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Lipid Characterization of Chinese Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus Mandshurica

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Lipid Characterization of Chinese Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus Mandshurica Journal of Oleo Science Copyright ©2019 by Japan Oil Chemists’ Society doi : 10.5650/jos.ess18132 J. Oleo Sci. 68, (1) 13-20 (2019) Lipid Characterization of Chinese Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus mandshurica Maxim.) Junmin Ji＊ , Zhengfa Ge, Yeshen Feng, and Xuede Wang College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, NO.100, Lotus Flower Street, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. CHINA Abstract: To develop and use the hazelnut, the main composition, and the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid compositions, triacylglycerol (TAG) distribution and tocol contents of Hazelnut (Corylus mandshurica Maxim.) which growing in Changbai mountain of Jilin province (HO1) and Anshan city of Liaoning province (HO2) in China were investigated, and the comparative study between the two hazelnut oils and American hazelnut / Turkish hazelnut were also explored. The content of crude lipid and protein in HO1 and HO2 were approximately 54% and 17%, 55% and 16%, respectively. The two hazelnut oils were abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, with the primary unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid (78%-80%) and linoleic acid (14-16%), which accounted for above 90% of the oils. Therefore, both of the hazelnut oils were important sources of essential fatty acid. In addition, the main saturated fatty acid of the two hazelnut oils were palmitic acid (3%) and stearic acid (1-2%). The main triacylglycerols (TGA) profile were dioleolinolein (OOL), oleodilinolein (OLL) and triolein (OOO). The contents of tocol were 574.44 μg/g, 647.49 μg/g oil in HO1 and HO2, respectively, both of them were higher than that of grape seed oils (454 μg/ g), olive oils (209 μg/g) and walnut oils (255 μg/g). The total phytosterol contents were over 2000μg/g and β- sitosterol was the most predominant sterol in two oils. Key words: Corylus mandshurica Maxim., hazelnut oil, lipid characterization, fatty acid, tocopherol, triacylglycerol 1 Introduction for different purposes such as cooking, salad dressing, con- Hazelnut is one of the four major arboroid nuts in the diments and cosmetics4, 5）. world. There are about 20 species of hazelnuts, several Recent studies found that hazelnut oil is a good supplier species of hazelnuts such as C. America, C. avellana and of monounsaturated fatty acids（MUFA）and polyunsaturat- C. colurna were widely cultivated in Asia, Europe and ed（PUFA）fatty acids, particularly oleic acid4）. There is evi- North America. Turkey is the world’s leading producer of dence that replacement of SFA with MUFA can help lower hazelnuts with a production of 400 000 tones, followed by coronary heart disease（CHD）risk6）and also has preventive European Union（145 000 tones）, USA（37 200 tones）and effects on atherosclerosis and thrombosis7）. MUFAs are Azerbaijan（35 000 tones）1）. In China, Hazelnut large area more resistant to oxidation than PUFAs and can extend the of cultivation is less, but there are wild varieties in the shelf life of edible oils. Besides a favorable fatty acid northeast and north of the mountains, Varieties are mainly profile, hazelnut oils are rich in tocopherols and phytoster- Corylus heterophylla Fisch. and Corylus mandshurica ols, which are known to have health promoting effects8－11）. Maxim. The main distribution of Corylus mandshurica Especially, hazelnut contains taxol which is a diterpene Maxim is Hilly mountain in Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin compound isolated from Taxus brevifolia. The structure of provinces of China. The average single weight and diameter taxol is shown in Fig. 1, and it has been confirmed the of Corylus mandshurica Maxim is about 0.9 g and 1.37 unique anticancer mechanism by the American Cancer cm, respectively, which is smaller than other species of ha- Center（NCI）in 1979. Some studies indicated that hazelnut zelnuts. was an excellent source of taxol（0.0059％ in peel, 0.0048％ Currently, Hazelnuts are mainly used in the manufacture in bark and 0.0033％ in leaves but only 0.00015％ in Taxus of food products including candy, chocolate, biscuits and brevifolia）12）. It also has been reported to have high oxida- pastries2）. In addition, other widely consumed product tive stability due to its high α-tocopherol or sterols content from hazelnuts is hazelnut oil3）. Hazelnut oil could be used even though hazelnut oil is rich in unsaturated（about ＊Correspondence to: Junmin Ji, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, NO.100, Lotus Flower Street, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. CHINA E-mail: [email protected] Accepted September 26, 2018 (received for review July 6, 2018) Journal of Oleo Science ISSN 1345-8957 print / ISSN 1347-3352 online http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jos/ http://mc.manusriptcentral.com/jjocs 13 J. Ji, Z. Ge, Y. Feng et al. further purification. 2.3 Approximate composition analysis for hazelnut Moisture, Ash, crude protein, fiber）, and lipid contents of the samples were measured by Association of Official Analytical Chemists（AOAC）Methods20）and expressed on a dry basis. The lipid content was analyzed by Soxhlet ex- traction, total protein content was performed on a Foss 2006 digestor which was calculated by multiplying the total Fig. 1 Structure of taxol. nitrogen content by a factor of 6.25. The crude fiber analy- sis was performed using a SCINOTMFT350 semiautomatic 90％）13）. Hazelnut oil is increasingly popular for its contri- fiber analyzer（FOSS Technologies Co., Sweden）. bution to the nutritional value of human diets. Although plenty of studies have been carried out on the 2.4 Extraction of oil from hazelnut chemical constituents of hazelnut oil obtained from various The test milled hazelnut samples were extracted by pe- countries, including Turkish14）, Portugal15）, Italy16）, Spain17）, troleum ether（b.p. 30-60℃）in a Soxhlet extraction appara- New Zealand18）, and USA19）. However, to best of our knowl- tus for 12 h at 50℃. The solvent was removed by rotary edge, there has little literature on the characteristics of evaporation, afterward, the oils were heated at 105℃ for 3 Corylus mandshurica Maxim and little information on hours. The oil was purged with nitrogen and stored at fatty acid distributions in triacylglycerols. －4℃ until it was analyzed. The oil extracted from HN1 The purpose of this work would provide basic informa- and HN2 were number HO1 and HO2 respectively. tion about the fatty acid profile, some physicochemical characteristics, and TAG composition of the oils extracted 2.5 Physicochemical property of the crude hazelnut oils from Corylus mandshurica Maxim which is growing in Important physicochemical properties of the crude oil, two different localities（Changbai mountain of Jilin province concerning refractive index, saponification value（SV）, acid and Anshan city of Liaoning province in China）. value（AV）, iodine value（IV）, peroxide value（PV）and color were characterized based on the AOCS official Methods Cc7-25, Cd3a-94, Cd3d-63, Cd1-25, Cd8-53 and Cc 13e-92, respectively20）. The specific UV spectroscopic absorptivity 2 Experimental indices, conjugated diene（K232）and conjugated triene 2.1 Samples preparation （K270）values, were determined by ISO-3656:2002（E） Two different varieties of hazelnut（Corylus mandsh- method21）, and the oil was diluted with n-hexane. urica Maxim）which growing in Changbai mountain of Jilin province and Anshan city of Liaoning province in China 2.6 Analysis of fatty acid in oil were purchased and they were numbered as HN1 and HN2 Fatty acid profiles were measured using a gas chroma- respectively. The samples were firstly dried at 70℃ for 2 h. tography（GC）after derivatization to fatty acid methyl Subsequently, the outer shells were removed by manually esters（FAMEs）. The preparation of FAMEs was carried out crushing, then ground using a high speed rotary cutting by the standard method（ISO 5509:2000）22）. The fatty acid mill and sieved though 60 mesh. The powders were collect- profiles of crude hazelnut oils were analyzed according to ed and stored at a refrigerator until used for further oil ex- IUPAC method 2.30323）. traction. The weight ratio of shell and kernel was found to Oil（200 mg）was methylated with 6mL of 20％ Boron tri- be 1.8（shell/kernel, dry weight）. fluoride prepared in methanol for 8min. After the resulting, sample was centrifuged at 4500×g for 15 minutes, the 2.2 Reagents and standards upper phase was taken into a vial. 1 μL of sample was in- The standard samples of fatty acid methyl esters, stan- jected into a GC system（Agilent 7890B）equipped with a dard tocopherols（α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers）, standard toco- flame ionization detector（FID）and a HP-88 capillary trienols （α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers）and standard sterols（5 column（100 m×0.25 mm, 0.2 μm）. The temperatures of α-cholestan-3β-o1, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosanol column was initially maintained at 140℃ for 5 minutes, and β-sitosterol）were all purchased from Sigma Chemical then increased to 240℃ at the rate of 4℃/min and held for Co. 10minutes, and the injector and detector temperatures Ethanol, Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, n- were set at 240 and 280℃, respectively. The flow rate of hexane, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric carrier gas N2 with a split ratio of 1:50 was set at 2 mL/min. acid, and other chemicals used were of chromatographic or The injection size was 1 μL. analytical grade and directly used as bought without Fatty acid profiles were identified by comparing the re- 14 J. Oleo Sci. 68, (1) 13-20 (2019) Lipid Characterization of Chinese Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus mandshurica Maxim.) tention time with those of standard FAMEs performed at washed to neutral by water. The aqueous fraction was the same conditions and expressed as percentages of their withdrawn and the organic phase was dried treatment with relative areas. anhydrous sodium thiosulfate.
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