Annual Report 2014 Contents

Contents 3. Introduction 5. Executive Summary 7. Education 9. - LL.M. International and European Law 11. Mission Statement - MSc. European Integration and Development 14. - E-learning and Postgraduate Programme 18. - Summer School European Policy Making 19. - PhDs 20. - Education Development Unit 25. “As a Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence Research 29. at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the IES - Externally funded projects 30. - Environment and Sustainable Development 32. aims to provide research, education - Migration, Diversity and Justice 34. - European Foreign and Security Policy 36. and academic services that are - European Economic Governance 38. Publications 41. focused on the European Union in an - Books and Articles 41. - Media Appearances 51. international setting and recognised - Policy Briefs 54. Academic Services 59. for their quality, multi-disciplinarity - EUIA Conference 59. and policy-relevance”. - Spring Lecture Series: Migration 61. - Autumn Lecture Series: Geostrategy 64. Structure and Management 75. Outreach 79. Academic Collaboration 81. Personnel Management 85. - Overview of personnel at the IES 85. - Gender and Diversity policy 88. Quality Assurance 91. Financial Report 95.

2 3 Contents A message from the President

“Plus est en vous” One of the oldest mottos of Flemish noblemen – the lords of Gruuthuse – may as well serve the much younger Institute for European Studies. Its entrepreneurial spirit and quality core of law and policy researchers led this year to an inimitable output of which, throughout my legacy as President, I/we can be very proud.

If the Institute has lanted seeds over the past years, then now is the time that we are harvesting. Since IES has invested in its research “middle management” by attracting extra postdoctoral researchers, more time has been spent on project proposals and finding non- governmental funding. These efforts are now paying off. In 2014, the Institute produced a quality output of PhDs, Master diplomas and publications, and realised turnover on externally funded projects that is higher ever before. The IES has become a much-solicited partner for individual researchers coming to Brussels and for research consortia worldwide and is now building on this success.

Obviously, that is not to say that we are satisfied, and that everything in the garden is rosy. More projects also mean more administrative follow-up, and more responsibilities ultimately means more work. A growing institute also faces growing contests to its unity and governance structures. As we previously successfully managed to transform the Institute from a small family business to a medium-sized enterprise, we are confi- dent to do so again and to convert it into a professional larger-scale organisation. This internal reorganisation should therefore ensure continuing success for the coming years.

Embedded in the spirit of critical thinking that distinguishes our university, the Institute is constantly ques- tioning itself to find better ways to work and to improve its overall quality. As with most companies, the challenge is not to grow, but to grow sustainably, and to see to it that the booked successes are not “one offs” but instead secure strong foundations for the future. Therefore, “Plus est en nous”, and we are determined to prove it.

Prof. Dr. Em. Bart De Schutter, President March 2015.

5 Introduction Executive Summary

The Institute for European Studies just started its 13th operational year. Whereas 13 is usually associated with bad luck, our Institute can, on the verge of its 13th birthday, look back at good fortune, albeit that this fortune was only possible through hard work and good investments. These investments - in quality researchers and postdoctoral staff – have come to fruition in 2014. The Institute awarded no less than six new PhDs in the course of the year, bringing the total number of awarded PhDs from 13 up to 19, while a total of 60 students obtained their advanced Masters diploma. The Institute also initi- ated three new PhD projects. Output-wise, IES researchers contributed to more than 90 scientific articles, of which 56 peer-reviewed.

With the organisation of the fourth edition of the EU in International Affairs Conference (EUIA) at the Royal Flemish Academy for Arts and Sciences, the Institute confirmed its position as a major academic player in the European field, attracting more than 300 top scholars from all over the world, as well as several high level European and international policy-makers and other stakeholders.

The Institute delivered further services to the wider Flemish and Eu- ropean community via the organisation of over 70 other events in the past year – most of which were open to the public. With nearly 50 media appearances in national and international press, IES researchers and staff saw to an ever increasing visibility of the institute, providing service to the wider community.

The Institute did not grow in quantity - its amount of employed FTEs hardly changed over the past year - yet it definitely grew in quality. Building on its four research clusters (EFSP, Environment & Sustainable Development, Migration Diversity & Justice, and European Economic Governance) and its Educational Development Unit, the Institute con- tributed to more than 45 academic research and/or teaching projects (of which more than 30 externally funded). This was also reflected at the income side of our accounts, as the Institute was able to obtain more than 45% of its funding from non- governmental sources (half of which stems from externally funded projects). Because of the volume of external funding, the Institute was able to close its accounts with a slight 2% surplus of € 73,875.

7 Executive Summary Education

Education is at the heart of IES strategy and plays out on a number of fronts. Formally, the Institute is re- quired to issue 50 diplomas per year for its two Master-after-Master Programmes (LL.M. International and European Law and MSc European Integration and Development), which IES has comfortably achieved since its inception. The IES also organises an annual Summer School on European Policy-Making (together with the University of Vienna and the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna), five online EU-Modules courses, a Post- graduate certificate in European Policy-Making as well as a number of other activities such as the “EU in Close-up”, a 3 day intensive seminar.

Highlights of the year

In the second semester of the academic year 2013-2014, the LL.M. students visited the EUCJ in Luxemburg. They also had the opportunity to meet LL.M. alumni, sharing their academic and professional experiences, over a career lunch at the IES. In March EuroMaster students and alumni attended the EuroMaster Spring Event “The UK and the Geopolitics of Europe” as well as other more informal activities.

A joint graduation ceremony was organised for IES advanced Master graduates. The ceremony featured a musical performance by an IES PhD researcher and a speech by an LL.M. alumnus.

During the first semester of the academic year 2014-15, students were invited to join the inaugural lecture given by Prof. Em. Faull, take a bus tour around Brussels, visit the European Commission, and skate away at the IES Ice Hockey Championship (bringing together IES students and alumni).

9 Teaching Portfolio Teaching Advanced Master Programmes LL.M. International and European Law

Vision and strategy Following the recommendations of the LL.M. audit of the NVAO of 2008 and the History of the LLM Programme Government audit of 2010, the LL.M. programme management started proce- The IES LL.M. in International and European Law aspires to be dures to reform its programme to include an element of choice for its students. a postgraduate LL.M. programme renowned for its outstanding The LL.M. programme now consists of two tracks (one public law option, and The LL.M. in International and European Law (internally referred to quality, international character, and a unique curriculum that one business law option), while the share of courses in the programme delivered by its historical name the “PILC Programme”) - was created in 1971 combines international and European law, on the one hand, and by IES researchers has increased (from one course in 2010 to two courses since as a postgraduate Programme in International and Comparative academic excellence, an independent humanist enquiring attitude 2011-12). Law. PILC is one of the oldest of its kind in Europe, and has over the and the latest practical insights, on the other. It thereby excels in preparing students for international legal career paths for a In order to increase the quality of student theses, a methodological course was years attracted over 1200 high quality graduate students of 107 sustainable global society. introduced in the MSc. Programme in 2011. A more considerable overhaul of the nationalities from all continents of the world. The PILC staff has programme is planned for 2015. The programme transposes the five key aspects of the VUB’s throughout its history consisted of academics and professionals vision on education: reasonably steadfast individuals, sustainable Tuition fees were increased from € 3.000 for both programmes in 2010 to € from diverse international backgrounds. Following the European humanist society, world citizens, independent inquiring attitude 5.150 for the LL.M. and € 3.770 for the MSc in the academic year 2014-2015. integration process, and taking advantage of its location in the heart and preparation for professional working life. These prices continue to be indexed. of the EU’s capital, the focus of the LL.M. has gradually shifted from To reach its vision, the strategy of the LL.M. is to pursue a seven- Over the past five years, the Institute was able to meet the benchmarks as international and comparative law to international and European law. pronged didactic concept that is closely aligned with that of the described in the government agreement, i.e. deliver – on average over the 5 VUB. years – 50 diplomas per year. In 2001, PILC was integrated into the then newly created Institute The LL.M.:

2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 for European Studies (IES). Indeed, the IES was originally set up to • offers a student-centric education: high interaction and contact between the students and the PILC (LL.M.) 31 31 31 25 consolidate the educational proficiency of PILC with a solid research professors and within the student group itself of maximum 40 students Euromaster (MSc.) 27 21 31 35 base in international and European law and policy. The strategic focus • offers a demanding, exclusive advanced master level curriculum, that builds on over 40 years of TOTAL 58 52 62 60 of the IES – the European Union in its international context – has experience and covers in a parallel fashion essential aspects of international and European law • is a part of a thriving, cutting edge research environment specialising in the areas of law taught provided an excellent fit with PILC’s evolution towards international Typically, the ± 100 students come annually from around 20 different coun- • has a highly dedicated staff of outstanding international standard with excellent and constantly tries. The success rate in both programmes differs: whereas more than 90% of and European law. The Programme’s contents were adjusted and its monitored didactic skills students succeed after studying one year in the LL.M. programme, only 60% of name changed to “LL.M. in International and European Law” in 2007. • attracts students of versatile international backgrounds and outstanding quality the full-time students in the MSc. Programme graduate after one year. This is • applies a competitive tuition fee policy where affordability for students meets the financial PILC retains its close ties with the Faculty of Law and Criminology largely due to the nature of the programme (evening programme, catering to sustainability of the Programme, and working students, who frequently take the MSc. as a part-time study) (RC) of the VUB. The PILC professors are part of either the RC Faculty • makes use of its extensive alumni network, state-of-the art facilities and educational tools, and (5) or the IES (10). The research output of the PILC professors thereby central location in the heart of the EU. links to the robust research base of the Faculty and the IES.

10 11 Teaching Portfolio Teaching Teaching • International and European protection of human rights (Gutwirth) • EU economic law (Joris) LL.M. International and European Law Excellence in • International economic law and organisations (Hoffmeister) teaching is a core • International and EU competition law (Smulders) part of the LL.M.’s • EU external relations (Martenczuk) Thesis vision: a highly dedicated staff The first semester also offers practical experience in the form of expert-led The thesis writing offers students a further element of choice: the wide expertise of all the supervising the of outstanding fieldtrips to the libraries of the EU and the VUB, and the major European Union LL.M. Professors allows for specialising in topics of international or European law, including topics not covered international institutions in Brussels (Commission, Council, the European Parliament). In by the Programme itself. standard is set up the EU Court of Justice in Luxembourg, the LL.M. has been hosted for over to offer student- 15 years, first by Judge Joliet and since by Vice-President Koen Lenaerts. Employability of PILC students centric education to a small group of maximum 40 students in an environment characterized by high interaction The optional courses on Business Law or Public Law allow students flexibility The PILC Alumni survey indicates that in 2008-2011 a third, and in 2011—2013 a half of the PILC graduates to specialize their international and European law learning paths along the have been employed in less than one month. Over the six-month period following the graduation, the rate of The programme’s distinctive, parallel focus on both international and track they find more suitable in light of their preferred career plans. Both becoming employed has increased from 66 % to 83 % in the same time-frames. Only 5 – 10 % of the surveyed European law is a common theme that cuts vertically across the entire options have three courses (12 credits). Flexibility in the learning path was alumni were dissatisfied with their current job. The Job Application Workshop and the PILC Job Market are curriculum. Horizontally, the 60 credits of the courses are divided into recommended in the previous VLUHR assessment of the LL.M. (see Supplement examples of new initiatives taken to address the issue in 2014. three groups: compulsory courses (30 credits), optional courses on either 8), and the Alumni survey data indicate that students are now very satisfied Business or Public law (12 credits) and the Master Thesis (18 credits). The with the choice available. Alumni Learning Outcomes, as well as the evaluation and teaching methods of each course, are made openly available in separate course content descriptions Public Law option Due to its long history, PILC can offer its graduates (“Opleidingsonderdeelfiches”) the privileged network of over 1200 PILC alumni, • International and EU Criminal Law (De Hert) many of them in very senior positions in EU The first three compulsory courses (15 credits) give a broad overview of the • EU Environmental Law in an International Context (Kalimo and Institutions, high-profile international law firms main topics of international and European law, and serve as an introduction Oberthür) and organizations in the public and private sector. or a refresher (depending on, and taking into account, the variance in the • Case Study in Public International/EU Public Law (Kalimo and Oberthür) Alumni activities such as the Alumni Career students’ background knowledge). In preparation for the thesis writing, and Lunches, have been undertaken to foster the to gain experience of teamwork in an international context, the students Business Law option network. The Alumni survey indicates that around write a research paper (Globalisation) in multinational groups of three to 40 % of the respondents have found the network four students. • International and EU Private law (Nuyts) useful so far during their professional careers. • International and EU Taxation (Van Thiel) • EU institutional framework and judicial protection (Devuyst and Arts) • Case Study on European Competition Law (Joris) Facts and Figures on Enrolment • International and comparative law (Franckx Smis) and Gosalbo) • Globalisation, international law and sustainable development (Van Thiel) The case study seminars provide the students with practical field experience Candidate students for the LL.M. programme submit their application by the end of February of the year in either in European competition law (Business Law option) or in EU and/or which they wish to commence their studies. The LL.M. Academic Board makes a selection of the applications These courses are accompanied by a block of five compulsory courses international decision-making (Public Law option). They conclude the teaching on the basis of academic background, academic letters of recommendation, motivation of the candidate and (15 credits), which deepen the knowledge and insights in key fields of in mid-May by drawing together and fine-tuning the students’ analytical and knowledge of the English language. international and European law. presentation skills in a real life simulation with the LL.M. alumni and other experts from law offices, EU institutions and corporations.

12 13 Teaching Portfolio Teaching In 2013-2014, there were 85 applications. Of these, 64 applicants were Accreditation originally selected. Finally, 33 students enrolled. Only students with a prior M.Sc. European Integration and Development education of ‘Master in law’ (previously: ‘licentiaat’) or an equivalent legal The LL.M. International and European Law, together with a number of diploma with a minimum of 240 ECTS were accepted. similar programmes in Flanders, was be audited by the Flemish educational authorities (“VLUHR”) on Monday 24 November 2014. Through these audits, Aims and objectives Graduates and Student Profiles which take place every seven years, the Flemish government is able to determine whether to accredit the Programme in question for the next 7-year The Master in European Integration and Development (‘EuroMaster’) is an advanced programme in the study In 2013-2014 six students (1 from 1975; 1 from 1976; 1 from 1978; 1 from period. The accreditation report is a detailed, publicly available description of of the European integration process organised by the Institute 1979; 2 from 1982); were born before 1983 – all the rest are between 22 the programme, including its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. for European Studies in collaboration with the VUB Faculty of and 30 years old. An important part of the accreditation visit is the writing of a “Self-evaluation economic, social & political sciences and Solvay Business School. Report”, which sums up the programme’s current status. The Committee also The EuroMaster is an interdisciplinary programme taught in English Of the 31 students, 25 students graduated from the programme. Five wanted to collect real insights into the Programme from those who actually geared towards an international range of young and mid-level students graduated with the grade greatest distinction, 9 with the grade study it, or have already completed it. The audit went very well. At the end professionals as well as advanced students from across the political of great distinction, 11 with the grade of distinction. Six students did not of the audit, the Committee gave its initial assessment of the programme, sciences. It provides students with advanced academic training graduate from the programme; all of these re-enrolled for the academic saying that if the Programme were to be summed up in one word, that would across a wide range of EU policies and concepts in order to gain year 2014-2015. be “Professional”. a thorough understanding of the process of European integration in both its economic and political dimensions. The Programme There were 78 students who applied for programme for the academic year operates as a ‘Master after Master’, requiring students to have 2014-2015. The LL.M. Academic Board originally selected 52 candidates. Of strong and consistent marks across a minimum of 4 years of study. these, 36 students enrolled (30 new students and 6 students from 2013- 2014). The group consisted of 29 female and 7 male students who came Mission Statement from 23 different countries. Four students were born before 1985 – all the “The post-war European integration process is the central focus rest are between 22 and 30 years old. Out of the 36 enrolled students, 11 of the EuroMaster. The Master’s overall orientation is to provide students with an advanced academic training originated from the EU and 12 from outside the EU (4 from Europe,1 from to gain a thorough understanding of the European integration process in its economic and social-political South-America, 1 from Central-America, 2 from North-America, 4 from Asia). dimensions. The specific focus on European integration is warranted because the European Union has an increasing impact on a wide variety of public and private actors within and beyond its borders. Given the EU’s influence on domestic and international contexts, an analytical and academic understanding of its functioning is much needed. The programme is particularly oriented towards providing an academic, theory- based understanding of the policies, the institutions and the socioeconomic processes in the European Union.”

Teaching

The EuroMaster teaching staff is a unique mixture of renowned EU scholars and top-level EU practitioners who together combine academic excellence with the latest practical insights on EU policy-making. The key to the EuroMaster is a concrete matching of conceptual and practical, theoretical and policy-based understandings of the EU. Drawn from across Eastern and Western Europe as well as North America, the Programme faculty is international indeed, giving students a great opportunity to experience a range of different academic traditions.

14 15 M.Sc. European Integration and Development M.Sc. European Integration and Development

The EuroMaster counts for 60 ECTS, with courses ranging from 3 to 6 ECTS, and a 15,000 word thesis of 15 ECTS. It offers a common core of courses on the essential features of European Integration. Students can choose “As a parliamentary between two specialisation streams: Political and Social Integration (EPSI) and Economic Integration (EI). The History of the Programme assistant at the Eu- programme can be taken in either a full-time (1 year) or part-time (2 years) format.

ropean Parliament, The Euromaster started in 2000-2001 as a post- Each stream shares 5 compulsory courses: graduate and advanced study programme, and was the programme • Institutional & Political Aspects of European Integration (6 ECTS) organised by the Faculty of Economic, Social and gave me broader Prof. Youri Devuyst Political Sciences (ESP). Its goal was to offer an • Theory of European Economic Integration (6 ECTS) understanding of advanced programme on the European Integration Prof. C. Buts • The Rule of Law in the EU (6 ECTS) process for students and practitioners with a Master’s the pros and cons Prof. Irina Tanasescu of the European In- degree in Human Sciences. To make the programme • Research Methods (3 ECTS) accessible for working students, lectures are held Prof. Manuela Alfé tegration and the • The EU and the Stakeholders of the Economy (6 ECTS) in the (early) evening. In-house faculty staff and Prof. Harri Kallimo Yoana Ilieva, Parliamentary Assistant, European Parliament complexity of the professional teachers with a thorough academic decision-making background and a clear practitioner’s perspective Specific courses for each stream taught in the programme. process. This theoretical knowledge helped me European Politics and Social Integration (EPSI) In 2004-2005, the Bachelor-Master reform initiated comprehend better the incentives for action the transformation of the programme to an advanced • EU Foreign Policy (6 ECTS) of the different institutional stakeholders. Prof. Luis Simon master’s programme. This transition resulted in • Cultures in Europe (6 ECTS) Studying in an international environment stricter admission requirements (i.e. higher language Prof. Anneke Geyzen test scores and a more rigid check of the student’s • Civil Society Representation and Diversity in the EU (6 ECTS) was a life-time experience which showed Prof. Alison Woodward prior knowledge and degree). me the practical dimension of the European At the end of 2007 the Euromaster was placed under European Economic Integration (EEI) motto “United in diversity” and revealed the the joint management of both the ES Faculty of the • European Monetary Policy (6 ECTS) Prof. Leo Van Hove opportunity to meet like-minded and creative VUB and the Institute for European Studies. Since • Competition Policy and State Aids (6 ECTS) free-thinkers.” 2011, the programme has been fully delegated to the Prof. Doris Hildebrand IES and integrated in its activities. • Regional Development (6 ECTS) Prof. Andrea Mairate

16 17 Teaching Portfolio Teaching M.Sc. European Integration and Development Summer School European Policy-Making

Master Thesis E-Learning and the IES Students also have to complete a Master Thesis (15 ECTS) on a topic of Postgraduate Programme on Euro- relevance within the EPSI or EEI framework. pean Policy Graduates and Student Profiles Stemming from its legal obligation to engage teaching on Following the examination sessions in January, June and August/September virtual platforms (Art. II.22 of the Codex Higher Eduction: 2014, a total of 35 students graduated from the programme. “De opdracht van het IES is het organiseren en verschaffen van postinitieel onderwijs, het verrichten van wetenschap- For the academic year 2014-2015, 52 new candidates were selected of pelijk onderzoek en het verstrekken van wetenschappelijke di- which 40 enrolled (20 females and 20 males), and 29 students re-enrolled enstverlening op het gebied van Europese studies, onder meer from previous academic years continuing their student trajectory. Out of door gebruik te maken van virtuele onderwijsplatformen.”) the 69 students, 51 came from within and 18 from outside the EU (16 from the Institute also invested in its online learning platform. non-EU countries, 15 from Asia, 1 from North America and 2 from Africa). In 2012/2013, the technical architecture of the e-learning Selection Process LL.M. and EuroMaster modules was renewed, and the modules migrated from the previously custom-made database to an open source plat- For both advanced master’s programmes, to attain the target number of 30-40 form (Chamillo). The Institute’s E-learning and Training clus- students new students, a Selection Committee chooses 50-60 students on the ter was transformed into an Educational Development Unit “Eighteen from fourteen countries, in and beyond the EU, gathered for an basis of e.g academic merits, motivation and (international) work experience. (EDU), fostering learning technology in the context of Euro- intensive two-week programme in Brussels in Vienna.” The Programme has always boasted a versatile, international selection of pean studies. Furthermore, the renewed of the EDU modules high-quality students from all around the world. The committee takes into were imbedded in a new Postgraduate Programme that has In July the IES organised, together the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna and the University of Vienna, the 11th edition account a balanced representation of geographic regions, including when been accredited by university. Accreditation for the modules of the Summer School on European Policy-making. Eighteen students from fourteen countries, in and beyond possible the legal advancement of developing countries. was one of the objectives in the 5-year planning. The pric- the EU, gathered for an intensive two-week programme in Brussels in Vienna, including lectures, visits to the EU ing structure was aligned with other IES programmes (i.e. institutions and the UN and two engaging simulation games whereby the students experienced the negotiations a fixed price per credit, which is the same for all IES pro- environment of the European Union. grammes). Evidently, the modules were further updated to reflect important political changes and new policies. With EU Jean Monnet funding, the IES is investigating whether it can further expand its portfolio. An additional module on European Foreign Policy is currently in the making. In 2014, the Institute welcomed the first 11 students in its postgradu- ate programme.

18 19 Teaching Portfolio Teaching PhDs PhDs

the last few years, the Principal-Agent (P-A) model, analyses the dynamics of delegation within the context of external policy making. The PhD thesis offers a critical approach to this particular theoretical model by In 2014, six new PhDs were awarded by IES-VUB. attempting to re-evaluate the relationship between the European Commission and the Council of Ministers, and going beyond the conception of an intergovernmental- supranational divide.

Public PhD defence Florian Rabitz: Power and institutional complexity: the role of the EU and the US in the global governance of genetic resources

On the afternoon of the 5 March the public defence of Florian Rabitz’s thesis ‘Power and Institutional Complexity took place at the IES. His thesis emerged from a FWO- financed project on the European and International governance of resources involving Prof Sebastian Obertür and Justyna Pozarowska and himself. He became interested in this topic in September 2009 and the dissertation went through a variety of transmutations before taking its final shape. The core argument he made drawing on foundational debates in 1970s and 80s regime theory was that the transition from isolated institutions to institutional complexes in a variety of issue areas of global governance did not Public PhD Defence Steffi Weil: The Role of Foreign Interest Groups in Public PhD Defence Ioannis Spyridakis: Delegation and Control. A critical diminish the capacity of powerful actors to significantly shape the rules of the international system. In the China’s Political Bargaining Process analysis of Principal-Agent theory in the context of EU external policy making near future, Florian will continue to work empirically on global environmental politics and intellectual property rights but somehow shifting the theoretical angle to multilateralism and the sources of interstate cooperation. On 24 January 2014 Steffi Weil successfully defended her doctoral thesis. On 13 February Ioannis Spyridakis publicly defended his PhD, which started Pending the resolution of some formalities, Florian will take up a position as visiting professor at the University Crowning her hard word, she was awarded a double PhD degree from the with a presentation where he highlighted the main argument of his thesis, of Sao Paolo in the coming weeks. For the time being, he is happy to spend some time reading books which are Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Goethe University Frankfurt. During the which can be summarised as follows: the EU has concluded over the last not in the slightest related to his dissertation as well as taking some language classes. course of her research in Brussels, Steffi was hosted at the IES. In her thesis, decades a variety of internationally binding agreements in diverse policy she convincingly demonstrated that Western interest groups in operating areas such as trade, environmental protection, transport or development Public PhD Defence Anna Katharina Stahl: Hic Sunt Dracones: Exploring the Uncharted Territory of EU- China have created membership- based organisations that form the basis cooperation. The EU’s two central institutions in this process have been China-Africa Trilateral Relations for their efforts to create a beneficial business environment. Just like lobby the Council of Ministers representing the Member States and the European groups in Western democratic-pluralist systems, they mobilise members Commission. In this relationship the practice of delegation, whereby Member On 4 April 2014, Anna Stahl successfully defended her to organise briefings, events and meetings with Western and to a lesser States surrender part of their autonomy to the supranational level, has become PhD thesis on trilateral relations between the European degree with Chinese policy-makers. Nevertheless, Western interest groups an indispensable element in the EU’s international treaty making practice. Union, China and Africa. Anna’s dissertation argues operate inside China’s political system, which could be one reason why they While the act of delegation is undoubtedly a crucial device for achieving that despite a constructive foreign policy response to refrain from confrontational lobbying techniques such as protests. In their the EU’s goals, it has frequently stirred heated debates about the wider China’s rise in Africa, the EU has only experienced a lobbying attempts Western interest groups prefer to target the often like- implications of a phenomenon in which the European Commission seems limited success in reaching out to its Chinese and African minded policy-makers from the US and the EU rather than Chinese to acquire authority in an ever-increasing number of policy domains. The partners. Her research therefore shows that the policy- makers. theoretical model that has become the dominant approach in EU studies over EU needs to adopt a new type of foreign policy, 20 21 Teaching Portfolio Teaching PhDs PhDs

based on a reciprocal exchange with China and Africa. Directive consultations) and one is rejected (2011 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade The research unfortunately identifies several flaws in the existing and forthcoming provisions, essentially due Apart from offering a new analytical framework for the study of EU foreign Agreement. At the level of the European Union, online copyright enforcement to the fact that their scope of application is too narrow, and because they are based on the overly simplistic policy, Anna’s use of three empirical case studies resulted in new empirical policies hardly change. At the level of certain member states however, strong assumption that online suppliers can verify the identity and location of their customers on a transaction basis, evidence on the emerging EU-China-Africa trilateral relations. The case studies enforcement policies are adopted. which is unrealistic in the context of online supplies in which reliable information is often lacking, and in draw on a rich body of evidence collected through fieldwork in Africa and which case by case verifications cannot be achieved on a real time basis. The research also concludes that the China, and more than 100 interviews with experts and policymakers from Public PhD defence Marie Lamensch: European value-added-tax in the current specific EU VAT provisions for electronically supplied services in some cases result in discrimination. different European institutions, the Chinese government, the African Union, digital era: a critical analysis and proposals for reform The research, therefore, also seeks to explore possible solutions and to make practical proposals on possible several African countries and the OECD. ways forward to remedy these flaws.

Public PhD Defence Trisha Meyer - Access and Control. The Political Public PhD Defence Gjovalin Macaj: Dysfunctional Endeavour: The Pursuit of EU Unity in the UN Human Economy of Online Copyright Enforcement in the European Union Rights Council

Successfully defended on 10 September 2014, Gjovalin Macaj’s thesis explores the pursuit of collective action among the constitutive members of the European Union (EU) in the United Nations Human Rights Council (henceforth the Council or the HRC), the UN’s prime organ in the field of human rights. It scrutinises the endeavour for collective EU action in function of its expected benefits for the EU’s influence in global governance and its codified commitment On 22 July 2014, Marie Lamensch successfully defended her PhD thesis. to advancing human rights globally. More In 1998, the OECD proposed a series of framework conditions for tackling specifically, the thesis explores the mechanism and the process by which EU member states and institutions the consumption tax (including VAT) treatment of online supplies, which mobilise to form, negotiate and build support for their collective initiatives and positions in relation to human is the outcome of discussions between tax authorities of OECD members rights standard-setting and protection activities of the HRC. The study finds that, contrary to received wisdom, and representatives of the business community. The EU implemented these the way in which EU states pursue and arrive at collective outcomes is dysfunctional and prevents them On 19 June 2014, Trisha Meyer publicly defended her PhD which investigates framework conditions in its harmonised VAT system by means of specific from reaping the expected benefits of collective EU action so as to advance their shared global human rights recent policy initiatives dealing with the online enforcement of copyright provisions for “electronically supplied services” that are effective since July agenda. Even though EU member states and institutions make relentless efforts to coordinate their actions at in the European Union. Trisha became interested in this topic due to the 2003. Substantial amendments to these provisions will enter into effect in multiple levels and across issues, they produce collective outcomes that are limited in scope and distorted in difficulty to enforce copyright on the Internet. While copyright seeks to January 2015. nature, marking a significant gap between the actual practice and expected benefits of collective EU action. protect creative content, the Internet. Trisha answers the research question: The objective of this research is to assess the practical feasibility of these how and why online copyright enforcement policies have developed in the provisions, as well as their compliance with the widely acknowledged OECD Gjovalin Macaj PhD’s has been short-listed by the Political Science Associations of the Netherlands (NKWP) European Union. Strong online copyright enforcement is heavily contested recommendations that they are meant to implement. In addition, the research and Belgium (VPW) for the best doctoral dissertation award for the year 2014. The final prize award will be in the European Union. Of the five policy initiatives analysed, two pass into also seeks to test these provisions against the “constitutional” principle announced on 11 June 2015. law (2009 French and 2010 UK graduated response laws), two result of non-discrimination that is embedded in international and European in stalemates (2008 Creative Content Online and 2010 E-Commerce economic law. 22 23 Teaching Portfolio Teaching Name Grad. Year Current position Education Development Unit Sevidzem Kingah 2008 Senior Research Fellow at United Nations University CRIS, Brugge

Koen Van den Bossche 2009 European Commission, DG MARE In 2014 researchers Alexandra Mihai and Silviu Piros continued to work full-time. Postdoc researcher Magdalena Karen Donders 2010 Postdoctoral researcher at IBBT-SMIT, Lecturer at VUB and coordinator strategic projects at VRT Sapala was on maternity leave between June and December.

Assisstant Professor in the School of International Relations, University of International Business and Hongyu Wang 2011 In 2014, the EDU activities continued to develop along four main tracks: Economics(SIR-UIBE), China

Anna Rudakowska 2011 Assistant Professor at the Department of Global Politics and Economics, Tamkang University, Taiwan 1. E-learning

Alexander Mattelaer 2011 Assistant-Director at Institute for European Studies, VUB After the 2013 migration to the new Chamilo platform, the EDU continues to deliver five accredited online EU Ben Van Rompuy 2011 Senior Researcher, Asser Institute, Netherlands Modules on: History and Theories of European Integration (3 ECTS); European Union Institutions (3 ECTS); EU Decision-making and Law (3 ECTS); European Union Policies (6 ECTS); European Union Information Sources Celine Francis 2011 Liaison Officer at European Federation of the Community of Sant’Egidio (5 ECTS). Interest in the modules has been steadily increasing. The EDU currently works with a cohort of about 30 students. The blended learning method proposed by the EDU combines the asynchronous aspects Sigrid Winkler 2011 Head, Austrian Cultural and Education Office, Shanghai, China of e-learning (self-taught modules) with interactive assignments and live webinars. Moreover, each student Katja Biedenkopf 2012 Assistant professor, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is assigned a tutor ready to guide him or her through the learning process.

Armelle Gouritin 2012 Research Fellow, law faculty, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico 2. Teaching and training

Hannelore Goeman 2012 Secretary of the sp.a fraction, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest In 2014, the EDU continued to develop and offer its various teaching programmes. In spring, the sixth edition Karim Hamza 2013 Cairo Governor Advisor, Egypt of the Semester Abroad for the students from Hendrix College was organised, including the EU REDUX course, the EU modules, one course of their choice from Vesalius College, an internship and a final paper on a EU Claire Dupont 2013 Postdoctoral Researcher, IES topic. In January the EDU also organized, like in the previous year, a crash course on EU institutions and Radostina Primova 2013 EU Affairs Consultant decision-making for Vesalius College exchange students. Researcher at the Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries, Cem Tintin 2013 Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC), Ankara, Turkey In July the EDU organised, together the Steffi Weil 2014 Assistant Professor at Vesalius College Diplomatic Academy in Vienna and the University of Vienna, the 11th edition of the Ioannis Spyridakis 2014 no information Summer School on European Policy-making. Florian Rabitz 2014 Researcher, Sao Paulo, Brasil Eighteen students from fourteen countries, in and beyond the EU, gathered for an Anna Stahl 2014 Research Fellow at EU-China Research Centre of the College of Europe, Brugge intensive two-weeks programme in Brussels in Vienna, including lectures, visits to the EU Trisha Meyer 2014 Postdoctoral Researcher IES institutions and the UN and two engaging Marie Lamensch 2014 Lecturer, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve / Postdoctoral Researcher IES simulation games whereby the students experienced the negotiations environment Gjovalin Macaj 2014 Assistant Professor, University of Oxford, UK of the European Union. In 2014, the EDU consolidated its Postgraduate 24 25 Teaching Portfolio Teaching Education Development Unit Education Development Unit

Certificate in European Policy-making (25 ECTS), bringing together the 3. External Projects 3.3. EUROENTREPRENEURSHIP EU modules and the Summer School by using the Blended Learning method. Ten students signed up and took part in the Summer School, followed by 3.1 JEAN MONNET PROJECTS In May 2014 the EDU started a new project in partnership with the National School for Political and the study of the online modules for a period of one year. Administrative Studies (SNSPA) in Bucharest (based on EU Structural Funds). The 18-month project, entitled In 2014 the EDU was involved in a number of three EU endorsed projects “Euro-Entrepreneurship – university qualifications for the Europeanization of the Romanian society”, involves On the training side, the EDU organised its signature intensive training through the Jean Monnet funding stream. For the Jean Monnet Module a series of training sessions for Romanian students and professors, to be carried out in Brussels. In autumn “EU in Close-up” in October. As in previous sessions, it brought together ‘Quo Vadis EU’ this was the third and final year of activities, delivering, like 2014 the EDU delivered three one-week training sessions for 36 Romanian professors, including lectures thirteen very motivated participants with a broad range of backgrounds in the previous years its course on EU Foreign Policy for the EuroMaster on the EU, workshops on pedagogical methods and study visits to the European institutions. Moreover, a and a keen professional interest in EU affairs. In order to better understand programme, with a number of additional outputs, such as webinars, study was conducted to identify the qualifications and competencies required from university graduates to EU policy-making, participants were given the option to choose from colloquia’s and an online module on teaching EU Foreign Policy. The Jean improve their access to the European job market. two panels that went into more depth explaining two policy areas: EU Monnet Chair ‘Springboard Brussels 2015’, continued in 2014 to deliver environmental policy and EU foreign policy. its series of lectures through the Hendrix study abroad programme, the JM 4. Research on integrating technology in teaching Chair Research Colloquium and the online life-long learning materials via The Educational Development Unit trained in June a delegation from the ‘EU Foreign Affairs’ Podcast series and ‘Diplomacy in Action’ webinar In 2014 Alexandra officially started her PhD research on the relation between technology and pedagogy in the Kazakhstan Customs on the main aspects of the European Union’s series. Finally, the EDU continued in 2014 to support the activities of teaching political science, in close connection to her work within the EDU. She organised a workshop on institutional setup and decision-making process, as well as the functioning the IES Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence including the Postgraduate challenges of researching educational design at the EDEN Research Workshop in Oxford in October and also and main features of the internal market. The participants` main interest Certificate programme and the Autumn Lecture Podcast Series ‘The Future presented about how (not) to teach politics with technology at Online Educa Berlin in December. Moreover, was to get accustomed with the key components of the EU integration of European Geostrategy’. together with Silviu, she offered a workshop on how to organise and moderate webinars at the first European process, in the wake of the newly established Eurasian Customs Union. The Conference on Teaching and Learning Politics, International Relations and European Studies in Maastricht, training was part of an extended study trip in Brussels and was financially 3.2. INOTLES/ TEMPUS organised jointly by UACES, ECPR, BISA and PSA. supported by the World Bank. In 2014, the EDU was very actively involved in the first two work packages In November the EDU organised a tailor-made training session for the of the “Innovating Teaching and Learning European Studies” (INOTLES) Agriculture Section of the United States Mission to the European project. After delivering a literature review on teaching European Studies, Union. The training, attended by 19 US diplomats, based in Brussels and the EDU assumed leadership for the work package focusing on teacher various EU capitals, offered a detailed insight into the functioning of the training. The training was delivered in a blended learning manner, starting main EU institutions, complemented by a lively discussion about the latest with a four-day kick-off event in Brussels in June, attended by 50 professors developments and how they could affect the EU-US relation. The main from the participating universities in Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, the focus was the link between the EU institutions and policy-making process Netherlands, UK and from the IES. The next stage consisted in an online and the current negotiation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment training, from July until December and included both asynchronous work, Partnership (TTIP). on three specially created modules on the EU modules platform, and synchronous sessions via Adobe Connect. The participants were split into three groups tackling three active learning methods: simulation games, Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and e-learning/ blended learning (led by the EDU).

26 27 Teaching Portfolio Teaching Research

The Strategic Plan 2011-2015 described a number of research objectives:

• Successful completion of at least 10 PhDs (i.e. an average of 2 per year) and launching of at least 12 PhD projects (of which at least 9 on own resources); In 2014, the IES initiated three new PhD projects, and was able to deliver 6 doctoral diplomas. • Strengthening IES involvement in national and international research networks; The IES contiued to build on its existing networks through the organisation of joint events (summer school, EUIA conference, ...) and was involved in numerous EU projects with different consortia. • Consolidation and strengthening of academic focus areas with thorough review of existing cluster struc- ture; Already in 2012, the IES restructured into four clusters and one Educational Development Unit. It con- tinued to strengthen these clusters throughout 2014 (e.g. by appointing a postdoctoral researcher in one cluster, while adding three PhD researchers in other clusters) • Implementation and further development of Guidelines for IES Academic Staff (including guidelines for PhD projects, cluster arrangements at the IES, benchmarking approach for postdoctoral staff); The guidelines were already finalised in 2012. Benchmark talks with research staff is done on an annual basis. • Consolidation/increase of external project funding (for research projects and scientific services); The Institute was able to attract over € 880,000 external funding, which is 30% more than last year. • Fostering cross-cluster collaboration and integration (e.g. by prioritisation of cross-cluster projects); The Institute fostered cross-cluster publishing and has several of its researchers invovled in cross-cluster projects.

Research Portfolio Research 29 List of Externally Funded Projects List of Externally Funded Projects

RESEARCH PROJECTS Feasibility study on using automated technologies to support policy-making Consultancy UCAM Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence EC tender (DG CNECT), 2014 University of Cambridge September 2013 - August 2016 Understanding the changing performance of the EU in International Envi- Jamal Shahin 2013 - 2014 Sebastian Oberthür ronmental and Climate Governance Tomas Wyns FWO Strategic analysis for optimising the role of ICT in EU policy delivery Jean Monnet Module: Summer School October 2012 - September 2016 EC tender (DG CNECT), 2013-2014 EU Governance of Renewable Energy post 2020 – July 2013 Sebastian Oberthür, Lisanne Groen, Florian Rabitz Jamal Shahin risks and options Anthony Antoine Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2014 Advise: Advanced Video Surveillance archives search Engine for security EU-GCC public diplomacy Tomas Wyns Jean Monnet Module: Quo Vadis EU? Foreign applications European External Action Service, 2012-2014 Policy Aspirations and obligations for the 21st EC FP7 Cordis, 2012 - 2015 Jamal Shahin Technical Development of the Online platform for Century Peter Burgess, Dariusz Kloza the global internet policy observatory (GIPO) EC Jean Monnet, 2011-2014 Economische Integratie van Migranten EC DG CNect, 2014-2018 Luis Simon eGovPoliNet: Building a global multidisciplinary digital governance and Koning Boudewijn Stichting, 2014 Jamal Shahin policy modelling research and practice community Ilke Adam Jean Monnet Chair: Springbroard Brussels 2015 EC FP7 Cordis, 2011 - 2014 TEACHING PROJECTS September 2012 - August 2015 Jamal Shahin Support for EU proposal UrbanSAFE (H2020) Sebastian Oberthür WRI ACT2015: Designing the 2015 Global Climate Change Agreement INNOVIRIS, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest, 2014 Study Abroad (semester) Programme DG CLIMA, 2013-2016 Jamal Shahin, Dariusz Kloza, Trisha Meyer Hendrix College Jean Monnet Module: EUIA Conference Sebastian Oberthür Anthony Antoine September 2013 - August 2014 The Low-carbon Industrial and Innovation Climate Policy Dialogues Alexander Mattelaer, Jamal Shahin SOURCE: Virtual Centre of Excellence for Research Support and CEPS, 2014 Summer School on EFSP Coordination on Societal Security Tomas Wyns University of California INOTLES: Innovating Teaching and Learning of EC FP7, 2014-2019 Luis Simon European Studies Christof Roos, Anthony Antoine, Olof Soebech De veranderende prestatie van de EU in het Internationale Milieu- en TEMPUS project Klimaatbeleid EU Environmental Law teaching module 2014-2016 KOM Climate Diplomacy Narratives (coordinated by Adelphi Consult FWO, 2012 - 2015 EC Jean Monnet Lifelong Learning Anthony Antoine, Alexandra Mihai, Silviu Piros GmbH) Sebastian Oberthür, Florian Rabitz, Justyna Pozarowska October 2011- September 2014 EC service contract (DG CLIMA), 2014-2015 Harri Kalimo, Sebastian Oberthür Euroentrepreneurship: university qualifications for Tomas Wyns Evaluating Democratic Governance in Europe the Europeanization of the Romanian Society (EDGE), VUB R&D Department MULTIDISC: Support Services for shaping the SNSPA Bucharest, through EU Structural Funds Foresight Services to support strategic programming within Horizon 2013-2016 “multidisciplinary” approach in the Digital Agenda 2014-2015 2020 (coordinated by RAND Europe) Sebastian Oberthür, Claire Dupont, Ferran Davesa, Serena D’Agostino for Europe-relevant sections of H2020 Anthony Antoine, Alexandra Mihai, Silviu Piros EC tender (DG CNECT), 2014 July 2013- October 2014 Jamal Shahin Etude sur les communautés belgo-marrocaine et belgo-turque Jamal Shahin ULB, 2014 Ilke Adam

30 Portfolio Research 31 Environment and Sustainable Development Environment and Sustainable Development

The Environment and Sustainable Development Cluster covers a wide range and innovation policy. Filip Sedefov also joined the cluster in October 2014 PROJECTS of topics with particular emphasis on climate change, energy, trade and to work on renewable energy law and policy. the environment, biodiversity and maritime and marine issues. In doing so, In 2014, the portfolio of externally funded projects in which members of the cluster were involved continued it analyses relevant developments in EU and international law and policy, Associate and visiting researchers that also contributed to the cluster in 2014 to grow. It included the following items: compares domestic law and policy and explores governance arrangements include: Dr. Katja Biedenkopf, Dr. Armelle Gouritin, Dr. Radostina Primova, and institutions. Dr. Thomas Sattich, Dr. Kristian Krieger, Dr. Koen Van Den Bossche, Dr. · The VUB Strategic Research Programme “Evaluating Democratic Governance in Europe” (EDGE) jointly Mihalis Kritikos, Johanna Kentala-Lehtonen and Arianna Katchadourian. executed with the politics department of the faculty of economics and social sciences. Claire Dupont is PERSONNEL a postdoctoral researcher working under the EDGE programme. PUBLICATIONS During the course of 2014, three senior researchers, Academic Director · A research project on “Understanding the Changing Performance of the European Union in International Sebastian Oberthür, post-doctoral researcher Claire Dupont and Senior Books: 1 Environmental and Climate Governance” funded by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO, 2012-2016) Research Fellow Harri Kalimo, one project researcher, Olof Soebech, and Articles in scientific journal with international peer review: 5 with two PhD researchers in 2014 (Florian Rabitz and Lisanne Groen) (supervisor: Sebastian Oberthür). nine pre-doctoral IES researchers contributed to the cluster. Chapters with international peer review: 7 Chapters without peer review: 1 · A research project on “Agreement on Climate Transformation 2015” (ACT 2015 - mid-2013-mid-2015) Two of the latter successfully concluded their PhDs during 2014: in February, All other publications aimed at the scientific community: 5 conducted by an international consortium led by the World Resources Institute (WRI, Washington, DC) Ioannis Spyridakis defended his PhD on Delegation and Control: a Critical Papers presented at conferences: 11 and funded by the European Commission (Sebastian Oberthür). Analysis of Principal-Agent Theory in the Context of EU External Policy Final project reports: 2 Making. Florian Rabitz followed suit with defending his thesis on Power · A research project on “Climate Diplomacy Narratives” towards a global climate agreement in 2015 (2014- and Institutional Complexity in March 2014. Florian subsequently took up a EVENTS 2015) conducted by a consortium including adelphi (Berlin, coordinator) and the Overseas Development research position in Brazil, while Ioannis moved to China. Justyna Pozarowska Institute (ODI, London) and funded by DG CLIMA of the European Commission (Sebastian Oberthür and continued to explore the management of genetic resources (access and The environment cluster organises a number of recurring and ad hoc events. Katja Biedenkopf). benefit sharing) at the international level and is scheduled to defend her The IES hosted six lunchtime Environmental Policy Forums on topical issues thesis early in 2015. Thuy Van Tran is also scheduled to submit his PhD thesis of European environmental politics and law in 2014. They attracted an · A small-scale project for the German Environment Ministry to develop innovative ideas for a global on EU policies in marine environmental protection shortly. Lisanne Groen audience of approximately 25-40 people, on average. Cluster members also climate agreement to be concluded in Paris at the end of 2015 (Sebastian Oberthür, completed in 2014). continued her research on the role of the EU in international environmental organised three webinars. governance (climate and biodiversity) in the context of an FWO-funded · A study on “EU Governance of Renewable Energy post 2020: Risks and Options” for the Heinrich-Böll- research project. Ernesto Roessing Neto, on a grant from the Brazilian TEACHING AND VISIBILITY Stiftung European Union (2014 – Tomas Wyns, Arianna Katchadourian, Sebastian Oberthür). Research Council, focuses on the legal aspects of reducing deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+), with a focus on Sebastian Oberthür and Harri Kalimo jointly give the courses “European · The Cost Action ‘Innovations in Climate Governance’ (INOGOV), a network of excellence including interactions between the international and national/regional levels. Max environmental law in an international context” and, together with Claire researchers from 24 European countries (since 2014 – Claire Dupont). Salomon Jansson, who is also linked to the European economic governance Dupont and Max Jansson, “Case Study on Public International/EU Law” as a cluster, analyses the reconciliation of economic and environmental values part of the IES’s master-after-master LL.M. programme in International and · A number of smaller applied research projects, including a study on “EU climate policy governance and in law with biofuels as a case study. Carlos Soria Rodriguez continued his European Law (“The LL.M.”). Harri’s course “EU and the Stakeholders of the equity” for the MAPS programme and Cape Town University, and advice to the ‘Green Growth Platform’ project focusing on the interface of EU and international (environmental) Economy” in the Euromaster, deals with environmental policies from the (Tomas Wyns). law in the use of renewable energy in European marine spaces. Tomas Wyns perspective of the internal market and interest representation. In addition, the joined the cluster as a project and doctoral researcher at the beginning cluster’s researchers lectured in other IES’ training and teaching programmes The cluster also continued the FP7 Project CORPUS in 2014 under the funding of Environmental Ministry of 2014. His research focuses on European and international climate and made a large number of public appearances as keynote speakers, panellists of Finland, as well as its active collaboration with Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental 32 policy, with a focus on the emissions trading system and industrial and conference participants. Studies on extended producer responsibility (Harri Kalimo and Ólöf Söebech). Research Portfolio Research 33 Migration, Diversity and Justice Migration, Diversity and Justice

The cluster’s main focus is on immigration, integration and diversity politics in a EVENTS International Political Science (IPSA) Conference in Montreal, the 8th European Conference in Gender Equality multi-level European setting. The policy area is of increasing political importance in Higher Education in Vienna, the Comparative Law discussion group at Cambridge University, the 14th Annual to European immigrant societies and receives great attention in the media and The cluster in co-operation International Centre for Migration Policy Conference of the European Society of Criminology, a workshop on International Criminal Justice at the University public discourse. The researchers in the cluster focus on diverse topics such Development (ICMPD) organised the Spring 2014 Lecture Series on the theme of Oslo, a seminar at the Centre for Migration and Law at Nijmegen University, a Conference on the transformation as immigrant integration and immigration policies, from the European to the “Migration and the Mediterranean”. Speakers included both academics from the of the state at University of Bremen, a workshop on crisis migration at University of Liège, and a conference on local level, EU external borders, return migration and diasporas, anti-racism Universities of Rotterdam, McGill, Paris and policy officers from the embassies policy diffusion in migration organized by the University of Leiden, and last but not least, the IES ‘European Union policies, intersectionality (the interrelationship between multiple forms of of Italy, Greece, Tunisia, UN and UN Habitat. Each lecture was opened with in International Affairs IV’ conference. discrimination), gender equality and European and international criminal law. an academic presentation and followed by a talk between policy officers, Ilke Adam co-supervised the cluster’s PhD Students: Mathijs van Dijk (with Sebastian Oberthür, IES), Malasree academics and the public. The series provided a very comprehensive overview Neepa Acharya (with Alison Woodward, promotor, senior associate to the cluster) and Serena D’Agostino (with PERSONNEL of current migration trends in the Mediterranean and how they are governed. Karen Celis, Political Science department). Outside the IES, Ilke Adam teaches an “Introduction to Political Science” (bilingual Bachelor’s degree in Politics) The cluster operated under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Ilke Adam. An additional Further, the cluster organised two Policy Fora: one on the implementation of at the Université libre de Bruxelles. post-doctoral researcher Prof. Dr. Christof Roos joined the cluster in March the EU Blue Card directive and the other on the involvement of the European 2014 and supports the cluster management. Richard Lewis (non-contractual Parliament in EU Immigration Policy. At the Policy Forum on the Blue Card, a PROJECTS Senior Research Fellow) provides advice from his background as a former Commission official (Lieven Brouwers) and two academics (Lucie Cerna and public servant at the European Commission. The cluster included six doctoral Christof Roos) shared their knowledge on decision-making and adoption of In 2014, Christof Roos, together with Olof Soebech, took the lead for the VUB part of the EU FP 7 Project on candidates (Neepa Acharya, Mathias Holvoet, Irene Wieczorek, Mathijs van the first EU labour migration directive. The event on the role of the European “Source – Creation of a virtual centre of excellence for societal security”. The task involves the development of Dijk, Auke Willems and Serena D’Agostino) as well as associate researchers. Parliament in immigration policy-making after the Lisbon Treaty was set up a news and media database in the area of societal security, education and training materials for professionals Prof. Dr. Alison Woodward (VUB political science department, and IES senior as a dialogue between an academic and policy officers of European party working in areas pertaining to societal security (security industry, police, policy makers, academics). associate researcher) is closely related to the cluster in terms of PhD supervision factions. After an introduction to the EP’s involvement in the policy area, given Ilke Adam worked on 3 externally funded research projects in 2014. A first research project was awarded funding and general advice. The cluster counts several associate researchers: Medlir by Ariadna Ripoll-Servent (University of Bamberg), policy officers talked about by the King Boudewijn Foundation and inquired into the multi-level governance mechanisms for immigrant Mema (George Washington University Fulbright Scholar), Dr Chantal Lacroix their parties’ different approaches to migration policy. How the policy positions integration and labour market policy in Belgium and other multinational and/or federal states (Canada, United (ICMPD) and Dr. Svitlana Kobzar (Vesalius College and associate analyst at can become EU legislation in co-decision with the Council and how different Kingdom, Spain and Germany). Ilke Adam and Mathijs Van Dijk jointly executed this project. The research report Rand Corporation). In 2014 the cluster also profited greatly from a number majorities and coalitions impact on policy output was discussed. A large crowd was submitted to the funding institution in July. of visiting researchers: Jenna Althoff (CEU Budapest), Martina Belmonte of interested public attended both events. The second research project is a joint project with Université Libre de Bruxelles (in particular the research groups (Universita di Milano), Lydia Malmedy (University of Potsdam), and Giacomo GERME and Diver-city) and also granted funding by the King Boudewijn Foundation. The study inquired into Orsini (University of Essex). In addition, Laura Westerveen from Groningen TEACHING AND VISIBILITY the integration patterns of two important immigrant communities in Belgium: the Belgo-Turcs and the Belgo- University supported the cluster as an intern. Moroccans, and did so by means of a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative research part. Ilke Adam All the members of the cluster have been involved in conference presentations was assisted by PhD researcher Mathijs van Dijk and Laura Westerveen (University Groningen) to execute this PUBLICATIONS and/or guest lectures in international and national venues as diverse as: the project. The objective of the study is to better understand the socio-economic profile of these groups and the Council for European Studies Conference, the Dutch-Flemish Political Science link between their socio-economic profile and their political attitudes, identity, patterns of political participation Books: 1 Conference, the Committee of the Regions, Europe for Public Policy Exchange, and religious practices. The quantitative research report was submitted to the funding institution in September, Articles in scientific journal with international peer review: 6 Aula Magna, ministerial cabinets of the Flemish and Brussels Region, the the qualitative report will be submitted in February 2015. Chapters with international peer review: 6 International Sociological Association World Conference, the American A third research project, (which Adam co-authored with Karen Celis (coordinator), Gily Coene, Eva Schandevyl Chapters with national peer review: 1 Anthropological Association Conference, a workshop of the High Level Working and Alison Woodward) is entitled ‘Gendering ethnicity and Ethnicizing Gender in Politics and Policy’. The research All other publications aimed at the scientific community: 1 on Diaspora of the World Bank in Washington DC, a Global Governance project was submitted under the RHEA banner, the VUB’s interdisciplinary research center for Gender Papers presented at conferences: 10 Programme Workshop at the European University Institute in Florence, the and Diversity. It is funded by the VUB Strategic Research Programme ‘Groeiers’ (Starters). Sarah Bracke (postdoc) and Heleen Huysentruyt (PhD candidate) were hired as researchers on the project. 34 Portfolio Research 35 European Foreign and Security Policy European Foreign and Security Policy

Researchers belonging to the European Foreign and Security Policy (EFSP) PUBLICATIONS Cluster members built strong ties with partner universities in South Korea. In the framework of the fourth cluster analyze the role of Europe as a global actor in the areas of foreign, EUIA conference organised by the IES they hosted the first Brussels-Seoul Security Forum (BSSF). In November security and defence policy. This includes the ongoing development of the Books: 2 the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies organised the second edition of the BSSF, at which Stephan Klose, EU’s institutional architecture, its evolving conflict prevention and crisis Articles in scientific journal with international peer review: 8 Alexander Mattelaer and Luis Simon all delivered presentations. Stephan and Luis also played a key supporting management capabilities – but also the EU’s strategic engagement with its Chapters with international peer review: 4 role in the organisation of the second EU-Korea Forum, for which they partnered with Yonsei University and international partners. Chapters with national peer review: 2 the Korea Foundation. Chapters without peer review: 2 PERSONNEL All other publications aimed at the scientific community: 14 Throughout the year, EFSP researchers presented their work at conferences organised by Carnegie Europe, Papers presented at conferences: 2 Chatham House, the Clingendael Institute, the Egmont Institute, the European Council on Foreign Relations, In 2014 the EFSP team consisted of two research professors (Alexander the Istituto Affari Internazionali, the US Army and Naval War Colleges; at events sponsored by the Belgian, Mattelaer and Luis Simon) and six doctoral researchers (Daniel Fiott, Stephan The EFSP cluster generated a considerable amount of research output. French and Norwegian Ministries of Defence; and at the universities of Amsterdam, Bologna, Cambridge, Klose, Gjovalin Macaj, Esther Marijnen, Antonios Nestoras and Anna Stahl). Daniel Fiott and Joachim Koops jointly edited the book The Responsibility Cardiff, Heidelberg, Maastricht and others. In addition, the cluster was supported by six associate researchers from within to Protect and the Third Pillar: Legitimacy and Operationalization (Palgrave and beyond the IES-VUB (Peter Burgess, Isabelle Ioannides, Joachim Koops, Macmillan). Joachim Koops and Gjovalin Macaj produced another edited TEACHING AND EDUCATIONAL SERVICES Giulia Tercovich, Dominik Tolksdorf and Steffi Weil). The cluster also hosted volume, The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor. The latter was published three visiting researchers (Andrew Byrne of the Financial Times, Hubertus in the ‘European Union in International Affairs’ book series institutionally Cluster members remained active in terms of teaching and educational services. In 2014 EFSP researchers Jürgenliemk from Cambridge and Katharina Meissner from the EUI). supported by the IES and published by Palgrave Macmillan. EFSP researchers lectured on various courses at the European Security and Defence College and the summer programmes also published a total of seven peer-reviewed articles, five book chapters organised for students from Hendrix College and the University of Southern California. Under the leadership of Three doctoral researchers completed their PhDs in the course of 2014. On and twelve policy papers. They translated their work into a large number of Prof. Dr. Luis Simon, they contributed guest lectures to the IES-VUB EuroMaster course on EU Foreign Policy. 24 January, Steffi Weil earned a double-degree PhD in collaboration with media appearances and other platforms aimed at reaching a wider audience. The cluster also supported the second edition of the ‘Executive Training Course in Global Risk Analysis and the Goethe University Frankfurt for her work on The Role of Foreign Interest Crisis Management’, organised in cooperation with Vesalius College and the Global Governance Institute led Groups in China’s Political Bargaining Process, focusing on the attempts of EVENTS by Prof. Dr. Joachim Koops. Western interest groups to lobby the Chinese government. Steffi subsequently started working as Assistant Professor and Head of China Relations at In 2014 the EFSP team organised a total of eight events as well as the IES PROJECTS Vesalius College. On 4 April Anna Katharina Stahl successfully defended Autumn Lecture Series. Noteworthy event highlights included the Future her dissertation Hic Sunt Dracones: Exploring the Uncharted Territory of Airpower Policy Forum starring the Dutch and Belgian air force chiefs, the In the spring of 2014, Prof. Dr. Alexander Mattelaer conducted an in-depth research project on the future of EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations, in which she examined China’s growing Europe-Japan and Asian Security conference featuring the Japanese national the Belgian armed forces. His findings, published as the IES Policy Brief 2014/04 ‘Strategic Insurance’, helped presence in Africa and the role of the EU in the emerging multipolar system. security policy director Takehiro Kano and the Wales Summit and the Future shape the public debate on Belgian defence to a considerable extent. Anna subsequently started working as a research fellow at the College of of NATO conference, at which the cluster welcomed British NATO Ambassador Europe in Bruges, but remained affiliated to the EFSP team as an associate. Adam Thompson and at which Professors Alexander Mattelaer and Luis From February to July 2014, doctoral researcher Daniel Fiott joined the European Union Institute for Security On 10 September, Gjovalin Macaj defended his thesis Dysfunctional Simon presented articles appearing in the prestigious RUSI Journal. Studies as an Associate Analyst. During this period he published several EUISS Policy Briefs and Alerts on defence Endeavour: The Pursuit of EU Unity in the UN Human Rights Council, in The Future of European Geostrategy Autumn Lecture Series sought to bring industrial themes. After being awarded a scholarship by the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Daniel resumed which he investigated collective action problems in multilateral fora. After alternative thinking to Europe’s role in the world. During ten evening sessions, his PhD work on the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base. completing his PhD at VUB, Gjovalin embarked on the DPhil International top-level speakers discussed the challenges various regions in the world posed Relations programme at St Antony’s College, Oxford University. for Europe. Speakers included distinguished diplomats such as Sir Robert Throughout the summer of 2014, doctoral researcher Esther Marijnen conducted field research in eastern Cooper, Alyson Bailes and Johan Swinnen as well as world-renowned scholars Congo. In her work she analysed the unintended consequences of European support to the Virunga National Park. like François Heisbourg, Judith Yaphe and Sir Hew Strachan. All lectures were 36 recorded and made available as video podcasts via the IES Youtube channel. Research Portfolio Research 37 European Economic Governance European Economic Governance

The ‘European Economic Governance’ cluster conducts research and both universities on the topic of EU’s IPR policy in developing country trade Law and Policy”. Both series had two sessions in 2014. The Policy Forums organised by the cluster were on the educational activities on issues related to European economic and democratic agreements. The cluster was thrilled to have Ólöf Söebech return to the IES. European Parliament elections (with Bialystok university) and on Multiple-disciplinarity in Policy Research. governance. The work covers public and private sector-related issues and She started as a researcher within the Source and Aviation Biofuels projects. combines on-line and off-line matters around three overlapping themes: The cluster also warmly welcomed two new doctoral researchers. After a TEACHING AND VISIBILITY fruitful internship at the IES, Klaudia Majcher successfully launched her PhD • The Digital Single Market focuses on intellectual property rights, project on the interrelationships between competition law and data protection The EEG Cluster teaches actively at the IES and is widely networked: Marie Lamensch gave lectures in tax law in online content, e-commerce, taxation as well as privacy and data policies. LL.M. Filip Sedefov, laureate from IES LL.M. programme, similarly the IES LL.M. programme and was appointed a Professor at the Université Catholique de Louvain. Trisha Meyer protection. helped the cluster as a diligent intern while gearing up for the start of his was appointed a professor at the Vesalius College of the VUB. Harri Kalimo gave his EuroMaster course EU and • E-Governance deals with Internet governance, e-administration, PhD on international economic law and renewable energy policies in 2015. the Stakeholders of the economy, and his courses on Public International law and Research methodology in e-democracy and stakeholder engagement. Dariusz Kloza is a PhD researcher from the VUB’s Law Faculty: his area of The LL.M.. His Guest lecturer position in Tampere university was turned into an Adjunct Professorship. Jamal • Value Balancing scrutinizes e.g. trade, competition, intellectual research is data protection and privacy. Visiting researchers in the cluster are Shahin teaches as a professor in University of Amsterdam, and has actively lectured in the IES’s EU in Close property rights and the budget in relation to non-economic fields currently Monika Kokštaitė, a PhD Candidate at IMT Lucca, Italy, on economic Up seminars. Jamal and Harri were doctoral opponents, chairmen and members in a number of PhD juries in and values such as environmental protection, media, culture and security policies as well as Marta Ottanelli, who works on competition law. Belgium and abroad. The cluster members actively participated in international academic conferences. regional policy. EEG (Senior) Associates include David Anderson (BLP LLP), Dr. Julia Glidden (21c Consultancy), Dr. Karim Hamza (Cairo Governor Advisor), Dr. Assimakis PROJECTS PERSONNEL Komninos (White & Case LLP), The LL.M. alumnus Byron Maniatis (Jones Day), IES PhD Cem Tintin (SESRIC, Ankara), IES PhD and VUB professor Ben • eCoherence a research exchange project between the IES and Turku University on the balancing of non- In 2014 the cluster consisted of twelve IES researchers, eight associates and Van Rompuy and Hui Jian Zhu (WTO). economic values in EU economic law, is funded by the Academy of Finland. It involves six IES researchers. two visiting researchers. Harri Kalimo, a Senior Research Fellow, worked in 2014 mainly with the Value Balancing and Digital Single Market themes, PUBLICATIONS • The cluster is also a member of FP7 project eGovPoliNet, which builds up an international research in particular within the EU and US internal markets, as well as EU and US community on ICT solutions for governance and policy modelling. environmental regulation. Post-doctoral researcher Jamal Shahin’s activities Articles in scientific journal with international peer review: 7 in the cluster principally focused on the E-Governance theme, including Chapters with international peer review: 4 • The cluster also continued work on the horizontal research project EUPERFORM, focusing on the role of public service governance, eGovernment, public participation, and global All other publications aimed at the scientific community: 1 the EU in the International Telecommunication Union. governance of telecommunications. Magdalena Sapala’s post-doctoral Papers presented at conferences: 5 research continued on the EU budget and cohesion policy. Marie Lamensch Final project reports: 3 • Under a DG CONNECT Framework contract, a strategy-building project on the role of ICT in Optimising successfully defended her PhD on the legal issues of value added taxation of EU policymaking processes was completed. e-commerce. She continued as an IES post-doc researcher within the Digital EVENTS Single Market and Value balancing themes, as did Trisha Meyer, who finished • Also for DG CONNECT the IES collaborated on a feasibility study on using automated technologies to her PhD on the interrelationship between copyright and Internet policies in The European Economic Governance cluster (co-)organised a number of support policy-making (GIPO). the context of the EU, France and the UK. Max Salomon Jansson entered the recurring and ad hoc events in 2014. The cluster co-organised a full-day third year of his work on the value balancing tests in EU and U.S. economic conference at the VUB on the theme of VAT and Digital Economy. Further, • Further, the cluster completed a study for the European Commission on “Shaping the ‘multiple disciplinary’ law in the context of renewable energy policies. Ferran Davesa continued two 3-day Expert Workshops took place on Social Acceptability of Smart approach in the Digital Agenda for Europe-relevant sections of H2020”. his exploration of the impact of Internet-based participation activities Surveillance in the Italian Alps (ADVICE Project) and on the Balancing of Values on European Union governance as a part of the “Evaluating Democratic in Economic Law in the Finnish archipelago (eCoherence Project). A further Governance in Europe” (EDGE) programme. Daniel Acquah is a workshop was organised at the IES on the New Cycle of the EU Cohesion part of the eCoherence research project that combines researchers Policy. Two mini-lecture series on competition-related themes started in 38 from the IES and Turku University. He is preparing a Joint PhD for 2014: “National Competition Law & Authorities” and “EU-China Competition Research Portfolio Research 39 Books

HOLVOET, Mathias DE HERT, Paul, VAN CAENEGHEM, Jozefien and WEIS, Karen. 2014. Handboek internationaal en Europees strafrecht, Antwerpen: Intersentia.

KOOPS, Joachim A. and MACAJ, Gjovalin (eds.). 2014. The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

NUYTS, Arnaud and HATZIMIHAIL, Nikitas E. 2014. Cross Border Class Actions: the European Way, Munich: Sellier European Law Publishers.

OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin (eds.). 2014. Global Governance of Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, Abingdon: Routledge.

SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. Geopolitical Change, Grand Strategy and European Security, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Articles in scientific journal with international peer review

FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Reducing the Environmental Bootprint? Competition and Regulation in the Greening of Europe’s Defense Sector, Organization & Environment, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 263-278.

GOURITIN, Armelle. 2014. Le droit à l’accès à l’information environnementale: valeur ajoutée pour la « consommation verte », European Journal of Consumer Law, 2014/1, pp. 95-120.

HADFIELD, Amelia and FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Relations with the Rest of the World: From Chaos to Consolidation?, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 52, No. S1 (Issue Supplement), pp. 170-185.

HOFFMEISTER, Frank and ALEXANDRU, Gabriela. 2014. A First Glimpse of Light on the Emerging Invisible EU Model BIT, The Journal of World Investment & Trade, Vol. 15, No. 3-4, pp. 379-401.

HOLVOET, Mathias. 2014. Harmonizing Exclusion under the Refugee Convention by Reference to the Evidentiary Standards of International Criminal Law, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 1039-1056.

HOLVOET, Mathias. 2014. La notion d’organisation dans la définition du crime contre l’humanité, Revue de Droit Pénal et de Criminologie, 2014, Dossier Spécial ‘Vingt ans de justice internationale pénale’, pp. 95-103.

IOANNIDES, Isabelle. 2014. “Inside-out and Outside-in: EU Security in the Neighbourhood”, The International Spectator, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 113-132.

JANSSON, Max and KALIMO, Harri. 2014. De minimis meets “market access”: Transformations in the substance – and the syntax – of EU free movement law?, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 523-558.

Publications 41 JANSSON, Max and KALIMO, Harri. 2014. On a Common Road Towards TINTIN, Cem. 2014. Does the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis Still Work? KOUTRAKOS, Panos and SKORDAS, Achilles (eds.), The Law and Practice of Piracy at Sea, Oxford: Hart Publishing, Sustainable Biofuels? EU and U.S. Approach to Regulating Biofuels, Pittsburgh Evidence from OECD Countries, International Journal of Sustainable Economy, pp. 81-166. Journal of Environmental and Public Health Law, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 106-159. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-18. KOOPS, Joachim A. and MACAJ, Gjovalin. 2014. The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, in Koops, Joachim KALIMO, Harri and STAAL, Tim. 2014. Softness in International Instruments TINTIN, Cem. 2014. Civil Society in OIC Member Countries: Challenges and and Macaj Gjovalin (eds.) The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-15. – the Case of Transnational Corporations, Syracuse Journal of International Opportunities, Economic Cooperation and Development Review, Vol. 7, No. Law and Commerce, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 257-334. 1, pp. 42-56. LAMENSCH, Marie. 2014. Introducing a Harmonised Financial Transaction Tax in the EU: A failure in 2012, two steps ahead in 2013, and one step backward in 2014”, in VAN THIEL, S. (ed.), Policies for a sustainable tax KLOZA, Dariusz and MOSCIBRODA, Anna. 2014. Making the case for enhanced TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. Incoherent Peacebuilding: The European Union’s future - Tackling base erosion and profit shifting - Recent developments in VAT and the financial transactions enforcement cooperation between data protection authorities: insights from Support for the Police Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2002-8, International tax, CFE Forum Reports on European Taxation – 6, Brussels: Confédération Fiscale Européenne, pp. 167-182. competition law, International Data Privacy Law, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 120-138. Peacekeeping, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 56-73. MATTELAER, Alexander and MARIJNEN, Esther. 2014. EU peacekeeping in Africa; Towards an indirect approach, KLOZA, Dariusz. 2014. Privacy Impact Assessments as a Means to Achieve WILLEMS, Auke. 2014. The UN Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal in TARDY, Thierry and WYSS, Marco (eds.), Peacekeeping in Africa, the evolving security architecture, London: the Objectives of Procedural Justice, Jusletter IT, Tagungsband IRIS 2014, Aid in Criminal Justice Systems- A Step Toward Global Assurance of Legal Routledge, pp. 54-72. Vol. 6, No. 1. Aid?, New Criminal Law Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 184-219. OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and POŻAROWSKA, Justyna. 2014. The Impact of the Nagoya Protocol on the Evolving LEWIS, Richard. 2014. Key provisions and implications of the new legislation WILLEMS, Auke. 2014. The European Court of Human Rights on the UN Institutional Complex of ABS Governance, in OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin (eds.), Global on forced marriage within migrant communities in the United Kingdom, Individual Counter-Terrorist Sanctions Regime: Safeguarding Convention Governance of Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, Abingdon: Routledge, Migration Policy Practice, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 17-21. Rights and Harmonising Conflicting Norms in Nada v. Switzerland, Nordic pp. 178–195. Journal of International Law, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 39-60. MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. Preparing NATO for the Next Defence-Planning OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and RABITZ Florian. 2014. The Role of the European Union in the Nagoya Protocol Cycle, RUSI Journal, Vol. 159, No. 3, pp. 30-35. Negotiations: Self-interested Bridge Building, in OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin (eds.), Global Chapters with international peer review Governance of Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, Abingdon: Routledge, OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and RABITZ, Florian. 2014. On the Performance and pp. 79-95. Leadership of the European Union in Global Environmental Governance: ADAM, Ilke and JACOBS, Dirk. 2014. Divided on Immigration, Two Models for The Case of Nagoya Protocol, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21, Integration. The Multi-Level Governance of Immigration and Integration in OBERTHUR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin. 2014. Conclusions: An Assessment of Global Governance No. 1, pp. 39-57. Belgium, in HEPBURN, Eve and ZAPATA-BARRERO, Ricard (eds.), The Politics of Genetic Resources after the Nagoya Protocol, in OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin (eds.), of Immigration in Multi-Level States: Governance and Political Parties, Global Governance of Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, Abingdon: OBERTHÜR, Sebastian. 2014. Options for a Compliance Mechanism in a 2015 Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 65-86. Routledge, pp. 231-250. Climate Agreement, Climate Law, Vol. 4, No. 1-2, pp. 30-49. ARTS, D. and BOURGEOIS, K. 2014. Some Reflections on the Effect on Trade OBERTHUR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin. 2014. Global Governance of Genetic Resources: Background ROOS, Christof and ZAUN, Natascha. 2014. Norms Matter! The Role of Concept Contained in Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, in ARTS, Dirk, DEVROE, and Analytical Framework, in OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin (eds.), Global Governance of International Norms in EU Policies on Asylum and Immigration, European Wouter, FOQUÉ, René, MARCHAND, Karel and VEROUGSTRAETE, Ivan (eds.), Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 1-17. Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 45-68. Mundi et Europae Civis – Liber Amicorum Jacques Steenbergen, Brussels: Larcier, pp. 331-346. ORSINI, Amandine, OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and POZAROWSKA, Justyna. 2014. Transparency in the Governance of SIMÓN, Luis and FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Europe after the U.S. Pivot, Orbis, Vol. Access and Benefit Sharing from Genetic Resources, in GUPTA, Aarti and MASON, Michael (eds.), Transparency 58, No. 3, 2014, pp. 413-428. FAURE, Michael, GOURITIN, Armelle. 2014. Environmental protection: a in Global Environmental Governance: Critical Perspectives, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 157-180. complete blurring between environmental criminal law and environmental SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. ‘Back to Basics’ and ‘Out of Area’ Towards a Multi-Purpose administrative law, in WEYEMBERGH, Anne (ed.), Do labels still matter? ROESSING NETO, Ernesto. 2014. Georges Scelle, in DAL RI JR., Arno, DE ALCANTARA VELOSO, Paulo Potiara, NATO, RUSI Journal, Vol. 159, No. 3, pp. 14-19. Blurring boundaries between administrative and criminal law, Brussels: LIMA, Lucas Carlos (eds.), A Formação da Ciência do Direito Internacional, Ijuí, Brazil: Unijuí, pp. 361-386. Presses de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, pp. 109-136. SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. Assessing NATO’s Eastern European “Flank”, TINTIN, Cem. 2014. Role of Productivity and Competitiveness in Wealth Creation, in ALPAY, Savas (ed.), OIC Parameters, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 67-79. GOSALBO BONO, Ricardo and BOELAERT, Sonja. 2014. The European Union’s Economic Outlook 2014, Ankara: Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Comprehensive Approach to Combating Piracy at Sea: Legal Aspects, in Islamic Countries, pp. 55-61. 42 Publications 43 TINTIN, Cem. 2014. Completion and Progression in Education, in ALPAY, Savas Willems, Auke. 2014. ‘Commentaar bij Artikel 40 en 42/44 EVRM’, in SDU FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Autonomy without Autarky: An EU ‘Roadmap’ for Security of Supply, EUISS Policy Alert, (ed.), Education and Scientific Development in OIC Countries 2014, Ankara: Commentaar EVRM, Deel 2, Procedurele Rechten, Den Haag: SDU Uitgevers, No. 43. Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic pp. 270-278 and pp. 315-318. Countries, pp. 26-29. FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Britain’s Place in an EU-wide Security of Supply Regime, RUSI Defence Systems, (24 October 2014). TINTIN, Cem. 2014. Agriculture Sector: Resources and Potential, in ALPAY, Chapters without peer review Savas (ed.), Agriculture and Food Security in OIC Member Countries 2014, FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. ‘The EU as a Global Security Actor: A Comprehensive Analysis beyond CFSP and JHA’ by C. Ankara: Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Defence R&D in Europe, in MISSIROLI, Antonio (ed.), Kaunert and K. Zwolski, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 52, No. 52, No. 2, pp. 437-438. Islamic Countries, pp. 1-13. 2014 Yearbook of European Security, Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, pp. 113-118. JANSSON, Max, Book review, Climate Change and International Trade, Rafael Leal-Arcas, CCLR, 2/2014. VINK, Maarten, BONJOUR, Saskia and ADAM, Ilke. 2014. European Integration, Consensus Politics and Family Migration Policy in Belgium and MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. Who is in Charge? Natural Friction in the CSDP MATTELAER, Alexander & SEVERS, Eline. 2014. A Crisis of Democratic Legimacy? It’s all about Legitimation, the Netherlands, in VOLLAARD, Hans, BEYERS, Jan and DUMONT, Patrick, Decision-Making Process, in REHRL, Jochen (ed.), Handbook for Decision- Stupid! Brussels: Egmont Institute (European Policy Brief No. 21). European Integration and Consensus Politics in the Low Countries, London: Makers: The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union, Routledge, pp. 193-212. Vienna: Federal Ministry of Defence, pp. 48-51. MORGAN, Jennifer, DAGNET, Yamide, HÖHNE, Niklas, OBERTHÜR, Sebastian & LI, Lina.2014. Race to the Top: Driving Ambition in the Post-2020 International Climate Agreement, Working Paper. Washington, DC: Agreement WALLBOTT, Linda, WOLFF, Franziska and POŻAROWSKA, Justyna. 2014. The SORIA RODRÍGUEZ, Carlos. 2014. Acidificacion Oceanica y Derecho for Climate Transformation 2015 (ACT 2015). Negotiations of the Nagoya Protocol: Issues, Coalitions and Process, in Internacional: Obstaculos y Alternativas Regulatorias, in IUSTE RUIZ, Jose OBERTHÜR, Sebastian and ROSENDAL, G. Kristin (eds.), Global Governance and BOU FRANCH, Valentin (eds.), Derecho del mar y sostenibilidad ambiental OBERTHÜR, Sebastian. 2014. Options for a Compliance Mechanism in a 2015 Climate Agreement, Working of Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, en el Mediterraneo, Valencia: Tirant Lo Blanch, pp. 389-402. Paper. Washington, DC: Agreement for Climate Transformation 2015 (ACT 2015). Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 33–59. All other publications aimed at the scientific ROOS, Christof. 2014. Crisis and Migration. Implications of the Eurozone crisis for Perceptions, Politics, and WOODWARD, Alison E. and VAN DER VLEUTEN, Anna. 2014. The EU and Policies of Migration. BEVELANDER, Pieter Bo and PETERSSON Bo (Eds.), Nordic Academic Press, pp. 321- 323. gender norms, in VAN DER VLEUTEN, Anna, VAN EERDERWIJK, Annouka and community ROGGEMAN, Conny, Mapping gender norm dynamics. Gender, regions and SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. NATO and the Security of the ‘Eastern Flank’: A European Perspective, RUSI Newsbrief, Vol. norms, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 67-93. BODLE, Ralph, OBERTHÜR, Sebastian, DONAT, Lena, HOMANN, Gesa, SINA, 34, No. 6 (November 2014), pp. 5-7. Stephan, TEDSEN, Elizabeth, ‘Options and Proposals for the International WOODWARD, Alison E. 2014. Gender in European politics, in MAGONE, Governance of Geoengineering’, Climate Change 14/2014 (German Federal SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. The Ukraine Crisis, NATO’s Wales Summit and the Future of CSDP, Lettre IRSEM 8 Dossier José M., Routledge Handbook of European Politics, London: Routledge, pp. Environment Agency) (available for download:http://www.umweltbundesamt. stratégique (December 2014), pp. 7-8. 844-857. de/publikationen/options-proposals-for-the-international-governance). SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. “España después de Europa”: la proyección marítima como elemento de la renovación Chapters with national peer review FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. A New Approach to EU Defence Procurement, E!Sharp. estratégica española, Estrategia Exterior Española 14/2014, Real Instituto Elcano.

SEVERS, Eline and MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. A Crisis of Democratic FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. An Industrious European Council on Defence?, Egmont TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. The EU, Russia and the Eastern Partnership: What Dynamics under the New German Legitimacy? It’s about Legitimation, Stupid!, in LEPOIVRE, Marc and VERHELST, Security Policy Brief, No. 53. Government?, Paris: Institut français des relations internationals. Stijn (eds.), The European Elections: What is at stake for the citizen? An analysis of the EU’s legitimacy and policy challenges, Gent: Academia Press, FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. One Size to Fit All? Setting Standards for European TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. The Constitutional Process in Ukraine: Issues in Play, Washington: United States pp. 25-37. Defence, EUISS Policy Brief, No. 13. Institute of Peace.

TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. Le Partenariat Oriental de l’Union Européenne: FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. No TTIP-ing point for European defence?, EUISS Policy WYNS, Tomas. 2014. We zijn de klimaatcrisis misschien aan het oplossen, maar beseffen het nog niet, Oikos Après la Crise Ukrainienne, in DE MONTBRIAL, Thierry and MOREAU Alert, No. 19. 68 1/2014, p. 43-56. DEFARGES, Philippe (eds.), Rapport Annuel Mondial sur le Système économique et les stratégies (RAMSES) 2015: Le défi des émergents, FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. The Three Effects of Dual-Use: Firms, Capabilities and Paris: Dunod, pp. 222-227. Governance, EUISS Policy Brief, No. 21. 44 Publications 45 Papers presented at conferences DUPONT, Claire. 2014. EU external gas relations: climate, energy, rights and Methodological and Theoretical Perspectives in International Criminal Justice, 24-25 April 2014, University freedom”. Paper presented at the Earth System Governance conference, of Oslo. Norwich, UK, July 2014. AACHARYA, Malasree Neepa. 2014. Key Issues and Challenges of a Mobilized HOLVOET, Mathias & MEMA, Medlir. 2014. Assessing EU’s 2011 Action Plan for achieving universality and full Diaspora—Measuring the Impacts of Global Circulation of Returning Diaspora FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. European Defence-Industrial Policy: The Role of the implementation of the Rome Statute of the ICC, The European Union in International Affairs IV Conference, Members to the Global South, paper presented at the KNOMAD Expert European Commission and the European Defence Agency, paper presented at 22-24 May 2014. Working Group on Mobilizing Diaspora Resources, Eschborn. the 4th European Union in International Affairs, Conference of the IES-VUB, UNU-CRIS, Egmont Institute and IEE, 23 May 2014. HOLVOET, Mathias. 2014. Disentangling the Intricate Relationship between International Human Rights Law and ACHARYA, Malasree Neepa. 2014. Go Home’ and ‘Come Back’: Subverting the Law of Crimes against Humanity, ‘Justice and Dignity under Challenge’, 8th Annual Graduate Conference, Migration Policy Dualisms in the UK, paper presented at the 113th Annual FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. The International Role of the European Parliament’s 5-6 June 2014, University College Cork. American Anthropological Association Meeting, Washington, D.C., USA, 6 Political Groups and Trans-European Parties, paper presented at the Annual December 2014. Spring Conference of the Swedish Network for European Studies in Political HOLVOET, Mathias. 2014. What’s in a Name? Policing the Realm of International Criminal Justice Through the Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 7 April 2014. Judicial Interpretation of the State or Organizational Policy Requirement within the Definition of Crimes against DAVESA, Ferran & SHAHIN, Jamal. 2014. Evaluating the use of digital tools Humanity, paper presented at ACCA Conference, 23 May 2014, Ghent University. by political parties for the European Parliament election campaign 2014, GROEN, Lisanne. 2014. The European Union’s effectiveness as a negotiator in paper presented at the EDGE/SNES Conference on Elections and Democracy the Convention on Biological Diversity over time – measuring and explaining, HOLVOET, Mathias & MEMA, Medlir. 2014. Assessing EU’s 2011 Action Plan on the Rome Statute of the ICC, in Europe, Brussels. paper presented at the UACES 44th Annual Conference, 1-3 September 2014, 7th Pan-European Conference on the European Union, The Hague, 5-7 June 2014. Cork, Ireland. DAVESA, Ferran. 2014. The impact of ICTs on EU governance. How can the JANSSON, Max Salomon. 2014. Austria’s Plan to Ban the Import of Nuclear Power: What is the Status of democratic deficit benefit from online-based participation?, paper presented GROEN, Lisanne. 2014. The European Union’s effectiveness as a negotiator in PPM’s under EU Law? Presentation at Energy Transitions Conference, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, at the 5th Graduate Student Conference of the ECPR, Innsbruck. the Convention on Biological Diversity over time – measuring and explaining, 4 March 2014. paper presented at the UACES 44th Annual Conference, 1-3 September 2014, D’AGOSTINO, Serena. 2014. Enhancing the categorization of intersectional Cork, Ireland. JANSSON, Max, Salomon. 2014. Biofuels Sustainability Criteria and Public Procurement, Conference Paper, equality policies: the case of Roma women in Central & Eastern European Annual Colloquium of the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law, Tarragona, July 2014. Member States, paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Glasgow, GROEN, Lisanne & OBERTHÜR, Sebastian. 2014. EU Performance in 3-6 September 2014. International Institutions: Towards a More Comprehensive Assessment of MEYER, Trisha. 2014. Access and Control. The Political Economy of Online Copyright Enforcement in the European Effectiveness, paper presented at the EU in International Affairs IV Conference, Union, paper presented at the GigaNet Symposium, Istanbul, September 2014. D’AGOSTINO, Serena. 2014. Mapping intersectional equality policies in Central 22-24 May 2014, Brussels, Belgium. & Eastern European Member States: the case of Roma women, paper presented SORIA RODRÍGUEZ, Carlos. 2014. ‘La Directiva sobre planeamiento marítimo, su proyección ambiental en los at the Conference on Romani Studies of the Gypsy Lore Society, Bratislava, HAMZA, K. (2014). Impact of Social Movements and Social Media on espacios marinos de la UE y su incidencia sobre las renovables oceánicas’, IV Spanish-Portuguese Meeting of 11-13 September 2014. Governance Stability in Times of Turbulence-An analysis of the Arab Spring Public International Law and International Relations Professors - ‘Environmental Security and International in Egypt. International Conference on Theory and Practice of E-Governance. Order’, Universidad de Sevilla (Spain), 20-21 June 2014. DUPONT, Claire.2014. Long-term objectives and short-term inadequacies in Guimaries, Portugal. EU climate and energy policies”. Paper presented at the International Studies SORIA RODRÍGUEZ, Carlos. 2014. ‘Marine Renewable Energy Sources and Environmental Protection under the Association Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada, March 2014. \ HAMZA, K. (2014). State Stability a Governance Analysis Framework for Marine Strategy Framework Directive’, 12th IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Colloquium 2014 - ‘Energy Arab Spring Countries. International Conference on Theory and Practice of for a Fair Society on a Safe Planet’, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain), 30 June - 5 July 2014. DUPONT, Claire. 2014. Geopolitics of decarbonisation: EU decarbonisation E-Governance. Guimaries, Portugal. ambitions and relations with the Caspian Sea Region”. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada, HOLVOET, Mathias. 2014. The Policy Requirement within the Definition March 2014. Final Project Reports of Crimes against Humanity, Lecture, 24 February 2014, Institute for International Peace and Security Law, University of Cologne. CAVE, Jonathan (RAND Europe), JOYCE, Colum (c360), SHAHIN, Jamal, CAVE, Benjamin (21c) & SCHINDLER, DUPONT, Claire. 2014. EU external natural gas relations: bringing climate Rebecca (RAND Europe).2014. Putting the IC into ‘Policy’: Strategic analysis for optimising the role of ICT in change into relations with the Caspian”. Paper presented at the EU HOLVOET, Mathias. 2014. Crimes Committed By Or Despite the State: A EU policy delivery, Report Number: SMART 2013/0021, Brussels: European Commission, May 2014. in International Affairs conference, Brussels, Belgium, May 2014. Theoretical Appraisal of the Law of Crimes Against Humanity, Workshop on 46 Publications 47 OSIMO, David (Open Evidence), SMITH, Fabrizio (Open Evidence), VERONA, FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. The CSDP is Dead, Long Live the CSDP?, European Geostrategy. Marcello (Open Evidence), SZKUTA, Katarzyna (Open Evidence), SHAHIN, DE HERT Paul, KLOZA Dariusz. 2014. Corporate transparency is crucial, but it Jamal & MEYER, Trisha. 2014. Feasibility study on using automated tech- must also become far more meaningful. The PrivacySurgeon. FIOTT, Daniel, MATTELAER Alexander & SIMON, Luis. 2014. European defence after Crimea, British Influence, nologies to support policy-making, SMART 2013/0024, Brussels: European 9 July 2014. Commission, July 2014. FIOTT, Daniel, MATTELAER Alexander. 2014. Interview with General Sir Richard Shirreff , 25 January 2014, European Geostrategy. FIOTT, D. 2014. Kissinger on World Order, ISN Zurich Security Watch, (3 Oct). SHAHIN Jamal, MEYER Trisha, KLOZA Dariusz & BIEDENKOPF Katja.2014. Building bridges, breaking barriers. The smart approach to distance between FIOTT, Daniel, MATTELAER Alexander & SIMON, Luis. 2014. European defence FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. The EIB could help meet some of the Challenges facing Europe’s Struggling Defence Industry, disciplines in research projects. SMART 2013/0025, Brussels: European after Crimea, British Influence, 9 July 2014. LSE EUROPP Blog, (10 July). Commission. FIOTT, Daniel & MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. Interview with General Sir GROEN, Lisanne. 2014. “Klimaatvoorstel Europese Commissie schiet tekort met het oog op aankomende WYNS, Tomas. 2014. Governance and Equity in EU Climate Policy, IES paper Richard Shirreff, European Geostrategy. klimaattop in Parijs”, opinion piece on website Clingendael, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, 02/2014. 28 February 2014. [online] FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Arms and Affluence, European Geostrategy, (18 January). WYNS, Tomas, Khatchadourian, Arianna & Oberthür, Sebastian. 2014. EU MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. Belgium’s F-16 replacement: a response, European Geostrategy. Governance of Renewable Energy post-2020 – risks and options, Report for FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. Interview with MEP Michael Gahler, European Geostrategy. the Heinrich Böll-Stiftung European Union. MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. European foreign policy post-MH17, European Geostrategy. FIOTT, Daniel. 2014. The Bildt-Sikorski Effect, European Geostrategy, (12 October) [Re-published by British Influence and ISN Zürich]. MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. Framework nations: a German answer to a European problem? European Blog Posts/online commentary Geostrategy.

MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. Interview with Stephan Keukeleire and Tom Delreux, European Geostrategy, 21 May 2014 OBERTHÜR, Sebastian. 2014. What’s the Best Way to Enforce an International Climate Agreement?, Responding to Climate Change (RTCC), 27 November 2014.

ROGERS, James & SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. After Crimea: ‘hold’ the east, plough the ocean, Standpoint 2, European Geostrategy.

ROGERS, James & SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. The Baltic states: an affirmation of the West, European Geostrategy.

SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. A post-European world? American-Russian relations in perspective, European Geostrategy, 20 April 2014.

SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. Europeans reach out to Asia: the role of Japan, European Geostrategy.

SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. From maritime security to European seapower, European Geostrategy.

SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. Interview with Takehiro Kano, European Geostrategy.

SIMÓN, Luis. 2014. Interview with Zack Cooper, European Geostrategy, 2 May 2014.

48 Publications 49 Op-Eds Media Appearances in 2014 GROEN, Lisanne. 2014. Ban Ki-moon New York Climate Summit - Comments on VRT Radio Nieuws - 23 September 2014 (8:00h and 22:00h news). 1. Claire Dupont : Over apokalyptische kadering en korte termijn-politici. Een gesprek met Claire Dupont. 7 January 2014 in: ARGUS Actueel GROEN, Lisanne. 2014. “Klimaatvoorstel Europese Commissie schiet tekort met het oog op aankomende klimaattop in Parijs”, opinion piece on website 2. Alexander Mattelaer : Onmacht EU drijft Fransen naar VS Clingendael, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, 28 February 12 February 2014 in: De Standaard 2014. 3. Tomas Wyns : EU i klimaskvis MATTELAER, Alexander, 2014. “Klein leger, groot risico”, De Standaard, 29 14 February 2014 in: Ukeavisen Ledelse April 2014 4. Tomas Wyns : EU Leaders Said to Delay Decision on 2030 Carbon Target MATTELAER, Alexander. 2014. “Welk leger voor een dag van morgen?”, De 17 February 2014 in: Bloomberg Redactie, 4 September 2014 5. Thomas Sattich : European energy and industrial policy must be ‘realigned’ ROESSING NETO, Ernesto. 2014. Emissions from aviation: How to move 19 February 2014 in: Policy Review forward? Outreach [online], 10 December, COP 20 -Day 10. 6. Tomas Wyns : EU Energy and Industry Sector Need Competitive Edge ROESSING NETO, Ernesto. 2014. Roessing Neto, E. (2014) Carbon-based forest 28 February 2014 in: Energia conservation and REDD+: What is happening out of the UNFCCC? Outreach [online], 5 December, CO 20 - Day 5. 7. Lisanne Groen : Klimaatvoorstel Europese Commissie schiet tekort met het oog op aankomende klimaattop in Parijs TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. A Time of Opportunities”, LILA Foundation 28 February 2014 in: Clingendael Interactions. 8. Sebastian Oberthür : Wie Europa den illegalen Holzhandel beschneidet TOLKSDORF, Dominik & GIENGER, Viola & TAYLOR, William B.. 2014. “To Hold 12 March 2014 in: Arte TV Ukraine Together, it Needs to Pull Together”, CNN Global Public Square, 28 March 2014. 9. Daniel Fiott : Waarom Europa niet meer zonder de ruimte kan 13 March 2014 in: Erasmix TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. “EU Association Agreement Opens New Discussion on Membership Prospect for Ukraine”, Huffington Post, 25 March 2014. 10. Tomas Wyns : Energy Post in partnership with Shell-Putting innovation at the heart of 2030 TOLKSDORF, Dominik. 2014. “What the Association Agreement Means for 17 March 2014 in: Energy Post Ukraine’s Reform Agenda”, Euractiv.com, 24 March 2014. 11. Malasree Neepa Acharya : De Grote Obama Show: Reactie van het Publiek 27 March 2014 in: De Morgen

12. Alexander Mattelaer : NATO foreign ministers contemplate a return to collective defence 31 March 2014 in: Radio France Internationale

13. Esther Marijnen : Interview EU-Africa summit and Paul Kagame Publications 50 2 April 2014 in: TV Brussel 51 14. Luis Simon : EU Mission to Central African Republic to deploy within 27. Alexander Mattelaer : Dit is geen ver van ons bedshow 37. Anthony Antoine : Roundtable “The Ukraininan Conflict” with John Mearsheimer, Robert English and Molly days 16 August 2014 in: De Tijd O’Neil, moderated by Maria Armoudian on “The Scholars Circle” 3 April 2014 in: Financial Times 08 November 2014 on KPFK Los Angeles 28. Alexander Mattelaer : Defensie wil 575 miljoen euro extra 15. Alexander Mattelaer : Paul Kagame de dictator die zijn land uit de chaos 27 August 2014 in: De Redactie 38. Alexander Mattelaer : Verslikt federale regering zich in besparingen bij defensie? heeft gehaald 13 November 2014 in: De Redactie 8 April 2014 in: Nieuwsblad 39. Alexander Mattelaer : Onbetrouwbaar België werkt NAVO op de heupen 16. Ilke Adam : Recordaantal asielzokers in 2014: Waarom leggen we geen 14 November 2014 in: De Morgen ferry in? 23 April 2014 in: Knack 40. Alexander Mattelaer : Leger besnuffelt privatiseringspiste: “Wie zo diep moet snijden, moet harde keuzes maken” 17. Ilke Adam : BKO/RAB | Cahier - Interact # 5 | Cultuurbeleid in Brussel: 14 November 2014 in: De Morgen een caleidoscoop 23 April 2014 in: Brussels Kunstenoverleg 41. Alexander Mattelaer : “België heeft te dure transportvliegtuigen besteld” 14 November 2014 in: De Redactie 18. Anna Katharina Stahl : Interview with Xinhua News Agency on Premier Li Keqiang’s visit to Africa 29. Alexander Mattelaer : Als Oekraïne NAVO-lid mag worden, zijn we dan 42. Alexander Mattelaer : Leger is meer dan bommen droppen 8 May 2014 in: Xinhua News Agency volgende week in oorlog met Rusland? 20 November 2014 in: De Standaard 29 August 2014 in: De Morgen 19. Luis Simon : The Future of the European Union 43. Sebastian Oberthür : What’s the best way to enforce an international climate agreement? 9 May 2014 in: Financial Times 30. Alexander Mattelaer : Welke rol voor de navo en met welk geld? 27 November 2014 in: RTCC - Responding to Climate Change 30 August 2014 in: De Standaard 20. Anna Katharina Stahl : EU Needs Fresh Approach in Africa 44. Ilke Adam : La Flandre souhaite durcir l’accès à sa citoyenneté 9 May 2014 in: China Daily 31. Luis Simon : Luis Simon interviewed by the the Chinese People’s Daily 2 December 2014 in: La Libre Belgique on the Wales Summit and the Future of NATO 21. Luis Simon : EU’s response to Ukraine crisis highlights limits to power 11 September 2014 in: People’s Daily 45. Sebastian Oberthür : Major New Plan Outlines a New Approach to Unlocking Global Climate Action 10 May 2014 in: Financial Times 2 December 2014 in: Click Green 32. Anna Katharina Stahl : EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations: A New Trend 22. Ilke Adam : Wanneer nemen we racisme ernstig? in International Relations 46. Tomas Wyns : Hernieuwbare energie: wanneer de grote doorbraak? 21 June 2014 in: De Standaard 16 September 2014 in: E-International Relations 6 December 2014 in: Radio1

23. Julia Glidden : U.S., U.K. slip in global e-government rankings 33. Lisanne Groen : Lisanne Groen on the UN Climate Summit in New York 47. Lisanne Groen : Witte rook op klimaatconferentie Lima 26 June 2014 in: Fedscoop 23 September 2014 in: Radio Een 14 December 2014 in: De Redactie

24. Alexander Mattelaer : Toestand van Belgisch leger is alarmerend: ‘We 34. Daniel Fiott : Judy Asks: Is TTIP Really a Strategic Issue? zullen onvermijdelijk moeten investeren’ 8 October 2014 in: Carnegie Europe 16 July 2014 in: Knack 35. Daniel Fiott : The Juncker Commission and EU Foreign Policy 25. Alexander Mattelaer : Als de beer klauwt 21 October 2014 in: RTV Slovenia (from 21’45”) 23 July 2014 in: De Morgen 36. Alexander Mattelaer : Het Oekraïense conflict in 10 kantelmomenten 26. Alexander Mattelaer : Meer defensie of blijft het bij pr? 27 October 2014 in: Knack 31 July 2014 in: NRC Handelsblad 52 Publications 53 2. EU Climate and Energy Policy: Hope for More and Better Climate Policy Integration? Policy Briefs by Claire Dupont

With discussions on-going in the EU on the climate and energy policy framework to 2030, it is timely to assess the reality of climate policy integration into EU energy policy. Such an analysis can lead to lessons for the legislative process for the 2030 package, and even for policies in other sectors and beyond 2030. Climate change is a complex, crosscutting, long-term and global problem. Policymakers acknowledge that integrating climate policy objectives into the elaboration and agreement of measures in other sectors represents one method for striving towards coherent policies that respond adequately to the climate change problem. This policy brief presents the results and policy recommendations from the project “climate policy integration into EU energy policy”.

3. European Energy and Industrial Policy Realigned: Risk or Opportunity for EU Eco-Innovation Strate- gy? by Thomas Sattich

Europe’s eco-innovation strategy fuses industrial, energy and environmental policy together in a concept for sustainable economic growth in the 21st century. The latest debate about high energy prices and their impact on energy-intensive industry shows, however, that the emphasis among the three policies has 1. EU Performance in the International Climate Negotiations in 2013: shifted over the years. Some adjustments are therefore necessary in order to reduce evolving inconsis- Scope for Improvement tencies. This Policy Brief describes the different dimensions of the EU’s industrial policy, and assesses the by Sebastian Oberthuer & Lisanne Groen IES Policy Briefs, launched in 2012, are timely, concise and options available to policy-makers to increase the competitiveness of energy-intensive sectors without compromising the eco-innovation and sustainability agenda. If several key principles of the European policy-relevant. They are geared towards policy-makers and The European Union (EU) has long been an important player and even sustainability agenda remain unchanged, strategic development is possible. other interested public. They are available to download on our a leader in the international cooperation on climate change. In 2013, preparations for a new global climate agreement in 2015 moved centre website. Hard copies are provided at IES events and on request. 4. Strategic Insurance: The Future of the Belgian Armed Forces stage in the international negotiations. This policy brief assesses the by Alexander Mattelaer We also distribute Policy Briefs to our networks including the EU’s performance in 2013 culminating in the Warsaw conference in relevant Committees of the Flemish Parliament. November 2013. We find that the EU was actively engaged in the nego- Belgium is on the cusp of its next defence reform. While the security landscape throughout Europe’s tiations and pursued partially ambitious/progressive policy objectives, neighbourhood and beyond deteriorates, the armed forces face numerous challenges. Most importantly, which it was partly successful in realising. The policy brief argues that the next defence plan needs to recalibrate the force structure in function of political ambitions and bud- international EU leadership for a 2015 agreement requires (1) build- getary realities. This Policy Brief argues that Belgium must embrace a nimble but broad-spectrum force. ing an international leadership alliance including the EU and other Any future structure must encompass agile land forces as well as a modern combat air force, without progressive countries and (2) serious homework by the EU to advance neglecting the need to safeguard a sizeable navy and invest in cyber capabilities. European cooperation domestic climate mitigation efforts both by 2020 and 2030, and to should be pursued wherever possible while recognising that this necessitates budgetary convergence. For enhance its position on climate finance. Belgium this means the investment budget needs to grow significantly in order to acquire interoperable but self-owned assets. Such a choice can be justified on the recognition that defence is not just about ex- peditionary operations, but also economic stimulus, intergenerational solidarity and strategic insurance: maintaining the ability to respond to whatever the future may bring.

54 Publications 55 5. Financing European Defence: Time to Call the European Investment bility and sufficient access to credit. When taken together in a search tober in several European cities, has emphasized the centrality of an active civil society in pursuing a Bank? for strategic policy coordination, these actions offer the possibility to successful integration of the Roma in Europe. The ‘Award for Roma Integration’ and the ‘Civil Society by Daniel Fiott dramatically improve global food security. Prize 2014’ conferred last October by the European Union (EU) to Roma and pro-Roma Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have confirmed this approach. Nonetheless, a general discontent towards the EU Financing research and development programmes have never been 8. Paris Climate Agreement 2015 – EU needs to ensure ‘signal’ and Roma Integration Policies exists within the Roma Civil Society, who calls for stronger support to and the more expensive in Europe. Defence budgets are on the wane, interna- ‘direction’ promotion of “Roma- led change”. This Policy Brief investigates the reasons behind such discontent and tional competition is fierce and high-end technologies are increasingly by Sebastian Oberthür & Tomas Wyns identifies the ‘distance’ from Roma communities as the Achilles heel of EU policies. It argues for further expensive. Europe’s defence-industrial base is under significant strain, efforts by the EU to empower Roma organisations operating at the grassroots through community capac- and options are needed to fund elements of a sector that is still cru- Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change are ex- ity building, structured dialogue and simplification of the funding mechanisms. cial to Europe’s security and industry. This Policy Brief argues that the pected to agree on a new international climate agreement applicable European Investment Bank could play a much greater role in Europe’s to all countries from 2020 at the Paris climate summit in December 11. Regulatory Gaps in the Global Governance of Synthetic Biology defence sector. As a public-private institution the Bank could serve as 2015. This Policy Brief investigates the possible role of the Europe- by Florian Rabitz a life-line to defence R&D, dual-use projects and support for SMEs, an Union (EU) towards the 2015 Paris climate agreement. It argues especially where regional clusters are involved. for renewed efforts by the EU at coalition building with progressive Synthetic biology is an emerging technology with potentially far-reaching benefits and risks. As a developing countries, leadership by example and a more prominent, cross-cutting issue, different aspects of synthetic biology fall within the scope of different international 6. Options for Increasing Europe’s Security Role on the Korean Penin- complementary role of individual EU member states. It also argues for agreements. Contemporary biosafety and biosecurity frameworks are characterized by important regula- sula a Paris agreement that provides a strong “signal” and “direction”, and tory gaps which policy makers need to address to minimize risks that may arise in the future both from by Mason Richey & Ohn Daewon discusses what this may entail. commercial use and weaponization. In some cases, this may require formal treaty amendments, whereas others can possibly be resolved at lower levels, for instance through interpretive statements of treaties’ Mainstream thinking about the role of the European Union in East Asia 9. EU Foreign Policy Between the Revolution and the Status Quo decision-making bodies. usually rests on non-traditional security threats such as human and by Sven Biscop environmental security. In contrast, and within the context of the con- tinuing instability on the Korean peninsula, this Policy Brief looks at When a new High Representative takes office, an opportunity presents the potential for EU-Republic of Korea cooperation on hard security itself to take a look at existing EU external policies and assess wheth- matters. This Policy Brief surmises that there is much room for cooper- er these are still sufficient to safeguard Europe’s interests in light of ation that chimes with the objectives of the European Security Strategy recent events. New strategic priorities have to be defined where nec- and its Implementation Report. The Policy Brief concludes that the EU essary, not on each and every topic of foreign policy, but on those big and Member States will need to balance desirability and ambition if issues that European nations can only deal with collectively, through coherent and effective EU-ROK cooperation is to emerge. the EU. How to pursue these strategic priorities is an equally important question. Looking for the right balance between a far-reaching reform 7. Governing Global Food Security agenda and a status quo policy, both of which can be detrimental to its by Tomas Garcia Azcarate interests, the EU can opt for pragmatic idealism as the new strategic concept for its foreign policy. Food security remains a critical issue for the international communi- ty. Although significant and positive steps have been taken towards 10. The Missing Piece: Empowerment of Roma Grassroots Organisations worldwide food governance in recent years, this Policy Brief argues that in EU Roma Integration Policies more can and should be done in the coming years. Additional actions Serena D’Agostino that policy-makers could consider range from enhancing understand- ing between different actors and improving the engagement of civil The fourth edition of Roma Pride has brought Roma civic activism back society to the extension of capacity-building efforts, regulatory sta- in the spotlight. This Roma-rights mobilization, taking place every Oc-

56 Publications www.ies.be/publications/policybriefs 57 2 Lecture Series, 3 conferences, 14 Colloquiums, 16 Policy Forums, Academic Services 71 events Europe in A World of Disorder: The EUIA 2014

Once upon a time, one could say that as Europe goes, so goes the world. Now the reverse may hold true. The growing instability in the world is putting the notion of a united Europe under stress. This is also true of its preference for a multilateral system of global governance. The United Nations’ activities in maintaining

THE EUROPEAN UNION IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IV

global peace and security and promoting human rights and development are heavily affected by the fallout of the financial crisis. As European nations are running out of money, they find themselves confronted with an increasingly tumultuous world that is closing in upon them. How can they cope with such an epic challenge?

From 22 to 24 May 2014 scholars from around the world travelled to Brussels to ponder such ques- tions while attending the fourth edition of the European Union in International Affairs conference 59 Academic Services strategic advantages. “In a new Cold War, the victors would be the same”, de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). This support proved he said. instrumental in attracting top-level speakers from all over the world, keeping registration fees to a minimum and enabling participants from developing countries to attend the event (through the award of ‘solidarity #EUIA14 featured no less than thirty-nine academic panels spread across grants’). It also allowed for investment in technological solutions for reaching out to a broader online audi- five parallel tracks, as well as four policy link panels providing a forum ence, through a live twitter feed and a series of video podcasts. for exchange between policy practitioners and senior academics.These aca- demic panels built on an open call for papers disseminated in July 2013. The #EUIA14 steering committee – consisting of national as well as inter- Spring Lecture Series 2014 national experts of great renown – reviewed over 300 abstract submissions, of which 201 were initially accepted. Eventually 148 scholars presented Migration in the Mediterranean their papers in one of the academic panels, which typically consisted of four speakers plus a chair and a discussant. Popular themes included Eu- Opening Lecture: The EU and Mediterranean Migration rope’s relations with its Eastern neighbours, the coherence of Europe’s dip- 10 March 2014 lomatic representation overseas and the emerging challenges in what is being dubbed ‘the Asian century’. Other academic panels focused on specific Migration and mobility in the Mediterranean region themes such as the external dimensions of justice and home affairs, the is a topic that is as complex as it is tragic. Thousands (#EUIA14). Organised by the Institute for European Studies of the Vrije Uni- regulation of European defence industries and the need to create a new of migrants and asylum seekers have embarked versiteit Brussel (IES-VUB), the Institut d’Etudes Européennes at the Uni- European narrative. on very dangerous sea crossings, at great risk to versité Libre de Bruxelles (IEE-ULB), the United Nations University Institute their lives. Human rights concerns arise regarding on Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS) and Egmont – the Three days of stimulating debate laid the ground for a number of tangible international protection of, and assistance to, people Royal Institute for International Relations, this biennial event constitutes outputs and outreach initiatives. Investing in a broadband wireless net- rescued at sea. Recent tragedies have shown all the the single major stopover of the conference circuit at the Academy Palace work allowed conference participants to tweet conference highlights and more that migration in the Mediterranean remains in the European capital. Bringing together close to 300 international stud- communicate their impressions to the wider world. All conference tweets a pressing policy issue. The International Centre for ies scholars and policy practitioners from over 40 countries, it constitutes using hastag #EUIA14 were displayed on a large tweetwall during coffee Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), in association with the Institute for European Studies (IES), were to a premium venue for debating the role of the EU in the turbulent realm of and lunch breaks so that participants could get a sense of what was go- present their Lecture Series on Migration in the Mediterranean. international affairs. ing on in parallel conference tracks. Video podcasts were produced of the keynote speeches and the first policy link panels. These were disseminated With four sessions, the lecture series did not set out to cover each of a myriad of policy and political questions. The conference programme offered a blend of keynote speeches, policy link via the conference websites and the organisers’ twitter accounts so that Instead, the series led to discussions between policy-makers and academics. Prof. Godfried Engbersen, Professor panels and academic panels in which both senior and junior scholars could key speeches reached a large audience and were accessible for retrospec- of Sociology and Research Director of the Sociology Department, Erasmus University and Mr. Spyridon Voulgaris, present their latest work. In his opening keynote speech UN Under-Secre- tive viewing. Counsellor, Head of Unit of Justice and Home Affairs, Permanent Representation of Greece to the EU reflected tary General David Malone cautioned against thinking the global crisis that on respectively the state of the arts of research as well as policy-making, most recently at the EU level with the erupted in 2008 is over. He argued that its knock-on effects on multilateral On the basis of all policy link panels every organising institute produced creation of a Task Force Mediterranean (TFM). The speakers shared their expertise on the raw data of migration institutions such as the UN and the EU are only beginning! In turn, Euro- a short policy brief summarising the key recommendations the discussion patterns and the politics of external cooperation between the EU and countries in North Africa. pean Commissioner Karel De Gucht stressed that the EU’s trade policy must generated. In addition, the Egmont Institute will devote a special issue of its seek to maximise the benefits of globalisation. As trade negotiations are journal Studia Diplomatica – the Brussels Journal of International Relations Lecture Series on Migration in the Mediterranean: La mobilité dans la région méditerranéenne // Mobility closely intertwined with geopolitics, the EU cannot avoid pursuing a politi- to the #EUIA14 conference theme. The latter is scheduled to appear in print in the Mediterranean Region cal approach. A transatlantic trade and investment link would strengthen in the course of 2015. 17 March 2014 the position and leverage of the EU in international relations. Energy se- curity constitutes a case in point: at a time when relations with The #EUIA14 conference was financially supported by the European Com- In order to address the long-term challenges posed by the recent migration crisis in North Africa, eastern partners are in doubt, transatlantic cooperation may yield mission’s Jean Monnet Programme, the Brussels Capital Region, the Fonds the EU has proposed to enhance cooperation with the Southern Mediterranean region through the 60 61 Academic Services establishment of a Dialogue for Migration, Mobility and Security followed in particular. IES Autumn Lecture Series 2014 by future Mobility Partnerships. Mobility has thus become a key feature in EU-Southern Mediterranean relations. However, is there such a thing as Dr. Mohamed El Sioufi, Coordinator, Housing and Slum Upgrading Branch The Future of European Geostrategy “Mediterranean mobility”? And to what extent is this approach suitable for and Coordinator, Global Housing Strategy at UN-HABITAT, unpacked those managing common migration concerns on both side of the Mediterranean rising humanitarian needs through the often overlooked angle of urbanism Europe, Geopolitics and Strategy Sea? and the capacity of localities in the Mediterranean region to absorb those Professor Sir Hew Strachan, 10 December 2014 fleeing violence – from Syria especially.

Sir Hew Strachan argued that the future of Lecture Series on Migration in the Mediterranean: Irregular Migration European geostrategy rests on a key factor: Pressures, and Search and Rescue at Sea whether Western strategy is based on ideology 31 March 2014 or geopolitical interests. Geopolitics is essentially about maximising economic gains from the land Following the recent events in Lampedusa, migrant protection in the and sea and using military power to ensure national Mediterranean through search and rescue at sea is at stake. Regardless of their defence, but it is not about ideology. Sir Hew argued status, the human rights of asylum seekers or migrants in irregular situations that the West – owing to the legacies of the Second World War and the Cold War – has come to define war should be safeguarded. However, this position can potentially clash with the in ideological terms. The West speaks about values, humanitarianism and existential wars but strategy is necessity of European States to control their borders. The question then is still largely about geography. Geopolitics endures, argued Sir Hew, and this can even be seen in a number of to what extent the obligation to rescue should be expanded and to whom. terms such as ‘near abroad’, ‘West vs. East’ and the ‘North Atlantic’ Treaty Organisation (NATO) – these are all geographical statements. The problem with basing war on ideology alone, argued Sir Hew, is that it runs counter to the United Nations (UN) Charter by The politics of external cooperation between the EU and countries in North stressing the duty and right to intervene in states, Africa was further delved into by Prof. Ali Bensaâd, Institut de Recherches et which in turn calls into question the international d’Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et Musulman and Mohamed Ali Chihi, Directeur order that has developed since 1945. Since 1990 Général Des Affaires Consulaires, Ministère Des Affaires Etrangères, Tunisie, ideology and geopolitics have been on diverging during the lecture on the continuing development of a real rapport between paths, observed Sir Hew. the EU, its member states and partner countries on the other side of the Mediterranean. Geopolitics is still important for Europe, argued Sir Hew. Not only do Russia and China see international affairs in geopolitical terms, but the United States’ (US) pivot to the Asia-Pacific region – another important geographical Lecture Series on Migration in the Mediterranean: Managing Migration statement – raises questions for Europe. Should the Baltic states, for example, focus on the US pivot because of in Mediterranean Cities ideological concerns or will they want to focus on Russia? Should Europe as a whole, owing to its ideological 24 March 2014 Prof. Dr. François Crépeau, Hans and Tamar Oppenheimer Professor in Public attachment to the West, follow the US to the Asia-Pacific or should it focus on Article 5 considerations? The International Law at the Faculty of Law of McGill University and UN Special divide between ideology and geopolitics is causing divisions within NATO, argued Sir Hew. Indeed, resource Which new institutions do we need in order to sustainably manage migration Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants and Mr. Filippo Colombo, and land restrictions due to climate change will increasingly become central to Western defence planning and locally? Are cities the right starting points for implementing sustainability Counsellor, Justice and Home Affairs, Permanent Representative of Italy interests, which will most likely mean that an emphasis is placed on material security rather than shared value policies? If so, what are the implications for city management and urban to the EU, concluded the lecture series with a discussion on the topic that systems. NATO and the EU need to ensure that they can respond to these geopolitical challenges, rather than planning? This lecture reflects the situation of cities within the context of is among the most complex of migration policy questions in Europe at the purely emphasising its ideological interests. global change in managing migration at local level. moment: irregular migration pressures, asylum and search and rescue at sea. Further, the heavy humanitarian component of migration in the Mediterranean was addressed during the remaining two lectures 62 63 Academic Services Europe’s Political Cohesion after the Eurozone Crisis Professor Francois and Helmut Kohl had a personal regard and friendship – to the degree that be incapable of doing so. Yet strategy is required Heisbourg, 24 November 2014 this was possible between two political animals –; Gerhard Schroeder and because the world is changing. The narrative of Jacques Chirac learned to work together despite friction; Nicolas Sarkozy and globalisation is in trouble – cosmopolitanism is Material security – specifically from an economic and financial perspective Merkel also learned to get along with one another; yet Hollande is perceived being challenged by powers such as China, Russia, – formed the backdrop of François Heisbourg’s thoughts on the domestic as being weak and ineffective in Berlin explained Heisbourg. There is now a India and Turkey; US power is in relative decline and health of the EU. Indeed, the crisis of the euro and the resulting systemic real unbalanced relationship between Paris and Berlin, and there is less and a new Cold War is a distinct possibility. Much like nature of national sovereign debt in Europe challenge European unity and less respect for the French standpoint in Germany than was the case in the the 1930s, observed Coker, we may be witnessing a make any international role incredibly difficult. The good news, explained past. Heisbourg explained that while France is not experiencing an economic pause in globalisation with the international order Heisbourg, is that the European economies have shown a collective and crisis yet, it is undergoing a moral and political crisis with citizens no longer that the West has taken for granted becoming individually strong survival instinct to save the euro, even if this instinct has putting trust in politicians. increasingly called into question. not led to greater cohesion in the EU. A number of backstops have been put in place – a broadening of the European Central Bank’s powers, the European The challenges of the Franco-German relationship are compounded by the The Ukraine Crisis, Russia Resurgent and the West: A NATO Perspective Stability Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility and there are problems in the United Kingdom (UK), which is now openly calling into Michael Rühle, 15 October 2014 the early signs of a banking union. Nevertheless, Heisbourg warned that there question fundamental principles of the EU based on a fear of Europhobic has been a renationalisation of banking systems despite the fact that there elements in the country. The UK general election in 2015 may yet yield a Russia’s actions in the Ukraine have been a major source of tension in this regard. Michael Rühle remarked was a high degree of interconnection between financial institutions in the hung parliament, which will not only make the political management of the that Russia’s annexation of Crimea is a new low in relations, even though NATO-Russia relations have been country extremely difficult but it could also hasten a ‘Brexit’. Any British strained for a number of years. While many claim that Russia’s actions have given new impetus for NATO, exit of the EU, argued Heisbourg, would mean the Single Market would lose in reality a new Cold War is not in the alliance’s its major proponent and common EU foreign and defence policies would be interests. Putin wants to promote an alternative, difficult to sustain. For its part Italy is unable to achieve growth and time non-western, system based on Russian values and is running out for Matteo Renzi, whereas Spain has reduced unit labour increased military strength. Rühle argued that the costs and is starting to realise growth – although corruption at all levels of current trend will continue as Western sanctions government and the monarchy is a serious issue. Heisbourg argued that each may not in the short-term help change Russia’s of these countries is a weak link in the chain, and any of them could serve as course, and there is no likely challenger to Putin or detonators for a broader European crisis. Against such a backdrop, strategy his narrative within Russia. Russia wants NATO to making is difficult and Europe’s role on the world stage is not guaranteed. stop enlarging and to halt out-of-area operations, but this will not happen because it runs counter to the principle of free choice of alignment and hinders Does a Transatlantic Strategy Exist? NATO securing its global security interests. NATO’s Readiness Action Plan is important in this regard because EU before the crisis. Furthermore, the euro has not contributed to a higher Professor Christopher Coker, 1 December 2014 it will reassure allies over the course of the conflict, and ensure an important signal is sent to Moscow. Until degree of European integration in relation to the four freedoms above and the current conflict is overcome, argued Rühle, NATO and Russia may be forced into a reciprocal relationship beyond what the Single Market was doing itself. Heisbourg also argued that Building on the issue of strategy, Christopher Coker stated that strategy and selective engagement. in order to save the euro the Europeans have destroyed short- and long-term basically means not doing things on the spare of the moment but about growth through an internal devaluation and structural reform, plus cuts in planning for the medium to long-term. Yet ‘doing’ strategy today is much What is the West’s Strategy for the Middle-East? public and private investment. harder because, whereas fifty years ago it was easier to match means and Professor Judith S. Yaphe, 20 October 2014 ends, today strategy is as much – if not more – about thinking about the Heisbourg argued that the euro crisis has meant that the Franco-German consequences of your actions. Indeed, the side effects of strategy are crucial Yet the Ukraine is not the only crisis facing Europe. Indeed, for Judith Yaphe forging a coherent Western strategy relationship has suffered drastically. President François Hollande and and states must ensure that they do not become a bigger threat to themselves on the Middle East will be increasingly difficult. She remarked that the ‘Arab Spring’ has resulted in a return back Chancellor Angela Merkel do not have the same kind of political than the challenge they are seeking to address. The Western powers have to authoritarianism and militarism. New sectarian conflicts are on the rise in the region but everything relationship that their predecessors enjoyed. François Mitterrand not thought strategically for a while now, added Coker, and it may actually currently leads back to Syria. The West’s room for manoeuvre in the region is increasingly curtailed: 64 65 Academic Services Bailes certainly sees the Arctic as one such priority area. The Arctic is the continent’s northern frontier and one that faces massive pressures for change. Global warming and retreating ice directly affect the natural and human environment, and awaken visions of new oil and gas riches and faster, cheaper shipping routes. Natural disasters and human accidents, especially at sea, will severely stretch crisis management capacities along thinly- populated shores. Yet, argued Bailes, the best guess is that Arctic development will be slower, less profitable and less conflictual than many pundits claim. NATO provides over-the-horizon deterrence but Bailes stressed that Europe clearly needs peace on its Arctic frontier, the US is negotiating with Iran over its nuclear ambitions, yet Iran supports The Far East and Europe: A Maritime Security Perspective Dr. Alessio Patalano, both to deal with the uncertainties and risks of climate change, and to secure its fair share in whatever Assad whereas the US does not and the Gulf Cooperation Council states are 28 November 2014 economic activity transpires. ambiguously somewhere in between. The Kurds may yet split from Iraq and continuous conflict in the country cannot be ruled out. According to Yaphe Whereas Central Asia is a land-based issue, Alessio Patalano made the case Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa: A Partnership Revisited, Honorary Ambassador Johan Swinnen, 29 October 2014 the Middle East has never been this combustible, even though the Middle for the enduring importance of maritime strategy. He argued that the world’s East and the Maghreb have always been places of tension. seas and oceans are crucial for trade and commerce, for food nutrients and Johan Swinnen in turn made the case for the strategic necessity of Africa. The continent is close to the EU for natural resources such as gas and oil. The maritime dimension, Patalano but Europeans need to cultivate a greater interest in Africa. While stability, human rights, governance and rule European Geostrategy in Central Asia continued, requires sea-lane defence, maritime security and power projection of law remain issues in Africa the continent is an emerging economy that is on the brink of massive growth Dr. Stephen J. Blank, 3 December 2014 capabilities as state power and interests extend over the seas. Patalano rates. Many African countries were less stricken by the global financial crisis, foreign direct investment in the observed the gaps between European and Asian maritime strategy. Whereas continent is increasing, South-South cooperation is healthy and regional integration initiatives are proving Another potentially combustible region is Central Asia. Indeed, Stephen Blank the Asian states refer to amphibious warfare, anti-access and area denial fruitful. Swinnen argued that while the EU is right argued that the Central Asian states are marked by a number of domestic and anti-submarine warfare the European Maritime Strategy completely to promote good governance, human rights and issues that may spill over into a region conflagration. While the region has not overlooks such issues and it rather focuses on constabulary tasks such as the rule of law European companies should be witnessed major war, no state has collapsed, revolutions have been brief and border protection, illegal fishing and immigration, sea pollution, etc. This, encouraged to increase investment and trade with the Central Asian states are increasingly embedded in the global economy, a explained Patalano, is disappointing and it highlights that Europe does not African countries. Europe has a major stake in number of challenges persist. Blank argued that Russia’s economic weakness have in place an intellectual framework for thinking about maritime strategy. ensuring Africa’s economic growth is sustainable, since its invasion of Ukraine will lead to less remittances being sent back to Patalano went on to argue that this does not mean that Europe needs a more Swinnen stressed, which it can do by supporting the other Central Asian states by migrant workers. Declining energy receipts militarised maritime strategy, but it does lead to some searching questions. governance institutions and assisting with security will also stymie investments in the economies of Central Asia, which will have Does Europe want to focus on the Arctic and the Indian Ocean rather than on the continent. an adverse impact on welfare spending in these countries. China’s slowing the Far East? Should Europe follow the US’s pivot to the Asia-Pacific? While economy and social unrest in the country are also effecting the region. The it is clear that Europeans cannot be present everywhere on the globe, the EU The State of European Foreign Policy, challenge for the West is a paradoxical one remarked Blank. Owing to the needs to make a decision on its priorities while recognising that maritime Professor Sir Robert Cooper, 10 October 2014 fact that there is no serious regional security apparatus in Central Asia, strategy is more than simply conducting constabulary tasks. only the West can militarily secure countries such as Afghanistan. Yet the Robert Cooper underlined the importance of the EU’s neighbourhood but he argued that classical diplomacy is West has no strategy for Central Asia even though its military presence in Europe’s Strategic Frontiers: The Arctic not enough for Europe’s challenges today. Citing Cardinal Richelieu, Cooper remarked that traditional diplomacy Afghanistan continues and Russia, China, Pakistan and India have a stake in Ambassador Professor Alyson Bailes, 3 November 2014 was defined as constant negotiation with neighbours. While Cooper acknowledged that negotiation remains the future of Afghanistan. A strategy for Central Asia is desperately important, he believes that the EU should rather engage in continuous intervention – mainly non- needed, argued Blank. Setting Europe’s strategic priorities is certainly a strong theme. Alyson military intervention – in its neighbourhood. The weak states on Europe’s borders require that the EU 66 67 Academic Services Policy Forums of energy intensive industries. The Commission therefore sees the need to readjust European industrial and energy policy.

IES-HCSS Policy Forum – Future Airpower: Benelux Air Cooperation in Industry and energy evolved from merely developed European policies to a double pillar of the EU, fused a European Context together in an eco-innovation strategy that pursues sustainability as its guiding principle. This strategy may provide Europe’s economy with a good starting position for global economic competition in the 21st century, 3 February 2014 yet some adjustments seem to be necessary in order to reduce inconsistencies. An understanding of energy policy as a prerequisite for successful industrial policy allows us to assess the measures needed to increase the On 13 February the EFSP cluster and The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies competitiveness of Europe’s economy. Moreover, this approach clarifies the relevance and the means of public (HCSS) organised a joint policy forum on Benelux Air Cooperation in a intervention in the European energy market. European Context. Hosted by IES Assistant Director Alexander Mattelaer, the event provided the Belgian and Dutch air chiefs, Lieutenant General In view of the latest Commission assessment on energy prices, the following question arises: what could be Claude Van de Voorde and Lieutenant General Alexander Schnitger, with an needs more information on these states, yet EU foreign policy institutions done in order to realign the two policies in a manner that suits energy intensive sectors? Moreover, in view occasion to present their views on how to translate political guidance on are too Brussels oriented. Cooper stated that the EU delegations should be of the 2030 goals for a competitive, secure and low carbon economy, it should be discussed how such an multinational collaboration into practice. Lt. Gen. Van de Voorde emphasised the main conduit for EU intelligence gathering and political action. Experts agenda could go together with European climate and energy ambitions. This IES Policy Forum therefore debates that political decisions will ultimately pave the way for more cooperation based in the delegations should be feeding back information to Brussels and European energy policy as a means of industrial policy, and ask how it could be adjusted in order to support with Belgium’s two privileged partners in air cooperation, France and the they should actively be engaged in looking for opportunities in weak states. energy intensive industries, without compromising the EU’s eco-innovation strategy. Netherlands. In order to put this debate into context, Peter Wijninga and Cooper explained that international affairs is about foreign countries, so the Frank Bekkers presented the recent HCSS airpower study report Taking the EU should focus less on the layers of bureaucracy in Brussels and pay greater Joint Policy Forum Brussels-Bialystok: Elections to the European Parliament as a Challenge for Democracy High Ground. Their work was commented upon from an operational and attention to the role of the EU delegations. 15 April 2014 defence-industrial perspective by Lt. Colonel Vincent Maniet from the Belgian Defence Staff and the IES’ own Daniel Fiott. However, for Christopher Coker the challenge is not just about dealing with The forthcoming 2014 elections for the European crises in Europe’s neighbourhood but rather about shoring-up the Western Parliament (EP) inspired the Institute for European The event was attended inter alia by the Belgian Chief of Defence, General international order. Here, Coker believes NATO rather than the EU is a more Studies and the Centre for Direct Democracy Studies Gerard Van Caelenberge and several representatives of the Belgian suitable response to a changing global political landscape. If NATO – and it (CDDS) at the Faculty of Law at the University of aeronautical industry. On the basis of the different presentations the IES is a big if – sticks to the plans agreed at the Wales Summit, then the West Bialystok (UwB) to organise a policy forum with a produced two podcasts for the EU Foreign Affairs podcast series, which can may be able to move forward with a credible strategy. NATO needs to become view to discuss solutions to the pressing problems be viewed via the IES YouTube channel. more operative, it needs to deepen key partnerships but also deal with new of the EP (elections) as a challenge for democracy. enemies such as ISIS. The alliance has agreed to no further enlargement As this has been a joint effort of both research Policy Forum: European energy and industrial policy realigned. What job eastwards for the foreseeable future, and it is boosting territorial defence to institutions, the first part of the forum took place for public authorities? deal with Russia. Yet a number of challenges persist including the enduring in Brussels, Belgium on Wednesday, 5 March 2014 and the second one – will take place in Białystok, Poland 27 February 2014 financial and economic crisis in Europe and continued disagreement between on Tuesday, 15 April 2014. the EU and NATO. The alliance needs to prioritise what risks it wants to tackle. In its latest Communication on energy prices the European Commission NATO needs to be in a position to buy the West enough time to restructure The organisers selected four most important democratic challenges related to the EP elections and split them describes an unfavourable development of energy prices in the EU that the global order. between these two venues. The design of the EP elections and the prospects for reducing democratic deficit threatens the competitiveness of energy intensive industry. According to will be discussed in Brussels and the women representation in the EP and the “electoral engineering” – in this assessment, the increasing energy price gap between the EU and other Białystok. On top of that, prominent scholars and politicians will address the participants as keynote speakers. regions is one of the main impediments for a renaissance of Europe’s industry; A room for discussion with the public will be provided. weaknesses in the Internal Energy Market and Member States’ policies on network costs and taxes/levies are pointed out as responsible factors. This policy forum has been combined with the launch of a book “Elections to the European Parliament EU energy policy has not entirely succeeded in securing competitiveness 68 69 Academic Services as a Challenge for Democracy” edited by Elzbieta Kuzelewska (UwB-CDDS) national level has always directly or indirectly influenced the EU level. In short, in Paris in December 2015. The Lima Conference is and Dariusz Kloza (VUB-IES). we are currently living the shaping of a “European competition common law”. expected to agree on elements of a negotiating text for the Paris agreement as well as further guidelines EU Food Law: What’s on the menu? The National Competition Law & Authorities Policy Forums will explore the on the information to be submitted with countries’ 6 May 2014 shaping of the European Competition Common Law through a series of “intended nationally determined contributions” to lunch time sessions organized around presentations by heads of national global climate protection from the first quarter The IES is a part of collaboration launched at the VUB that brings together competition law authorities, as well as by other local players. Especially issues of 2015. A full negotiating text is then to appear researchers interested in food from a wide range of disciplines. Together such as the cooperation between the NCAs in sharing knowledge and leads, during the first half of 2015 and will need to be with Law, Science, Technology and Society (LSTS) and Social and Cultural as well as the specificities of smaller economies in terms of the de minimis fine-tuned until Paris. Food Studies (FOST) the IES aims to gather perspectives and to nurture Notice and geographic market definitions and the treatment of SMEs, have discussions on current and future challenges of food in Belgium and in the been part of the discussions in Belgium. Prof. Steenbergen also discussed the The Policy Forum is going to take stock of the Lima EU. The work started with three Policy Forums in May and June, focusing development of rules and guidelines in the EU, OECD and the ECN. Conference and the role of the EU in Lima and beyond. Have countries made significant and sufficient progress on Novel, Organic and Sustainable Food. towards a sensible and effective Paris agreement? What has been the impact of the joint announcement of EU/China Cooperation in Competition Law and Policy China and the US in November 2014 about their future climate action (if any)? To what extent has the EU National Competition Law & Authorities: A common law of competition 30 September 2014 achieved its main objectives in Lima? What priorities for global and EU climate diplomacy in 2015 can be - a Belgian perspective identified at the end of 2014? 24 September 2014 The European Union and the People’s Republic of China have been cooperating in the field of competition law and policy for more than a decade. The EU Governance of Renewable Energy post-2020: Risks and Options The decentralisation of competition law enforcement in Europe has cooperation efforts undertaken by both the EU and China have given rise to 18 December 2014 transformed national competition law and national competition authorities. many key achievements, fostered vital relationship-building and featured collaborations that may not be very well known to those outside the parties Following the European Commission’s 2030 climate themselves. With the fifth anniversary of the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law and energy communication of January 2014 and the (AML) now behind us, cooperation on competition matters between these two latest European Council it is expected that the EU’s major world powers and trading partners is more important than ever. But post 2020 renewable energy and energy efficiency what has the cooperation involved? How does it work in practice? Are there policy framework will change significantly. One differences in substantive law and procedure that may affect cooperation? major change that can be expected is the absence What has each side learned from the other? And importantly, what’s next of national binding renewable energy targets post on the cooperation agenda? The VUB is pleased to present this unique panel 2020. This can impact the chances for the EU to of speakers that will seek to tackle these questions and provide practical meets its own binding 2030 renewable energy answers and examples to help inform those interested in EU/China relations target. To mitigate this concern, the European in the competition field. Commission considers the introduction of a new energy governance system. This system seeks to establish a middle ground between Member States legislative Last Stop before Paris: The Lima Climate Conference and the Future of freedom on energy policies and the goals and legislation at the EU level. However, little is known about this At the same time, it has given the European Commission an institutionally International Climate Policy proposed governance system, most importantly if it will succeed in bringing about the EU wide targets. complex position, making it essentially the head of a network of authorities. 18 December 2014 At the Policy Forum the Heinrich Böll Foundation and the Institute for European Studies will present a new In this sense, decentralisation brought with itself many elements of report titled “Post 2020 EU governance of Renewable Energy” that seeks to shed light on how a post 2020 EU centralisation. The Court of Justice then built on that process to further The 20th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention renewable energy policy and governance system can look like and what the options are to secure enhanced centralise competition enforcement in a series of rulings, which strengthen on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Lima comes to a close on 12 December 2014. deployment of renewable energy across the EU, even in the absence of national binding targets. The report the role of national competition authorities, but at the same time tie It is supposed to set the stage for the final year of negotiations on a new argues in favour of a strong legislative basis for future EU energy governance, preferably established them more to the EU standard. This is a two-way process, and the global agreement to fight climate change to be adopted at the 21st COP through the review of existing EU energy legislation. 70 71 Academic Services Conferences The conference will bring together leading experts from international Book launch organizations, academia and business community to discuss key issues, recent initiatives and future reforms of the current EU VAT framework. Europe, Japan and Asian Security Conference The Global Arms Industry: New Data, Trends and Global Developments 8 April 2014 17 December 2014

On 8 April, the IES and the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs organised Workshops On the occasion of the launch of the new SIPRI data on the international arms industry, the Egmont Institute, the a conference as a way to promote European-Japanese dialogue on security Institute for European Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Stockholm International Peace Research issues. High-level representatives of the Japanese Foreign Ministry, NATO, The Wales Summit and the Future of NATO Institute (SIPRI) held a discussion on The Global Arms Industry: New Data, Trends and Global Developments. 30 June 2014 the European External Action Service and US, European and Japanese think tanks and over 70 audience participants attended the conference. Prof. Dr. Few would deny the relationship between international political and economic changes and technological 2014 represents a strategic crossroads for NATO. Russia’s annexation of Luis Simón led the discussions on the evolving strategic context in East Asia, developments. The economic capacity of a state to sustain an arms industry, and the technological prowess Crimea in February, the planned withdrawal of most allied combat forces from needed to develop new, cutting-edge military capabilities, have been regarded as important indicators of Afghanistan by the end of the year, and Washington’s ongoing commitment to national power in the past. Variations in the size and distribution of military industrial capacity could be a ‘rebalance’ to the Asia-Pacific illustrate as much. Addressing these and other lead indicator and perhaps also a partial explanation of important current political transformations. Indeed, topics, NATO members will meet at the “Wales Summit” on 4-5 September advances in new and emerging technologies might disrupt traditional perspectives on the elements of military 2014 to discuss the way forward for the Alliance. power. What are the main tendencies and patterns in the global arms industry? Where are the new and emerging centres of arms production? How have European countries adapted their approaches to military technology? To encourage debate in the policy and academic communities, the Institute for European Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Royal United Services Our joint event saw the presentation of the new SIPRI data in the light of the current global security Institute and NATO’s Public Diplomacy Division organised a workshop on 30 developments. The organisers were especially pleased to welcome special guest speaker Dr. Yudit Kiss, author of June in Brussels. In discussing present challenges and paving a way forward the SIPRI Monograph on arms industry transformation in East Central Europe, which was issued earlier this year. for NATO, the workshop saw high-level participants come together for a stimulating and in-depth strategic debate. The event showcased a special feature that was published with the RUSI Journal in advance of the Alliance’s Summit in Wales.

the US pivot to the Asia-Pacific, the changing nature of Japan’s defence industry and what role Europeans should play in Asian security. The event was a good introductory initiative to the EFSP cluster’s increasing interest in Europe’s role in Asian security affairs.

VAT and digital economy: testing the robustness of the EU common system 6 May 2014

The impact of e-commerce and other Internet-based transactions on taxation is a highly discussed topic, both at the European Union and OECD levels. In the area of VAT, the development of the digital economy has already brought fundamental changes to the EU VAT common system, and even more are yet to come.

72 73 Academic Services Structure and Management

The IES Board is responsible for the general policy of the Institute and for the appointment of directors and senior staff. It is assisted by an Executive Board that has a specific role in the coordination of the European teaching programmes of the University, and in the appointment of researchers and teaching staff.

The Academic Director, Prof. Dr. Sebastian Oberthür, along with the Executive Director Anthony Antoine, manage the IES. Both operate under the authority of President Bart De Schutter and are assisted by the Assistant Director Dr. Alexander Mattelaer.

In the area of finance, all accounts and financial transactions are dealt with by the IES itself, as has been the case since university delegated financial policy to the IES in 2003.

a. The IES Board

The IES Board is responsible for approving the general strategy, the policy plan, the budget and the annual report. The Board also decides on the research strategy and on the appointment of senior staff, including teaching staff and professorships (ZAP). It is the highest management authority of the Institute.

In particular, and without prejudice to any other of its responsibilities, the Board has the competence to define the general guidelines and to approve the general regulations of the IES; to define and approve the policy plan; to define, approve and if necessary adapt the budget, the annual accounts and the annual report; to establish staff training; to appoint directors and senior research fellows; and to take framework decisions in relation to postgraduate educational initiatives. Following the adoption of the Service Level Agreements between the IES and the faculties in 2010, the Institute is also competent to decide on matters of teaching (i.e. in the Advanced Master programmes that previously resided in the faculties).

b. The IES Executive Board

The Executive Board is in particular responsible for considering proposals from the Academic Director; to formulate proposals for the appointment, promotion and, if applicable, renewal of appointments of members of staff; to approve research awards; to appoint researchers; to define the duties of the junior researchers; and to consider proposals concerning educational matters (including changes to programme curricula).

c. Daily management

Daily management is the responsibility of the Academic and Executive Directors and is in accordance with the President of the Institute. Since 2012, they are assisted by an Assistant Director. 75 Management Members of the IES Board Members of the IES Executive Board d. Operational Clusters • Kris Deschouwer • Marc Jegers Research management at the IES is primarily carried out through thematical clusters with a certain degree Professor Political Science VUB Representative of the Faculty ES of managerial capacity. Members of each cluster meet at least monthly, and their findings / suggestions / • Bart De Schutter • Harri Kalimo activity reports are communicated in overall staff meetings, which take place once per month. These research former Rector of VUB, President of the Board Programme Director LL.M. clusters are led by senior research fellows and postdoctoral researchers. All members of the academic staff • Jonathan Faull • Alison Woodward belong to one or more clusters through which they report or organise their activities. Senior researchers Director-General for Internal Market and Services Representative of the Faculty ES meet once per month in a postdoc meeting to discuss academic and organisational issues, and to coordinate activities. Since 2012, the Institute counts four research clusters, i.e. (1) EFSP, (2) Environment and Sustainable • Erik Franckx • Paul De Hert Development, (3) Migration, Diversity and Justice, and (4) European Economic Governance, as well as one Professor of International Law VUB Representative of the Faculty RC Educational Development Unit. • Fabienne Brison • Erik Franckx Professor of Law VUB Representative of the Faculty RC e. Strategic Away Days • Tony Joris • Stephen Spinkx Professor European Law VUB Lawyer, LL.M. alumnus As in previous years, the IES organised strategic ‘away days’ - two-day strategy meetings amongst management and postdoctoral researchers, and representatives of all staff echelons. The outcome of the • Leo Van Audenhove • Sebastian Oberthür strategic away days serves as a basis for further decision-making. Professor Communication Science VUB IES Academic Director • Michel Praet • Bart De Schutter f. Governance Reform European Space Agency IES President • Annemie Neyts • Leo Van Audenhove The exponential growth of the Institute and the growing responsibilities that arose since the IES obtained Former Member of the European Parliament Pofessor Communication Science VUB ZAP, have put increasing pressure on the current governance and management structures. Against this backdrop, IES management initiated a thorough review of IES governance and management arrangements. • Gerard Van Acker • Tony Joris This reform process is scheduled to conclude by mid-2015. Member of Board of Governors Professor European Law VUB • Freddy Van den Spiegel • Marijke Dejonghe Professor Economics & Finances VUB Staff Member VRM

76 77 Management 5.600 followers on Twitter • 4.100 likes on Facebook • 21.238 views on YouTube Outreach 120 online videos The IES communicates with the outside world by targeting Brussels-based public and policy-makers, academics and researchers interested in the EU, as well as potential students (both students and professionals) for its various educational programmes.

Newsletter

Half way through 2014 the IES decided to make a switch from its paper newsletter to an online version. It was decided that this new format will help to reach a wider audience and will be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The new email format is sent every first Wednesday of the month to the IES mailing lists. The main list has over 4,000 recipients and will continue to grow.

Social Media

The IES continues to grow its social media presence. The most important is its twitter handle (@IES_Brussels) which had over 5000 followers at the end of 2014. This account mainly tweets research-related news. Its followers are mostly academics, researchers, policy-makers, students and think tanks. Another account was created in 2014 for communicating education news and is more focussed on (potential) IES students. IES also has an ever-stronger presence on Facebook. At the end of 2014, the main IES Facebook page had over 3000 followers. Furthermore, in 2014 additional Facebook pages were created for the individual educational programmes (LL.M. & EuroMaster) to enable targeted messages to specific audiences. In addition, to these outlets, IES is also present on LinkedIn and Google+. We now have over 120 videos on youtube, including filming of the Lecture Series onThe Future of European Geostrategy #EFSP14.

Targeted Email

The IES keeps in touch by sending attractive html emails to its mailing lists. We have targeted mailing lists per different research interests and per topic. Regular updates are sent regarding our publications, policy briefs, events and educational and training opportunities.

facebook.com/IES_Brussels ies.be/LinkedIn youtube.com/IESBrussels @IES_Brussels 79 Outreach Academic Collaboration

Education Collaboration

The Institute continued to develop its structural collaboration with the University of Vienna and the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna to co-organise the joint Summer School on the European Policy-Making. In 2014, the IES has created an academic Board that meets twice per year to enhance the quality of the Summer School and to discuss other possible research and teaching initiatives. The Academic Board consists of Assistant Director Prof. Dr. Alexander Mattelaer, Summer School coordinator Alexandra Mihai and Executive Director Anthony Antoine for the IES, Prof. Dr. Erich Schweighofer and Prof. Dr. Patrick Müller for the Universität Wien, and Amb. Dr. Hans Winkler and Amb. Dr. Gerhard Sailler for the Diplomatische Akademie Wien, assisted by Ms. Domenica Hofmann.

Between 3 - 7 November 2014, IES Postdoctoral researcher Prof. Dr. Luis Simon and IES Executive Director Anthony Antoine visited the University of Southern California (Los Angeles). Luis and Anthony held different information sessions for prospective students who want to join the IES Brussels Programme on EU Foreign Policy, a five-week programme held every year in May/June. Luis and Anthony further engaged former students of the programme to become IES ambassadors. The IES duo also discussed other possibilities for collaboration between the two universities with USC Dornsife College for Arts and Sciences Director for International Studies Prof. Dr. Robert English. The talks culminated in the formal signing of an MOU between the two institutions, governing the (continued) organisation of the Summer School.

Anthony Antoine also explored the possibilities to extend the summer programme to students from nearby UCI – the University of California Irvine. Whereas, Luis Simón initiated a conversation with New York University (NYU) to discuss their possible participation in the Brussels Summer School on European Foreign Policy. NYU has shown interest in sending students in coming years - specific details are still to be discussed.

The IES and Yonsei University (South Korea) co-organised the 2nd EU-Korea forum in Brussels in December 2014. Luis Simon was supported by PhD Researcher Stephan Klose and Secretariat member Lynn Tytgat in organising this forum that brought together experts from government, academia, civil society as well as IES and Korean students to discuss and foster cooperation between the EU and the Republic of Korea.

The EDU started a new project in May 2014 in partnership with the National School for Political and Administrative Studies (SNSPA) in Bucharest. The 18 months project, called “Euro-Entrepreneurship – university qualifications for the Europeanization of the Romanian society”, involves a series of training sessions for Romanian students and professors, to be carried out in Brussels.

81 Collaboration Research Collaboration of Ireland (Dublin, Ireland) and University of Technology (Sydney, Australia). The IES also collaborated with Tampere University (Finland), where Senior Research Fellow Harri Kalimo is a eGovPoliNet aims to build a global multi-disciplinary digital governance and guest lecturer in charge of the course on EU law. In June 2014 eCoherence, which is a research exchange project EU-funded Research policy modeling research and practice community. between the IES and Turku University on the balancing of non-economic values in EU economic law, held a 2-day expert seminar on the island of Seili in the Turku Archipelago. The Project’s funding by the Academy of The IES remained a member of the European Concerted Research Action The IES is a partner in a project entitled INOTLES financed by the TEMPUS Finland will provide 2-12 months of project work for six IES researchers by September 2016. on ‘The Transformation of Global Environmental Governance: Risks and funding stream that started in January 2014. The IES is one of the nine Opportunities TGEG)’ (COST Action ISO802). The COST Action was initiated by partners of the consortium led by the University of Maastricht and involves The IES is part of the Strategic Research Programme ‘Evaluating Democratic Governance in Europe, EDGE’ with the Institute for Environmental Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam the University of Surrey (UK), the Free International University of Moldova, the political science department of the VUB. Claire Dupont, Serena d’Agostino and Ferran Davesa work directly and assembles researchers and institutes from different European countries. the Cahul State University (Moldova), Tbilisi State University, Batumi Shota under this research programme, while the remaining political science researchers at the IES are affiliated or It receives funding through the European Science Foundation (ESF) for its Rustaveli State University (Georgia), the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla work closely with the themes of the programme. The research programme directors are Sebastian Oberthür networking activities Academy, and Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University (Ukraine). (IES) and Kris Deschouwer (POLI). The programme runs from 2013-2017.

The IES is a member of an FP7 consortium funded by the European Commission The IES is one of 12 partners – the others being CEPS, CIES, EOS, FOI, The IES is cooperating with the University of Aarhus, the University of Bologna, the Institut Barcelona D’Estudis on sustainable consumption: ‘Enhancing Connectivity Between Research and Fraunhofer, IRKS-Research, KCL, PRIO, Sciences Po, Tecnalia and TNO – ­ in Internacionals, University of Bremen, the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), the Netherlands Policymaking in Sustainable Consumption’ (CORPUS). The IES developed and the SOURCE Network of Excellence, which was launched in 2014 and will Institute of International Relations (Clingendael), the Fridtjhof Nansen Institute, University of Glasgow and launched an online knowledge brokerage web platform that nurtures and last until the end of 2018. It will run a variety of activities in connection to the University of Twente within the EUPERFORM network (http://www.ies.be/euperform). As a result of this researches interactions between policy-makers, scientific researchers, civil societal security, with the final aim of creating a sustainable virtual centre project, many spin-off academic partnerships have emerged, for example with the KU Leuven, International society and industry in the area of sustainable consumption. Following the of excellence capable of exploring and advancing societal issues in security Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion (IMISCOE), Council for European Studies (CES). expiration of EU funding, the CORPUS project has secured further funding, research and development. The project is coordinated by J. Peter Burgess, first from the Austrian and then from the Finnish Ministries of Environment Senior Research Fellow at the IES. The Institute is also involved in the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), the European Sociological to continues its operations until at least the end of 2015. Association, the International Sociological Association, the International Studies Association, the UK Political Through an EU-sponsored project on academic exchange, the IES works Science Association, the American Anthropological Association, University Association for Contemporary The IES developed a close partnership with RAND Europe and other together with Sciences Po Bordeaux, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies European Studies, GIGANet (Global Internet Governance Academic Network) and Metropolis. policy consultancy companies to provide support to DG CONNECT (DG (S-Korea), the Graduate School of International Area Studies of Sogang Communications, NEtworks and ConTent) in the development of their University (S-Korea), the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), and the Throughout 2014, the IES continued to work together with the GRITIM research centre of the University Pompeu visions and strategies for the forthcoming four years. This is in the form of a Universita Ca’ Foscari Venezia. The IES was furthermore active on the same Fabra (Barcelona), the Graduate Institute of International & Development Studies (University Geneva), the Framework Contract, with projects that ran throughout 2013. topic in a research team that is led by INSEAD Business School and includes University of Pennsylvania, the Stanford Center for South Asia, the London School of Economics, the CEMIS seven academic institutions and ten corporations. research institute of the University of Antwerp, the Ruppin Academic Centre (Israel), CEDEM (Université de In the framework of an FP7 funded project eGovPoliNet (e-Government Liège); GERME (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Erasmus University Rotterdam, KU Leuven and the EUISS; Policy Network), the Institute collaborated with 18 different partners, i.e. the Other Research Collaboration IES staff holds ties with and gave guest lectures at Kent University, the Belgian Royal Military Academy, the University of Koblenz- Landau (coordinator), Germany, the Technical University European Security and Defence College, the European Institute of Public Administration, the University of Kosice (Slovakia), Technical University Delft, (The Netherlands), Centre for The IES continued its collaboration with the German- based think-tank Amsterdam and the NATO Defence College. Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH) (Greece), Volterra Partners LLP (UK), ECOLOGIC, the EU Institute for Security Studies in Paris (EUISS), the Peace Innova SPA (Italy), University Laval (Canada), Brunel University, UK), Center for Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), the Universities of Leiden Maastricht and The IES also continued its active collaboration with Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Technology in Government, University at Albany (US), University Groningen Nijmegen, SciencePo Paris, Université Paris-8, Brooks University, Edinburgh on extended producer responsibility (EPR). (The Netherlands), University of Auckland (New Zealand), Khmelniskiy National University, Pompeu Fabra University, Wissenschaft Centrum Berlin, the Yale University (Ukraine), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (Brazil), School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and the European University Luis Simón attended a policy symposium on EU-Japan relations in Tokyo, organised by the Japanese foreign United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology Institute, Brock University, University of Muenster, Erasmus University ministry. Luis Simón, Alexander Mattelaer and Stephan Klose co-organised a conference on Europe-Asia security (UNUIIST) (People’s Republic of China), Moscow State University Rotterdam – all of which have been involved in collaborative research projects. relations in Seoul in November 2014 (with Hankuk University of Foreign Studies). (Russian Federation), University College Dublin, National University 82 83 Collaboration Personnel Management

As indicated in the chapter on ‘Organisation and Structure’, the IES Board is responsible for appointing all Senior Research Fellows, and all ZAP and management positions, whilst the IES Executive Board is responsible for the appointment of (junior) researchers.

Appointments of administrative staff are undertaken by management, i.e. Prof. Dr. Bart De Schutter (President), Prof. Dr. Sebastian Oberthür (Academic Director), Anthony Antoine (Executive Director) and Prof. Dr. Alexander Mattelaer (Assistant Director).

The IES launched two calls for projects in the course of 2014. Consequently, two new researchers, Stephan Klose and Klaudia Majcher, started as PhD-researchers at the Institute. Following the approval of an FP7 project, the Institute also appointed Filip Sedefov as additional PhD researcher.

The Institute was also very proud to learn that one of its researchers, Daniel Fiott, obtained an FWO scholarship. Through this scholarship, Daniel will remain at the IES under the auspices of the FWO. The IES employed one new postdoctoral researcher. Following an international vacancy mid-2013, the Institute’s Board approved the appointment of Prof. Dr. Christof Roos, who started in March 2014. Following an international vacancy, interviews were carried out with several candidates to fill the secretariat post of education technologist. The selected candidate, Laraine d’Antin, will start at the IES at the beginning of 2015.

As 2014 was also a very successful year for the IES in terms of delivered PhDs, it is not surprising that a few people left the Institute:

Ioannis Spyridakis, Florian Rabitz and Anna Stahl all finished their PhD in the course of 2014 and have applied elsewhere to continue their postdoctoral careers. Cem Tintin, who defended his PhD in the autumn of 2013, also continued his career abroad.

Marie Lamensch and Trisha Meyer, who finished their PhDs mid-2014 have continued as part-time postdoctoral researchers at the Institute.

With these personnel changes, the total number of people directly paid by the IES amounted to 35.75 full-time equivalents. The total number of IES staff, including those not paid directly by the IES (e.g. the President and one Senior Research Fellow, and all VUB-paid teaching and support staff) amounted to 74.

An additional 28 people were associated with the Institute (as either senior associate fellow or visiting fellow), while a total of 9 different students helped with administrative and basic research tasks in 2014.

85 Personnel Sebastian Oberthür 10% Overview of personnel at the IES Servatius van Thiel 20 %

European Integration & Development MANAGEMENT Economic Givernance Harri Kalimo n/a President Bart de Schutter n/a Cem Tintin 100 % (until march 2014) Doris Hildebrand 10 % Academic Director Sebastian Oberthür 100 % Ferran Davesa 100% Manuela Alfe 10% Executive Director Anthony Antoine 100 % Max Jansson 100 % Youri Devuyst 10 % Assistant Director Alexander Mattelaer 50 % Marie Lamensch 100 % Andrea Mairate 10 % Trisha Meyer100 % Irina Tanasescu 10 % SENIOR RESEARCH STAFF Harri Kalimo 100 % Migration, Diveristy & Justice VUB-PAID TEACHING STAFF Richard Lewis n/a Mathijs van Dijk 100 % Luis Simon 90 % Serena D’Agostino 100% LL.M. in International & European Law Alexander Mattelaer 50 % Neepa Acharya 100% (until October 2014) Serge Gutwirth 10 % Jamal Shahin 60 % Paul de Hert 10 % Ilke Adam 100 % Project Researchers Stefaan Smis 5 % Christof Roos 100% Tomas Wyns 100 % Tony Joris 25 % Peter Burgess 20 % Olof Soebech 100%

European Integration & Development EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT UNIT SECRETARIAT Caroline Buts 10 % Alexandra Mihai 100 % Management Assistant & Projects Jacintha Liem 100 % Leo van Hove 10 % Silviu Piros 100 % Finance & HR Manager Anne Sterckx 90 % Alison Woodward 10 % Magdalena Sapala 80 % Communication & Marketing Marie Tuley 100 % Peter Scholliers (plvv Anneke Geyzen) 10 % Events & Communication Anamaria Bacsin 100 % Luis Simon 10% JUNIOR RESEARCHERS EuroMaster & Education Lynn Tytgat 100 % LL.M. Secretariat Marleen Van Impe 80% Environment & Sustainable Developmemt IT Klaas Chielens 100 % Claire Dupont 100 % General Secretariat Hilde Vanderheyden 80% Lisanne Groen 100 % Tran Van Tuy n/a DIRECTLY EMPLOYED TEACHING STAFF Ernesto Roessing Neto n/a Carlos Soria Rodriguez 100% LL.M. in International and European Law Dirk Arts 5 % EFSP Youri Devuyst 10 % Daniel Fiott 100% (since Sep 2014: FWO) Ben Smulders 10 % Esther Marijnen 100 % Ricardo Gosalbo Bono 5 % Anna Stahl (until January 2014) Frank Hoffmeister 10% Stephan Klose 100% Harri Kalimo n/a Bernd Martenczuk 10 % Arnaud Nuyts 10 % 86 87 Personnel flect upon issues concerning gender and diversity and how to better communicate as a team in the workplace. Gender and Diversity Policy • In May 2014, a confidence counselor was elected through an anonymous nomination process. Anne Sterckx, Initiated in 2013, the creation of an IES gender and diversity awareness events and hiring practices, instituting a mission statement relating to gen- the IES HR and Finance Manager was selected. The duties of the confidence counselor include acting as a first policy and its implementation was regarded as ‘best practice’ by the VUB as der and diversity for the IES’s strategic plans, and managing access to infor- point of contact at the IES in terms of all confidential issues related to gender and diversity, as well as acting its aims have superseded the work of all institutions and departments at the mation and internal support through the hiring of a confidence counselor as a liaison for further action at the university and governmental levels. Ms. Sterckx attended a ‘Confidence university including the Gender Action Plan launched by VUB in February and organizing trainings and research surveys for the IES team. Through Counselor Training Programme’ at the VUB on 18 June 2014. She has since provided support for the IES team 2014. The IES Diversity and Gender Task Force (DIVGEN) policies enacted the monumental efforts made by the DIVGEN Taskforce throughout 2013 in this capacity throughout 2014. The DIVGEN group will support Ms. Sterckx in efforts to inform the institute over 2014 follow the protocols of the VUB, the Flemish Government, and and 2014, a general awareness at the IES about the need for gender and about what kind of support she can offer the IES team as well as what channels an individual can pursue re- European Strategies on how to foster gender, diversity, and cultural equality diversity balance throughout all of the Institute’s management as well as lated to a number of issues (i.e. sexual harassment, an issue with hierarchy, problem related to diversity, etc.). within research at the academic institutional level. Over the course of 2014, internal and external practices has become part and parcel to the fabric of DIVGEN worked towards greater implementation of the policies that it has IES community-building. • On 27 May 2014, the IES conducted a Team Building Day in Brugge in which a survey was carried out by Jan fostered since its inception, teaming up with the VUB’s Gender and Diver- Den Haese of the VUB HR Service regarding the growth and development of IES as a team. The survery was sity Personnel Taskforce, the RHEA Center of Expertise on Gender, Diversity, Taskforce Milestones 2014 inspired by the work of Bruce Wayne Tuckman and questions regarding gender and diversity were included and Intersectionality, professional and non-profit sectoral organizations in the survey and initially analyzed and presented at the team-building day, as well as during a follow-up devoted to gender training in the greater Brussels area, as well as part- • On 22 April 2014, the IES hosted a workshop for all of its staff and re- meeting for future steps and practices in Autumn of 2014. nerships with Flemish Universities across Belgium. The DIVGEN Taskforce searchers on “Gender Bias in the Workplace” with Katlijn Demuynck, con- has attempted to address issues of gender and diversity on multiple lev- sultant at Genderatwork. The workshop consisted of both a training session • A final draft of a commitment to equal opportunity employment on the basis of gender and diversity was els—ranging from streamlining a policy of equal opportunity in all external and a brainstorming and sharing session where all team members could re- accepted and implemented on the IES website and all listed and advertised job vacancies for the IES through- out the 2014 calendar year and onwards.

• Drs. Alison Woodward and Ilke Adam of the IES Migration, Diversity and Justice Cluster are both active participants in the RHEA Center of Expertise on Gender, Diversity, and Intersectionality. Together, they have worked towards planning joint projects and research and media coverage related to diversity issues and chal- lenges of gender bias at the institutional level across Flemish universities and within the VUB.

• The DIVGEN Taskforce has worked toward drafting an overall mission statement for all gender and diversity issues in line with the overarching mission, values, and goals—to be implemented in the 2015, 5-year Strategic Plan of the IES.

• The DIVGEN Taskforce has drafted an information document on how to address gender and diversity issues in the following ways: best practices regarding equal opportunity in hiring procedures; ensuring measures toward diverse representations within all external events organised by the IES; creating a process of redress internally through the IES Confidence Counselor; using overarching resources and policies at the VUB and Flemish institutional levels; the Vade Mecum of the IES in order to better inform all staff members, research- ers, job students, and visiting scholars that are part of the IES team.

• Future plans include creating an anonymous survey to further investigate exactly what gender and cultural diversity potential problems exist at IES.

88 89 Personnel Quality Assurance

Ensuring high(est) quality constitutes the most important guiding principle for all decisions by IES Management. Management applies quality control measures ex ante as well as ex post. In attracting academic personnel, the IES applies the highest standards. Likewise in its financial management, the IES implements both internal and external control. Likewise in its services, the IES delivers the best possible services and tries to improve them through feedback from its clients.

Quality of Services: for all relevant major activities organised at the IES, an evaluation form is distributed to participants to assess the quality of the rendered services. After each major event/activity, management and organising staff jointly assess the strengths and weaknesses of the outcomes in order to identify potential for improvement.

Quality of Personnel: all personnel are hired through a quality control procedure, which, as a general rule, begins after the publication of an external vacancy. These vacancies are published internationally through relevant Internet sources, specialized email distribution lists, newspapers and/or journals. The files of candidates are scrutinised by (external) evaluators, with top-ranked individuals invited for an interview with management, senior IES researchers and experts in the field, as appropriate. In the case of recruitment for teaching staff, the incumbents are also subject to a guest/test lecture that is assessed by both colleagues and students. Teaching staff are further assessed by the senate of the university before a final appointment is made. Candidates for professorship (ZAP) also follow VUB scrutiny through the university Senate and the university board.

PhD students are attracted through international calls for projects. In 2014, the IES launched two of these calls: one in the field of European Foreign and Security Policy, and one in the field of European Economic Governance. All attracted a large number of candidates, which were scrutinized by a diverse team of scholars. After interviews with the most promising candidates (involving also IES Management), two PhD researchers were appointed and awarded a scholarship for a maximum duration of four years.

At the postdoctoral level, a vacancy was launched in 2013 to attract a full-time research professor in the field of Migration, Diversity and Justice. Prof. Dr. Christof Roos (Bremen, Germany) was appointed to take up the position as of March 2014.

A vacancy for the appointment of a full-time professor in cooperation with the ES Faculty, was published in the course of 2014, yet financial and other constraints led the IES Board to refrain from appointing any of the selected candidates.

The quality of personnel is further monitored through periodical evaluations. PhD researchers are to meet their promoter and supervisory committee at least twice per year, while all other academic personnel 91 Quality Assurance are assessed on a yearly basis, using standard benchmark sheets.

Within the secretariat, IES personnel are evaluated twice per year through an internal assessment procedure, using standard evaluation forms. In 2014, two such evaluations took place (one in January/February, one in June/July). The evaluations serve as benchmarking for the upcoming six months.

Quality of Finances: The financial officer is supervised by the Executive Director, who in turn reports to the Board of the IES. An external auditor annually controls the overall finances. Following a decision of the university at the end of 2014, this auditor shall be the same auditor as for university at large.

Quality of Education: Teaching staff are attracted through international vacancies, subject to external scrutiny, interviews and test lectures. Students annually assess the quality of the teacher / course through feedback forms. Both the Dean, the Academic Director as well as the Programme Director of the respective Master programme oversee the follow-up of programme questions relating to teaching, learning and the overall learning objectives of both modules and programmes. The IES Executive Board further refined the Education and Exam regulations, based on the overall university rules on this theme.

Quality of Students: Students in the Advanced Master programmes, the Postgraduate programmes and in the Summer School are carefully selected, based on their study background and results, their command of English, their suitability and motivation, as well as providing two recommendation letters from current or former professors.

Quality of Research: PhD and senior researchers are appointed after a thorough selection procedure involving an international call for applications, including external scrutiny and interviews (see above). Research progress of PhD students is monitored continuously by the promoter, the doctoral committee (twice per year), the responsible senior IES researcher, and the Academic Director in accordance with the IES PhD Guidelines (incorporated in the Guidelines for Academic Staff). In the process of this quality control, junior researchers present a state of the art of their findings at least once per year at a research colloquium (held biweekly). Postdoctoral IES researchers are monitored by the Academic Director and IES Management in the context of establishing and reviewing ‘benchmarks’.

Quality of Management: In the framework of lifelong learning, and in order to periodically review and enhance the skills and portfolio of management, several training sessions are annually organised for IES management and senior academic staff. In the course of 2014, the Institute organised two such sessions, i.e. one on gender bias, and one on presentation skills. To update his managerial skills, Executive Director Anthony Antoine took part in an Executive Master Course on Management at the Solvay Business School of the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Several other staff members were also given the opportunity to advance their knowledge through courses or training sessions.

93 Quality Assurance Financial Report

In 2014, the institute was able to bring its past investment in high quality researchers to fruition. The latter led to a very high output in terms of diplomas and publications, but also of project results. The Institute was able to engage in more than 30 externally funded project, which led to a financial income of over € 880,000, i.e. 24% of overall income.

Simultaneously, costs were controlled, so that the projected €8,500 loss in the budget could be turned into a modest surplus of ± €74,000. Some exceptional events helped to obtain this:

- on the income side, the IES obtained more gifts than anticipated in the budget. It also obtained a double interest return stemming from a long term investment as interests of last year did not feature in the 2013 accounts.

- on the expenses side, savings were made through the replacement of a full (teaching) professor by a doc- tor-assistant, and through the cancellation of a projected vacancy. Personnel costs are also lower due to the non-replacement of an assistant for the EuroMaster programme that, following the Service Level Agreement with the Faculty ES, is to be engaged by the Faculty. As the Service Level Agreements need to be renewed in the course of 2015, the afore-mentioned assistant will not be replaced. A suitable alternative will be negotiated with the Faculty.

Despite the reduction of the government subsidy vis-à-vis the budget figures, and despite the reduced VUB-contri- bution, the IES can show positive figures for 2014. WIth its current engagements, its high quality level and increasing running costs, this situation has to be carefully assessed in order to ensure a break-even in the future.

95 Financial Report Institute for European Studies 2014 Activity Report

Published by: Prof. Dr. Bart de Schutter, President IES Compiled and edited by Marie Tuley and Anthony Antoine With the kind assistance of: Anamaria Bacsin, Sebastian Oberthür, Alexander Mattelaer and all the researchers and secretariat staff at the IES.

All pictures courtesy of IES and VUB

96 97 Financial Report Institute for European Studies Pleinlaan 2 • 1050 Brussel • Belgium Tel +32 2 614 8001 Fax +32 2 614 8010 Email [email protected] www.ies.be