DOCSLIB.ORG

Biographical Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Biographical Notes THE PHILIPPINES AGUINALDO, Emilio (1869-1964). Born Kawit, Cavite Province just south of Manila. Mother was a Chinese mestiza and father a pros· perous Tagalog farmer who served several times as mayor of his municipality. Forced to withdraw from San Juan de Letran College in his second year when his father died. Returned to Cavite to manage the family farm and was elected town mayor, 1895. Joined the nationalist secret society Katipunan and emerged as the revolu- tion's most capable general when fighting began in 1896. Exiled himself to Hong Kong in 1897, but returned to the Philippines the following year to become president of the Republic and command revolutionary forces until his capture in March 1901. Took the oath of loyalty to the United States and retired to his home in Cavite. Unsuccessful campaign for Commonwealth president, 1934. Strong supporter of the Japanese occupation and sought presidency of the wartime Republic, an overture the Japanese rejected. BONIFACIO, Andres (1863-97). Born in Tondo district of Manila. little formal education. Worked most of his life as a labourer and self-employed craftsman. Imbibed his anti-colonial nationalism from Jose Rizal's novels, various Propaganda Movement publications and European novels like Victor Hugo's Les Miserables. Leader of the revolutionary secret society Katipunan, 1892, and spent the next four years planning an armed revolution which began in August 1896. Leadership struggle with General Emilio Aguinaldo, and executed as a traitor on Aguinaldo's orders, May 1897. BURGOS, Jose (1837-72). Born in the city of Vigan, IIocos Sur. Father was a Spanish lieutenant in the colonial militia and mother a Spanish mestiza. Educated as a charity student in Manila. Graduated from San Juan de Letran College and ordained, 1866, after complet· ing degree in canon law at Santo Tomas University. Leader of tne native clergy's campaign to recover parishes transferred to Spanish missionaries, 1863. During the short-lived 'liberal period' (1869-72), 282 Asia - The Winning of Independence became one of the leading advocates of reforms. Convicted of sedition in 1872, he and two other native priests were executed in Manila's Luneta park. FELEO, Juan (I896-1946). Born in the central Luzon province of Nueva Ecija where his father was a relatively prosperous tenant farmer. Trained as a school teacher. Defended local tenants threat- ened with eviction by landlords, 1920s. A passionate and moving speaker, he was one of the founders of the National Society of Peasants (KPMP) in the mid-1920s, and a foundation Politbureau member of the Philippine Communist Party, 1930. Active in the wartime Huk guerrilla movement. Luzon's most influential peasant leader after the war. Abducted and murdered, 1946, while passing through estates belonging to the wife of President Manuel Roxas. OSMENA, Sergio (1878-1961). Born in Cebu City. lllegitimate child of influential Chinese mestizo family. Educated at Santo Tomas University in Manila. Began political career in 1900 as editor of a Spanish newspaperin Cebu. Passed the bar, 1903. Held various public offices, before election to the National Assembly, 1907. Chosen Speaker of the Assembly, 1907 and dominated Philippine politics until he lost the struggle for Nacionalista Party leadership to Manuel Quezon in 1922. Commonwealth vice-president until Quezon's death in 1944 when he succeeded to the presidency. Defeated by Manuel Roxas in 1946 presidential elections. DE TAVERA, Trinidad Pardo (1857-1925). Born in Manila to wealthy Spanish mestizo parents. Graduate in medicine from the Sorbonne University. Studied oriental languages in Paris and published a num- ber of academic studies of Philippine languages, customs, history and botany. Loyal to Spain during the revolution and served briefly as foreign secretary in General Aguinaldo's revolutionary government after Spain's defeat. Declared his loyalty to the United States and was one of main organisers of Federalista Party which favoured union with US. Member of Philippine Commission, 1901-9. There- after, devoted himself to writing. QUEZON, Manuel (1878-1944)_ Born in the small town of Baler on Luzon's Pacific coast. Parents were Spanish mestizo school teachers. Educated in Manila's San Juan de Letran College and Santo Tomas Biographical Notes 283 University. Two years in Philippine revolutionary army. Passed the bar in 1903 and began a career in government service. Elected to new National Assembly, 1907; majority floor leader. Leader of the Nacionalista Party in 1922. Commonwealth president from 1935 until his death in exile. RECTO, Claro (1890-1960). Born in Batangas Province. Son oflocal elite family. Educated in Manila at San Juan de Letran College and Santo Tomas University. Passed the bar and entered politics, winning seat in National Assembly, 1919. Known for his nationalist Spanish poetry, but also a skilled political bargainer. Soon emerged as leader of opposition Democrata Party. Elected senator in 1931 on an oppo- sition ticket. Allied himself with Nacionalista Party leader Manuel Quezon and later rewarded with appointments as President of the Constitutional Convention, 1934, and justice of the Supreme Court. Served as foreign secretary under the Japanese. Granted amnesty on the charges of collaboration after the war. Elected to Senate, 1949, and served there until his death. RICARTE, Artemio (1866-1945). Born in Hocos Norte Province to local elite family. Educated at Manila's San Juan de Letran College and Escuela Normal. Primary school teacher, 1888, and accepted a position in Cavite Province. Joined Katipunan, 1893, and served with Aguinaldo throughout the revolutionary period. Alone among revolutionary generals, Ricarte refused to accept defeat and spent the remainder of his life trying to organise a revolt against American rule. Exiled to Hong Kong until 1915. Organised a number of abor- tive conspiracies culminating in the failed uprising in Manila on Christmas eve 1914. Lived in Yokohama, Japan, 1915-41. Returned to the Philippines with Japan's invasion forces in 1942. Served as a propagandist for the occupation government and died during the Japanese retreat from Manila. RIZAL, Jose (1861-96). Born in Laguna Province southeast of Manila where his family were prosperous farmers who leased substantial sugar lands on Dominican estates. Brilliant student. Quit Santo Tomas University in his second year and travelled to Spain where he enrolled in the medical faculty at Madrid University. During his decade in Europe, Rizal became the most influential leader of the reformist Propaganda Movement and published a number of anti- 284 Asia - The Winning of Independence colonial writings, most importantly his anti-friar novel Noli Me Tangere (I887). Shortly after his return to the Philippines in 1892, he was banished to a small town in northern Mindanao. After the revolution began in August 1896, Rizal was tried for sedition and died a martyr's death by firing squad in Manila's Luneta park. ROXAS, Manuel (1892-1948). Born in the Western Visayas province of Capiz of local elite family. Graduated as valedictorian in his law class at the University of the Philippines and married into the wealthy De Leon family of central Luzon. After a term as municipal councillor and governor of Capiz, elected to National Assembly, 1922, and won the Speakership as a protege of Nacionalista Party's Manuel Quezon. Career suffered brief setback when he joined Sergio Osmena in an unsuccessful challenge to Quezon's leadership, early 1930s. Held several key posts in Japanese-sponsored governments. First president of the Philippine Republic, 1946. Conservative national leader known for his strongly pro~American foreign policy and uncompromising opposition to the Huk peasant movement in central Luzon. TARue, Luis (b. 1913). Born in the central Luzon province of Pampanga where his family were tenant farmers. Forced to abandon his law studies for lack of funds. Returned to central Luzon where he became a tailor and joined the Socialist Party. Became known as a strike organiser in the late 1930s and influential peasant leader after the merger of the Communist and Socialist parties in 1938. During the Second World War, military commander of the anti- Japanese Huk guerrillas. After the war, leader of the left-liberal coalition, Democratic Alliance. Elected to Congress, 1946. Denied his seat by the government's majority. Withdrew into the country- side and assumed command of the communist-led revolt. Surrendered to the government in 1954. After several years in prison, granted amnesty and active supporter of President Marcos' land reform pro- gramme after declaration of Martial Law, 1972. INDIA AZAD, Maulana Abul Kalam (1888-1958). Born in Arabia oflndian Muslim father. Family resettled in Calcutta when Azad was very young. Traditional education from father, but learned English Biographical Notes 285 secretly. Travelled in Middle East, 1908. Began Al Hilal (The Crescent), Urdu weekly, 1912; banned 1914 for pro-Turkish line. Interned, 1916-19. President All-India Khilafat Committee, 1920; president INC, 1923, 1940-6. Member Congress Parliamentary Board, 1937. Education minister, Govt of India, 1947-58. Im- prisoned, 1921-2, 1930, 1932-3, 1940-1, 1942-5. Author, India Wins Freedom, 1959 (posthumous). BOSE, Subhash Chandra (1897-1945). Kayastha. Born Cuttack, Orissa. Father a lawyer. Educated Calcutta. Passed ICS examination 1920, but resigned in probationary year to take part in non-co-opera- tion movement. Imprisoned 1924-7 for alleged terrorist connections; also during civil disobedience 1930-3. To Europe mid-1930s. Presi- dent INC 1938,1939, but Gandhi forced him to resign, 1939. Arres- ted July 1940 for opposing war. Escaped from India early 1941 and reached Germany. linked up with Japanese 1943 and founded Indian National Army from Indian prisoners of war; proclaimed provisional government of India in Malaya. Killed in plane crash, Taiwan', Aug. 1945. Author, The Indian Struggle, 1920-42, 1934. GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948). Mod Baniya. Born in Gujarat.
Recommended publications
  • A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: the Case of France's 1940 Enabling

    A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: the Case of France's 1940 Enabling

    PRELIMINARY VERSION: PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT THE AUTHORS’ PERMISSION A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: the case of France’s 1940 enabling act* Jean Lacroixa, Pierre-Guillaume Méona, Kim Oosterlincka,b Abstract The literature on political dynasties in democracies usually considers dynasties as a homogenous group and points out their negative effects. By contrast, we argue that political dynasties may differ according to their origin and that democratic dynasties - dynasties whose founder was a defender of democratic ideals - show a stronger support for democracy than other dynasties. This conclusion is based on the analysis of the vote by the French parliament on July 10, 1940 of an enabling act that granted full power to Marshall Philippe Pétain, thereby ending the Third French republic and aligning France with Nazi Germany. Using individual votes and newly-collected data from the biographies of the members of parliament, we observe that members of a democratic dynasty had a 7.6 to 9.0 percentage points higher probability to oppose the act than members of other political dynasties or elected representatives belonging to no political dynasty. Suggestive evidence points to the pro-democracy environment of democratic dynastic politicians as the main driver of this effect. Keywords: Autocratic reversals, democratic dynasties, voting behavior. JEL classification: D72, H89, N44. *We thank Toke Aidt, Francois Facchini, Katharina Hofer, and Tommy Krieger as well as participants at the Interwar Workshop - London School of Economics and Political Science, at the Meeting of the European Public Choice Society in Rome, at the Silvaplana Workshop in Political Economy, and at the Beyond Basic Questions Workshop for comments and suggestions.
  • From 16 October 2013 to 26 January 2

    From 16 October 2013 to 26 January 2

    Room 2 Room 1 Indochina Indochina from 1908 to 1956 from 1858 to 1907 entrance Exhibition www.musee-armee.fr - - from 16 October 2013 Open every day from 10 a.m. to 26 January 2014 to 6 p.m. until 31 October, - As of November 1st, from 10 a.m Hôtel des Invalides, to 5 p.m. 129 rue de Grenelle, Closed on 25 December and 1 January 6 boulevard des Invalides (special needs access) Paris VII Located at the crossroads of India and China, in the 16th century the Indochinese peninsula aroused European interest. The Pope gave the Jesuits and missionaries in the foreign missions the task of converting the local people and training a «native» clergy, while the initial commercial relations between Europe and the peninsula were inaugurated by the Portuguese, followed a century later by the Dutch and the English. France, which was only involved from the religious point of view in the 17th century, sought supply points between India and China for the ships belonging to the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (East India Company). The civil war of 1775-1802, coming after a relatively peaceful period between the Vietnamese domains in the North and the South, gave it the opportunity, through Mgr. Pigneau de Béhaine, of signing an assistance treaty which was never applied, between the King of France Louis XVI and the heir Sabre belonging to Gia Long, to the Nguyen dynasty, the future Emperor Gia Long (1802- the Emperor of Annam - 1820). At the same time as the Confucian structures of the Late 18th - early 19th century Steel, gold, jade, coral, pearl, Empire were being renovated, he modernised the army and precious stones and vermeil (c) Paris, Musée de l’Armée (1891).
  • Adam Malik (Deppen) in MEMORIAM: ADAM MALIK A917-1984)

    Adam Malik (Deppen) in MEMORIAM: ADAM MALIK A917-1984)

    144 Adam Malik (Deppen) IN MEMORIAM: ADAM MALIK a917-1984) Ruth T. McVey The great survivor is dead. Though Adam Malik was by no means the only politician to hold high office under both Guided Democracy and the New Order, he was by far the most distinguished and successful. Others were political hacks with no true political coloring, or representatives of specialized con­ stituencies not involved directly in the conflict between Sukarno and the army; but Malik had been a central figure in the formulation of Guided Democracy and a close counsellor of Sukarno. Moreover, having chosen against that leader in the crisis following the coup of October 1965, he was not thereby completely discredited in the eyes of his former colleagues. For many of his old leftist associates he remained a patron: a leader who would still receive and could occasionally aid them, who could still speak their language, if only in private, and who still—in spite of his evident wealth, Western admirers, and service to a counter-revolutionary regime—seemed to embody what remained of the Generation of ’45, the fading memories of a radical and optimistic youth. To survive so successfully, a man must either be most simple and consistent, or quite the opposite. No one could accuse Adam Malik of transparency, yet there was a consistency about the image he cultivated. From early youth he appeared as a radical nationalist, a man of the left; and however unsympathetic the regime to that viewpoint he never allowed the pursuit of ambition completely to cloud that picture.
  • Le Patronyme Étudié SARRAUT

    Le Patronyme Étudié SARRAUT

    CERCLE GÉNÉALOGIQUE DE LANGUEDOC Association loi de 1901 (N° W313001558 - J.O. n° 5 - 110 e année du 6 janvier 1978) N° SIREN : 417 674 173 - N° SIRET : 417 674 173 00014 - APE : 9499Z Siège social : 18, rue de la Tannerie - 31400 Toulouse Téléphone : 05 62 26 15 30 Site Internet : www.cglanguedoc.com Mél : [email protected] Notre Forum : http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/cglanguedoc/ Notre groupe Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/groups/696316920439726/ Nos Bases des données du Cercle Généalogique de Languedoc : http://www.basesgenealogiquesducglanguedoc.fr Nos relevés systématiques se trouvent sur GeneaBank : http://caids.geneabank.org/form/cgl.html Heredis Online : http://www.heredis-online.com Le patronyme étudié par Jean-Pierre UGUEN SARRAUT À Toulouse, l’allée Maurice SARRAUT se situe entre le quartier des Arênes et celui de la Patte d’Oie. Origine et signification : Il s’agit d’un nom du Sud-Ouest. Il désignait le marchand ou le porteur de sarrau = vêtement de dessus (blouse, tablier, etc.). Variante : SARRAULT. Personnalité : Maurice SARRAUT né à Bordeaux (Gironde) le 22 septembre 1869 et assassiné le 2 décembre 1943, est un journaliste et homme politique français. Frère aîné d'Albert SARRAUT (homme d’État français), il perd en 1887 son père Omer SARRAUT, franc- maçon et anticlérical, alors qu'il a dix-huit ans. Il est alors engagé au journal La Dépêche de Toulouse , tout en suivant une formation d'avocat. En 1892, il organise l'agence parisienne du journal et tisse de nombreux liens avec des députés et ministres. Il devient directeur administratif du journal en 1909 et un proche du groupe Pierre Lafitte.
  • 1 G46.1620, G42.1210 Prof. Herrick Chapman Spring Semester 2005

    1 G46.1620, G42.1210 Prof. Herrick Chapman Spring Semester 2005

    G46.1620, G42.1210 Prof. Herrick Chapman Spring Semester 2005 Wed. 9:45-12:15 Office hours Tues. 3-5 [email protected] TWENTIETH-CENTURY FRANCE This course will explore central issues in the history of France from the early decades of the Third Republic to the Fifth Republic of our own era. We begin with an examination of the Dreyfus Affair, an extraordinary national convulsion over anti- Semitism and a miscarriage of justice that left a powerful legacy for the rest of the twentieth century. We then turn to the First World War, giving special attention to its effects on the economy, government, social classes, and the relationship between men and women, and between colonial peoples and the French empire. Our focus then shifts to the 1930s, when the country was shaken by the Great Depression, the rise of political extremism, and the struggle to forge a “popular front” against fascism. We then spend several weeks exploring the Second World War, its anticipation, the French defeat of 1940, the Occupation, Resistance, Liberation, and postwar reconstruction. A novel by Simone de Beauvoir provides us with an opportunity to consider how intellectuals in Paris navigated through the turbulent political passage from the Liberation to the early years of the Cold War. The final weeks of the course investigate decolonization and the Algerian War, Gaullism, and the “events” of May 1968. We conclude with an effort to create a historical perspective on three key developments that have dominated public debate in the final decades of the century in France: immigration, the rise of the extreme Right, and the relationship of France to an increasingly integrated Europe.
  • How Islamic Parties Organize at the Local Level in Post-Suharto Indonesia

    How Islamic Parties Organize at the Local Level in Post-Suharto Indonesia

    HOW ISLAMIC PARTIES ORGANIZE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN POST-SUHARTO INDONESIA An Empirical Study of Six Major Islamic Parties In The Tasikmalaya District, West Java Province Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. pol. im Fach Politischewissenschaft vorgelegt von MADA SUKMAJATI Eingereicht an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg im Wintersemester 2010/11 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Aurel Croissant. Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Subrata K. Mitra, Ph.D. Erklärung zur Vorlage bei der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften Hiermit erkläre ich, dass meine Dissertation über das Thema: How Islamic Parties Organize at the Local Level in Post-Suharto Indonesia An Empirical Study of Six Major Islamic Parties In the Tasikmalaya District, West Java Province 1. selbständig angefertigt und andere Quellen und Hilfsmittel als die angegebenen nicht benutzt wurden, 2. in dieser oder einer anderen Form noch an keiner anderen Fakultät vorgelegt worden ist, 3. als Ganzes oder Teile daraus noch nicht anderweitig als Prüfungsarbeit bei einer akademischen oder Staatsprüfung verwendet worden ist. Name und Adresse des Promovenden: Frau / Herrn: Mada Sukmajati Anschrift: Hauptstraße 241, 69117 Heidelberg Tel./E-mail: [email protected] Geburtsdatum: 25 April 1976 Geburtsort: Madiun, Ost-Java, Indonesia Heidelberg, den 31. Januar 2011 Unterschrift: _____________________ Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften Voßstr. 2, D-69115 Heidelberg Telefon: (+49)06221/54-3445, Fax: -3496 www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak18 Abstract Many studies have explored the phenomena of Islamic parties in Indonesia, the largest predominantly Muslim country in the world. However, little effort has been made to explore the organizational structures of Islamic parties in post-Suharto Indonesia.
  • Indians As French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 Natasha Pairaudeau

    Indians As French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 Natasha Pairaudeau

    Indians as French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 by Natasha Pairaudeau A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies Department of History June 2009 ProQuest Number: 10672932 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672932 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This study demonstrates how Indians with French citizenship were able through their stay in Indochina to have some say in shaping their position within the French colonial empire, and how in turn they made then' mark on Indochina itself. Known as ‘renouncers’, they gained their citizenship by renoimcing their personal laws in order to to be judged by the French civil code. Mainly residing in Cochinchina, they served primarily as functionaries in the French colonial administration, and spent the early decades of their stay battling to secure recognition of their electoral and civil rights in the colony. Their presence in Indochina in turn had an important influence on the ways in which the peoples of Indochina experienced and assessed French colonialism.
  • Indo 15 0 1107128614 109

    Indo 15 0 1107128614 109

    Top to bottom: Harian Rakjat, April 24, 1965. Madjalah Angkatan Bersen- dj ata, I, No. 7 (May 1965), back cover. Harian Rakjat, April 19, 1965. SUKARNO: RADICAL OR CONSERVATIVE? INDONESIAN POLITICS 1964-5 Peter Christian Hauswedell The passing of the Orde Lama in Indonesia and the death of Presi­ dent Sukarno seem too recent, and political emotions are still too high to arrive at a definitive characterization of the nature of the political system and its leader. The apparent contradictions between the ideological dynamism and the social conservatism1 of Guided Democ­ racy, the lack of conclusive evidence about Sukarno’s final political intentions, and the chaotic, even apocalyptic period before the sudden demise of the system a ll contribute to the d iffic u lt y of c la s s ific a ­ tion. Finally, the dramatic events around the October 1, 1965 coup attempt have distracted our attention unduly. In Indonesia itself, the political atmosphere does not yet allow an objective assessment of the period. Since nearly all members of the present elite were in one way or another deeply involved in the events of that time, there are few publications about the period, and they have been rather polemical and unsystematic.2 Any study which contributes to our knowledge of Sukarno and Indo­ nesian p o lit ic s before the coup is therefore more than welcome, and John D. Legge’s recent political biography of the former President3 is the first ambitious attempt to portray this certainly complex, and often contradictory political leader.1* Although solid in factual 1.
  • SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY in the NEW ORDER a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Center for Inte

    SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY in the NEW ORDER a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Center for Inte

    SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE NEW ORDER A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Sony Karsono August 2005 This thesis entitled SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE NEW ORDER by Sony Karsono has been approved for the Department of Southeast Asian Studies and the Center for International Studies by William H. Frederick Associate Professor of History Josep Rota Director of International Studies KARSONO, SONY. M.A. August 2005. International Studies Setting History Straight? Indonesian Historiography in the New Order (274 pp.) Director of Thesis: William H. Frederick This thesis discusses one central problem: What happened to Indonesian historiography in the New Order (1966-98)? To analyze the problem, the author studies the connections between the major themes in his intellectual autobiography and those in the metahistory of the regime. Proceeding in chronological and thematic manner, the thesis comes in three parts. Part One presents the author’s intellectual autobiography, which illustrates how, as a member of the generation of people who grew up in the New Order, he came into contact with history. Part Two examines the genealogy of and the major issues at stake in the post-New Order controversy over the rectification of history. Part Three ends with several concluding observations. First, the historiographical engineering that the New Order committed was not effective. Second, the regime created the tools for people to criticize itself, which shows that it misunderstood its own society. Third, Indonesian contemporary culture is such that people abhor the idea that there is no single truth.
  • Indonesia Has Held General Elections Many Times from 1955 to 2019. The

    Indonesia Has Held General Elections Many Times from 1955 to 2019. The

    LEGAL REGULATIONS FOR THE GENERAL ELECTION SYSTEM IN INDONESIA FROM THE 1955 ELECTION TO THE CONCURRENT ELECTION OF 2019 Mahesa Rannie1 Abstract: Indonesia has held general elections many times from 1955 to 2019. The arrangement of the electoral system in Indonesia always changes from time to time in each election administration. In the process of changing the laws and the regulations for every election, there has always been legal political dynamics. After the 2014 elections, there have been changes regarding the conduct of elections in Indonesia. The Constitutional Court (MK) granted the petition for a judicial review of Law Number 42 of 2008 concerning the Election of President and Vice President in 2014, so that the implementation of elections in Indonesia entered a new phase in 2019 and beyond. In 2019, for the first time Indonesia held simultaneous elections. The methodology used in this study is normative. The approaches used in this study are the historical approach, the statute approach, the legal analysis approach, and the conceptual approach. Legal arrangements regarding the conduct of elections always change, starting from the highest level of legislative regulations to the lowest (from the laws to the General Election Commission regulations, presidential decrees, ministerial regulations, or other regulations). The changes in the regulations regarding the implementation of elections in Indonesia have been present since the time of the 1955 elections until the 2019 elections. Since the implementation of the 1955 elections, Indonesia has always practiced a proportional electoral system, the electoral system that is considered suitable to be applied in Indonesia. This proportional electoral system is practiced with various modifications (both the open proportional electoral system and the closed proportional system).
  • Accommodation Pattern, As Path of State Formation, 18–19. See Also

    Accommodation Pattern, As Path of State Formation, 18–19. See Also

    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76180-2 - Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia Tuong Vu Index More information Index accommodation pattern, as path of Budi Utomo. See Pure Endeavor state formation, 18–19. See Bukharin, Nikolai, 6 also specific countries Burma (British), 106 Acehnese secessionist movement Burton, Michael, 239 (Indonesia), 61 Bush, George W., 249 administrative infrastructure, 5 agriculture Cambodia, 105 in China, 101, 104, 124–6 capitalist economic systems in South Korea, 44–5 Bukharin on, 6 in Vietnam, 101, 104, 124–6 producer classes in, 5–7 Alimin, 223–4 resistance to Alliance against Terror (2001), in China, 102 249 in Indonesia, 62–9, 213–14, Aminem, 229–32 228–9 Annam (central Vietnam), 100–5 in Vietnam, 102 Annam Independence Party (AIP), socialist states vs., 5–7 133–4 Weiss on, 6 Australia, 223 case selection, 19–21 Central Council for the Acceleration Bai Chongxi, 84 of Korean Independence Barisan Banteng (PNI), 59–60 (CCAKI), 36 Barisan Buruh Indonesia. See Central Executive Committee Indonesian Workers’ Front (CEC/GMD), 79–80, 81 BBI (Indonesian Workers’ Front), Central National Committee (KNIP) 224 (Indonesia), 56–8, 163–5 Blue Shirts (China), 81–2 Chang Myon, 46–7 Bo Gu, 88–9 Cheju Island rebellion (South Korea), Bolshevik Party model, 78–9 38, 61 Bonjol, Imam, 219 Chen Duxiu, 78–9 BU. See Pure Endeavor Chen Gongbo, 82–3 277 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76180-2 - Paths to Development in Asia:
  • The Negro in France

    The Negro in France

    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Black Studies Race, Ethnicity, and Post-Colonial Studies 1961 The Negro in France Shelby T. McCloy University of Kentucky Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation McCloy, Shelby T., "The Negro in France" (1961). Black Studies. 2. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_black_studies/2 THE NEGRO IN FRANCE This page intentionally left blank SHELBY T. McCLOY THE NEGRO IN FRANCE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY PRESS Copyright© 1961 by the University of Kentucky Press Printed in the United States of America by the Division of Printing, University of Kentucky Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 61-6554 FOREWORD THE PURPOSE of this study is to present a history of the Negro who has come to France, the reasons for his coming, the record of his stay, and the reactions of the French to his presence. It is not a study of the Negro in the French colonies or of colonial conditions, for that is a different story. Occasion­ ally, however, reference to colonial happenings is brought in as necessary to set forth the background. The author has tried assiduously to restrict his attention to those of whose Negroid blood he could be certain, but whenever the distinction has been significant, he has considered as mulattoes all those having any mixture of Negro and white blood.