Accommodation Pattern, As Path of State Formation, 18–19. See Also

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76180-2 - Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia Tuong Vu Index More information

Index

accommodation pattern, as path of Budi Utomo. See Pure Endeavor state formation, 18–19. See Bukharin, Nikolai, 6 also speciﬁc countries Burma (British), 106 Acehnese secessionist movement Burton, Michael, 239 (Indonesia), 61 Bush, George W., 249 administrative infrastructure, 5 agriculture Cambodia, 105 in China, 101, 104, 124–6 capitalist economic systems in South Korea, 44–5 Bukharin on, 6 in Vietnam, 101, 104, 124–6 producer classes in, 5–7 Alimin, 223–4 resistance to Alliance against Terror (2001), in China, 102 249 in Indonesia, 62–9, 213–14, Aminem, 229–32 228–9 Annam (central Vietnam), 100–5 in Vietnam, 102 Annam Independence Party (AIP), socialist states vs., 5–7 133–4 Weiss on, 6 Australia, 223 case selection, 19–21 Central Council for the Acceleration Bai Chongxi, 84 of Korean Independence Barisan Banteng (PNI), 59–60 (CCAKI), 36 Barisan Buruh Indonesia. See Central Executive Committee Indonesian Workers’ Front (CEC/GMD), 79–80, 81 BBI (Indonesian Workers’ Front), Central National Committee (KNIP) 224 (Indonesia), 56–8, 163–5 Blue Shirts (China), 81–2 Chang Myon, 46–7 Bo Gu, 88–9 Cheju Island rebellion (South Korea), Bolshevik Party model, 78–9 38, 61 Bonjol, Imam, 219 Chen Duxiu, 78–9 BU. See Pure Endeavor Chen Gongbo, 82–3

277

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76180-2 - Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia Tuong Vu Index More information

278 Index

Chiang Kai-shek rectiﬁcation campaign, 96 anticommunism of, 79–80, 81–2, research on, 71–2 85–6 ruralization, 87–8, 89–91 CCP and, 83, 85–6 Yan’an period, 89–91, 96 CEC and, 80, 81 modern historiography of, 71–3 GMD and, 85–6 Qing Dynasty collapse, 75–6 Japanese invasion and, 85–6 rebellions, 84 nationalism and, 244 Red Army, 87–90, 95, 114–15 opposition to, 82–3 Republican state resistance to foreign pressures, 240 accommodation and warlords and, 77–8, 81–2, 84. See confrontation, 74–84, 237–8 also China; Chinese Nationalist Blue Shirts, 81–2 Party in case selection, 19–21 China controlled mobilization, 81 civil wars, 84, 92 early period (1911–16), 75–7 elites’ undertaking developmental elite compromise, 77–8, 81 roles, 244 foreign investment in, 83–4 ideology in, 242–3 later period (1923–37), 77–84 India, comparisons to, 248, 250 mass incorporation, 81–2 Indonesia, comparisons to, 236–8 mass suppression, 77–8, 81–2 Japanese invasion, 83, 85–7 mixed paths pattern, 19–21 Korea, comparisons to, 236–8 Nazi Germany and, 82, 83–4 Korean War and, 42–3, 93, 95–6, research on, 71 236, 244 Soviet Union and Maoist state, 85–91 ﬁnancial aid, 77–8 agriculture, 101, 104, 124–6 formation of political parties, Anti-Rightist campaign, 96, 78–9 102–3, 123 mutual defense treaty, 92–3 centralization, 88–91 training of GMD army, 78–9 Cheng Feng campaign, 89–90, traditional legacies and modern 91–2 states, 73–4 cohesion in, 19–21, 95–6 communism, 74 collectivization campaign, 94 Kuhn on, 73, 74 confrontation path, 19–21, 236 Wong on, 73–4 controlled mobilization, 87–91 use of violence in, 103 cult of Mao, 96–8 Vietnam, comparisons to, 102 Cultural Revolution, 97–8 accommodation, 104–5, 115–17, elite polarization, 85, 89–91 119, 120 Five-Year Plan, 92–3 agriculture, 101, 104, 124–6 Great Leap Forward, 91, 96–7, anticapitalism in, 102 125–6 cohesion, 123 labor camps, 97–8 collectivization campaigns, land reform, 94 101–2 mass mobilization, 94–5 developmental structure, 104–5 mass suppression, 93–4 land reform, 103 militarization, 88, 89–91, 103–4 state structure, 126–7 peasantry and, 87–91 waging of wars, 103–4

Index 279

warlords, 77–8, 79–80, 81–3, 84 civil wars working classes in, 77–9, 203–4. See in China, 84, 92 also specific leaders and parties in South Korea, 42–3 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) classes, industrialization and, 3–4. Cheng Feng campaign, 89–90, 91–2 See also specific classes Chiang and, 83 Cochinchina (Vietnam), colonial cohesion in, 236 legacies in, 100–5, 133–4 Comintern and, 78–9 Co Giai Phong (Liberation Flag), 145, controlled mobilization, 87–91 187–8 legacy of, 89–91 Cokroaminoto, H. O. S., 211–12, of peasantry, 87–90 227–8 formation of, 78 Collier, Ruth, 11 GMD and, 78, 79, 80–2, 85–91, colonial legacies, 8. See also specific 119, 236 countries Long March, 85, 89, 96 Comintern, 78–9, 85, 86, 108 mass suppression of, 81–2 Committee in Preparation for Korean membership of, 78–9, 88, 91, 120 Independence (CPKI), 34–5 research on, 71–2 communist parties, 6–7. See also working classes, 203–4. See also specific parties Mao Zedong comparative historical method, 8, Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) 20–1 antiimperialism, 77–8, 82–4 confrontation pattern, as path of state Chiang and, 85–6 formation, 18–21. See also Comintern and, 78–9, 83–4 specific countries Constitution of, 78 Congress Party (India), 12, 249 elite compromise and, 77–8 constitutional governments, 9–11 incorporation of warlords, 84 controlled mobilization. See internal conflicts in, 82–3 elite–mass engagement patterns CCP and, 78–9, 80–2, 85–91, Council for Political Stabilization and 119, 236 National Security (Indonesia), CEC and, 79–80, 81 67 elite polarization and, 81–2 Council of Islamic Teachers (NU), Reorganizationists, 82–3 160–1, 173–8 in rural areas, 80 counterrevolutionary transformations, Western Hill faction, 79–80 6–7 Japanese disarmament in Vietnam, Cultural Revolution, 97–8 111–13 Cuu Quoc (Save the Country), Maoist suppression of, 93–4 187–8 membership of, 78–9 militarization of, 81–2 Dahl, Robert, 238–9 peasant mobilization by, 78–9, 81 Dan Chung (The Masses), 184–5 research on, 71–2 Darul Islam movement (DI), 61 Yuan’s repression of, 76–7. See also Dekker, Douwes, 210–11 Revolutionary Alliance Democratic Party (DP) (Vietnam), Chongqing (China), 85–6 113–15, 140, 141–4 Christian activists, in South Korea, Democratic Republic of Vietnam 46–7 (DRV), 108, 111, 116, 202

280 Index

developmental capacities, definition Djojohadikusumo, Sumitro, of 169–70 developmental roles Djojosukarto, Sidik, 170–3 definition of, 3 Dong Du. See Eastern Travel group governing elites and Dong Kinh Free School (Vietnam), alliances, role of, 246 132–3 in China, 244 Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc. See Dong in Indonesia, 244–6 Kinh Free School in Korea, 243–6 Duong Duc Hien, 140 in Vietnam, 244 Dutch Indies, 106–7, 108–10, 158, developmental states 208–9. See also Indonesia definition of, 2 Dutch Socialist Party, 159 socialist states as, 3–8 social welfare policies, 2 Eastern Travel group (Vietnam), developmental states, analysis of 132–3, 183 authoritarianism and, 246–8 Eastman, Lloyd, 84 colonial legacies and, 241–2 elite alignment patterns, 11–13, in Indonesia, 241–2 18–19, 238–9 in Korea, 241 elite compromise, 12, 16, 238–9 socialism and, 242 elite fragmentation, 12, 16 in Vietnam, 242 elite polarization, 12, 16–17, governing elites and developmental 238–9 roles, 243–6 elite unity, 12, 16 alliances, 246 opportunities within, 235 in China, 244 paths of state formation, 18–19. in Indonesia, 244–6 See also specific countries in Korea, 243–6 elite–mass engagement patterns in Vietnam, 244 controlled mobilization, 13, ideology and, 242–3 17–18 use of violence and, 243 impact of, 18–19 politics of state formation, 238–41 mass incorporation, 13, 17 elite compromise, 238–9 mass suppression, 13, 17 foreign forces, 239–40 opportunities within, 235 polarization, 238–9 paths of state formation, 18–19, unpredictability of future, 240 240. See also specific countries state structures and, 235–8. See also elites, definition of, 11 specific countries Empire of Vietnam (EVN) developmental structures, definition coalition government and, 138–40, of, 3–4 236–8 Diponegoro, 219 colonial bureaucracy, 116 discourse ICP and, 236–8 discursive analysis and causal rise to power, 108–10 arguments, 182 Vanguard Youth groups, 113–14 legitimizing, 15 Viet Minh and, 111–12, 113 disease of sectarianism, 164 Erningpraja, Ahem, 230, 232 Djojoadiningrat, Abdulmajid, Estate Labor Union, 231 168–70 Evans, Peter, 5

Index 281

Fang Yuxiang, 84 Great Indonesia Party, 160–1. See also foreign capital investment Indonesian Socialist Party in China, 83–4 Great Islamic Council of Indonesia in Indonesia, 54, 66–8, 106, 223–4 (MIAI), 160–1 in Vietnam, 106 growth-conducive policies, 2 France Guangdong (China), 78–9, 80, 81 colonial regime in Vietnam, 106–7 Guangxi (China), 81 analysis of, 242 Guomindang. See Chinese Nationalist capitalist vs. socialist outcomes, Party; Revolutionary Alliance 106–7 in Cochinchina, 100–5, 133–4 Hanifah, Abu, 166 in comparison to Dutch and Hatta, Mohammed Japanese, 105–7 Indonesian National Education, foreign investment, 106 55–8, 168–70 Japanese overthrow of, 108–10 as Japanese collaborator nationalist groups and, 132–3 Central Advisory Councils and, repression of ICP, 134, 144 162–3 state building, 106–7 independence and, 55–8 transportation systems, 106 Javanese Service Association and, Popular Front and, 134 163 Vietnamese exiles in, 133–4 Putera and, 162–3 Franco-Vietnamese War (1946–54), PNI and, 160–1 103, 104 presidential vs. parliamentary Free PNI, 170–3 systems, 157–8 French Communist Party, 110, 183–4 rise of nationalism and, 212–16 Friedman, Edward, 250 people’s sovereignty, 213–14 Front to Defend the Republic of Higgins, Benjamin, 51 Indonesia, 58–9 Higley, John, 239 Hindia Belanda. See Dutch Indies Gandhi, Indira, 249 historical determinism, 7–8 Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia. See Great Hizbullah party (Indonesia), 59–60 Indonesia Party Hoang Quoc Viet, 124, 143 Gerindo. See Great Indonesia Party Hoang Van Duc, 140, 197–202 Germany, Nazi model, 82, 83–4 Ho Chi Minh Gerschenkron, Alexander, 3, 6 class struggle discourse, avoidance Glorious Revolution (England, 1688), of, 208 239 as Comintern agent, 108, 110, GMD. See Chinese Nationalist Party 132–3 Golkar party (Indonesia), 65–6 on communist member expansion, Great Britain 148 Burma and, 106 DP and, 142 China and, 83–4 early career (alias Nguyen Ai Quoc) colonial legacy in India, 52, 249 concept of revolution, 211 England, written constitution, 9 internationalism, 185–6 Glorious Revolution, 239 writings of, 125–6, 180, 183–4, Indonesia and, 58–9, 219–20 188–9, 205 Greater Viet Party, 108–10 Youth League, 132–3

282 Index

Ho Chi Minh (cont.) legacies of accommodation, GMD and, 110 150–4 ICP and, 108, 110, 132–3, 165 Viet Minh and, 141–4 Mao, comparison to, 108 diplomatic recognition of, 149 as moderate, 103 discourse for/against communism nationalist groups and, 110, nation and class, 193–7 112–13 policies and, 197–202 as president, 111, 140 dissolution of, 112–13, 116 Soviet Union and, 116 EVN and, 236–8 use of violence under, 103, 243 Ho Chi Minh and, 108, 110, Hodge, John R., 35–6 132–3, 165 Hu Hanmin, 81–2 land reform and, 117–18 Huynh Van Phuong, 185 Leninism and, 135–6 Maoist influences on, 202–6 ideal types of states, 7–8 membership of, 117, 120, 144–5, ideological congruence, 14–16. 146–9, 151 See also specific countries militias of, 113–15 ideological infrastructure, 5 power vacuum and, 113–14 ideology, 5, 38. See also specific purge of, 120, 144–50 countries rebellion (1940), 134, 144 imperial collapses, state formation rise of class discourse, 202–6 and, 9–13, 75–6 working classes, 203–4 Independent Vietnam. See VNDL Trotskyites and, 134, 185 India, 12, 52–5, 248–51 Truong Chinh on class solidarity Indies Party (IP), 159–60, 210–11 and, 196–7. See also Vietnam; Indies’ Social Democratic Association Vietnamese Workers’ Party (ISDV), 159, 209–16. See also Indonesia Indonesian Communist accommodation, organization of: Party overview, 157–8, 179 Indische Partij. See Indies Party accommodation, organization of: Indische Sociaal-Democratische early nationalist organizations Vereniging. See Indies’ Social (1910s–30s), 158–61 Democratic Association accommodation, organization of: Indochina, colonial legacies, 105 proliferation to disintegration communist members in, 148 (1942–55), 161–78 industrialization, 105–7 Indonesian Nationalist Party, Japanese invasion, 108–10 170–3 railroads and roads, 106 Masjumi party, 173–8 state building, 106–7 proliferation of parties and western capital investment in, 106. status-based parties, 165–8 See also specific countries Socialist Party, 168–70 Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) from totalitarianism to class struggle ideology, 182, 185–6, parliamentarianism, 162–5 187 accommodation pattern (1942–9), coalition government and, 144–50 19–21, 55–61 1941–5, 135–41 elite compromise, 55–8, 61–3 DP and, 141–4 independence and, 56, 61

Index 283

lack of military, 59–60 diplomatic recognition and, 223 Muslims and, 55–6 “the nation” and, 217–21 Pancasila principles, 55–6, Pan-Islamism and, 216–32 217–21 religious socialism and, 227–8 political parties, 57–8, 59–60 discourse and accommodation: Acehnese secessionist movement, early nationalists (1900–42), 61 209–16 anticapitalism in, 62–9, 213–14 anticapitalism and, 213–14 anticommunism in, 65–9 Marxism and, 209–16 in case selection, 19–21 Pan-Islamism and, 211–12, 213, China, comparisons to, 236–8 214–15 colonial legacies, Japan, 54 people’s sovereignty, 213–14 anti-Western views and, 219–20 religion and state, 214–15 Central Advisory Councils, elites’ undertaking developmental 162–3 roles, 244–6 elites and, 55–8, 165–7 foreign capital investment in, 54, mass uprising on Java, 58–9 66–8, 106, 223–4 nationalism and, 55–6 Great Britain and, 58–9, 219–20 peasantry and, 58, 62–3 ideology in, 243 secret parties and, 165 Korea, comparisons to, 52–5, transition to parliamentarianism, 236–8 162–5 labor unions/groups, 62–3, 159, colonial legacies, Netherlands, 52–5 229–32 anti-Western views and, 219–20 lack of cohesion in, 51 aristocratic classes, 53 Linggajati Agreement, 169, 171–2, comparisons to Korea and India, 175 52–5 mass incorporation educational system, 53–4 accommodation pattern and, ethnic Chinese monopolies, 66–7, 58–61 241–2 legacies of, 62–5 military forces, 54 military, 51–2, 54, 63, 64–5 postindependence, 61–2 Muslim groups in, 55–6, 65, 67, racial discrimination, 54 158–61, 162–3, 166, 173–8, state building, 241–2 211–12, 213 confrontation, military vs. oil industry in, 51, 62–3, 67–8, communists, 63–9 244 counterrevolutionary political parties transformations in, 6–7 1942–9, 57–8, 59–60 discourse and accommodation: 1950–7, 61–3 overview, 208–9, 232–3 politics vs. policies discourse and accommodation: economic ﬂuctuations and, 50–2 capitalism/anticapitalism ultranationalists in, 50–2 (1942–55), 216–32 premature developmentalism 1942–5, 217–21 (1950–7), 61–3 1945–8, 221–6 rebellions, 59, 60, 61, 63–5, 67, big foreign capital, 229–32 159, 227 defense of capitalism, 227–32 Renville Agreement, 169–70

284 Index

Indonesia (cont.) formation of, 159 Round Table Agreements, 170, 173, Musso and, 57–8 229–30 People’s Democracy and, 226 Soviet Union and, 58 Pesindo and, 59–60 state, under Suharto PNI and, 170–3 anticommunism of, 65–9 PS members and, 168–70 authoritarianism and, 247–8 resistance to, 228–9 colonial legacies and, 241–2 rivalry with military, 51–2, 63–9 confrontation and, restructuring Indonesian Islamic League Party of, 65–9 (PSII), 160–1, 173–8 counterrevolutionary Indonesian Islamic Party (PII), 160–1, transformations and, 6–7 174 ethnic Chinese monopolies, 66–7 Indonesian League (PI), 55–8, 160 failure under, 63–5 Indonesian National Education. See foreign investment, 66–8 New PNI Golkar party and, 65–6 Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI) militarization of state, 66 accommodation, organization of, progrowth policies, 50–2, 244–6 170–3 repression of dissent, 65–9 formation of, 160–1 success under, 65–9, 236–8 Hatta and, 160–1 use of violence under, 243, populist themes, 228 247–8 Sjahrir government and, 160–1, state, under Sukarno 170–3 economic demise, 50 Wild Buffaloes Corps, 59–60 independence and, 55–8 Indonesian Party, 160 KNIP and, 163–5 Indonesian People’s Movement, 160–1 mass incorporation and, 63–5 Indonesian Socialist Party, 168–70 Musso and, 226 Indonesian Workers’ Front (BBI), 224 Pancasila principles, 55–6, Indonesian Workers’ Party (PBI), 224 217–21 industrialization, state roles and presidential vs. parliamentary capacities in, 3–8 systems, 157–8 International Monetary Fund (IMF), rise of nationalism, 212–16 246 Sjahrir government, 56–61, intervention modes, origins of state 163–6, 170–3, 174–5, 225 structures and, 5–7 Vietnam, comparisons to, 100–7, IP. See Indies Party 113–17, 126–7, 179, 208–9, ISDV. See Indies’ Social Democratic 215–16, 232–3, 236–8. See Association also speciﬁc leaders and parties Islamic League (SI), 158–61, 210–12 Indonesian Central Workers’ Union (SOBSI), 229–32 Japan Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) colonial regime in Korea, 28, 30–3 accommodation, organization of, alliance with propertied classes, 159–61 32 anticapitalism and, 223–6, 228–9 centralized bureaucracy, 32 early nationalist discourse and, comparison to Dutch in 209–16 Indonesia, 52–5

Index 285

industrialization, 30–1 Kobarsjih, 230–2 state building, 106–7, 241 Kohli, Atul, 7–8, 32 invasion of China, 83, 85–7 Koran, 215 invasion of French Indochina, Korea 108–10 China, comparisons to, 236–8 occupation of Indonesia, 54 colonial legacies, 28, 30–3 anti-Western views and, alliance with propertied classes, 219–20 32 Central Advisory Councils, centralized bureaucracy, 32 162–3 industrialization, 30–1 elites and, 55–8 state building, 106–7, 241 Independence Study Commission, elites’ undertaking developmental 55–6, 220–1 roles, 243–6 indigenous elites and, 55–8 ideology in, 242–3 mass uprising against, 58–9 Indonesia, comparisons to, 236–8 nationalism and, 55–6 literacy rates in, 31–2, 53–4 peasantry and, 58, 62–3 railroad systems in, 31 secret parties and, 165 Vietnam, comparisons to, 100–5, transition to parliamentarianism, 106, 126–7, 236–8. See also 162–5 North Korea; South Korea; surrender of, 29–30, 56, 85–6, speciﬁc leaders and parties 157–8 Korean Communist Party (KCP), Vietnam and, 108–11. See also 28–9, 35, 36, 38–9 speciﬁc colonies Korean Democratic Party (KDP), 36, Java 39–40, 41 colonial centers on, 52, 55 Korean People’s Republic (KPR), mass incorporation, 64 34–5, 38–9 mass uprisings, 58–9 Korean Provisional Government youth congress, 59–60 (KPG), 34–5, 36, 37–8 Javanese Service Association, Korean War 163 China and, 42–3, 93, 95–6, 236, Jawa Hokokai. See Javanese Service 244 Association deaths in, 243 Jiang Qing, 97–8 impact of, 30, 31, 104 Jiangxi (China), 80, 85 Indonesian exports and, 50 Johnson, Chalmers, 246–7 Kuhn, Philip, 73, 74

Kasimo, 231 labor unions/groups Kemal, Mustafa, 214–15 in Indonesia, 62–3, 159, 229–32 Khrushchev, Nikita, 97–8 in South Korea Ki Hadjar Dewantoro, 218 growth of, 45–6 Kim Dae Jung, 45–7 KCP-afﬁliated, 36 Kim Ilsung, 35, 38, 42–3 repression of, 41, 44–5 Kim Ku, 36, 39–40, 240 rice collection strike, 37–8 Kim Kyusik, 37–8, 39–40 strikes, 43–4, 45–6 KNIP. See Central National Lacuba, 231 Committee laissez faire policies, studies on, 3

286 Index

land reform Malukus (Indonesia), 52 in China, 94, 103 Manchuria, 83, 85–6 in South Korea, 28–9, 40 Mansur,K.H.Mas,218 Truong Chinh and, 117–18, 124, Mao Zedong 185 on agricultural production, 124–5 in Vietnam, 103, 117–18, 121–2, CCP policies and, 88–9, 236 124–6, 152–3, 247–8 Cheng Feng campaign, 89–90, 91–2 Land Reform Authority (LRA) on Chinese socialism, 92–3 (Vietnam), 121–2, 152–3 cult of, 96–8 Laos, 105 Ho Chi Minh, comparison to, 108 League for Vietnam’s Independence. ICP policies and, 202–6 See Viet Minh resistance to foreign pressures, 240 Le Duan, 124 rise to leadership, 89 Le Duc Tho, 124 use of violence under, 243 Left-Right Coalition Committee Marr, David, 108, 114 (South Korea), 37–8 Marxism, in Indonesia, 159, 168–73, Legge, John, 165–7 208–16 Leninism, 135–6 Masjumi party, 59–60, 173–8, 208, Le Van Luong, 124 227 Liao Zhongkai, 79 masses, deﬁnition of, 11 Liberation Flag (Co Giai Phong), 145, The Masses (Dan Chung), 184–5 187–8 mass incorporation. See elite–mass Li Dazhao, 78 engagement patterns Li Lisan, 88–9 mass suppression. See elite–mass Lin Biao, 97–8 engagement patterns Linggajati Agreement (1947), 169, McVey, Ruth, 211–12 171–2, 175 Merchants’ Corp incident (1924), 81 Linz, Juan, 238–9 Mexico, 239 literacy rates military government (MG). See United in Indonesia, 53–4 States in Korea, 31–2, 53–4 Misbach, “Red Haji,” 211–12 Liu Shaoqi, 243 mixed paths pattern, as path of state Long March, 85, 96 formation, 18–19 Long Yun, 84 modern states, incremental formation process, 9–11 Madiun rebellion (Indonesia), 60, 61, Muhammadiyah (Indonesia), 160–1, 227 173–8 Malaka, Tan Murba party, 208–9 on ideology, 57 Muslims. See Indonesia Masjumi party and, 174–5 Musso, 58, 60, 61, 226, 228–9 Murba party and, 208–9 Mutual Security Act, U.S. (1951), 176 Sjahrir government and, 57–8, 60, Muzakkir, A. K., 218–19 170–3, 224–6 treason charges against, 58 Nahdlatul Ulama. See Council of Malari riots (Indonesia), 67 Islamic Teachers Malayan communists, 12 Nam Dong Publishing Society, 133 Mallaby,A.W.S.,58–9 Nanjing (China), 79–80

Index 287

National Assembly (South Korea), Northern Expedition (China), 77–8, 39–40, 41, 43, 241 80, 81–2 National Liberation Committee North Korea, 5–7, 29–30, 32, 42–3, (Vietnam). See People’s 49, 235–6. See also Korea; Committees South Korea National Salvation Association North Vietnam, 125–6 (China), 83 NU. See Council of Islamic Teachers national salvation associations, 83, 137–8 oil industry, Indonesia, 51, 62–3, National Security Law (South Korea, 67–8, 244 1948), 41 Ottoman Empire, 215 Natsir, Mohammad, 172, 173–8, 215, “Our Struggle” (Sjahrir), 222–6 231 Nazi Germany, 82, 83–4, 134 Pak Honyong, 36, 37–8 Nehru, Jawaharlan, 249 Pancasila principles (Indonesia), 55–6, nested design, 20–1 217–21 Netherlands, colonial regime in Pan-Islamism. See Indonesia Indonesia, 52–5 Papua New Guinea, 61–2, 63 anti-Western views and, 219–20 Paras. See People’s Socialist Party; aristocratic classes, 53 Socialist Party of Indonesia Chinese capital investment, 54 Parindra. See Great Indonesia Party comparison to Japanese in Korea, Park Chung Hee 52–5 anticommunism of, 41, 45–6, educational system, 53–4 65–6 military forces, 54 developmental structures and, postindependence, 61–2, 63 28–30, 31–3, 68 racial discrimination, 54 Five-Year Plans, 31–3, 44–5 state building, 106–7, 241–2 Kim Dae Jung opposition to, 45–7 New Armies (China) labor relations, 45–6 New Community Movement (South political conditions and progrowth Korea), 44–5 policies, 244–6 New Fourth Army incident, 86 Rhee regime and, 43–4. See also New PNI, 55–8, 160–1, 168–70 South Korea New Vietnam Party, 108–10, 138–40, Parsi. See Indonesian Socialist Party 141, 167–8 Partai Buruh Indonesia. See Nghiem Xuan Yem, 140 Indonesian Workers’ Party Nguyen, Lien-Hang, 124 Partai Indonesia. See Indonesian Party Nguyen Ai Quoc. See Ho Chi Minh Partai Indonesia Raya. See Great Nguyen An Ninh, 133–4, 183 Indonesia Party Nguyen Dynasty (Vietnam), 182–3 Partai Islam Indonesia. See Indonesian Nguyen Hai Than, 111–13 Islamic Party Nguyen Tuong Tam, 111–13 Partai Komunis Indonesia. See Nguyen Van Huyen, 140 Indonesian Communist Party Nhan Dan (People’s Daily), 205 Partai Nasional Indonesia. See Nhan Van-Giai Pham affair, 102–3 Indonesian Nationalist Party Noer, Deliar, 166 Partai Rakyat Sosialis. See People’s North, Robert, 81 Socialist Party

288 Index

Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia. See PS. See Socialist Party Indonesian Islamic League PSI. See Socialist Party of Indonesia Party PSII. See Indonesian Islamic League Partai Sosialis. See Socialist Party Party Partai Sosialis Indonesia. See Pure Endeavor (BU), 158–60, 210–11. Indonesian Socialist Party; See also Great Indonesia Party Socialist Party of Indonesia Putera, 162–3, 217. See also Javanese Partindo. See Indonesian Party Service Association PBI (Indonesian Workers’ Party), 224 Pyongyang, 35, 38, 42–3 peasantry in China, 78–9, 81, 87–91 Qing Dynasty, 75–6 in Indonesia, 58, 62–3 Quang Dam, 197–202 in South Korea, 28–9, 44–5, 121–2 Qu Quibai, 88–9 in Vietnam, 121–2, 146–9 Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia. See racial discrimination, in Indonesia, 54 New PNI railroad systems, in Korea, 31 People’s Committees (PCs) Red Army, 95, 114–15 in Korea, 34–5, 38–9 Regional Autonomy Law (Indonesia, in Vietnam, 114–15, 137–8 1974), 66 People’s Daily (Nhan Dan), 205 Renville Agreement (1948), 169–70 People’s Socialist Party, 168–70 research design, 19–21 Perhimpunan Indonesia. See Restoration Society (Tokyo), 75–6 Indonesian League Revive China Society, 75–6 Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia. See Revolutionary Alliance (China), 75–7. Indonesian Nationalist Party See also Chinese Nationalist Pesindo. See Indonesian Communist Party Party Rhee Syngman Pham Hung, 124 anticommunism of, 38, 41–2 Pham Van Dong, 141 authoritarianism and, 247–8 Phan Anh, 108–10, 114 civil war and, 42–3 Phan Boi Chau, 132–3, 183 collapse of, 31, 46–7 Philippines, 106, 223 colonial legacies and, 28–9, 32–3, PI. See Indonesian League 241 PII. See Indonesian Islamic Party constitutional amendment, PKI. See Indonesian Communist Party presidential elections, 43 PNI. See Indonesian Nationalist Party developmental structures and, PNI-Merdeka. See Free PNI 28–30, 39–44 Podo Yonmaeng (Preserving the early career, 36, 37–8 Alliance), 41–2 Japanese collaborators and, 41 Portugal, 52 National Assembly and, 39–40, Potsdam Agreement, 111–13 241 Prawiranegara, Sjafruddin, 227–8 resistance to foreign pressures, 240 Preparation for Independence Study rule of, 27–8 Commission (Indonesia), 55–6, use of violence under, 243, 247–8 220–1 U.S. support for, 43. See also South producer classes, 5–7 Korea Przeworski, Adam, 247 Roh Moo-hyun, 27–8

Index 289

Round Table Agreements (RTA), 170, Socialist Youth of Indonesia, 59–60 173, 229–30 Society for China’s Revival (Tokyo), 75–6 San Francisco Treaty (1951), 170–3, So-jang pa (South Korea), 39–40 176 Song Jiaoren, 77 Sarbupri. See Estate Labor Union South Africa, 239 Sarekat Islam. See Islamic League South Korea Sarmidi, 170–3, 228 Christian activists and, 46–7 Sartono, 170–3 cohesion in, 19–21, 47–8 Sastroamidjojo, Ali, 173 colonial legacies, 30–3 Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism in, 160–1 1910–45, 30–1 Save the Country (Cuu Quoc), 187–8 1948–58, 31 Self-Strength Literary Movement 1959–61, 31 (Hanoi), 111–13 centralized bureaucracy, 32 Semaul Undong (New Community confrontation and state formation, Movement), 44–5 33–9, 235–6 Seoul, 38, 42–3 elite polarization and, 37–9 Shanghai, 79–80 labor unions and, 37–8, 41, 43–4 Shin Ki-nam, 27–8 leftist uprisings and, 38 SI. See Islamic League confrontation path, 19–21 Sino-Soviet treaty, 92–3 counterrevolutionary Sjahrir, Sutan transformations in, 6–7 early career, 56 ideological congruence in, 47–8 Indonesian National Education, Japan and, 46–7 55–8, 168–70 Kohli on, 7–8 nationalist network and, 165–6 military, 42–3 PNI and, 160–1, 170–3 postwar industrialization, 30–3 socialism and, 212–13, 222–6 rebellions, 38, 41, 61 writings of, 222–6. See also state, under Park Chung Hee Indonesia anticommunism of, 41, 45–6, Sjarifuddin, Amir, 56, 59–60, 168–78, 65–6 223–6 developmental structures and, Sneevliet, Hendricus, 159 28–30, 31–3, 68 SOBSI. See Indonesian Central Five-Year Plans, 31–3, 44–5 Workers’ Union Kim Dae Jung opposition to, Social Darwinism, 183, 191 45–7 socialism. See socialist economic labor relations, 45–6 systems political conditions and socialist economic systems progrowth policies, 244–6 Bukharin on, 6 Rhee regime and, 43–4 as developmental states, 3–8 state, under Rhee Syngman neglect of, in literature, 5–7 anticommunism of, 38, 41–2 Weiss on, 6 authoritarianism and, 247–8 Socialist Party of Indonesia (PSI), civil war and, 42–3 169–70, 225 collapse of, 31, 46–7 Socialist Party (PS) (Indonesia), colonial legacies and, 28–9, 32–3, 59–60, 168–70, 223, 225 241

290 Index

South Korea (cont.) developmental structures and, constitutional amendment, 14–19 presidential elections, 43 controlled mobilization, 13, developmental structures and, 17–18 28–30, 39–44 elite compromise, 12, 16, 238–9 Japanese collaborators and, elite fragmentation, 12, 16 41 elite polarization, 12, 16–17, National Assembly and, 39–40, 238–9 241 elites, definition of, 11 resistance to foreign pressures, elite unity, 12, 16 240 mass incorporation, 13, 17 rule of, 27–8 mass suppression, 13, 17 use of violence under, 243, paths of, 22–3 247–8 political dynamics of, 11–13 U.S. support for, 43 state building vs., 9–11. See also state–society relations (1953–80), specific states 44–8 State of Siege Law (Indonesia, 1950), labor relations, 36, 37–8, 41, 229–32 43–6 states, ideal types, 7–8 peasantry and, 28–9, 44–5, student movements, 46–7, 67, 83, 121–2 97–8, 160 student movements, 46–7 Subardjo, Raden Achmad, 167 state structure consolidation Suharto (1948–60), 39–44 anticommunism of, 65–9 civil wars, 42–3 authoritarianism and, 247–8 traumatic events, 27–30 colonial legacies and, 241–2 working classes in, 36, 45–6. See confrontation and, restructuring of, also Korea; North Korea; 65–9 specific leaders and parties counterrevolutionary Soviet Union transformations and, 6–7 China and, 77–9, 92–3 ethnic Chinese monopolies, 66–7, Ho Chi Minh and, 116 241–2 Indonesia and, 58 failure under, 63–5 north Korea occupation, 35, 38 foreign investment, 66–8 Vietnam and, 100–1, 116, 149, Golkar party and, 65–6 244. See also Stalin, Joseph militarization of state, 66 Spanish America, 12 progrowth policies, 50–2, 244–6 Stalin, Joseph, 79–80, 92–3, 110, 116, repression of dissent, 65–9 244 success under, 65–9, 236–8 state building, state formation vs., use of violence under, 243, 247–8. 9–11 See also Indonesia state capacities, 3–4 Sukarno state formation, 8 economic demise, 50 overview, 1–3 independence and, 55–8 case selection and research design, as Japanese collaborator 19–21 Central Advisory Councils and, as critical juncture, 9–11 162–3

Index 291

Javanese Service Association and, Trotskyites, in Vietnam, 114–15, 163 133–4, 185 Putera and, 162–3 Truong Chinh KNIP and, 163–5 on colonial bureaucracy, 119–20 mass incorporation and, 63–5 on ICP and class solidarity, 196–7 Musso and, 226 land reform and, 117–18, 124, 185 Pancasila principles, 55–6, 217–21 on member recruitment, 145, 149 political party afﬁliations, 160 on party purge, 153, 154 presidential vs. parliamentary use of violence under, 243 systems, 157–8 on working classes, 203–4 rise of nationalism, 212–16 Truth (Su That), 196 Sjahrir government and, 56–61, Turkey, 214–15 163–6, 174–5 Malaka opposition to, 60, 170–3, united front theory, 135–6 224–6. See also Indonesia United Nations, 42–3, 170–3 Sun Yat-sen United States anticommunism and, 195 China and, 83–4 anti-Qing movement and, 75–6 Dutch Indies and, 106 death of, 79 India and, 249 GMD and, 79–80 Indochina and, 106 nationalism and, 244 Indonesia and principles in DP, 141–2 aid to, 176 state formation under, 77–8 anti-Western views in, 219–20 writings of, 133, 183. See also capital investment, 223–4 China diplomatic recognition of, 223 Supomo, 220–1 military government (MG) of, Su That (Truth), 196 29–30, 35–8 South Korea and Taiwan, 71, 84, 237–8 civil war, 42–3 Tan Viet Nam Hoi. See New Vietnam corporate contracts, 33 Party elite collaboration, 37–8 Ta Thu Thau, 185 Japanese collaborators, 41 Thanh Nghi group, 108–10, 138–40, Kim Ku opposition to, 36 165–7 KPR and, 34–5 Thanh Nghi (journal), 187–93 Left-Right Coalition Committee, Thanh Nien Cach Mang Dong Chi 37–8 Hoi. See Vietnamese military force against KCP, 28–9 Revolutionary Youth League National Assembly and, 39–40 Tigers, East Asian, 3 occupation of, 33–9 Tongmenghui. See Revolutionary Rhee regime supported by, 43 Alliance status-of-force agreement with, Tonkin (north Vietnam), 100–5 46–7 trade unionism. See labor suppression of communism in, unions/groups 37–8 Tran Dang Khoa, 140 Tran Luc (Ho Chi Minh), 125–6 Vanguard Youth groups (Vietnam), Tran Trong Kim, 108–10 114

292 Index

Viet gian (Vietnamese traitors), 194 waging of wars, 103–4 Viet Minh colonial legacies, 106–7 coalition government and, 116, analysis of, 242 135–44 capitalist vs. socialist outcomes, discourse for/against communism 106–7 nation and class, 193–7 in Cochinchina, 100–5, 133–4 policies and, 197–202 foreign investment, 106 EVN and, 111–12, 113 nationalist groups and, 132–3 formation of, 110 repression of ICP, 134, 144 ICP and, 116, 141–4, 193–7 state building, 106–7 ideological discourse, nation and three administrative regimes, class, 187–93 105 secret publications of, 187–8 transportation systems, 106 People’s Committees, 137–8 discourse and accommodation: revolutionary mandarins, 138 overview, 180–2, 206–7 rise to power, 111–12. See also discourse and accommodation: speciﬁc leaders;Vietnam early nationalists (1900–40), Vietnam 182–6 accommodation, organization of: class themes, 185–6 early nationalist organizations homeland theme, 182–3 (1910s–40s), 132–4 independence theme, 185–6 French Popular Front and, 134 international class struggle, with modernist tendencies, 183–4 132–3 socialism theme, 183 Sun Yat-sen’s writings and, 133 discourse and accommodation: Trotskyites, 133–4 nation vs. class (1941–56), accommodation, organization of: 186–206 from coalition to party purge 1941–5, 187–93 (1941–56), 135–54 1945–7, 193–7 1941–5, 135–41 1947–56, 197–202 DP and Viet Minh, 141–4 communism vs. anticommunism, ICP and, 144–50 193–202 legacies of accommodation, communist purge and, 204–6 150–4 judicial independence, 198–200 accommodation pattern, 19–21 “the people” and, 197–202 in case selection, 19–21 rise of class discourse, 202–6 China, comparisons to separation of powers, 198–200 accommodation, 104–5, 115–17, elites’ undertaking developmental 119, 120 roles, 244 agriculture, 101, 104, 124–6 ideology in, 243 anticapitalism in, 102 Indonesia, comparisons to, 100–7, cohesion, 123 113–17, 126–7, 179, 208–9, collectivization campaigns, 215–16, 232–3, 236–8 101–2 Korea, comparisons to, 100–5, 106, developmental structure, 104–5 126–7, 236–8 land reform, 103 mass suppression, of intellectuals, state structure, 126–7 102–3

Index 293

party purge and accommodation Viet Nam Doc Lap. See VNDL (1946–50), 117–21 Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNP), agriculture, 124–5 111–13, 133, 134, 183 colonial bureaucracy, 119–20 Vietnamese Revolutionary League error rectification campaign, (VRL), 111–13 124–6 Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth formal discourse and, 204–6 League, 132–3, 134 ICP membership demographics, Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP), 120 101–2, 103, 121–2, 123–6. See impediments to collectivization, also Ho Chi Minh 124–6 Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang. See judicial authority, 118–19 Vietnamese Nationalist Party land reform, 117–18, 124–6, VNDL (Independent Vietnam), 247–8 187–9, 190 leadership conflicts, 118–19 Vogel, Ezra, 95 rebellions, 110, 134, 144 Vo Nguyen Giap, 185 socialist revolution, premature Vu Dinh Hoe, 108, 112–13, 140, (1950–60), 121–7 197–202 error rectification campaign, Vu Trong Khanh, 140, 197–202 123–4 Vu Van Hien, 108–10 land reform, 121–2 VWP leadership changes, 124 Wahhabism (Saudi Arabia), 160–1 Soviet Union and, 100–1, 116, 149, Wang Jingwei, 81–3, 244 244 Wang Ming, 88–9 traitors (Viet gian), 194 Weberian bureaucracy, 247 use of violence in, 103, 247–8 Weiss, Linda, 6 Viet Minh state accommodation Western Europe, 9–11, 106. See also (1945–6), 108–17 specific countries colonial bureaucracy, 116 Western Hill faction (GMD), 79–80 divided government, 115–16 Wibisono, 173–8, 227–8 early party of, 110–12 Wild Buffaloes Corps (PNI), 59–60 EVN and, 111–12, 113 Wilopo cabinet (Indonesia), 62–3, ICP and, 116, 143 170–8 Japan and, 108–11 Wirjosandjojo, Sukiman, 170–8 lack of centralization, 116–17 Wondoamiseno, 231 mass incorporation, 113–17 Wong, R. Bin, 73–4 nationalist groups, 111–13, working classes 114–15 in capitalist states, 5–7 People’s Committees, 114–15, in China, 78–9, 203–4 137–8 in socialist states, 5–7 presidential cabinet of, 110–11 in South Korea, 36, 45–6 Trotskyites and, 114–15, 133–4 in Vietnam, 153, 203–4. See also working classes in, 203–4. See also labor unions/groups specific leaders and parties World Bank, 246 Viet Nam Cach Mang Dong Minh Wuhan (China), 79–80 Hoi. See Vietnamese Revolutionary League Xian incident, 83, 85–6

294 Index

Yen Xishan, 84 Yunnan (China), 81 Yogyakarta Committee to protest Aminem, 229–32 Zhang Fakui, 110 Yosu rebellion (South Korea), 38, 41 Zhang Guodao, 88–9 Yo Unhyong, 34–5, 37–9, 55–6 Zhang Wentien, 88–9 Yuan Shikai, 76–7 Zhang Xueliang, 83