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Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillāh al-Raḥmān al-Raḥīm All praise is due to Allah, the Rabb of all the worlds, who gave me strength and patience to complete this Ph.D. thesis. And may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon our his family, his companions, and all ,ﷺ Prophet, the Chief of all Messengers, Muḥammad those who follow him till the Day of Judgment. Doing research and writing thesis is not possible in isolation and in solitary manner. Writing a thesis as challenging and ambitious in scope as this demands not only extensive research, but even more requires the intellectual and practical input of academics, friends, and colleagues. Many individuals, institutions, and academics have assisted, either directly with their comments/suggestions/stuff sharing or indirectly with their support, in the preparation of this thesis. It is impossible to mention them all individually and would require additional pages. Thus, I express profuse thanks in general everyone who assisted me in the connection of my work, and hope they will forgive me for not mentioning their name(s). First and foremost, I would like to offer my deep and sincere gratitude to my honourable teacher and supervisor Dr. Adam Malik Khan, Assoc. Prof., Department of Islamic Studies in the Aligarh Muslim University. Without his academic guidance and encouragement the research would not have come into fruition. I will always be grateful to my supervisor not only for his pushing through the correct use of academic language and but also for his moral support at the stages in which I needed. I am indebted to my Department, in particular to its former Chairman, Prof. Sayyid Ahsan, and its current Chairman, Prof. Obaidullah Fahad (especially for his valuable comments on the initial draft of this thesis), for providing me with a precise academic environment and amazing intellectual motivation that has always been there, and for the support that the Department provided me for my international conference Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University attendances and other academic activities. I am also grateful (and will always be) to my respected senior teachers, Prof. Zafrul Islam Islahi, and Prof. Muhammad Ismail; Dr. Abdul Majid Khan, and Dr. Ahsanul Haq (both Assoc. Profs); Dr. Ziauddin Falahi, Dr. Ajaz Ahmad, Dr. Bilal Ahmad Kutty, Dr. Zubair Zafar, Dr. Imtiyazulhoada, and Dr. Nighat Rashid (all Asst. i Profs.); and Dr. Gazanfar (Assoc. Prof. MANUU, Kashmir Centre) for their continuous encouragement to my academic excellence and learning. No research is possible without a library; I would like to express my gratefulness to all the staff in the Departmental Library, Islamic Studies, in particular Librarian, Mr. Kabir Ahmad Khan have always been there to help and advice, dealing with my endless requests with unflagging cheerfulness and perseverance. I owe thank to Mr. Anees Ahmad for his unwavering support in my Library access. I would also like to reiterate my debt to Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U., and its affiliated centres: Journal lab; Computer IT centre; Social Science Cyber Library for providing me with invaluable access to otherwise unreachable stuff pertaining to my research field. I also want to thank librarians and staff members at other libraries. For their many courtesies, assistance and support with their collections, I want to thank the staff at S.P.S. Library, Srinagar; Allama Iqbal Library at the University of Kashmir; and Darul ‘Uloom Deoband Library, UP. I want to express my infinite gratitude to all my teachers—from primary school to university—particularly to my teachers in the Department of Islamic Studies at the University of Kashmir for opening my horizon and developing understanding and special interest in social science. With their guidance, support, and motivation, I was able to accomplish this milestone. I am deeply indebted to Prof. Abdul Rahim Kidwai (Director, UGC Academic Staff College, and Director of K. A. Nizami Centre for Quranic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University), for his proofread of different sections of this thesis and other articles on different occasions. His guidance and invaluable advice/comments/suggestions were always incisive, constructive and encouraging. He was always there to listen and to give me sincere advice about anything I hoped for. I am also thankful to Dr. Sayyid Mohammad Yunus Gilani (Assoc. Prof., International Islamic University, Malaysia), for Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University his valuable suggestions and inspiring guidance; particularly for reading of and comments on some parts of the initial draft of my thesis. I must also extend my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to Burjor Avari (Co- ordinator of Multicultural Studies, Department of History and Economic History, Manchester Metropolitan University Lancashire, UK), for providing me great intellectual ii stimulation and critical advice since I started this research. His constructive comments and challenging questions on earlier drafts/articles offered invaluable feedback and encouragement. I also express my special thanks to Carole Hillenbrand (Professor of Islamic History at the University of Edinburgh) for her valuable inputs and sharing her stuff relevant to my thesis. Special thanks also due to Prof. Hajj Muhammad (Gary Carl) Legenhausen (American philosopher who teaches at Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute) for his valuable suggestions and sharing important stuff. I would like to express my infinite gratitude to The Crusades Studies Forum at the Saint Louis University, Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, USA for holding (on November 18, 2016 in the US) a discussion-session on my research contribution, and for their appreciation and valuable comments on my research paper. I am very thankful to all the publishers and editorial boards of various journals for providing the most essential academic platform to publish my articles/reviews and other write-ups. My appreciation also to the anonymous reviewers of my research papers/articles; whose critical and encouraging comments strengthened the structure and clarity of my arguments. I also express my thanks to the Islamic Foundation, UK for making available, for review, the latest books on diverse areas of academic field, and continuously publishing my reviews in The Muslim World Book Review. No research is possible without financial support; I would like to acknowledge generous grants from the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for enabling me to accomplish the research. I could not forget to extend endless gratitude to the ILEM—the Scientific Studies Association, Istanbul, Turkey for hosting me thrice (2014, 2015, and 2017) for Summer School in Istanbul which not only exposed me to immense intellectual atmosphere, but also enabled me to have firsthand experience about important landmarks especially the historic peninsula, the then capital city of Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, and the Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University territories/routes used by the Crusaders—quite relevant to my research area. My intellectual worldview has flourished under the influence of some inspiring mentors. I am indebted in the first place to Muhtaram Mawlana Fayyaz Ahmad Zaroo Sb (Director, Islamic Da‘wah Centre, and Chairman, Humsaffar Marriage Counselling Cell, Srinagar), who has been a real source of inspiration and motivation for me since I start iii learning under his mentorship in 2004. I would also like to thank Haji Ghulam Muhammad Gadda for his moral support and cheers for my every success throughout this research. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mufti Muhammad Asjad Qasmi and Qari Atiqul al-Rahman (Maktaba Ta’meeri Millat, Aligarh); Mawlana Saeed Ahmad Shah Qasmi (former rector, Darul Uloom Qasmia, Srinagar); and Dr. Mufti Naseer Ahmad for their teaching, guidance and moral support. I am fortunate to have a good circle of friends and colleagues: Dr. Muhammad Dawood Sofi; Dr. Showkat Ahmad Dar; Mr. Muhammad Iqbal Rather; Mr. Muhammad Irfan Shah; Mr. Sajid Shafi; Dr. Tauseef Ahmad Parray; Dr. Mohsin Afzal Dar; Dr. Afzal Ahmad; Dr. Rahmatullah; Dr. Fadl Muhammad Fushoosh (Yemen); Mr. Fawas Umar; Mr. Gowhar Quadir Wani; Mr. Zubair Hameed; Mr. Sajjad Ahmad Parray; Mr. Mujtaba Farooq; Mr. Javid Hajam; Mr. Fayyaz Ahmad Bhat; Mr. Yasir Ahmad Mir; Mr. Fayyaz Ahmad Dar; Mr. Sajad Ahmad Khan; Mr. Javid Ahmad Bhat; Muhammad Amin Gashroo for their appreciation and support in difficult times. I would always learn something whenever they talk. I thank all other classmates at A.M.U. My warmest thanks are also owing to a number of people, and the ones I wish to thank the most, are the people around me since my childhood. Special thank to Mr. Tariq Ahmad Bhat; Mr. Nazir Ahmad Bhat; Mr. Riyaz Ahmad Malla, Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Malla, Mr. Farooq Ahmad Malla; Mr. Imtiyaz Ahmad Gadda, Mr. Nisar Ahmad Gadda, Mr. Javid Ahmad Gadda, Mr. Showkat Ahmad Gadda, Mr. Waseem Ahmad Sofi; Mr. Tanveer Ahmad Sofi; Mr. Faizan Nabi; Mr. Nadeem Nabi; Mr. Javid Ahmad Nadaf for their encouragement, moral support and appreciation. Special thanks are also due to my in-laws and other relatives for their encouragement and moral support throughout the research. Finally, I have set aside the most important thank you for last. I have been the luckiest of all to have had truly loving parents, to whom this thesis is dedicated, who have Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University always encouraged me to pursue my dreams and have patiently looking with so much. You have been the biggest support for me on every step of this process: through the many tears, the frustrations, the fears, the exhaustion, the financial insecurities, the good times, and now the end. I owe all of my successes to you and I can only say thank you. My father, late Ghulam Rasool Gadda, departed from this world after just three months of my iv research; although no longer with us, continues to inspire by his example, your belief in me has made this success possible.
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