlintBiface (Other Flint Bifaces), 458 CoppRawScrap (Copper Raw & Scrap), 460 OtherFlintPrisBlad (Other Flint Prismatic Blades), CoverPrep, 440 458–459 CPCutout (Copper Cutout), 453–454 OtherTransBiface (Other Translucent Bifaces), 446 CPNose (Copper Nostril Inserts), 445 Owl (Owl Effigies), 445–446 DeerPP (Deer Power Part), 455 PAagree, 439 Earspool (Earspools), 453 PAdisagree, 440 ElkPP (Elk Power Part), 455 PaintEquip (Painting Equipment), 448 FancyPot (Fancy Pottery Vessel), 448 Panpipe, 448 FancyPrismBlade (Fancy Prismatic Blades), 447 Pendant/Gorget, 454–455 FancyPt (Fancy Point), 447 PhysAnthSex, 439 Fan (Fan Effigy), 445 Platform, 441 FlintRawScrap (Flint Raw & Scrap), 460 Plummet, 444 FloorPrep, 440 PrimSource (Primary Source) Flute, 448 Cluster1/Cluster2/Cluster3, 435 FlyHuman (Flying Human), 445 Proven (Provenience), 334–435 FossilConc (Fossil/Concretion), 444 PyriteRaw (Pyrite Raw), 461 FoxPP (Fox Power Part), 455 QuartzBiface (Quartz Bifaces), 446 GalenRaw (Galena Raw), 461 QuartzBoat (Quartz Boatstone), 444 GemBiface (Gem Bifaces), 446 QuartzCone (Quartz Cone), 443 GoatHorn (Goat Horn), 446 QuartzCryst (Quartz Crystals), 443 GoldScrap (Gold Scrap), 461 QuartzCup (Quartz Cup), 444 GraphRaw (Graphite Raw), 461 QuartzDisc (Quartz Discoid), 443 GraveAreaQT (Grave Area Quantitative), 442 QuartzNum (Quartz Number), 447 GraveLength, 442 QuartzScrap (Quartz Scrap), 462 GraveWidth, 442–443 RaccoonPP (Raccoon Power Part), 455 GravOrien (Grave Orientation), 442–443 RaptorPP (Raptor Power Part), 455 HairSkew (Hair Skewers), 458 Rattle (Rattler/Tinkler), 445 Headplate, 450 Sex1, 439 HeavyCelt (Heaviest Celt), 451 Sex2, 439 HematRaw (Hematite Raw), 461 Sex3, 439 HumanM (Human Figurine, Male), 449 SexCode, 438 HumanUk (Human Figurine, Unknown Sex), 449 SharkTeeth (Shark Teeth), 445 774 SUBJECT INDEX

ShellCutout (Shell Cutout), 454 chiefs, 206, 213, 222 ShellSpoon, 452 divination, 124, 200, 201, 202, 203–204, 209, 210–211, ShortCelt (Shortest Celt), 451 213, 221, 239, 241, 653 SilverRaw (Silver Raw), 461 leaders, 183, 206 Site (Hopewell Site Name), 434 related sodalities, 665 SmallPipe (Small Pipe), 447 symbols of, 6, 154, 156, 180–199, 206, 210, 246, 251, SmMamPP (Small Mammal Power Parts), 456 569, 649 SpeciesUnkPP (Species Unknown Power Part), 457 trophies, 315, 651, 653 StoneTablet (Stone Tablet), 448 victims, 651, 653 SuperNat (Supernatural Effigy), 446 Water Barriers, 27, 294–296, 300, 304, 313, 323, 339, TortShellOrn (Tortoise Shell Ornament), 448 441, 607 TortShlRaw (Tortoise Shell Raw), 461–462 Wealth, 210, 223: see also Clans Treatment (Body Treatment), 436 Westenhaver: see Sites TrophFg (Trophy Finger), 449 West Mound: see Sites TrophHn (Trophy Hand), 449 Wild plant collection, 313 TrophSkJw (Trophy Skull/Jaw), 448–449 Winnebago Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures TrophSKNum (Trophy Skull/Jaw Number), 449 Wisconsin: see States TubeFuncUnk (Tube, Function Unknown), 444–445 Wisconsinan Glaciation, 47, 73, 97 WallPrep, 440 Wolf, 15, 70, 138, 229, 234, 242, 264, Wand/BatonNum, 452 650, 665 WatShape (Water Shape), 441 Women Weapon, 447 contribution to sociopolitical/ritual realms, 244–250 WolfDogPP (Wolf or Dog Power Part), 455 equal access with men, 206, 213 Variables and variable states, definition of farming tasks, 82–86 artifact classification, 423–424 figurines, 637 artifact location relative to the body, 462–463 positions, exclusive, 85–86 artifact terminology, 424–428 recruitment to positions, 26, 246 codes for common variable states, 429–430 status: see Gender information on variables and variable states, 428 World Tree, 183, 294, 295, 296 mutual exclusivity of variables, 424 World view changes, consequences of variables and associated states, 430–462 increases in local population, effect of, 310–311 Violence, intercommunity, 27, 37, 650–651 Pax Hopewelliana, 312 responses in relation to anthropological theory, 311 W responses in relation to the interregional Hopewellian record, 311–312 W. C. Mills’ (1914) Archeological Atlas of Ohio, 343, richness and diversity, environment, 309 410–418 Wray Figurine: see Figurines Wade Site: see Sites Wright-Holder Earthwork: see Sites Wands (wands, rods), 15, 155, 422, 424, 450, 452, 515, 571 Y War/Warfare: see also Leaders(ship); Sodalities; Trophies/Carved Bones Yant Mound: see Sites achievement in, 156, 189–190, 193, 281 Yuchi Indians: see Native American Tribes/Cultures Coda

Out of respect for Ohio Hopewell people and the civilized world that they created, let us listen carefully to what they had to say about themselves. Their voices can be found, if only we delve deeply into their material legacy for its inherent patterning, all the while actively inquiring into our own Western and personal biases. Their history was theirs for the making and living, and is for us but to appreciate, be taught, and say thanks.