DOCSLIB.ORG

Page 1 Space Transportation Systems 02. Mai 2012 Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Moritz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Page 1 Space Transportation Systems 02. Mai 2012 Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Moritz Master-telformat&bearbeiten& Space&Transporta-on& Systems& & Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 1& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.(TUM)& & Fakultät&für&Maschinenbau&und& Verfahrenstechnik& Faculty&of&Mechanical&and&Process& Engineering& & Hochschule&für&angewandte& WissenschaOen&8&Augsburg& University&of&Applied&Sciences& An&der&Hochschule&1& D886161&Augsburg& www.hs8augsburg.de& & Raum&F3.19& Tel.: &+49&8218558683628& Fax: &+49&8218558683160& Email:&&[email protected]& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 2& Lecture&Overview& 1.0&UdSSR&–&Russian&Systems& • Vostok& • Voskhod& • Soyuz& • Soyuz&Deriva-ve&Systems& • Addi-onal&Systems& 2.0&Chinese&Systems& • Shenzhou& 3.0&European&Systems& • ATV& • ATV&Evolu-on& 4.0&Japanese&Systems& • HTV& • HTV8R& 5.0&US&Systems& • Mercury& • Gemini& • Apollo& • Space&Shu_le& • Constella-on&Programm& • COTS&Programm& & Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 3& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& UdSSR&and&Russian&Systems& & First&man8rated&space&craO&in&history& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 4& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.1&Vostok& 1. TV-camera 2. Life support system equipment 9. Voice communication radio system (Zarya) antennas 3. Descent module 10. Signal system antennas 4. Instrument panel 11. Breaking propulsion system 5. Attitude control handle 12. Telemetric system antennas 6. Commanding radio system antennas 13. Shutter of thermal control system 7. Pilot in catapulting chair 14. Sun tracker 8. ACS and spacesuits ventilation system tanks 15. Attitude control optical system (Vzor) Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 5& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.1&Vostok& • SpacecraO&of&the&first&human&spaceflight&with&Yuri&Gagarin&(April&12th&1961)& • Single&crew&cockpit&for&shor_erm&flights&(max.&10&days)& • Vostok&carrier&rocket&as&launch&vehicle&of&the&vostok&spacecraO& • Unreated&versions&for&photographic&spy&applica-ons&(Zenit)& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 6& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.2&Voskhod& • Second&human&spaceflight&programm&of&the&UdSSR& • Rated&with&a&crew&of&two&up&to&three&cosmonauts& • First&spacewalk,&Alexey&Leonov&(March&18th&1965)&& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 7& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.3&Soyuz& • The&Soyuz&space&transporta-on&system&consists&of&two&main&elements:&the&Soyuz&U&launcher&and& the&Soyuz&TMA&spacecraO& • Launcher:&Soyuz&U&is&derived&from&the&Soviet&R87&rocket&design;&Soyuz&U&by&now&has&over&1000& launches;&7000&kg&payload&to&LEO& • Soyuz&spacecraO&design&dates&back&to&1960s;&TMA&version&is&capable&of&transpor-ng&3&crew&to&a& space&sta-on&and&back& • Soyuz&landing&module&was&originally&design&for&lunar&missions&(capsule&outer&moldline&supports& hyperbolic&liOing&entry)& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 8& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.4&Soyuz&Deriva-ve&Systems:&Progress& • The&Progress&spacecraO&is&an&un8crewed&re8 supply&vessel&for&space&sta-ons&derived&from&the& Soyuz&spacecraO& – The&u-lity&and&instrument&modules&are&very& similar&to&those&of&the&Soyuz& – The&u-lity&module&holds&pressurized& supplies&for&the&space&sta-on&crew& – The&landing&module&is&subs-tuted&with&a& structure&for&storing&fluid&supplies& • It&is&launched&on&the&same&launch&vehicle&as&a& Soyuz&(Soyuz&U&launcher)& • The&Progress&spacecraO&is&designed&to&burn&up& during&Earth&entry&aOer&comple-on&of&its&mission& (space&sta-on&trash&disposal)& • A&small&reentry&capsule&can&be&flown&with&the& Progress&spacecraO&in&order&to&return&small& amounts&of&payload&to&Earth& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 9& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.4&Soyuz&Deriva-ve&Systems:&Zond& • The&Zond&system&was&developed&by&the&Soviet& Union&for&unmanned&and&manned& circumlunar&flights& • The&Zond&spacecraO&was&based&on&the&Soyuz& spacecraO&without&a&u-lity&module& – For&manned&circumlunar&flights,&a&single& crew&members&would&have&inhabited& the&landing&module&for&the&~7&day& mission& • The&Zond&spacecraO&was&designed&to&be& launched&into&LEO&by&a&Proton&rocket&and& injected&towards&the&Moon&using&a&Block&D& upper&stage& • 5&unmanned&Zond&missions&were&flown,&some& of&them&(2)&would&have&been&survivable&for&a& human&crew& – One&had&a&turtle&as&crew&(the&turtle& survived)& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 10& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.4&Soyuz&Deriva-ve&Systems:&Lunar&Orbiter&(+&Lander)& • In&addi-on&to&the&Zond&circumlunar& program,&the&Soviet&Union&pursued&a& manned&lunar&landing&program& – The&mission&architecture&was&similar& to&the&Apollo&architecture:&single& launch&(N1&rocket),&with&lunar&orbit& rendezvous&(LOR),&i.e.&a&lander& spacecraO&and&an&orbiter&spacecraO& • The&orbiter&spacecraO&was&derived&from& the&Soyuz&spacecraO& – Modified&u-lity&and&instrument& modules;&modified&heat&shield&and& avionics&for&the&landing&module& • 1&cosmonaut&would&have&remained&in&the& orbiter&while&another&cosmonaut&landed& on&the&Moon&onboard&LK&(Lunnyi&Korabl)& • All&four&N1&launches&a_empted&were& UdSSR:& USA:& unsuccessful;&there&never&was&a&manned& LK& LEM& lunar&mission& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 11& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.4&Addi-onal&Systems:&Energia8Buran& • Soviet&orbiter&program&(197681993)& • One&autonomous&spaceflight&(November&15th&1988)& • Program&cancelled&due&to&budget&issues& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 12& 1.0&UdSSR&8&Russian&Systems& 1.5&Addi-onal&Systems:&KLIPER& • Russian&concept&for&a&reusable&spacecraO& • LiOing&body&concept&to&replace&Soyuz& • Crew&capability&up&to&six&cosmonauts& • Program&period&200082007& • Cancelled&due&to&budget&issues& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 13& 2.0&Chinese&Systems& Chinese&Systems& & First&taikonaut&in&space:&Oct.&2003&& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 14& 2.0&Chinese&Systems& 2.1&Shenzhou& • Chinese&Shenzhou&spacecraO&is&a& deriva-ve&of&the&Russian&Soyuz&s/c& – SpacecraO&consists&of&service,&reentry,&and& orbital&modules;&however&their&design&is& different&from&the&Russian&Soyuz&design& – The&orbital&module&can&be&customized& according&to&mission&objec-ves& – The&orbital&module&remains&opera-onal& aOer&separa-on&from&the&descent&module& • Shenzhou&spacecraO&are&launched&on&a& Long&March&CZ82F&rocket&&from&the& Jiuquan&Satellite&Launch&Center& – 1st&unmanned&flight&(Shenzhou&1):&winter& 1999&/&2000& – 1st&manned&flight&(Shenzhou&5):&October& 2003,&taikonaut&Yang&Liwei& – Shenzhou&6:&October&2005;&28person&crew& – Shenzhou&7:&38person&crew;&EVA& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 15& 3.0&European&Systems& European&Systems& & First&autonomously&flying&and&docking&spacecraO&to&a&man8rated&habitat&& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 16& 3.0&European&Systems& 3.1&ATV& Automated&Transfere&Vehicle& • When&Russia&decided&in&1994&to&par-cipate&in&the&Interna-onal&Space&Sta-on&(ISS)&program,&ESA& made&the&decision&to&start&the&development&of&a&re8supply&vehicle&for&the&ISS&–&the&Automated& Transfer&Vehicle&(ATV)& • The&ATV&development&and&produc-on&is&being&carried&out&by&a&consor-um&of&companies&in&10& countries&under&the&leadership&of&EADS&Astrium& • The&ATV&program&took&13&years&and&cost&~&Euro&1,3&billion&for&ATV&development,&tes-ng,&and&first& flight& • Four&more&ATV&flights&to&the&ISS&are&planned&over&the&next&4&years;&ATV&re8supply&flights&are&one& of&the&key&contribu-ons&of&ESA&to&the&ISS&program& • Jules&Verne:&March&9th&2008& • Johannes&Kepler:&February&16th&2011& • Edoardo&Amaldi:&March&23rd&2012& • Currently,&the&ATV&is&only&capable&of&transpor-ng&pressurized&supplies&and&propellant&to&the&ISS;& however,&ATV&evolu-on&op-ons&which&could&return&cargo&as&well&as&transport&crew&to&and&from& the&ISS&are&under&considera-on& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 17& 3.0&European&Systems& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 18& 3.0&European&Systems& Space&Transporta-on&Systems& 02.&Mai&2012& Dipl.8Ing.&(FH)&Moritz&Ellerbeck&M.Sc.&(TUM)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Hochschule&Augsburg&& 19& 3.0&European&Systems& 3.1&ATV:&Mission&Scenario& ISS&crew&transfers&supplies&and& ATV&docks& waste,&as&well&as&propellant;& autonomously& ATV&raises&ISS&orbit&(reboost)&
Load more

Recommended publications
  • China's Space Industry and International Collaboration
    China’s Space Industry and International Collaboration Presenter: Ju Jin Title: Minister Counselor，the Embassy of P.R.China Date: Feb 27，2008 Brief History • 52 years since 1956, first space institute established • Learning from Soviet Union until 1960 • U.S.A.’s close door policy until now • China’s self-reliance Policy Major Achievements • 12 series of Long March Launching Rockets • >100 Launches • >80 satellites in remote sensing, telecommunication, GPS, scientific experiment • Manned space flights——Shenzhou 5 (2003) and Shenzhou 6 (2005) • Lunar Exploration Project——Chang’e 1 (2007) LM-2F Launch Vehicle • Stages 1 & 2 & 4 strap-on boosters • 58.3 meters long • Launch Mass: 480 tons • Total Thrust : 600 tons • Reliability & Safety Index: 0.97 & 0.997 • 10 Sub-Systems Manned Space Flight--Shenzhou 6 Manned Space Flight--Shenzhou 6 Lunar Probe Project--Change-1 First Lunar Surface Photos Lunar Probe Project—Change 1 • 3 Years • 17,000 Scientists and Engineers • Young Team averaged in the age of 30s • 100% China-Made • Technology Breakthroughs – All-direction Antenna – Ultra-violet Sensor International Exchange and Cooperation： Main Activities Over the recent years, China has signed cooperation agreements on the peaceful use of outer space and space project cooperation agreements with Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Malaysia, Pakistan, Russia, Ukraine, the ESA and the European Commission, and has established space cooperation subcommittee or joint commission mechanisms with Brazil, France, Russia and Ukraine. China and the ESA z Sino-ESA Double Star Satellite Exploration of the Earth's Space Plan. z "Dragon Program," involving cooperation in Earth observation satellites, having so far conducted 16 remote-sensing application projects in the fields of agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology, oceanography and disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Options for U.S.-China Cooperation
    Order Code RS22777 December 14, 2007 China’s Space Program: Options for U.S.-China Cooperation Jeffrey Logan Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary China has a determined, yet still modest, program of civilian space activities planned for the next decade. The potential for U.S.-China cooperation in space — an issue of interest to Congress — has become more controversial since the January 2007 Chinese anti-satellite test. The test reinforced concerns about Chinese intentions in outer space and jeopardized space assets of more than two dozen countries by creating a large cloud of orbital space debris. Some argue that Chinese capabilities now threaten U.S. space assets in low earth orbit. Others stress the need to expand dialogue with China. This report outlines recent activities and future plans in China’s civilian space sector. It also discusses benefits and trade-offs of possible U.S.-China collaboration in space, as well as several options to improve space relations, including information exchange, policy dialogue, and joint activities. For more information, see CRS Report RS21641, China’s Space Program: An Overview. This report will not be updated. Introduction China has made clear advances in space capabilities over the past decade. The country has launched over 100 orbital missions since 1970, including a string of 50 consecutive successful Long March rocket launches from 1996 to 2006, after overcoming technical problems with the help of U.S. companies in the mid-1990s.1 China sent humans into space in 2003 and 2005, and orbited a lunar explorer in October 2007 that is paving the way for additional moon exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • China Manned Space Programme
    China Manned Space Programme Xiaobing Zhang Deputy Director Scientific Planning Bureau China Manned Space Agency [email protected] June 2015 58’COPUOS@Vienna China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 1 Content ° Introduction to development strategy ° Achievements up to date ° China’s space station and its latest development ° International cooperation ° Conclusion China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 2 Part I: Development strategy ° In 1992, the Chinese government approved the launch of China’s manned space programme ° Formulated the “three-step strategy” to implement the Programme China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 3 Three-step strategy 3rd step : To construct China’s space station to accommodate long-term man-tended utilization on a large scale The 2 nd step : To launch space labs to make technological breakthrough in EVA, R&D, and accommodation of long- term man-tended utilization on a modest scale The 1 st step: To launch manned spaceships to master the basic human space technology China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 4 Part II: Achievements up to date ° Unmanned spaceflight missions – SZ-1, 20 Nov 1999, 1 st unmanned spaceflight – SZ-2, 10 Jan 2001, 2 nd unmanned spaceflight SZ-1 SZ-2 – SZ-3, 25 Mar 2002, 3 rd unmanned spaceflight – SZ-4, 30 Dec 2002, 4 th unmanned spaceflight SZ-3 SZ-4 ° Achieved goals: – Laying a solid foundation for manned missions China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 5 ° Manned spaceflight missions – Basic Human Spaceflights Shenzhou-5, 2003, 1 st manned spaceflight mission Shenzhou-6, 2005, 1 st multiple-crew
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of S.P
    ANNUAL REPORT OF S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE PUBLIC CORPORATION ENERGIA FOR 2019 This Annual Report of S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia (RSC Energia) was prepared based upon its performance in 2019 with due regard for the requirements stated in the Russian Federation Government Decree of December 31, 2010 No. 1214 “On Improvement of the Procedure to Control Open Joint-Stock Companies whose Stock is in Federal Ownership and Federal State Unitary Enterprises”, and in accordance with the Regulations “On Information Disclosure by the Issuers of Outstanding Securities” No. 454-P approved by the Bank of Russia on December 30, 2014 Accuracy of the data contained in this Annual Report, including the Report on the interested-party transactions effected by RSC Energia in 2019, was confirmed by RSC Energia’s Auditing Committee Report as of 01.06.2020. This Annual Report was preliminary approved by RSC Energia’s Board of Directors on August 24, 2020 (Minutes No. 31). This Annual Report was approved at RSC Energia’s General Shareholders’ Meeting on September 28, 2020 (Minutes No 40 of 01.10.2020). 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT RSC ENERGIA ............................. 6 1.1. Company background .........................................................................................................................6 1.2. Period of the Company operation in the industry ...............................................................................6 1.3. Information about the purchase and sale contracts for participating interests, equities, shares of business partnerships and companies concluded by the Company in 2019 ..............................................7 1.4. Information about the holding structure and the organizations involved ...........................................8 2. PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF RSC ENERGIA OPERATION ........................ 11 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dimov Stojče Ilčev CNS Systems
    Sources for Future African Multipurpose GEO Satellites (FAMGS) Presentation by: Dimov Stojče Ilčev Durban University of Technology (DUT) Space Science Centre (SSC) CNS Systems August 2012 CNS Systems (Pty) Ltd CNS Systems (Former- IS Marine Radio Ltd) is South African private company for design, Research and projects of Radio and Satellite Systems for Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) and other aspects in the Space Program - [www.cnssystems.co.za] Space Science Centre Aeronautical Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) via Spacecraft Soviet First Artificial Satellite Sputnik 1 First Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin Lifted in Orbit by Vostok 1 on 12 April 1961 First Commercail Communication Satellites Telstar 1 (Left) Launched by US in 1962 and Intelsat 1 (Right) in 1964 Introduction of Multipurpose GEO Satellite The South African company CNS Systems (Pty) Ltd and Space Science Centre (SSC) are potential and main designers of novel Multipurpose GEO Satellite constellation for full coverage of the entire African Continent and Middle East. The SSC Group at Durban University of Technology (DUT) may collaborate with similar institutes in the Country or Continent and provide essential project of first Multipurpose GEO Satellite by Africans for Africa. What is Multipurpose GEO Satellite? This is an integration of GEO Communication with GNSS (Navigation) Payloads in a modern satellite configuration for CNS Solutions. Advantages of Satellite Communications • Wide Coverage Areas • Broadcast DVB-RCS Capability • Broadcast CNS Solutions • Broadband, Multimedia and Internet Capability • High Bandwidth • Flexibility in Network Set-up • Mobility and Availability • Rapid Deployment • Reliability and Safety • Economic Solutions Available • Backbone in Areas without Adequate Terrestrial Telecommunication and Cellular Infrastructures Russian Space Vision US Space Vision Negative Effects of Van Allen Radiation Belts [Inner Belt is from 1000 to 5000 km and Outer Belt is from 16000 to 24000 km above the Earth Surface.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Space Station and the Space Shuttle
    Order Code RL33568 The International Space Station and the Space Shuttle Updated November 9, 2007 Carl E. Behrens Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division The International Space Station and the Space Shuttle Summary The International Space Station (ISS) program began in 1993, with Russia joining the United States, Europe, Japan, and Canada. Crews have occupied ISS on a 4-6 month rotating basis since November 2000. The U.S. Space Shuttle, which first flew in April 1981, has been the major vehicle taking crews and cargo back and forth to ISS, but the shuttle system has encountered difficulties since the Columbia disaster in 2003. Russian Soyuz spacecraft are also used to take crews to and from ISS, and Russian Progress spacecraft deliver cargo, but cannot return anything to Earth, since they are not designed to survive reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere. A Soyuz is always attached to the station as a lifeboat in case of an emergency. President Bush, prompted in part by the Columbia tragedy, made a major space policy address on January 14, 2004, directing NASA to focus its activities on returning humans to the Moon and someday sending them to Mars. Included in this “Vision for Space Exploration” is a plan to retire the space shuttle in 2010. The President said the United States would fulfill its commitments to its space station partners, but the details of how to accomplish that without the shuttle were not announced. The shuttle Discovery was launched on July 4, 2006, and returned safely to Earth on July 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Studies Towards an Australian Indigenous Space Launch System
    TRADE STUDIES TOWARDS AN AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering by Gordon P. Briggs B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Astron) School of Engineering and Information Technology, University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy January 2010 Abstract During the project Apollo moon landings of the mid 1970s the United States of America was the pre-eminent space faring nation followed closely by only the USSR. Since that time many other nations have realised the potential of spaceflight not only for immediate financial gain in areas such as communications and earth observation but also in the strategic areas of scientific discovery, industrial development and national prestige. Australia on the other hand has resolutely refused to participate by instituting its own space program. Successive Australian governments have preferred to obtain any required space hardware or services by purchasing off-the-shelf from foreign suppliers. This policy or attitude is a matter of frustration to those sections of the Australian technical community who believe that the nation should be participating in space technology. In particular the provision of an indigenous launch vehicle that would guarantee the nation independent access to the space frontier. It would therefore appear that any launch vehicle development in Australia will be left to non- government organisations to at least define the requirements for such a vehicle and to initiate development of long-lead items for such a project. It is therefore the aim of this thesis to attempt to define some of the requirements for a nascent Australian indigenous launch vehicle system.
    [Show full text]
  • Limitations of Spacecraft Redundancy: a Case Study Analysis
    44th International Conference on Environmental Systems Paper Number 13-17 July 2014, Tucson, Arizona Limitations of Spacecraft Redundancy: A Case Study Analysis Robert P. Ocampo1 University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 Redundancy can increase spacecraft safety by providing the crew or ground with multiple means of achieving a given function. However, redundancy can also decrease spacecraft safety by 1) adding additional failure modes to the system, 2) increasing design “opaqueness”, 3) encouraging operational risk, and 4) masking or “normalizing” design flaws. Two Loss of Crew (LOC) events—Soyuz 11 and Challenger STS 51-L—are presented as examples of these limitations. Together, these case studies suggest that redundancy is not necessarily a fail-safe means of improving spacecraft safety. I. Introduction A redundant system is one that can achieve its intended function through multiple independent pathways or Aelements 1,2. In crewed spacecraft, redundancy is typically applied to systems that are critical for safety and/or mission success3,4. Since no piece of hardware can be made perfectly reliable, redundancy—in theory—allows for the benign (e.g. non-catastrophic) failure of critical elements. Redundant elements can be 1) similar or dissimilar to each other, 2) activated automatically (“hot spare”) or manually (“cold spare”), and 3) located together or separated geographically5-7. U.S. spacecraft have employed redundancy on virtually all levels of spacecraft design, from component to subsystem7,8. Redundancy has a successful history of precluding critical and catastrophic failures during human spaceflight. A review of NASA mission reports, from Mercury to Space Shuttle, indicates that redundancy has saved the crew or extended the mission over 160 times, or roughly once per flight9.
    [Show full text]
  • Death of Sputnik IV
    The Russians hurled a 5-ton spacecraft into orbit in by JAMES C. SPRY May 1960. Two weeks later they attempted reentry Public Information Office maneuvers. Something went wrong, and the way- U.S. Civil Service Commission ward satellite swung into a higher orbit. Nearly 28 months later it plunged to earth over Wisconsin. Federal scientists of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., and volunteer Moon- watch teams were waiting for it, and retrieved what before their successful Vostok flight.) The satellite, was left of the Russian prize. they said, carried a dummy cosmonaut in a pressurized cabin, and was programed for reentry maneuvers. Two The Journal presents here the story of their success- weeks later, the retrorockets were fired to slow the space- ful recovery and scientific analysis of the surviving craft for reentry. However, something went wrong. fragment. The retrorockets obviously fired in the wrong direction, for the vehicle broke into several pieces and swung into N SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1963, representa- a higher orbit that ended more than 2 years later on a 0 tives of the Soviet Embassy in Washington for- Manitowoc street. mally accepted from the United States the last remains of A disappointment to the Russians, yes. But the re- Sputnik IV-a 14-pound chunk of blackened metal. covery and scientific analysis of the Sputnik fragment The acceptance occurred only after a long series of ne- spelled high success to the Federal career scientists of the gotiations following the initial American offer of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institu- fragment at the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Lesson Plan: Russian Rocket Ships!
    Engineering Lesson Plan: Russian Rocket Ships! Sputnik, Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz Launcher Schematics Uttering the text “rocket ship” can excite, mystify, and inspire young children. A rocket ship can transport people and cargo to places far away with awe-inspiring speed and accuracy. The text “rocket scientist” indexes a highly intelligent and admirable person, someone who is able to create, or assist in the creation of machines, vehicles that can actually leave the world we all call “home.” Rocket scientists possess the knowledge to take human beings and fantastic machines to space. This knowledge is built upon basic scientific principles of motion and form—the understanding, for young learners, of shapes and their function. This lesson uses the shape of a rocket to ignite engineering knowledge and hopefully, inspiration in young pupils and introduces them to a space program on the other side of the world. Did you know that the first person in space, Yuri Gagarin, was from the former Soviet Union? That the Soviet Union (now Russia) sent the first spacecraft, Sputnik I, into Earth’s orbit? That today, American NASA-based astronauts fly to Russia to launch and must learn conversational Russian as part of their training? Now, in 2020, there are Russians and Americans working together in the International Space Station (ISS), the latest brought there by an American-based commercial craft. Being familiar with the contributions Russia (and the former Soviet Union) has made to space travel is an integral part of understanding the ongoing human endeavor to explore the space all around us. After all, Russian cosmonauts use rocket ships too! The following lesson plan is intended for kindergarten students in Indiana to fulfill state engineering learning requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Reentry Motion and Aerodynamics of the MUSES-C Sample Return Capsule
    Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. Space Sci. Vol. 51, No. 172, pp. 65–70, 2008 Reentry Motion and Aerodynamics of the MUSES-C Sample Return Capsule By Nobuaki ISHII,1Þ Tetsuya YAMADA,1Þ Koju HIRAKI2Þ and Yoshifumi INATANI1Þ 1ÞThe Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan 2ÞKyushu Institute of Technology, Kita-Kyushu, Japan (Received June 21st, 2006) The Hayabusa spacecraft (MUSES-C) carries a small capsule for bringing asteroid samples back to the earth. The initial spin rate of the reentry capsule together with the flight path angle of the reentry trajectory is a key parameter for the aerodynamic motion during the reentry flight. The initial spin rate is given by the spin-release mechanism attached between the capsule and the mother spacecraft, and the flight path angle can be modified by adjusting the earth approach orbit. To determine the desired values of both parameters, the attitude motion during atmospheric flight must be clarified, and angles of attack at the maximum dynamic pressure and the parachute deployment must be assessed. In previous studies, to characterize the aerodynamic effects of the reentry capsule, several wind-tunnel tests were conducted using the ISAS high-speed flow test facilities. In addition to the ground test data, the aerodynamic properties in hypersonic flows were analyzed numerically. Moreover, these data were made more accurate using the results of balloon drop tests. This paper summarized the aerodynamic properties of the reentry capsule and simulates the attitude motion of the full- configuration capsule during atmospheric flight in three dimensions with six degrees of freedom. The results show the best conditions for the initial spin rates and flight path angles of the reentry trajectory.
    [Show full text]
  • Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler
    Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler Soyuz A Universal Spacecraft ruuiiMicPublishedu 11in1 aaaundiiuiassociationi witwimh ^^ • Springer Praxis Publishing PRHB Chichester, UK "^UF Table of contents Foreword xvii Authors' preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of illustrations and tables xxiii Prologue xxix ORIGINS 1 Soviet manned spaceflight after Vostok 1 Design requirements 1 Sever and the 1L: the genesis of Soyuz 3 The Vostok 7/1L Soyuz Complex 4 The mission sequence of the early Soyuz Complex 6 The Soyuz 7K complex 7 Soyuz 7K (Soyuz A) design features 8 The American General Electric concept 10 Soyuz 9K and Soyuz 1 IK 11 The Soyuz Complex mission profile 12 Contracts, funding and schedules 13 Soyuz to the Moon 14 A redirection for Soyuz 14 The N1/L3 lunar landing mission profile 15 Exploring the potential of Soyuz 16 Soyuz 7K-P: a piloted anti-satellite interceptor 16 Soyuz 7K-R: a piloted reconnaissance space station 17 Soyuz VI: the military research spacecraft Zvezda 18 Adapting Soyuz for lunar missions 20 Spacecraft design changes 21 Crewing for circumlunar missions 22 The Zond missions 23 The end of the Soviet lunar programme 33 The lunar orbit module (7K-LOK) 33 viii Table of contents A change of direction 35 References 35 MISSION HARDWARE AND SUPPORT 39 Hardware and systems 39 Crew positions 40 The spacecraft 41 The Propulsion Module (PM) 41 The Descent Module (DM) 41 The Orbital Module (OM) 44 Pyrotechnic devices 45 Spacecraft sub-systems 46 Rendezvous, docking and transfer 47 Electrical power 53 Thermal control 54 Life support 54
    [Show full text]