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Does Prior Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Adversely Affect Early and Mid-Term Survival After Coronary Artery Surgery?

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Does Prior Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Adversely Affect Early and Mid-Term Survival After Coronary Artery Surgery? CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS VOL. 2, NO. 8, 2009 © 2009 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION ISSN 1936-8798/09/$36.00 PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER INC. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2009.04.018 Does Prior Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Adversely Affect Early and Mid-Term Survival After Coronary Artery Surgery? Cheng-Hon Yap, MBBS, MS,*§ Bryan P. Yan, MBBS,*†† Enoch Akowuah, MD,§ Diem T. Dinh, BSC,PHD,* Julian A. Smith, MBBS, MS,†‡ Gilbert C. Shardey, MBBS,‡ James Tatoulis, MBBS, MD,§ Peter D. Skillington, MBBS,§ Andrew Newcomb, MBBS,# Morteza Mohajeri, MBBS,** Adrian Pick, MBBS,ʈ Siven Seevanayagam, MBBS,¶ Christopher M. Reid, BA, MSC,PHD* Victoria and Melbourne, Australia; and Hong Kong, China Objectives To determine the association between previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and results after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Background Increasing numbers of patients undergoing CABG have previously undergone PCI. Methods We analyzed consecutive first-time isolated CABG procedures within the Australasian Soci- ety of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons Database from June 2001 to May 2008. Logistic regression and propensity score analyses were used to assess the risk-adjusted impact of prior PCI on in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events. Cox regression model was used to assess the effect of prior PCI on mid-term survival. Results Of 13,184 patients who underwent CABG, 11,727 had no prior PCI and 1,457 had prior PCI. Mean follow-up was 3.3 Ϯ 2.1 years. Patients without prior PCI had a higher EuroSCORE value (4.4 Ϯ 3.3 vs. 3.6 Ϯ 3.0, p Ͻ 0.001), were older, and more likely to have left main stem stenosis and re- cent myocardial infarction. There was no difference in unadjusted in-hospital mortality (1.65% vs. 1.55%, p ϭ 0.78) or major adverse cardiac events (3.0% vs. 3.0%, p ϭ 0.99) between patients with or without prior PCI. After adjustment, prior PCI was not a predictor of in-hospital (odds ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76 to 2.0, p ϭ 0.41) or mid-term mortality at 6-year follow-up (hazard ratio: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.75 to 1.18, p ϭ 0.62). Conclusions In this large registry study, prior PCI was not associated with increased short- or mid- term mortality after CABG. Good outcomes can be obtained in the group of patients undergoing CABG who have had previous PCI. (J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2009;2:758–64) © 2009 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation From the Departments of *Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and †Surgery, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; ‡Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Monash Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia; §Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; ʈCardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; ¶Cardiotho- racic Surgery Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; #Cardiothoracic Care Centre, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; **Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Geelong Hospital, Victoria, Australia; and the ††Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. The Australasian Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ASCTS) Cardiac Surgery Database is an initiative of the ASCTS and is funded by the Department of Human Services, Victoria and the Greater Metropolitan Clinical Task Force, New South Wales, Australia. Manuscript received April 6, 2009, accepted April 19, 2009. JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 8, 2009 Yap et al. 759 AUGUST 2009:758–64 Coronary Surgery After PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is emerging as last 12 months of the study period and contributed a total of the main treatment option for coronary artery disease and 13.4% of the total patient numbers. The ASCTS database the number of PCI procedures are rapidly increasing world- contained detailed information on patient demographics, wide (1–4). The widespread use of PCI has resulted in an pre-operative risk factors, operative details, post-operative increasing number of patients being referred for coronary hospital course, and morbidity and mortality outcomes. artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who have undergone These data were collected prospectively using an agreed prior PCI. Patients with a history of prior PCI undergo dataset and definitions as part of clinical care by surgeons, subsequent CABG either because of failure of the original perfusionists, hospital medical officers, and database man- PCI (10% to 30% of patients develop in-stent restenosis agers. Data collection and audit methods have been previ- after PCI with stent implantation) or more commonly ously described (9–11). In the state of Victoria, the collec- because of progression of native disease (5). The timing of tion and reporting of cardiac surgery data is compulsory and mandated by the Victorian state government; hence it is See page 765 all-inclusive. The data are subject to external audit measures with an overall data accuracy of 97.4% recently reported subsequent CABG after prior PCI is usually around 12 (11). The institutional review board of each participating months (6). One of the reasons accounting for the rapid hospital had approved the use of these databases for re- increase in PCI use is the perception that if PCI fails, search; hence, the need for individual patient consent was patients can safely be referred to surgery without adverse waived for this study. consequences. However, there are very little data on early The study end points were in-hospital death and major and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing CABG adverse cardiac events (MACE) and mid-term survival after with a history of prior PCI in the stenting era. Historical CABG. We defined MACE as a composite end point of data in patients undergoing CABG having had previous in-hospital death, myocardial percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty suggested infarction (MI), or stroke. Cause Abbreviations worse early mortality in this group (7). Moreover, several of in-hospital death was defined and Acronyms reports have demonstrated worse outcomes in patients who as cardiac or noncardiac. Mid- coronary artery ؍ term survival status of patients CABG have had prior PCI undergoing noncardiac surgery (8). In bypass graft surgery this large multicenter registry report, we aim to assess the was obtained from the Austra- ؍ lian National Death Index. The MACE major adverse association between prior PCI and short- and mid-term cardiac events mortality after subsequent revascularization by CABG. closing date was June 30, 2008. myocardial infarction ؍ MI Pre-operative data analyzed ؍ Methods were age; sex; the presence of PCI percutaneous coronary intervention diabetes mellitus, hypercholes- Study population. The study population comprised of terolemia, hypertension, cere- 13,184 consecutive patients who underwent first-time, iso- brovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal failure, lated CABG surgery in the ASCTS (Australasian Society of and respiratory disease; recent MI, congestive heart failure, Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons) Cardiac Surgery Database or unstable angina; New York Heart Association functional between June 2001 and May 2008. Patients with prior PCI class; presence of left main coronary artery stenosis Ͼ50%; (PCI group) were compared with patients without prior degree of left ventricular impairment; and operation urgency PCI (non-PCI group). Patients who underwent PCI during and EuroSCORE value (additive). Hypercholesterolemia the same admission as their CABG were excluded from the was defined as a history of fasting cholesterol Ͼ5.0 mmol/l analysis. This was to exclude those patients who may have or treatment of high cholesterol. Hypertension was blood had an unsuccessful PCI necessitating CABG on an urgent pressure exceeding 140/90 mm Hg or a history of high or emergent basis. Isolated CABG refers to the performance blood pressure, or the need for antihypertensive medica- of CABG only; those patients requiring concomitant valve tions. Cerebrovascular disease was any prior unresponsive or other cardiac, such as atrial fibrillation surgery, or aortic coma Ͼ24 h, stroke or transient ischemic attack, or carotid procedures were thus excluded from this study. stenosis Ͼ75%. Peripheral vascular disease was defined as All 6 Victorian public hospitals that perform adult cardiac any of the following: claudication, amputation for arterial surgery—The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Alfred Hos- insufficiency, aorto-iliac occlusive disease reconstruction or pital, Monash Medical Centre, The Geelong Hospital, peripheral vascular surgery, or documented abdominal aortic Austin Hospital, and St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne— aneurysm. Renal failure was defined as last pre-operative were involved in the prospective data collection for the serum creatinine level Ͼ200 ␮mol/l or pre-operative ASCTS database during the entire study period. Addition- dialysis-dependence. The most recent assessment of left ally, 8 cardiac surgical units from South Australia, New ventricular function by nuclear imaging, echocardiography, South Wales, and Queensland joined the database in the or left ventricular angiography before surgery was used. Left 760 Yap et al. JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 8, 2009 Coronary Surgery After PCI AUGUST 2009:758–64 ventricular ejection fraction was expressed as normal 1 were forced into a multiple logistic regression model with (Ͼ60%) or reduced: mildly (45% to 60%), moderately
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