G46.1620, G42.1210 Prof. Herrick Chapman Spring Semester 2005 Wed. 9:45-12:15 Office hours Tues. 3-5 [email protected]

TWENTIETH-CENTURY FRANCE

This course will explore central issues in the history of France from the early decades of the Third Republic to the Fifth Republic of our own era. We begin with an examination of the Dreyfus Affair, an extraordinary national convulsion over anti- Semitism and a miscarriage of justice that left a powerful legacy for the rest of the twentieth century. We then turn to the First World War, giving special attention to its effects on the economy, government, social classes, and the relationship between men and women, and between colonial peoples and the French empire. Our focus then shifts to the 1930s, when the country was shaken by the Great Depression, the rise of political extremism, and the struggle to forge a “popular front” against fascism. We then spend several weeks exploring the Second World War, its anticipation, the French defeat of 1940, the Occupation, Resistance, Liberation, and postwar reconstruction. A novel by Simone de Beauvoir provides us with an opportunity to consider how intellectuals in Paris navigated through the turbulent political passage from the Liberation to the early years of the Cold War. The final weeks of the course investigate decolonization and the Algerian War, Gaullism, and the “events” of May 1968. We conclude with an effort to create a historical perspective on three key developments that have dominated public debate in the final decades of the century in France: immigration, the rise of the extreme Right, and the relationship of France to an increasingly integrated Europe. Although the course is organized around a chronological examination of the political history of France, we will stress social, cultural and economic history as well. After all, the century of total wars also brought France its period of most rapid social and economic change. We will investigate issues that call for crossing the usual boundaries between these several kinds of history. We will also repeatedly consider French developments within three wider international contexts: Europe, the French empire, and trans-Atlantic relations.

Because this is mainly a discussion course, its quality depends on everyone preparing the material and participating in class. Two papers are also required. The first will address the reading for one week during the course. This short analytical paper should be five to six pages long. The final paper (due May 4) should be twelve to fifteen pages on a topic of your own choosing. Grading in the course will be as follows:

1 Class discussion 30% Short paper 20% Final paper 50%

The required reading is available on reserve in the salle de lecture at the Institute of French Studies, as well as in the reserve room at Bobst Library. The following books have been ordered for purchase at the NYU Bookstore:

Jeremy D. Popkin, A History of Modern France, 2nd Edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000).

Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins (New York: Norton, 1999).

Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat (New York: Norton, 1968).

Michael Burns, ed., France and the Dreyfus Affair (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000).

Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader, eds., Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference (New York: Berghahn Books, 2004).

Françoise Gaspard, A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neo-Fascism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).

Robert Gildea, Marianne In Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation (New York: Picador, 2002).

Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy (1934-1938) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France 1917-1927 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

Leonard V. Smith, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, and Annette Becker, France and the Great War, 1914-1918 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

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Class Schedule

Week 1 (Jan. 19) – Introduction

Recommended:

Jeremy D. Popkin, A History of Modern France, 2nd Edition, chs. 17-19. J. E. S. Hayward, “The Official Social Philosophy of the : Léon Bourgeois and Solidarism,” International Review of Social History 6 (1961): 19-48. Debora L. Silverman. Art Nouveau in Fin-De-Siècle France: Politics, Psychology, and Style, esp. ch. 2 (“Aristocratic Ralliement and Social Solidarité”). Judith Stone, The Search for Social Peace: Reform Legislation in France, 1890-1814. Christophe Charle, Les Elites de la République. Herman Lebovics, The Alliance of Iron and Wheat in the Third French Republic, 1860- 1914: Origins of the New Conservatism Sanford Elwitt, The Making of the Third Republic. Sanford Elwitt, The Third Republic Defended: Bourgeois Reform in France, 1880-1914. William Irvine, The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered.

Week 2 (Jan. 26) – The Dreyfus Affair

Required:

Michael Burns, ed., France and the Dreyfus Affair. Nancy Fitch, “Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France,” American Historical Review 97, 1 (February 1992). Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader, “Race in France,” in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, pp. 1-19. Popkin, chs. 20-21.

Recommended:

Jean-Denis Bredin, The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus. Michael Burns, Dreyfus: A Family Affair, 1789-1945. Norman Kleeblatt, ed., The Dreyfus Affair. Vicki Caron, Between France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918. Edward Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux. Philip Nord, Paris Shopkeepers and the Politics of Resentment. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years. Christophe Prochasson, Les Années électrique, 1880-1910.

Week 3 (Feb. 2) – The First World War

Required:

3 Robert Wohl, French Communism in the Making, 1914-1924Stnford: Stanford University Press, 1964), pp. 1-41. Leonard V. Smith, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, and Annette Becker, France and the Great War, 1914-1918 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Tyler Stovall, “Colour-Blind France? Colonial Workers during the First World War,” Race and Class 35, 2 (1993). Popkin, chs. 22-23.

Recommended:

Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916. Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People. Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Men at War, 1914-1918: National Sentiment and Trench Journalism in France during the First World War. Leonard V. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War One. John F. Godfrey, Capitalism at War: Industrial Policy and Bureaucracy in France, 1914-1918. Laura Lee Downs, Manufacturing Inequality: Gender Division in the French and British Metalworking Industries, 1914-1939. Kenneth E. Silver, Esprit de Corps: The Art of the Parisian Avant-Garde and the First World War, 1914-1925.

Week 4 (Feb. 9) – Women and Men after the First World War

Required:

Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, 1917-1927. Alice Conklin, “Redefining ‘Frenchness’: Citizenship, Race Regeneration and Imperial Motherhood in France and West Africa, 1914-40,” in Domesticating the Empire: Race, Gender, and Family Life in French and Dutch Colonialism, ed. Julia Clancy-Smith and Francis Gouda (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1998). Elisa Camiscioli, “Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927,” in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader. Popkin, ch. 24-25.

Recommended:

Antoine Prost, In the Wake of War: “Les Anciens Combattants” and French Society, 1914-1939. Karen Offen, “Body Politics: Women, Work and the Politics of Motherhood in France, 1920-1950,” in Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s-1950s, ed. By Gisela Bock and Pat Thane.

4 Essays by Michelle Perrot and Steven C. Hause in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. by Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. Marie-Monique Huss, “Pronatalism in the Inter-War Period in France,” Journal of Contemporary History 25 (1990). Françoise Thébaud, La Femme au temps de la guerre de 14. Susan Pedersen, Family Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State in Britain and France, 1914-1945. Daniel J. Sherman, The Construction of Memory in Interwar France.

Week 5 (Feb. 16) – The Rise of the Far Right

Required:

Robert O. Paxton, “The Five Stages of Fascism,” Journal of Modern History 70, 1 (March 1998): 1-23. René Rémond, The Right Wing in France from 1815 to de Gaulle (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969), pp. 273-99. Zeev Sternhell, Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), pp. 1-31. William D. Irvine, “Fascism in France and the Strange Case of the Croix de Feu,” Journal of Modern History 63, 2 (June 1991). Clifford Rosenberg, “Albert Sarraut and Republican Racial Thought,” in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader. Popkin, ch. 26.

Recommended:

Robert Soucy, French Fascism: The Second Wave, 1933-1939. Robert O. Paxton, French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’s Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939. Philippe Burrin, La Dérive fasciste: Doriot, Déat, Bergery, 1933-1945. Ralph Schor, L’Opinion française et les étrangers, 1919-1939. Kevin Passmore, From Liberalism to Fascism: The Right in a French Province, 1928- 1939. Kevin Passmore, “Class, Gender, and Populism: The Parti Populaire Français in Lyon, 1936-1940,” in The Right in France, 1789-1997, eds Nicholas Atkin and Frank Tallett. Kevin Passmore, “The French Third Republic: Stalemate Society or Craddle of Fascism?” French History 7, 4 (1993): 417-49. Robert Wohl, “French Fascism, Both Right and Left: Reflections on the Sternhell Controversy,” Journal of Modern History 63, 1 (March 1991).

Week 6 (Feb. 23) – The Popular Front

Required:

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Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy 1934-1938. Mary Dewhurst Lewis, “The Strangeness of Foreigners: Policing Migration and Nation in Interwar Marseille,” in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader.

Recommended:

Siân Reynolds, France Between the Wars: Gender and Politics. Jean Lacouture, Léon Blum. Tony Judt, Marxism and the French Left, ch. 3. Tony Judt, The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French Twentieth Century. Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s. Ingo Kolbloom, La Revanche des patrons: Le Patronat français face au front populaire. Susan B. Whitney, “Embracing the Status Quo: French Communists, Young Women and the Popular Front,” Journal of Social History 30, 1 (Fall 1996). Herrick Chapman, State Capitalism and Working-Class in the French Aircraft Industry.

Week 7 (March 2) – The French Defeat of 1940

Required:

Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat. Arthur Koestler, Scum of the Earth (London: Hutchinson, 1941), ch. 2, “Purgatory.” Popkin, ch. 27. Vicki Caron, “The Missed Opportunity: French Refugee Policy, 1938-39,” in The French Defeat of 1940: A Reassessment, ed. Joel Blatt (New York: Berghahn Books, 1998).

Recommended:

Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France. Robert Frankenstein, Le Prix du réarmement français (1935-1939). Stephen A. Schuker, “France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1939,” French Historical Studies 14, 3 (Spring 1986): 299-338. Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Décadence, 1932-1939. Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, L’Abîme, 1939-1945. L. Mysyrowicz, Autopsie d’une défaite: Origines de l’effondrement militaire français de 1940. Andrew Shennan, The Fall of France, 1940. Carole Fink, Marc Bloch: A Life in History. Julian Jackson, The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940.

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Week 8 (March 9) –

Required: Robert Gildea, Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation, pp. 1-290. Philippe Pétain’s speeches of 17 June 1940. E-text: Philippe Pétain’s speech of 12 August 1941 http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410812a.html “Marshall Pétain and the ‘New Order’,” Foreign Affairs 19, 3 (April 1941).

Popkin, ch. 28.

Recommended:

Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order. Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940-44. Philippe Burrin, France under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise. Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France. Marc Olivier Baruch, Servir l’Etat français: L’Administration en France de 1940 à 1944. Roger Bourderon, “Was the Vichy Regime Fascist? A Tentative Approach to the Question,” in Contemporary France, ed. by John Cairns. Robert O. Paxton and Michael R. Marrus, Vichy France and the Jews. Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews. Alan S. Milward, The New Order and the French Economy. Francine Muel-Dreyfus, Vichy et l’éternel féminin. Pierre Laborie, L’Opinion française sous Vichy. John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation. Jean-Pierre Azéma and François Bédarida, eds., Vichy et les français. H. R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France: A Study of Ideas and Motivation in the Southern Zone 1940-1945. Marcel Ophul’s film “The Sorrow and the Pity.”

Week 9 (March 23) – From Resistance to Liberation

Robert Gildea, Marianne in Chains, pp. 291-end. ’s speeches of 18 June 1940, 6 June 1944, 25 August 1944, and 2 February 1945. H. R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942- 1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 73-115. Claire Andrieu, “Les Résistantes, perspectives des recherches,” Le Mouvement social 180 (July-September 1997): 69-96. Michael Kelly, “The Reconstruction of Masculinity at the Liberation,” in The Liberation of France: Image and Event, ed. H. R. Kedward and Nancy Wood (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1995), pp. 117-28.

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Corran Laurens, “’La Femme au Turban’: les Femmes tondues,” in The Liberation of France: Image and Event, ed. H. R. Kedward and Nancy Wood (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1995), 155-79. Claire Duchen, “Opening Pandora’s Box: The Case of Femmes tondues, in Problems in French History, ed. Martyn Cornick and Ceri Crossley (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 213-32. Jane Jenson, “The Liberation and New Rights for French Women,” in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), pp. 272-84. Popkin, ch. 29.

Recommended:

Herrick Chapman, “The Liberation as a Moment in State-Making,” in Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962, eds. Kenneth Mouré and Martin S. Alexander (New York: Berghahn Books, 2002), pp. 174-198. Priscilla E. Prestwich, “Modernizing Politics in the Fourth Republic: Women in the Mouvement républicain populaire, 1944-1958,” in Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918- 1962, ed. Mouré and Alexander, pp. 199-220. Tony Judt, “The Past is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe,” in The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath, eds. Istvan Deak, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 293-323. Alice Kaplan, The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of Robert Brasillach. Marguerite Duras, The War. Dominique Veillon, Vivre et survivre en France, 1939-1947. Fabrice Virgili, La France ‘virile’: Des femmes tondues à la liberation. Program of the Conseil National de la Resistance, reprinted in Peter Novick, The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France. K. H. Adler, Jews and Gender in Liberation France.

Week 10 (March 30) - From Liberation to Cold War

Required:

Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins. Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of Callifornia Press, 1993), pp. 1-36.

Recommended:

Sylvie Chaperon, Les Années Beauvoir. Deirdre Bair, Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography. Claire Duchen, Women’s Rights and Women’s Lives in France 1944-1968. Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956.

8 James D. Wilkinson, The Intellectual Resistance in Europe. Gisèle Sapiro, La Guerre des écrivains 1940-1953. William I. Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944-1954. Richard Vinen, Bourgeois Politics in France, 1945-1951. Michael M. Harrison, “French Anti-Americanism under the Fourth Republic and the Gaullist Solution,” in The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perceptions, eds. Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnik, and Marie-France Toinet (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), pp. 169-178. George C. Herring, “Franco-American Conflict in Indochina, 1950-1954,” in Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955, eds. Lawrence S. Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R. Rubin (Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1990), pp. 29-48. Irwin Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954. Simone de Beauvoir, America Day by Day. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), pp. 15-70. Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II. Philippe Roger, L’Ennemi américain: généalogie de l’antiaméricanisme français.

Week 11 (April 6) – The Algerian War and Decolonization

Required:

John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), ch. 6. Mouloud Feraoun, Journal 1955-1962: Reflections on the French-Algerian War (Lincoln, NE: Nebraska University Press, 2000), ix-xiii, xl-xlv, 84-87, 152-53, 248-52, 294-98, 309-15. Frantz Fanon, “Unveiling Algeria,” in A Dying Colonialism (New York: Grove Press, 1965). Michel Winock, “De Gaulle and the Algerian Crisis, 1958-1962,” in De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France, ed. Hugh Gough and John Horne (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), pp. 71-82. E-text: Speech by Charles de Gaulle in Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1958degaulle-algeria1.html Antoine Prost, “The Algerian War in French Collective Memory,” in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, ed. Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Popkin, ch. 30.

Screening: “The Battle of Algiers,” a film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo

Recommended:

John Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954-1962. Irwin M. Wall, France, the United States, and the Algerian War.

9 Martin Evans, “Algeria and the Liberation: Hope and Betrayal,” in The Liberation of France: Image and Event, eds. H.R. Kedward and Nancy Wood. Martin Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War, 1954-1962. Albert Camus, Resistance, Rebellion and Death. Benjamin Stora, Histoire de l’Algérie coloniale (1830-1954). Benjamin Stora, La Gangrène et l’oubli, la mémoire de la guerre d’Algérie. Miles Kahler, Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. Tony Smith, “A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization,” Comparative Studies of Society and History 20 (January 1978): 70-102. Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria’s Fight for Independence and the Crisis of the Cold War Era. William B. Cohen, “The Algerian War and French Memory,” Contemporary European History (November 2000). Jim House and Neil MacMaster, “Une journée portée disparue. The Paris Massacre of 1961 and Memory,” in Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962, ed. Mouré and Alexander. Joshua Cole, “Remembering the Battle of Paris: 17 October 1961 in French and Algerian Memory,” French Politics, Culture & Society 21, 3 (Fall 2003). James D. Le Sueur, Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria. Martin S. Alexander, Martin Evans, and J.F.V. Keiger, eds., The Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-1962: Experiences, Images, Testimonies. Jane Kramer, “Les pieds noirs,” in Unsettling Europe (New York: Vintage Books, 1981), pp. 169-217.

Week 12 (April 13) – The De Gaulle Republic and May ’68

Required:

Gabrielle Hecht, “Peasants, Engineers, and Atomic Cathedrals: Narrating Modernization in Postwar France,” French Historical Studies 20, 3 (1997): 381-418. David Goldey, “A Precarious Regime: The Events of May 1968,” in Philip M. Williams, French Politicians and Elections, 1951-1969 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 226-60. Julian Jackson, “De Gaulle and May 1968,” in De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France, eds. Hugh Gough and John Horne (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), pp. 125-46. Alain Schnapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The French Student Uprising, November 1967 – June 1968: An Analytical Record (Boston: Beacon, 1971), selected documents. Popkin, chs. 31-32.

Recommended:

Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the U.S.

10 Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II. Philip G. Cerny, The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle’s Foreign Policy. Hervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman, Génération, 2 volumes. Raymond Aron, The Elusive Revolution. Alain Touraine, The May Movement. Khurshed Wadia, “Women and the Events of May ’68,” The May 1968 Events in France, ed. Keith Reader. Kristin Ross, May’68 and Its Afterlives. Michael Seidman, The Imaginary Revolutin: Parisian Students and Workers in 1968.

Week 13 (April 20) – Immigration and the Front National

Required:

Françoise Gaspard, A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neo-Fascism. Jane Kramer, “The Mayor of Dreux.” in Europeans (New York: Penguin, 1988), pp. 354-400. Erik Bleich, “Anti-racism without Races: Politics and Policy in a ‘Color-Blind’ State,” in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader. Robert Lieberman, “A Tale of Two Countries: The Politics of Color-Blindness in France and the United States,” in Race in France: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Politics of Difference, ed. Herrick Chapman and Laura L. Frader. Popkin, ch. 33-34.

Recommended:

Yvan Gastaut, L’Immigration et l’opinion et France sous la Ve République. Pierre-André Taguieff, ed., Face au racisme 2 vols. Nonna Mayer, La Boutique contre le centre. Peter Fysh and Jim Wolfreys, The Politics of Racism in France. Alec G. Hargreaves, Immigration, “Race” and Ethnicity in Contemporary France. Harvey G. Simmons, The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge to Democracy. Adrian Favell, Philosophies of Immigration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain, 2nd edition. Mehdi Charef, Tea in the Harem.

11 Week 14 (April 27) - France in Europe to the End of the Century

Research presentations in class.

Recommended:

John Gillingham, European Integration, 1950-2003: Superstate or New Market Economy? Alain Guyomarch, Howard Machin, and Ella Ritchie, France and the European Union. Yves Mény, Pierre Muller and Jean-Louis Quermonne, eds., Adjusting to Europe: The Impact of the European Union on National Institutions and Policies. Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State. Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice of Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Anthony Pagden, ed., The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union. Vivien Schmidt, “Loosening the Ties that Bind: The Impact of European Integration on the French Government and Its Relationship to Business,” Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (1996): 223-54. Jean Monnet, Memoirs. George Ross, Jacques Delors and European Integration. Patrick McCarthy, ed., France-Germany in the Twentieth-First Century. Larry Siedentop, Democracy in Europe.

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