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Home , Bellusaurus, Ceratosauria, Dilophosaurus, Gongbusaurus, Jiangjunmiao, Junggar Basin

じ51ࢣȞじ1᱋ ऐ㘶Ḻߔ➕႒៑ pp. 29-42 2013Ꭰ1ᰴ VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1-4

A large theropod metatarsal from the upper part of in , ,

HE Yi-Ming1, 3ȞJames M. CLARK2ȞXU Xing1 (1 Key Laboratory of Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 [email protected]) (2 Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University Washington DC 20052, USA) (3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049)

Abstract The Shishugou Formation in the Junggar Basin was deposited during the late to the early . It is known as a rich source of vertebrate , including specimens of several different kinds of theropod. Here we report an isolated theropod left metatarsal IV (IVPP V 18060) from the upper part of the Shishugou Formation, exposed at the Wucaiwan Locality in the northeastern part of the Junggar Basin. Based on comparisons with the fourth metatarsals of other theropods, we refer this specimen to . Similarities to the equivalent bone in other allosauroids include: the proximal end has a subtriangular outline with a tongue-like, posteriorly directed posteromedial process; the shaft has a gentle outward curve; a semi-lunate concave of muscle attachment is present on the posterolateral side of the shaft; and the cross-section of the shaft is triangular. Within Allosauroidea, V 18060 is most similar to the fourth metatarsal of dongi, a that occurs in the same IRUPDWLRQLQWKH-LDQJMXQPLDRDUHDRIWKH-XQJJDU%DVLQ9GLVSOD\VVHYHUDOVSHFL¿F resemblances to S. dongi: the outline of the distal end is subtrapezoidal; the for muscle attachment on the posterior side of the shaft that borders the shaft’s lateral side lacks a ZHOOGH¿QHGULGJH+RZHYHU9DOVRGLIIHUVLQVRPHUHVSHFWVIURPWKHIRXUWKPHWDWDUVDO of S. dongi: V 18060 is much more robust, and the lateral condyle on the distal end is smaller than the medial one. These morphological differences could be ontogenetic variation or due to , taxonomical variations. We prefer the interpretation that V 18060 is a new species that has a close relationship to S. dongi, and a cladistic analysis based on the morphology of metatarsal IV supports this inference. The discovery of V 18060 suggests that the theropods from the Shishugou Fauna are more diversified during the Mid-Late Jurassic than previously thought. The presence of different sinraptorid species in the neighboring areas of Wucaiwan and points to the possibility that these two regions within the Junggar Basin were geographically isolated or ecologically distinct from one another during the Mid-Late Jurassic. Key wordsȞJunggar Basin, Mid-Late Jurassic, Shishugou Formation, theropod, metatarsal

఩ტ㜖♢⻽႒ദ䛽(ឥ۲ण喝40830210)স㒺఩఩ტ⻽႒ദ䛽(㑂ण喝EAR 0922187)䉰ߕȠ ᩢ⽫ᬑ᱋喝2011-10-25 30 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ

ᮄ⭚ޚొᇨⲚഄգ㔫㑾⷇ᷥ≳㒘Ϟ䚼ϔ໻ൟ ݑ㛮㉏䎪偼

ਫ਼1, 3bJames M. CLARK2b༗໲1ྡྷۯ ȞȞȞ(1 ͙఩⻽႒䮎ऐ㘶Ḻߔ➕̺ऐϦㆧⵀ⾢ᝬ喏͙఩⻽႒䮎㘶Ḻߔ➕⑀ࡂ̺Ϧㆧ䊣⎼䛹◥჊侸აȞࡃϘȞ100044) ȞȞȞ(2 㒺఩΀⇧·ࡺⰇ䶫๓႒⩋➕႒㈧ȞࡺⰇ䶫➥ࡦȞ20052) ȞȞȞ(3 ͙఩⻽႒䮎๓႒ȞࡃϘȞ100049)

㙆ㆧᕼک䓳࠱᠘ๆ⻹ܦᨬ㽕喝۲஢ᅀ⯲౜͙һ㒃͂ᮆ᱋ݜᮆһ㒃͂ᬕ᱋↵⼛⮰ⴟᴽ⇋㏰ϓ ⇋⮰๓䛻㘶Ḻߔ➕ࡂⴟȠ᣻䔜β̬Т᫜⮰䛳㜖۲஢ᅀ⯲౜͈ࡃ㑄πᒕ⎪౜ࡦⴟᴽڱ哅౔ 㙆ㆧᕼ哅じఇ䌂俔ᄥکЂڢ㙆ㆧᕼ哅ጒじఇ䌂俔ᴳ᱘(IVPP V 18060)Ƞ䕆䓳̺ک㏰̶䘔⮰ Ђᐮ➥哅䊱⻽じఇ䌂俔⮰ⰤѨᕓ࠱ڢᐮ➥哅䊱⻽(Allosauroidea)ȠႯ̺ڑ喏䄑ᴳ᱘छᑾ℀ 喏ऽโӓ䒧ᓚᑛᰞ⮰俔᎞喏ѹκ俔᎞ܦ⾭⟣㞮䲎̵㻾ᒎᎢᰵ̬ऽऺ᫥ᐢѤ⮰㜸ڟ〚᠘喝䓽 ऺ᫥䲌䓽โӓ䓥⮰ࡶᰴᒎ㖸㖵ܥ䮣喏̵㻾ᒎ俔᎞ὖ᝖䲎Ƞ౔ᐮ➥哅䊱⻽ᑿ͙喏V 18060̺ Ꮕ౜ࡦⴟᴽ⇋㏰͙ࣽ⣜⮰㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅(Sinraptor dongi)ᰬͦⰤѨ(䮐βБۇ۲஢ᅀ⯲౜ᄲ 㞮䒚᏿ॴ䓽ᷛᒎ喏俔᎞ऺ䘔㖸ڟ〚ⰤѨᕓ喏V 18060স㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅⮰ⰤѨᕓ䔄࠱᠘䔈̶ 㖵ܥ䮣̺ঔఠ䓥⩸ॴࡶᐬᩪ⟢ᔭ)ȠѲ᭛喏V 18060স㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅΋ႄ౔ⱬ̬χᬺ᭪⮰ࡦ โ͐俭๓ᄻጚᐮⰤࣹȠ䔅χᒎڱ〚ݗ喝V 18060ᬺ᭪℀㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅⮰じఇ䌂俔㇃บ喏䔈 ᔭጚᐮछ㘩᭛⩝κ͖ѿࣽ㗞ᝂ㔱ᕓࣸᒎ䕌᜼⮰喏΋छ㘩Џ㶔ܲㆧ႒ጚᐮȠᄥ℀ⵀ⾢সദκ じఇ䌂俔ᒎᔭԍᖛ䔇㵸⮰ܲᩛ㈧㐋႒ܲ᲼㏿᳈ᰠջऽऺ̬⻹㼏䛶喝V 18060Џ㶔̬͖̹स 㙆ㆧᕼ哅Ƞ᫜ᱼ᫅⮰ࣽ⣜්ߌβ͙ᮆһ㒃ک㈧ᒴ䓽⮰᫜⮰ڟκ㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅Ѳ̺ऺ㔱Ϟ㑄 Ꮕ౜ࡦࣽ⣜̹स⮰͙ࡺⰃ哅ㆧᕼ哅ۇ㙆ㆧᕼ哅⮰ܲᐮᏒȠ౔πᒕ⎪সᄲکⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐͂ ᠳ⹦βᮆһ㒃͂ᬕ᱋۲஢ᅀ⯲౜͙Ⱔ䗧౜ࡦछ㘩ႄ౔ⱬ̬჆⮰⩋ᔭܲᐮᕓᝂ㔱౜⤲䯀⻧Ƞ 㙆ㆧᕼ哅喏䌂俔ک䬂䆡喝۲஢ᅀ⯲౜喏͙ᮆһ㒃͂喏ⴟᴽ⇋㏰喏݇ Ё೒⊩ߚ㉏ো喝Q915.864Ȟ᭛⤂ᷛ䆚ⷕ喝AȞ᭛ゴ㓪ো喝1000-3118(2013)01-0029-14

㜖2000Ꭰ㜟϶喏͙఩⻽႒䮎ऐ㘶Ḻߔ➕̺ऐϦㆧⵀ⾢ᝬ̺㒺఩΀⇧ࡺⰇ䶫๓႒㏰ ᭛ᄥ۲஢ᅀڢ᜼⮰㖀ऴ㔯ᄋ䭋̬Ⱐ౔᫜⪲۲஢ᅀ⯲౜স़৴⯲౜ᐬᆁ⻽႒㔯ᄋ≧ߔ喏ᅐ ⮰䄯ᴑ喏䛳䯲ݜ๓䛻⮰౜䉔႒ڑ⌝䱞⮰ⴟᴽ⇋㏰䔇㵸βܦ∇Ꮕ౜ࡦᎫۇ⯲౜πᒕ⎪সᄲ ⮰៑䕿⋡Ⰲβ哋刂ㆧȟ凰ᒎߔ➕ȟѨਦΟ❘㵸ߔ➕ȟਦΟߔ➕ȟڟসऐ⩋➕႒䉰᫅喏Ⱔ ⵀ⾢Ჭ๓͜ჸβ᜽ڱ⮰აڟ㔨哅সᕼ哅6͖ㆧ㓐⮰15͖᫜ᆊ⻹(㶔1)Ƞ䔅χ䛺โ጑҈সⰤ Иᄥκⴟᴽ⇋㏰⮰䃐䃲(Eberth et al., 2010), ΋ӯ䔇β᜽Иᄥκ㠑᎞䛹㺭ᕼ哅ㆧ㓐ᬕ᱋⑀ ࡂ⮰䃐䃲(Clark and Xu, 2009a; Xu et al., 2010)Ƞ 䱞κ۲஢ᅀ⯲౜͈㑄⮰䭲Ⱔ↵⼛喏᪠ऴκ̶һ㒃㐋㺫ᆝ⾽㏰ܦⴟᴽ⇋㏰᭛̬຃ ͷ̶喏፤㷗़䅣冭㓐ճ᪠ऴᝬ㺲Ƞⴟᴽ⇋㏰ࣆ50~700 m, ͧ㺭ͦ㐫ȟ▜台স㏎㞞⴮䉔 ∑ᇕࣶ∑ᇕᅮ喏̷䘔๥⴮ᇕࣶ⵪ᇕȠ䄑㏰̬㝘㷗̶̷ܾܲͦ͐⃡喝̷䘔㷗䃐ͦЏ㶔 㙆ㆧ䌂俔 31ک1᱋ 䉦̬协ふ: ᫜⪲۲஢ᅀ⯲౜һ㒃㏖ⴟᴽ⇋㏰̶䘔̬๓ಷ

⪲㑂ༀц, 2000; ᫜ڤ͙һ㒃͂⮰̬຃↵⼛喏̶䘔Џ㶔ᮆһ㒃͂⮰̬຃↵⼛(͙఩౜ᅮ ㏰,1981)Ƞ䊡ૈ䔇ふ(1987)ദκ̶̷͐⃡ᇕᕓসࡂⴟ㏰ۅ㐠४ᅀ㜖⇧ࡦࡦഋ౜ᅮ㶔㑂 ,.ऴ⮰ጚᐮ喏ា̷⃡ࢁ⠘঩हͦπᒕ⎪㏰喏Ѳ䔅̬᫥ᵴ⇍ᰵᓃݜᎫ∇ᣑः(Eberth et al Ƞ䓽ᎠᲑ⮰ⵀ⾢㶔ᬺ喏ⴟᴽ⇋㏰⮰౜䉔ᎠЏ㮩♢Ϻ͙һ㒃͂ᐢ㐙ݜᮆһ㒃͂喏(2001 䘔ᅬ䭼κ͙һ㒃͂ᰬᮆ᱋喏̶䘔ᅬ䭼κᮆһ㒃͂ᰬᬕ᱋̷ڢѲᐢ㐙ᬢ䬠Ⱔᄥᒴⴙ喏 (Eberth et al., 2010)Ƞ ⴟᴽ⇋㏰ჸॗ⵱ࡂ᱔ȟᬌ㘶Ḻߔ➕স㘶Ḻߔ➕ࡂⴟ喏Ѳ̶䘔ࡂⴟ䔈℀̷䘔͜ჸȠ ᝖㜟᱘᪳Ⴘ᜼喏ጞ㏻៑䕿⮰㘶Ḻߔ➕ࡂⴟᆊ⻹࠱᠘ѨਦΟ❘㵸ߔ➕ȟਦΟߔ➕ȟ哋刂 27⻹(㶔1)Ƞڝ㙆ㆧکㆧȟ凰ᒎㆧȟ㔨哅ㆧȟ卋㛬ㆧȟ㱑㙆ㆧБࣶ

㸼 1ǂ⷇ᷥ≳㒘Ꮖ᡹䘧ⱘЏ㽕㛞Ợࡼ⠽࣪⷇ Table 1ȞList of the reported of Shishugou Formation Taxa Species Reference Horizon Locality Xinjiangchelys junggarensis Yeh, 1986 Upper Jiangjunmiao X. macrocentrale Brinkman et al., 2012 ? Wucaiwan 哋刂ㆧ X. radiplicatoides Brinkman et al., 2012 Upper Wucaiwan Testudines Annemys sp. Brinkman et al., 2012 ? Wucaiwan X. chowi Matgke et al., 2005 ? Wucaiwan junggarensis Wu et al., 1996 Lower Wucaiwan 凰ᒎㆧ Junggarsuchus sloani Clark et al., 2004 Lower Wucaiwan Nominosuchus matutinus Clark & Xu, 2009b Upper Wucaiwan Yuanotherium minor Hu et al., 2009 Upper Wucaiwan ႀㆧک Bienotherium zigongensis Sun & Cui, 1989 Lower Jiangjunmiao Therapsida B. ultimus Maisch et al., 2004 Upper Jiangjunmiao wucaiwanensis Dong, 1989 Upper Wucaiwan 卋㛬ㆧ Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis Jia et al., 2007 Upper Jiangjunmiao downsi Xu et al., 2006a Upper Wucaiwan Tienshanosaurus chitaiensis Young, 1937 Upper ? sinocanadorum Russel & Zheng, 1993 Upper Wucaiwan 㱑㙆ㆧ sui Dong, 1990 Lower Jiangjunmiao Klamelisaurus gobiensis Zhao, 1993 Lower Jiangjunmiao jiangi Zhao & Currie, 1993 Lower Jiangjunmiao inextricabilis Xu et al., 2009 Upper Wucaiwan Sinraptor dongi Currie & Zhao, 1993 Upper Jiangjunmiao 㙆ㆧ sollers Choiniere et al., 2010a Upper Wucaiwanک salleei Choiniere et al., 2010b Upper Wucaiwan wucaii Xu et al., 2006b Upper Wucaiwan 㔨哅ㆧ Sericipterus wucaiwanensis Andres et al., 2010 Upper Wucaiwan Pterosauria ਦΟㆧ Klamelia zhaopengi Chow & Rich, 1984 Upper and lower Laoshangou Mammal Acuodulodon sunae Hu et al., 2007 Upper Wucaiwan ȞȞ ⴟᴽ⇋㏰⮰㘶Ḻߔ➕ࡂⴟ㏰ऴь㐋̶㷗䃐ͦস᜽఩㺫ࢃ౜ࡦ͙ᮆһ㒃͂⮰⇅⏖Ꮕ ߔ➕㓐䲊፤ⰤѨȠ䓽ᎠᲑ⮰᫜ࣽ⣜͜ჸβ᜽Иᄥκⴟᴽ⇋㏰㘶Ḻߔ➕ࡂⴟ㏰ऴ⮰䃐䃲 ➥⠘᫜⪲۲஢ᅀ⯲౜ⴟᴽ⇋㏰ԉႄβ̬͖ܦClark et al., 2006; Clark and Xu, 2009b), ᭪⹦) ⮰͙ᮆһ㒃͂䓳⍍᱋⮰ߔ➕㓐喏౔䔅䛸㷗₏ᐻ঩हͦⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐ȠϺⴟᴽ⇋㏰ጞ㏻ϓ ࡂⴟ⮰ᗱۡⰷ喏ⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐̺⇅⏖Ꮕߔ➕㓐ᰵⱬᬺ᭪⮰ࡦݗȠⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐͙㻾呧ܦ 32 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ

哅ㆧ(Alvarezsauroidea)Бࣶ㻾ڥ⨒哅ㆧ()ȟᯠ哅ㆧ()ȟ䭫ᅀ 哅ㆧ()ࡂⴟ౔⇅⏖Ꮕߔ➕㓐͙⇍ᰵ䃜ᒁ(Peng et al., 2005)Ƞⴟᴽ⇋㏰͙䔇ₑ⮰ 㮆俔哅ㆧ()স㻾哅ࡂⴟ⮰ࣽ⣜̺͙఩͈ࡃ䘔͙ᮆһ㒃͂⮰ࡂⴟ㏰ऴᰠͦⰤ Ѩ(Xu et al., 2010), ᭪⹦ⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐Ϻ⩋➕౜⤲ܲࡦ̶छ㘩ᰠᣑ䓽͙఩͈ࡃ౜ࡦ喏㶔ᬺ ͙఩һ㒃㏖͙ᮆ᱋ᕼ哅ߔ➕㓐⮰㏰᜼छ㘩ᰠๆ౜ः㏘Ꮢᣓݢ喏౔ࢃࡃ᫥⮰ጚᐮᰠ⩆κ͈ 䲎সڔ㺫᫥⮰ጚᐮ(䔅䰬㺭ऐ⩋➕౜⤲႒᫥䲎ᰠ䔇̬ₑ⮰侸䃭)Ƞᄥκⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐⮰ᰠ ڔ⮰䃐䃲喏ᄲᰵߕκ᜽Иᰠߌ۲⶚౜ู͙࣋఩͙ᮆһ㒃͂ᕼ哅ߔ➕㓐⮰㏰᜼সᄥκڑ⌝ ⤯ᕼ哅⩋➕౜⤲ࡦ㈧⮰䃐䃲Ƞ 㙆ㆧᕼ哅ᴳ᱘(IVPPک᱘᪳ᄲ៑䕿䛳㜖۲஢ᅀ⯲౜πᒕ⎪౜ࡦⴟᴽ⇋㏰̶䘔⮰̬Т 㙆ㆧᕼ哅喏ఌکV 18060)Ƞᅩネ䄑ᴳ᱘ϱԉႄβじఇ䌂俔喏ѲႯᰵछ㘩Џ㶔β̬⻹᫜⮰ ₐ͜ჸβⴟᴽ⇋ߔ➕㓐⮰㏰᜼Ƞ᱘᪳ᄲᄥ䄑ᴳ᱘䔇㵸ᒎᔭ႒᣻䔜喏ܲ᲼Ⴏ⮰㈧㐋ࣽ㗞ѹ 㒚喏Ꭲ䃔䃦䔅̬ࣽ⣜⮰ᘻ͵Ƞ

1Ȟᴳ᱘᣻䔜

IVPP V 18060ϱԉႄβ̬Ⴘ᪠⮰ጒӓじఇ䌂俔(ప1), 䪫㏒355 mm, 俔᎞͙⃡ὖऽⰠ 㙆ㆧᕼ哅じఇ䌂俔Ⱔ℀喏V 18060䲊፤㇃บȠکЂڢᒰ㏒67 mmȠ̺๓ᄻⰤ䓽⮰ 㞮䲎䓽̵㻾ᒎ喏ᰬ๓ὖऽⰠᒰ㏒135 mm, ᬺ᭪๓κڟ〚V 18060䓽〛ᬺ᭪㛔㗬Ƞ䓽 ᐢ喏Ꭲ౔〛䘔ऽڱ◴㑄ऺࡶӓᑦڱ㞮䲎ڟ〚䮣Ƞ䓽ܥӓ㑄ڱᰬ๓ݹऺऽჩᏒȠ䓽〛㻲喏 ऺӓᐢѤȠ ݹ㻲喏俔᎞ᓚऽโӓᑛᰞ喞ӓ㻲喏俔᎞䒯ͦ᎟ⰠȠ俔᎞ὖ᝖䲎ᕧѿॴ᝭̵㻾ᒎ喞 ӓ䲎౔䲌䓽䓽〛ะᰵ̬̺じ̵䌂俔䓽〛ะⰤ䔊ڱ䊶䲌䓽䓽〛喏ݹऺऽ䪫Ꮢ䊶⾰Ƞ俔᎞ ᣑ⮰᫈ऽ䓽̵㻾ᒎܥ䮣喏ὖऽჩȠ俔᎞ऺӓ䲎᎟ಒ喏Ѳ౔͙䬠ᰵ䒧ᓚᡐࢷᒎ᜼⮰⇋ 〚Ἡ喏⇋ἩϺ䓽〛̬ⰠᐢѤݜᣑ䓽䔈〛ะ喏䪫Ꮢ㏒ࢌ俔᎞䪫Ꮢ⮰3/4Ƞ俔᎞ऺӓ䲎⮰䔈 ܥ䮣喏छ㘩Џ㶔じ̵সじఇ㙆䋪ᅴ㖸(M. lumbricalis)䭰ⱬะȠ䄑ܥ䓽ࡶᰴᒎ̬ڣ1/2ะ 䮣̶䘔䓥㑄ⵠᢋ喏⣜ႄᰬ䪫Ⱐᒰ㏒95.4 mm, ჩ㏒35 mmȠܥ䮣䲌䓽俔᎞โӓ䲎喏̺ঔ ఠ⩸䭼⌱ᮜ喏̺俔᎞โӓ䓥㑄ᣑ㼒ፒᰵ̬㏡ऽᐢѤ⮰㘶喏㘶౔䓽〛ะႄ౔㑦ए喏ҫܥ 䲊፤㇃㈅喏ᰵ๓䛻䭰ⱬ㖸㖵⮰㏲ᄻ㹢⯝̺ڱ䮣ܥ䮣Ⱔᄥ俔᎞ऺ䘔㶔䲎ॴࡶᐬᩪ⟢ᔭȠ ܥ౽Ƞ ڟ㞮๠䔈〛㻲ॴ䓽ᷛᒎ喏ὖऽჩᏒ⼹๓κݹऺऽ倄ᏒȠϱ౔ऺӓᰵ䨜䨪ڟ〚䔈 ӓ俭䓽㘶⟢喏โӓ俭ὖऽჩᏒڱ㞮䲎⮰͙䘔Ƞڟ〚โӓ俭⮰⇋ἩखᐢѤݜ䔈ڱ㞮喏ܲ䯀 ӓ䴓ፒ⿉๓κโӓ䴓ፒ⿉喏Ꭲ℀ऺ㔱⌝Ƞڱӓ俭Ƞӓ䴓ፒ⿉ࣽ㗞喏ڱᬺ᭪๓κ

2Ȟ℀䒯̺䃔䃦

㙆ㆧᕼ哅࠱᠘ࢁ㘶哅Monolophosaurus (Zhaoک۲஢ᅀ⯲౜ⴟᴽ⇋㏰͙ጞࣽ⣜⮰ 哅Guanlong (Xuی ,(and Currie, 1993), ͙ࡺⰃ哅Sinraptor (Currie and Zhao, 1993 et al., 2006b), ∑⒙哅Limusaurus (Xu et al., 2009), ガ᝷哅Haplocheirus (Choiniere 㙆ㆧ䌂俔 33ک1᱋ 䉦̬协ふ: ᫜⪲۲஢ᅀ⯲౜һ㒃㏖ⴟᴽ⇋㏰̶䘔̬๓ಷ

,(ӓ㻲(A)ȟโӓ㻲(B)ȟऺ㻲(C)ȟݹ㻲(D)ȟ䓽〛㻲(E)স䔈〛㻲(Fڱప 1ȞIVPP V 18060ጒӓじఇ䌂俔 ㈧⹦ᘻపڟ㞮䲎Ⱔξڟ〚Бࣶ㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅じఇ(G)ȟじ̵(H)সじθ(I)䌂俔䓽 Fig. 1ȞLeft metatarsal IV of IVPP V 18060, in lateral (A), medial (B), posterior (C), anterior (D), proximal (E) and distal (F) views, and left metatarsus of Sinraptor dongi, proximal views of metatarsals IV (G), III (H), and II (I)(from Currie and Zhao, 1993) a. the concave with Met III; b. the depression for muscle (M. lumbricalis) attachment on the posterior side of the shaft; A, B, C, D scale bar=10 cm; E, F scale bar=5 cm 34 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ et al., 2010a)সጒ哅Zuolong (Choiniere et al., 2010b), Бࣶ͙ࡺⰃ哅ㆧ⮰➅咫ᴳ᱘ IVPP V 15310 (Xu and Clark, 2008)ȠV 18060⼹ᄻκ㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅₏ಷᴳ᱘(㶔2), ΋ᄻ 㙆ㆧᕼکκV 15310(ᵥᢚ➅咫ᴳ᱘⮰๓ᄻᄥ℀喏छⴑV 15310ͦⰚݹጞ៑䕿һ㒃㏖ 㙆ㆧᕼ哅ȠکЂڢ哅͙ᅦᄤᰬ๓⮰), Ѳᬺ᭪๓κ۲஢ᅀ⯲౜һ㒃㈧౜ᅮ͙ጞࣽ⣜⮰

㸼 2ǂIVPP V 18060Ϣ㨷⇣Ёढⲫ啭IVPP V 10060㄀ಯ䎪偼Ⳍ᭄݇᥂ᇍ↨ Table 2ǂComparison of left metatarsal IV of IVPP V 18060 and Sinraptor dongi IVPP V 10060 (mm) Length Middle transverse width Minimum transverse Proximal Distal Minimum Specimen (L) of shaft in anterior view width of shaft in width width circumference C/L C/M (M) anterior view (C)

IVPP V 18060 355 67 56 132 79 179 0.50 5.3 Sinraptor dongi 375 47 43 109 61 145 0.39 8.0 IVPP V 10060

㙆ㆧک⮰12⻹ڱβᰠ䔇̬ₑ⶚䃐V 18060⮰㈧㐋ѹ㒚喏᜽Иᄲ࠱᠘V 18060౔ͦ ᕼ哅ᐦ⿷β̬͖ϱദκじఇ䌂俔➥ᒭ⮰➥ᒭ݃㶔স⩔κ㈧㐋ࣽ㗞ܲ᲼⮰ⴕ䭡(࠱᠘12 স14͖➥ᒭ)Ƞ᜽И⩔ܲᩛ㈧㐋႒䒛ТTNT (Goloboff et al., 2008)ᄥ䄑ⴕ䭡ٯㆧࢁ͖ܲ 䔇㵸βܲ᲼Ƞᝬᰵ➥ᒭ౳ͦᬌᎻসふᱯ䛹喏䓼⩔ज़ࣽᐻ᥈㉎喏䛹ู1000⁍喏⃻⁍ԉ 㙆ㆧ㈧㐋ࣽ㗞ⵀ⾢⮰㏿䃦کڟЂᝬᰵ࣮᪜䛳⩔㑦Ⱝ䃪㒚ȠӉᢚݹϦᰵڢႄ10ḡᴽ喏 Weishampel et al., 2004), ᜽И䔵᠕ࣸ㘶哅()҈ͦโㆧ㓐Ƞ㔯㭽ݜ㻾呧哅) ࢁ㈧ᕓ䔇㵸βᑦݢᕓ䃪㒚Ƞܲ᲼㏿᳈᭪⹦喏ᐮ➥哅ȟڢㆧ⮰ࢁ㈧ᕓᓃݜᎫ∇䃐छ喏ᄥ ͙V 18060̺㦏℻͙ࡺڢ㈧ᒴ䓽⮰ᩛ㈧喏ڟस㏰᜼̬͖ᒨₐڝ㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅̺V 18060 ㈧ᰬͦჲܳȠܲ᲼⮰㏿᳈ϓ⩋β1͖ᴽ(ᴽ䪫L=31, ̬㜠ᕓᠳ᪜CI=0.548, ԉ⪅ᠳڟⰃ哅 ᪜RI=0.576)(ప2)Ƞ

㙆ㆧᕼ哅ᩛᎻపکప 2Ȟᵥᢚじఇ䌂俔➥ᒭᝬֆ⮰ Fig. 2ȞPhylogeny tree based on the Met IV of theropod characters After constraining Ceratosauria as monophyletic group, tree length=31; consistency index (CI) =0.548; retention index (RI) =0.576 㙆ㆧ䌂俔 35ک1᱋ 䉦̬协ふ: ᫜⪲۲஢ᅀ⯲౜һ㒃㏖ⴟᴽ⇋㏰̶䘔̬๓ಷ

ᩛᎻప㮩♢ख᭛ദκ̬ᵥじఇ䌂俔➥ᒭ㔸҈喏Ѳ᜽И䔄᭛छБガࢁ౜ֆ̬χ 哅(Guanlong), ࠱᠘یㆧࡦܲȠ䮐倄㘶哅(Acrocanthosarus), 侘ᮚ哅()সܲ 㞮䲎̶౳ᰵⰤѨ⮰โᒎ喏ॴ䓽̵ڟ〚䓽ڢ⻹ಆᅪ哅ㆧ()౔܌ЂڢV 18060ࣶ 㻾ᒎ⟢(Currie and Zhao, 1993; Madsen, 1976; Britt, 1991)ȠRauhut (2005)ᄲ⺊厜Ⰳ哅 㞮ᒎ⟢᣻䔜ͦ“䓽ఇ䓥ᒎ”(㻭ప3), Ѳ䕆䓳ᄥ℀โᒎ䒚᏿喏ܾͦ䓽ڟ〚Condorraptor)䓽) ӓ⮰ᬺ᭪ᐢѤȠ㔸ࣸ㘶哅ȟ㻾呧ڱऺ〛ऽڱ㞮䲎ڟ〚㻾ᒎᰠͦऴ䔮喏̀ႯИ౳ႄ౔䓽̵ ,㞮䲎ॴ䓽ఇ䓥ᒎ(Gilmore, 1920; Currie and Carpenterڟ〚哅じఇ䌂俔䓽ی哅ȟ倄㘶哅স 2000), ⟤े䶱哅( crenatissimus)݅㷗᣻䔜ͦ“D”ႃᒎ(Carrano, 2007)Ƞ

㞮䲎(̷)䒚᏿ڟ〚㙆ㆧᕼ哅ጒじఇ䌂俔䓽〛(̶)̺䔈کಷ⮰ڤ⻹܌ప 3Ȟ Fig. 3ȞComparison of theropod left metatarsal IV in proximal (top) and distal (bottom) views A. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (based on UCMP 37302)(Welles, 1984); B. nasicornis (based on USNM 4735)(Gilmore, 1920); C. Majungasaurus crenatissimus (based on FMNH PR 2278)(Carrano, 2007); D. bucklandii (Huene, 1926); E. Condorraptor currumili (based on MPEF-PV 1692)(Rauhut, 2005); F. tanneri (based on BYUVP 5278)(Britt, 1991); G. Sinraptor dongi (based on IVPP V 10600)(Currie and Zhao, 1993); H. fragilis (Madsen, 1976); I. atokensis (based on NCSM 14345)(Currie and Carpenter, 2000); J. Mapusaurus roseae (based on MCF-PVPH 10834)(Coria and Currie, 2006); K. Guanlong wucaii (based on IVPP V 14532); L. IVPP V 18060 36 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ

ᰵᰬๆ⮰ⰤѨᕓȠ͙ࡺⰃ哅ȟᐮ➥哅̺V 18060౔䓽ڣV 18060̺ᐮ➥哅䊱⻽⮰᜼঄ 䮣ᑛᰞ喞ऺ䘔䓥㑄̺โ䘔䓥㑄ͷ䬠㻾Ꮢ䓽κⰠܥӓ䓥㑄ڱ㞮䲎̶䔄ᰵຮ̷ⰤѨ◥喝ڟ〚 ӓ〛䘔ᰵ̺͙ࡺⰃ哅সᐮ➥哅̬ᵣڱऺڢ㻾ȠᅩネV 18060䓽〛ᰵ⸔ᢋ喏ѲϹछ㻮ᄋݜ ⮰ऽऺᐢѤ⮰䊷߫喏โᒎ̶ॴ“㜸”⟢Ƞ ᐮ➥哅䊱⻽͙喏V 18060俔᎞̺͙ࡺⰃ哅সᐮ➥哅ㆧѨ喏౳ऽโӓ䒧ᓚᑛᰞ喏Ѳᑛ ᰞ⼷Ꮢᬺ᭪̹ຮࣸ㘶哅ȟ㻾呧哅স⟤े䶱哅(Carrano, 2007)Ƞ俔᎞ऺ䘔⮰䭰ⱬ㖸㖵ܥ䮣 ᰵⰤѨ⮰ᒎ⟢喏౳ॴࡶᰴᒎȠ俔᎞ὖ᝖䲎̵㔱ڣࡦഋ喏V 18060̺͙ࡺⰃ哅সᐮ➥哅䘩 ΋ᒴㆧѨ喏౳ͦ䓽̵㻾ᒎȠ̹सͷะ౔κV 18060ὖ᝖䲎䒯᝭喏Ѳ̹ᢾ䮐᭛ऺ᱋ԉႄᡐ ࢷ࣋ఌᝬ㜠Ƞ㔸ጔ咫哅(Megalosaurus)স⺊厜Ⰳ哅俔᎞ὖ᝖䲎݅ͦࡶలᒎ(Benson, 2010; Rauhut, 2005)Ƞ ϗβᰬๆ⮰ⰤڝᩛᎻܲ᲼ᩛᠭV 18060̺͙ࡺⰃ哅सᆊ͙ࡺⰃ哅⻽᜼঄喏ႯИͷ䬠 Ѩ➥ᒭȠ 㞮โڟ〚V 18060̺͙ࡺⰃ哅䌂俔โӓㆧѨ喏౳䒯ͦల⏽喏㔸⺊厜Ⰳ哅সᐮ➥哅䓽 ӓ̺ݹ᫥䓥㑄ͷ䬠䘔ܲḝ㻾ܲᬺȠ 䮣ࡦഋჩᏒܥ䮣㏿Ჰ喏ѲV 18060⮰ܥᰵⰤѨ⮰俔᎞ऺ䘔㖸㖵ڣV 18060স͙ࡺⰃ哅 ᰠჩ(͙ࡺⰃ哅2.5 cm×10 cm, V 18060ͦ3.5 cm×9.5 cm), ͐㔱ܥ䮣⮰โӓ䓥౳౔โӓ䲎 䮣䪫Ꮢ⮰1/3স1/2Ƞܥ䓥㑄̶䛹ऴ喏Ꭲ䘩ᰵ̬͖䓽〛᫥ऽᰵ㑦ए⮰㘶喏㑦ए䪫Ꮢܲݗ㏒ࢌ ॴ⣜ͦࡶᐬᩪ⟢ᔭ(㻭ప4), V 18060⮰㘶℀͙ࡺⰃ哅⮰⪑倄Ƞڢ䄑㘶⟢➕⮰ႄ౔ҫ V 18060̺͙ࡺⰃ哅ܥ䮣̶⮰㑦ए౳ѹκ̶᫥Ƞ౔ܲጯѹ㒚̶喏खᰵ侘ᮚ哅⮰ܥ䮣ѹκ 哅̺V 18060̬ᵣ౳یऽᄭ䬙⟢ᔭ喞㔸͙ࡺⰃ哅ȟᐮ➥哅ȟ⟤े䶱哅সڔ俔᎞͙ᓯ喏ॴ ᐬᩪ⟢ᔭȠڔ䮣โӓ䓥̺俔᎞⮰โӓ䓥㑄᎟⏽䓳⍍ᣑ㼒喏ॴܥ䉠䌂俔⮰โӓ䲎䓥㑄喏㉓ ӓ䲎ӓڱ䮣㶔⣜ᬺ᭪喏ܥโ͐ӓ䴓ፒڱ㞮ڟ〚㞮䒚᏿ॴ䓽ᷛᒎ喏䔈ڟ〚V 18060䔈 䴓ፒܥ䮣̹䃦๓ᄻ䔄᭛⌝ᏒⰤᄥ౳๓κโӓ䲎⮰ӓ䴓ፒܥ䮣喏䔅͐◥̺͙ࡺⰃ哅ⰤѨȠ 䮣̹ࣽܥ䮣౳̹᭛䲊፤ᬺ᭪喏⺊厜Ⰳ哅โӓ䴓ፒܥโӓ䴓ፒڱ㔸ᐮ➥哅স⟤े䶱哅ふ 㗞喏㔸㰚哅(Torvosaurus)স㻾呧哅ふ݅܌ͺ⇍ᰵ͐ӓ䴓ፒܥ䮣Ƞ

ప 4Ȟ俔᎞ऺ䘔⮰̵⻹㖸㖵ܥ䮣(じ̵সじఇ㙆䋪ᅴ㖸)䓥⩸ᒎᐻ⹦ᘻప Fig. 4ȞThe depression for muscle (M. lumbricalis) attachment on the posterior side of the shaft’s border line A. Mapusaurus roseae, based on MCF-PVPH 10834, closed; B. Allosaurus fragilis, 3D model, opened; C. IVPP V 18060, open over 50% of its length 㙆ㆧ䌂俔 37ک1᱋ 䉦̬协ふ: ᫜⪲۲஢ᅀ⯲౜һ㒃㏖ⴟᴽ⇋㏰̶䘔̬๓ಷ

㙆ک䮣喏㔸๓䘔ܲܥᰵ̬χⰤᄥ⠘➥⮰➥ᒭȠຮ喝俔᎞ऺ䘔ᰵ䒯⌝⮰ڣV 18060΋ ,โӓ䪫Ꮢܲݗͦ71স79 mmڱ㞮ݹऺऽ̺ڟ〚ㆧじఇ䌂俔ऺ䘔Ⱔᄥ᎟ಒ喞V 18060⮰䔈 โӓ䪫ڱ㙆ㆧじఇ䌂俔౳ͦکЂ䮐ࣸ㘶哅โ⮰ๆ᪜ڢโӓ䪫Ꮢ喏㔸ڱݹऺऽ䪫Ꮢ⪑ᄻκ ̬ͦ݅〚Ꮢᄻκݹऺऽ䪫ᏒȠV 18060䔈〛ॴ⣜̶̬͖ͦ䘔ల䧉⮰㇃บᷛᒎ喏ᐮ➥哅᱗ ͖ᅂ䨼⮰̵㻾喏͙ࡺⰃ哅Ϸκθ㔱ͷ䬠喏㔸ࣸ㘶哅݅ͦ䓽ⴕᒎȠ౔᱗〛͐俭๓ᄻ̶喏 ӓ俭喏㔸͙ࡺⰃ哅݅ⰤࣹȠڱV 18060̺࣋໷⮰ࣸ㘶哅̬ᵣ喏᱗〛โӓ俭๓κ ᰵ̬χ̹स◥喝V 18060俔᎞㇃บ⼷Ꮢ䔈䊱ڣ͙ࡺⰃ哅₏ಷᴳ᱘じఇ䌂俔̺V 18060 䪫̺俔᎞͙䘔ὖऽⰠᒰ⮰℀ըᲑ䔇㵸㇃บ⼷Ꮢ⮰ࡦܲȠڔ͙ࡺⰃ哅喏᜽И䕆䓳䃍ッ俔᎞ ,(㙆ㆧᕼ哅͙喏ϱ℀㰚哅⪑㏲(㰚哅ᰬͦ㇃บ喏℀ըͦ4.3کV 18060℀ըͦ5.3, ౔һ㒃㏖ 㞮͐俭ڟ〚โ͐俭๓ᄻጚᐮⰤࣹ喝͙ࡺⰃ哅䔈ڱ㞮ڟ〚㔸͙ࡺⰃ哅℀ըͦ8.0; ͐㔱䔈 䮣⼷Ꮢᰠ⌝Ƞ᜽ܥᄻ喞V 18060俔᎞ऺ᫥Ⱔ℀͙ࡺⰃ哅ڱ๓โᄻ喏㔸V 18060᭛โ๓ڱ И䃐ͦ䔅χᒎᔭጚᐮ̹᭛⩝κ͖ѿࣽ㗞䕌᜼⮰喏࣋ఌ౔κ͙ࡺⰃ哅₏ಷᴳ᱘じఇ䌂俔 ̺V 18060⮰䪫Ꮢ䲊፤ᣑ䓽喏ᠳ⹦͐㔱छ㘩ะκⰤ䓽⮰͖ѿࣽ㗞䭢⃡Ƞ 㙆ㆧک᜽Иᔬ⪽V 18060⮰ጚᐮछ㘩Џ㶔βᕓࣸᒎጚᐮȠݹϦ⮰ⵀ⾢᭪⹦̬χ ͙喏Raath (1990)䕆䓳ࡦܲऴ䍉哅ڢᕼ哅छ㘩㘩๋䕆䓳๠ऺ俔俨➥ᒭᲑࡦܲᕓࣸᒎȠ ⼷ rhodesiensis)⮰ݹ㗎ȟ俔⯲ȟ俢俔স㗍俔⮰ᒎ⟢喏➥ݗ᭛㗍俔⮰㇃บ) ᕓࣸᒎ⮰ӉᢚȠ㔸Chinsamy (1990)݅᭛䕆䓳ᄥऴͦ҈ڢ㏐㏲ಷ̺㇃บಷ喏ᄲܦᏒ喏ܾܲ Џڢ䘔⮰⣛俿ፒႄ౔ӡ㮬⣜䆍喏䃐ͦڱ䍉哅㗍俔䔇㵸俔㏰㏳႒ܲ᲼喏ࣽ⣜౔㇃บಷ㗍俔 㶔β䧅䉔ᝂ⸣䚤⯼ㆧ⮰≭๝喏䔅̺⣜⩋卋ㆧ౔ϓࢡ᱋ᬢ⮰⣜䆍̬㜠(Bloom et al., 1941), ఌ㔸䃐ͦ㇃บಷЏ㶔β䯸ᕓ͖ѿȠᄥᯠ哅( rex)ᕓࣸᒎ⮰ࡦܲݐ᫙Ӊᢚ࠱ ᠘喝Carpenter (1990)ࣽ⣜౔܌Тᯠ哅⮰“㇃บಷ”ᴳ᱘͙喏౼俔俔᎞䔈〛䘔ѹᠳऽ̺ ႒㏿Ჰ᭛ͦβᰵݕκϓࢡ(ࣹނ㏐㏲ಷ”ႄ౔ᬺ᭪ጚᐮ喏Ђ䃐ͦ“㇃บಷ”⮰䔅⻹㼏“ ᄥᘻ㻭㻭Brochu, 2003); Carpenter and Smith (2001)䕆䓳≷䛻ᯠ哅㗝俔̺ᅦ俔⮰ᒎ⟢̺℀ (͙㗝俔⮰ጚᐮछ㘩Џ㶔βᕓࣸᒎ, 㔸Molnar (2005ڢ㏐㏲ಷ̺㇃บಷ, Ꭲ䃐ͦܦҷ喏ܾܲ ᯠ哅Ϧႃ俔ᰬݹ〛⮰ᒎ⟢সѹ㒚̺ᯠ哅ܦ䃐ͦᅦ俔΋छБ̺ₐⰤ㖀㈧; Larson (1994)ᠳ ᕓࣸᒎᰵ㖀㈧(ࣹᄥᘻ㻭㻭Brochu, 2003)ȠϦႃ俔⮰ѹ㒚΋㷗Larson (1994)࣮⚓Бࡦܲ “φ≞ѐ咫哅”(Asian troodontids)ȠColbert (1989, 1990)䕆䓳ᄥ℀㚀俔哅( ͙࠱ॗ⮰͐⻹ڢβܦbauri)⮰๠俔ȟ䶴䘔ȟݹ㗎স俢俔⺊㏻Ḅᘴऴะ⮰ᒎᔭࣶ℀ҷ喏ᠳ ℀ᐮㆧಷȠRowe and Gauthier (1990)䦴ᄥ㚀俔哅সऴ䍉哅⮰ݹऺ㗎䪫Ꮢ̺ᅬ䘔ᒎᔭܲ 」͙䘔ܲ᪳ڢ㙆ㆧᕓࣸᒎ⮰៑䕿喏Ѳک䒯喏䔇㵸βᕓݗࡦܲȠБ̶᭛䕆䓳๠ऺ俔俨ࡦܲ ᢾ䮐छ㘩ႄ౔ᬌڔ喏΋̹㘩Ⴘڔႄ౔ε䃚喏ຮ㐋䃍ᱼ᫅⮰᪜䛻䒯ᄽ喏䘔ܲࡂⴟԉႄ̹Ⴘ ᕓݗ⮰͖ѿऄᐮఌ㉌(Molnar, 2005)Ƞ౔᱘͙᪳喏㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅₏ಷᴳ᱘̺V 18060౔ڟ ⼬㞮䲎̶ႄ౔ᬺ᭪ጚᐮ喏̹ᢾ䮐ͦᕓࣸᒎ⮰छ㘩ȠѲ⩝κᴳ᱘᪜䛻ڟ〚㇃บ⼷Ꮢস䔈 ᕓࣸᒎȠͦڢᄽ喏㑦ͻ䋟๋ȟऴ⤲⮰㐋䃍᪜ᢚᩛᦽ喏ఌₐ喏᜽И䯪Б㗛჆ݐ᫙ 㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅₏ಷᴳ᱘̺V 18060⮰ᒎᔭጚᐮᰵछ㘩Џ㶔ܲㆧ႒ጚᐮ喏䔅χ̹स ㈧ᒴ䓽喏Ѳࣴ᝖♢̹स⮰᫜ڟ⮰ᒎᔭ➥ᒭᰵछ㘩ᠳ⹦V 18060Џ㶔̬͖̺͙ࡺⰃ哅Ϟ㑄 Ђ͙ࡺⰃ哅ㆧᕼڢ⻹Ƞ⩝κᱼ᫅⮰ᅬ䭼ᕓ喏䔅̬ݐ᫙䔄ᰵᒱᰠႸ᪠ᱼ᫅ࣽ⣜Ბ⶚䃐Ƞ 哅喏ຮ̶⍤Ⅴጉ哅( shangyouensis)সጔಷⅤጉ哅(Y. magnus), ⩝κ᱖ԉ ႄじఇ䌂俔喏ఌ㔸̹౔᱘᪳䃔䃦ᄥ℀ͷ݃Ƞ 38 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ

㙆ㆧ➅咫ᴳ᱘IVPP V 15310⮰ࣽ⣜(Xu and Clark, 2008)΋ᩛᠭπᒕ⎪౜ࡦႄک๓ಷ ౔̬͖̹सκ㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅⮰͙ࡺⰃ哅ㆧ⮰ႄ౔ȠV 15310⩆㜟ᰵछ㘩সV18060सᆊ ⻹Ƞຮ᳈V 18060(БࣶV 15310)⶚჊Џ㶔̬͖᫜⻹喏䗏ʹ౔۲஢ᅀ⯲౜䒯ᄻ⮰ࡦഋ䛸̬ ㈧ڟᏅࡂⴟ◥Ⱐ㏫䌉⻧㏒100 km)ႄ౔ⱬϞ㑄ۇπᒕ⎪ࡂⴟ◥সࣽ⣜㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅⮰ᄲ) Ђㆧ㓐⮰ⵀ⾢(℀ຮ哋刂ㆧ)΋᭪⹦βसᵣ⮰⣜䆍(Brinkman etڢ㙆ㆧ⻹Ƞᄥکᒴ䓽⮰̹स Ꮕࡂⴟ◥छ㘩ႄ౔ⱬ̬჆⮰⩋ᔭጚᐮᕓᝂ㔱᳼⻹ۇal., 2012)Ƞ䔅̬⣜䆍ᠳ⹦πᒕ⎪সᄲ ȠѲ⩝κ⣜ܦᏒ⮰౜⤲䯀⻧喏Ϻ㔸ᄨ㜠β̹स͙ࡺⰃ哅ㆧ౔۲஢ᅀ⯲౜͈ࡃ㑄⮰⼷ V 15310স㦏℻͙ࡺⰃ哅⮰ϓܦᅮѹ᭛॒ႄ౔ጚᐮ䔄ᰵᒱ⶚䃐喏ఌₐ᜽И̹㘩ᢾ䮐ᬢ䬠 ఌ㉌ᄥᒎᔭጚᐮϓ⩋⮰ᒝ৹Ƞ౔ⴟᴽ⇋㏰ࣽ⣜ᰠႸ᪠⮰ࡂⴟᱼ᫅ȟ۲஢ᅀ⯲౜һ㒃㏖ऐ Ꮕࡂⴟ◥౜ᅮᅮᎻ⮰ᰠ㇪⶚ᄥ℀ᄲᰵߕκ᜽И⤲㼏ۇ౜⤲⮰㇪⶚ᖎูБࣶᄥπᒕ⎪সᄲ 䔅̬⣜䆍ϓ⩋⮰࣋ఌȠ

׬ূۤฆਖ਼ၽຂහ֟၂ۂ࿉ߎē؟ԅ༉ڬ঺cেࢌФۤԌඁճ·ำඔѻॴͯں㟈䇶Ȟဍ ࿧ำႫྑēहৃူᆴრ٫؟໘ᅙ༉ރనߑֺੋඔ٢͚ᅙēCorwin Sullivanඔ٢ϵࢩᆇॸ ලඉৢēWilli Hennig༰ݖճTNTຂහ֟၂నߑඔ٢ႁᅙēࠨҮᄡ໦d

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Appendix IȞCharacter list 1. Shaft length divided by mid-shaft diameter: (0) >6.9 (slim); (1) ŋ6.9 (robust). 2. Proximal end, lateral side: (0) flat; (1) convex. 3. Proximal end, at the medial side, the posteromedial process: (0) weakly medially directed; (1) strongly medially directed. 4. Proximal end, posterior side: (0) flat; (1) posteromedial process posteriorly directed. 5. Proximal end, medial side: (0) flat; (1) depressed. 6. Shaft in anterior view: (0) straight; (1) slightly convex laterally; (2) strongly convex laterally. 7. Distal end, shape in distal view: (0) trapezoidal, with anterior side shorter than posterior side; (1) subrectangular. 8. Distal end, lateral condyle’s size: (0) subequal to the medial one; (1) larger than the medial one; (2) smaller than the medial one. 9. Distal end anteroposterior length compared to mediolateral length: (0) larger; (1) smaller. 10. The depression for muscle (M. lumbricalis) attachment on the posterior side of the shaft: (0) absent or shallow; (1) deep. 11. The shape of the depression for M. lumbricalis: (0) proximodistally oval; (1) semi-lunate with a lateral straight edge. 12. The depression for M. lumbricalis, lateral borderline: (0) closed; (1) open over 33% to 50% of its length; (2) totally opened. 13. The cross-section of the shaft: (0) triangular; (1) semi-circular. 14. Posterior surface of the shaft: (0) flat; (1) concave. 42 ऐȞ㘶ȞḺȞߔȞ➕Ȟ႒Ȟ៑ 51ࢣ

Appendix IIȞCharacter matrix of 14 features among 12 taxa of theropod dinosaurus, Dilophosaurus was taken as outgroup Taxon 1234567891011121314 Dilophosaurus 0000020110???? Ceratosaurus 000002?00????? Majungasaurus 01101201001200 Megalosaurus 001000000?0?10 Torvosaurus 1010001000???0 Condorraptor 01100102001?10 Sinraptor 01111102011100 Allosaurus 00111102001200 Acrocanthosaurus 110000???????? Mapusaurus 010100??0100?0 Guanlong 01001????01200 IVPP V 18060 11111111111101