Diversity and Endemism of Butterflies of Montane Forests of Eravikulam National Park in the Western Ghats, India

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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication Diversity and endemism of butterflies of montane forests of Eravikulam National Park in the Western Ghats, India

E.R. Sreekumar, S. Nikhil, K.G. Ajay & P.O. Nameer

26 August 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 9 | Pages: 12235–12246 10.11609/jot.4201.10.9.12235-12246

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12235–12246

Diversity and endemism of butterflies of montane forests of Eravikulam National Park in the Western Ghats, India

1 2 3 4 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) E.R. Sreekumar , S. Nikhil , K.G. Ajay & P.O. Nameer Communication Short ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1,2,3,4 Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU Main Campus, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India OPEN ACCESS 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract: In a study on the diversity and abundance of buterfies of regarded as good indicators of habitat quality as many montane forests of Eravikulam Natonal Park in the Western Ghats, species exhibit habitat preferences and seasonality southern India, 85 species of buterfies belonging to six families were recorded. This include eight species of buterfies that are endemic (Larsen 1988; Kunte 1997). Buterfies are sensitve to the Western Ghats and one Near-Threatened species according to biota, which get severely afected by environmental IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed buterfies, was the major group of buterfies seen in the variatons and changes in forest structure (Pollard montane forests of Eravikulam Natonal Park. 1991). India has around 1,501 species of buterfies, out of which 336 species have been reported from the Keywords: Biodiversity hotspot, conservaton, Hesperiidae, IUCN, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae. Western Ghats (Kunte et al. 2018). Of the 336 species of buterfies of the Western Ghats, 316 species have been reported from Kerala (Palot et al. 2012).

The Western Ghats is one of the biodiversity hot Although quite a few studies have been done on the spots of the world (Myers et al. 2000). This region is buterfies of the Western Ghats (Gaonkar 1996; Kunte rich in endemism including buterfies and has been of 2000, 2008; Kehimkar 2008; Padhye et al. 2012), very litle great interest for biogeography. The natural habitats in is known about the buterfies of the montane habitats the Western Ghats is under tremendous pressure from of the southern Western Ghats. Some of the earlier the biotc infuences (Jha et al. 2000; Mitermeier et al. documentaton on buterfy fauna from the Western 1998). Buterfies are suitable for biodiversity studies, Ghats include—100 species from Silent Valley Natonal because their taxonomy and geographic distributon are Park (Mathew & Rahamathulla 1993), 124 species from beter understood compared to many other taxonomic Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary (Sudheendrakumar et groups (Pandhye et al. 2012). Buterfies are also al. 2000), 75 species from Siruvani Reserve Forests (Arun

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4201.10.9.12235-12246 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A8C9E500-277B-49E8-A32F-11011A921608

Editor: George Mathew, (Ex) Emeritus Scientst, KFRI, Peechi, India. Date of publicaton: 26 August 2018 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 4201 | Received 19 April 2018 | Final received 29 June 2018 | Finally accepted 18 July 2018

Citaton: Sreekumar, E.R., S. Nikhil, K.G. Ajay & P.O. Nameer (2018). Diversity and endemism of buterfies of montane forests of Eravikulam Natonal Park in the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(9): 12235–12246; htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4201.10.9.12235-12246

Copyright: © Sreekumar et al. 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Kerala Agricultural University.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Saji, K. for helping us to confrm the identty of the buterfy species and Sevantharaj for the support in the feld. We are grateful to Abha, M.K., Abhirami, M.J., Anjali, J., Arjun, R., Devika, V.S. and Syamili, M.S., for various support. We also express our grattude to Wildlife Warden, Munnar Wildlife Division and Assistant Wildlife Warden, Eravikulam NP for the logistcs support. Dean, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University is acknowledged for encouragement and support. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers and the Subject Editor for their critcal comments and useful inputs.

12235 Buterfies of Eravikulam Natonal Park Sreekumar et al.

2003), 73 species from Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary The average annual rainfall is about 5,000–6,500 mm. (Mathew et al. 2004), 74 species from Peechi-Vazhani The area receives both south-west as well as north-east Wildlife Sanctuary (Mathew et al. 2005), 24 species monsoons. The mean monthly minimum temperature is from Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Ambrose 11.90C, while the mean monthly maximum temperature & Raj 2005), 75 species from Anaikaty Reserve Forests is 22.50C. The alttude of ENP ranges from 1,800–2,695 (Eswaran & Pramod 2005), 53 species from Neyyar m, typical of a montane landscape and the highest peak Wildlife Sanctuary (Mathew et al. 2007), and 282 is Anamudi (2,695m). species from the Kerala part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Vegetaton: The major plant communites found (Mathew 2016). A checklist of buterfies of Western within ENP are grasslands, shrub lands, and forests. The Ghats reported 834 species of plants as larval host plants terrain above 2,000m is covered primarily by grasslands of 320 buterfies (Nitn et al. 2018). In this paper we (~60%), about 25% by shola forests, 8% by southern sub- give an account of the buterfy fauna of the montane tropfcal hill forest, and 7% by shrubs (Menon 2001). forests of Eravikulam Natonal Park, based on a four- month long study done in 2014. Methods The study was conducted from September 2014 Study Area to December 2014. The whole of the study area was Eravikulam Natonal Park (ENP) (Fig. 1) is located divided into nine blocks based on topography and between 10.08333–10.33333 0N & 77.00–77.16 0E in drainage (Table 1) and fve days each were spent on Idukki District of Kerala. The ENP forms part of the each of these blocks. At each basecamp two to three Munnar Hills, a part of the High Ranges of Western hour long transects were walked in the morning from Ghats, which has six protected areas, viz., Anamudi 10:00–13:00 hr. No afernoon transects could be done Shola Natonal Park, Pampadum Shola Natonal Park, because of the unfavourable weather conditons, such Mathiketan Shola Natonal Park, Chinnar Wildlife as mist, cloud and northeastern monsoon rains. During Sanctuary, Kurinjimala Wildlife Sanctuary, and ENP; it is these transect walks, the buterfies were identfed to contguous with the Palni Hills and Anamalai Hills. The the species level and the number of individuals were ENP has an extent of 97km2 and the terrain is undulatng counted. Atempt was also made to photo-document with grassland and shola, the stunted high alttude every species of buterfies sighted. The buterfies were evergreen forests, as the dominant vegetaton. identfed using the feld guides of Kunte (2000) and Climate: Eravikulam has a tropical montane climate. Kehimkar (2008), and for taxonomy and nomenclature,

Figure 1. Locaton map of Eravikulam Natonal Park

12236 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12235–12246 Buterfies of Eravikulam Natonal Park Sreekumar et al.

Table 1. Basecamp details of the study locatons at Eravikulam Sahyadri Birdwing Troides minos, Nilgiri Clouded Yellow Natonal Park (modifed afer Praveen & Nameer 2015) Colias nilagiriensis, Red-disc Bushbrown Heteropsis Camps Alttude (m) Habitats oculus, Nilgiri Four-ring Ypthima chenui, Palni Four-ring Shola, grasslands, rocky out-crops and Ypthima ypthimoides, Palni Fritllary Argynnis castetsi, Rajamala 1,750 shrubs, adjacent to tea plantatons Nilgiri Tiger Parantca nilgiriensis and Striped Hedge Shola, grasslands, rocky out-crops, Meenthoty 1,950 adjacent to tea plantatons and tribal Hopper Baracus subditus. The proporton between setlements the endemic and non-endemic species of buterfies Shola, grasslands, adjacent to tea Anamudi 2,150 plantatons in the diferent basecamps are given in Fig 2. The Shola, grasslands, adjacent to tea basecamps such as Meenthoty, Rajamala, Anamudi and Lakkam Kudi 1,450 plantatons, cofee plantaton and tribal Eravikulam-Kolukkan recorded the greatest proporton setlements Shola, grasslands, adjacent to tribal of the endemic buterfies at ENP, while the Lakkam Kudi Thirumudi 1,625 setlements basecamp recorded the greatest proporton of the non- Shola, grasslands, adjacent to degraded Varatukulam 2,100 endemic species of buterfies. While the basecamps grasslands Poovar - that recorded the greatest proporton of endemic 2,125 Shola, grasslands Kumarikkal buterfies were all within the core zone of the ENP, the Vembanthanni 2,125 Shola, grasslands Lakkam Kudi basecamp is very close to human habitaton Eravikulam - 2,180 Shola, grasslands and the elevaton is also the lowest. The Palni Four-ring Kolukkan found to be the most abundant species among endemic species was found in ENP. Highest species diversity was observed in Lakkam we followed Kunte et al. (2018). Kudi area (51 species), followed by Poovar-Kumarikkal The abundance of the buterfies was calculated (47), Eravikulam-Kolukkan (45), Vembanthanni (43), using the following method, species observed 80–100 Thirumudi (41), Anamudi (37), Varatukulam (33), % of the survey days were categorized as very common Rajamala (29) and Meenthoty (13) (Fig. 3). The relatve (VC), 60–80 % as common (C), 40–60 % as occasional abundance of the buterfies was highest in the family (O), 20–40 % as rare (R) and below 20% as very rare (VR) Nymphalidae (57.6%), followed by Pieridae (25%) and (afer Aneesh et al. 2013). Papilionidae (10.4%). The other three buterfy families account for the remaining 7% of the buterfies of ENP Results (Fig. 4). A total of 85 species of buterfies belonging to six The only threatened species of buterfy recorded families such as, Papilionidae (10 species), Pieridae as per the IUCN category was the Nilgiri Tiger Parantca (15), Nymphalidae (36), Riodinidae (1), Lycaenidae (9), nilgiriensis. It belonged to the Near Threatened category and Hesperiidae (14) (Table 2) were identfed from the (Lepidoptera Specialist Group 1996). The relatve montane habitat of ENP. This included eight species abundance study revealed that 27.05% of species that are endemic to the Western Ghats. They are of buterfies belonged to very rare (VR) followed by

Figure 2. Percentage relatve abundance of endemic and non-endemic species of buterfies in diferent study locatons of Eravikulam Natonal Park

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12235–12246 12237 Buterfies of Eravikulam Natonal Park Sreekumar et al.

Figure 3. Species richness of buterfies in diferent study locatons of Eravikulam Natonal Park Figure 4. Relatve abundance of families of buterfies in Eravikulam Natonal Park

28.24% of species that were rare (R) (Table 2). This is the frst ever documentaton of the buterfies RLTS.T16151A5439571.en of a montane habitat in the Western Ghats, which Mathew, G. (2016). A database of the buterfies of the Kerala part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Kerala Forest Research Insttute, highlights the signifcance of these habitats on the Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 171pp. conservaton of high alttude, endemic buterfies of the Mathew, G. & V.K. Rahamathulla (1993). Studies on the buterfies of Western Ghats. Silent Valley Natonal Park. Entomon 18(3): 185–192. Mathew, G., C. Rashmi, C.M. Brijesh & R.S.M. Shamsudeen (2004). Fauna of Protected Areas - 5: Insect Fauna of Shendurny Wildlife References Sanctuary, Kerala. Zoos’ Print Journal 19(1): 1321–1327; htp://doi. org/10.11609/JoTT .ZPJ.19.1.1321-7 Mathew, G., R.S.M. Shamsudeen & C.M. Brijesh (2007). Fauna of Ambrose, D.P. & D.S. Raj (2005). Buterfies of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Protected Areas - 32: Insect Fauna of Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Zoos’ Print Journal 20(12): 2100–2107; Kerala, India. Zoos’ Print Journal 22(12): 2930–2933; htp://doi. htp://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1312.2100-7 org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1575.2930-3 Aneesh, K.S., C.K. Adarsh & P.O. Nameer (2013). Buterfies of Kerala Mathew, G., R.S.M. Shamsudeen & C. Rashmi (2005). Fauna of Agricultural University (KAU) campus, Thrissur, Kerala, India. Journal Protected Areas - 23: Insect Fauna of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife of Threatened Taxa 5(9): 4422–4440; htp://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT. Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Zoos’ Print Journal 20(8): 1955–1960; o2870.4422-40 htp://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT .ZPJ.1280.1955-60 Arun, P.R. (2003). Buterfies of Siruvani forests of Western Ghats with Menon, A.R.R. (2001). Mapping and analysis of the shola-grassland notes on their seasonality. Zoos’ Print Journal 18(2): 1003–1006; vegetaton of Eravikulam, Idukki District. In: Nair, K., S. Khanduri & K. htp://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.18.2.1003-6 Balasubramanyan (eds.). Shola Forests of Kerala: Environment and Eswaran, R. & P. Pramod (2005). Structure of buterfy community Biodiversity. Kerala Forest Department and Kerala Forest Research of Anaikaty Hills, Western Ghats. Zoos’ Print Journal 20(8): 1939– Insttute, Trichur, 95pp. 1942; htp://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1330.1939-42 Mitermeier, R.A., N. Myers, J.B. Thomsen, G.A.B. da Fonesca & S. Gaonkar, H. (1996). Buterfies of the Western Ghats, India, including Oliveri (1998). Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness Sri Lanka: A biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain areas: approaches to setng conservaton priorites. Conservaton system. Centre for ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore and the Biology 12: 516–520. Natural History Museum, London, 89pp. Myers, N., R.A. Mitermeier, C.G. Mitermeier, G.A.B. da Fonescaand Jha, C.S., C.B.S. Dut & K.S. Bawa. (2000). Deforestaton and land use & J. Kent (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservaton priorites. changes in Western Ghats, India. Current Science 79: 231–238. Nature 403: 853–858. Kehimkar, I. (2008). The Book of Indian Buterfies. Bombay Natural Nitn, R., V.C. Balakrishnan, P.V. Churi, S. Kalesh, S. Prakash & K. Kunte History Society and Oxford University Press, 497pp. (2018). Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, Kunte, K. (1997). Seasonal paterns in buterfy abundance and species India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(4): 11495–11550; htp://doi. diversity in four tropical habitats in northern Western Ghats. Journal org/10.11609/jot.3104.10.4.11495-11550 of Biosciences 22: 593–603. Palot, M.J., V.C. Balakrishnan, B. Valappil & S. Kalesh (2012). An Kunte, K. (2000). Buterfies of Peninsular India. Universites Press, updated checklist of buterfies of Kerala with their Malayalam Hyderabad. names. Malabar Trogon 9(3): 22–30. Kunte, K. (2008). The Wildlife (Protecton) Act and conservaton Pollard, E. (1991). Monitoring buterfy numbers, pp. 87–111. In: prioritzaton of buterfies of the Western Ghats, south western Goldsmith, F.B. (ed.). Monitoring for Conservaton and Ecology. India. Current Science 94: 729–735. Chapman and Hall, London, 275pp. Kunte, K., S. Sondhi & P. Roy (Eds.) (2018). Buterfies of India, Praveen, J. & P.O. Nameer (2015). Bird diversity of protected areas in v. 2.39. Indian Foundaton for Buterfies. URL: htp://www. the Munnar Hills, Kerala, India. Indian BIRDS 10 (1): 1–12. ifoundbuterfies.org/ Accessed 14 April 2018. Sudheendrakumar, V.V., C.F. Binoy, P.V. Suresh & G. Mathew (2000). Larsen, T.B. (1988). The buterfies of the Nilgiri mountains of the Habitat associaton of buterfies in the Parambikulam Wildlife southern India (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Journal of the Bombay Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Natural History Society 85(1): 26–43. Society 97(2): 193–201. Lepidoptera Specialist Group (1996). Parantca nilgiriensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T16151A5439571. Accessed 19 April 2018, htp://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.

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Table 2. Checklist of buterfies of Eravikulam Natonal Park

Image Common English name/Family Scientfc name Species authority Abundance number Family Papilionidae Sahyadri Birdwing* Troides minos Cramer, 1779 1 O Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae Fabricius, 1775 2 VR Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector Linnaeus, 1758 3 O Common Bluebotle Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758 4 VC Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon Linnaeus, 1758 5 R Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 6 O Red Helen Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 7 C Common Mormon Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 8 C Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Cramer, 1775 9 C Paris Peacock Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758 10 O Family Pieridae Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775 11 C Motled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus, 1758 12 O Spotless Grass Yellow Eurema laeta Boisduval, 1836 13 VC One-spot Grass Yellow Eurema andersoni Moore, 1886 14 VR Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758 15 O Three-spot Grass Yellow Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836 16 R Nilgiri Clouded Yellow* Colias nilagiriensis Felder & Felder, 1859 VR Indian Jezebel Delias eucharis Drury, 1773 17 R Asian Cabbage White Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1768 18 VC Common Gull Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775 19 R Lesser Gull Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852 VR Pioneer Belenois aurota Fabricius, 1793 20 C Common Albatross Appias albina Boisduval, 1836 21 C Yellow Orange-tp Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764 22 O Great Orange-tp Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758 C Family Nymphalidae Common Evening Brown Melanits leda Linnaeus, 1758 23 VR Common Treebrown Lethe rohria Fabricius, 1787 24 R Tamil Bushbrown Mycalesis subdita Moore, 1892 25 R Red-disc Bushbrown* Telinga oculus Marshall, 1880 26 VC Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871 27 O Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus Fabricius, 1775 28 C Guérin-Méneville, Nilgiri Four-ring* Ypthima chenu 29 R 1843 Palni Four-ring* Ypthima ypthimoides Moore, 1881 30 VC Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore Linnaeus, 1758 31 O Rustc Cupha erymanthis Drury, 1773 32 R Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Drury, 1773 33 R Palni Fritllary* Argynnis castetsi Oberthür, 1891 34 R Common Sailer Nepts hylas Linnaeus, 1758 35 O Commander Moduza procris Cramer, 1777 36 VR Clipper Parthenos sylvia Cramer, 1775 37 VR Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Linnaeus, 1763 38 O Common Castor Ariadne merione Cramer, 1777 VR

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Image Common English name/Family Scientfc name Species authority Abundance number Map Buterfy Cyrests thyodamas Doyère, 1840 39 R Common Beak Libythea lepita Moore, 1857 40 O Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Fabricius, 1798 41 O Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Linnaeus, 1758 42 R Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Cramer, 1779 43 R Painted Lady Vanessa cardui Linnaeus, 1758 44 R Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica Herbst, 1794 45 VR Blue Admiral Kaniska canace Linnaeus, 1763 46 R Great Eggfy Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus, 1758 47 O Danaid Eggfy Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus, 1764 48 VR Glassy Tiger Parantca aglea Stoll, 1782 49 R Nilgiri Tiger* Parantca nilgiriensis Moore, 1877 50 VC Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Cramer, 1775 51 VC Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis Butler, 1874 52 VC Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758 53 R Striped Tiger Danaus genuta Cramer 1779 54 R Common Crow Euploea core Cramer, 1780 55 C Double-branded Crow Euploea sylvester Fabricius, 1793 56 O King Crow Euploea klugii Moore, 1857 57 O Family Riodinidae Double-banded Judy Abisara bifasciata Moore, 1877 58 VR Family Lycaenidae White Hedge Blue Udara akasa Horsfeld, 1828 59 C Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa Horsfeld, 1828 60 VR Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar, 1844 61 R Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax Fabricius, 1775 62 VR Oriental Grass Jewel Freyeria putli Kollar, 1844 VR Forget-me-not Catochrysops strabo Fabricius, 1793 63 R Pea Blue Lampides boetcus Linnaeus, 1767 64 C Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Cramer, 1775 65 R Common Lineblue Prosotas nora Felder, 1860 66 VR Family Hesperiidae Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus Cramer, 1780 67 VR Guérin-Méneville, Common Awlking Choaspes benjaminii VR 1843 Water Snow Flat Tagiades litgiosa Möschler, 1878 68 R Common Yellow-breasted Flat Gerosis bhagava Moore, 1865 69 VR Fulvous Pied Flat Pseudocoladenia dan Fabricius, 1787 VR Dingy Scrub Hopper Aeromachus dubius Elwes & Edwards, 1897 70 C Restricted Demon Notocrypta curvifascia Felder & Felder, 1862 71 VR Striped Hedge Hopper* Baracus subditus Moore, [1884] 72 O Giant Redeye Gangara thyrsis Fabricius, 1775 VR Rounded Palm-redeye Erionota torus Evans, 1941 73 VR Tawny-spoted Grass Dart Taractrocera ceramas Hewitson, 1868 74 O Dark Palm-Dart Telicota bambusae Moore, 1878 75 R Oriental Variable Swif Parnara bada Moore, 1878 R Blank Swif Caltoris kumara Moore, 1878 76 VR

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Image 1. Sahyadri Birdwing Troides minos Image 2. Common Rose Pachliopta Image 3. Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector aristolochiae

Image 4. Common Bluebotle Graphium Image 5. Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon Image 6. Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus sarpedon

Image 9. Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Image 7. Red Helen Papilio helenus Image 8. Common Mormon Papilio polytes

Image 11. Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia Image 12. Motled Emigrant Catopsilia Image 10. Paris Peacock Papilio paris pomona pyranthe

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Image 13. Spotless Grass Yellow Image 14. One-spot Grass Yellow Eurema Image 15. Common Grass Yellow Eurema Eurema laeta andersoni hecabe

Image 18. Asian Cabbage White Pieris Image 18. Indian Jezebel Delias eucharis Image 16. Three-spot Grass Yellow Eurema canidia blanda

Image 19. Common Gull Cepora nerissa Image 20. Pioneer Belenois aurota Image 21. Common Albatross Appias albina

Image 23. Common Evening Brown Melanits leda Image 24. Common Treebrown Lethe rohria Image 22. Yellow Orange-tp Ixias pyrene

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Image 26. Red-disc Bushbrown Telinga Image 27. Common Four-ring Ypthima Image 25. Tamil Bushbrown Mycalesis oculus huebneri subdita

Image 28. Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus Image 29. Nilgiri Four-ring Ypthima chenu Image 30. Palni Four-ring Ypthima ypthimoides

Image 32. Rustc Cupha erymanthis Image 31. Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore Image 33. Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha

Image 34. Palni Fritllary Argynnis castetsi Image 36. Commander Moduza procris Image 35. Common Sailer Nepts hylas

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Image 37. Clipper Parthenos sylvia Image 38. Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Image 39. Map Buterfy Cyrests thyodamas

Image 40. Common Beak Libythea lepita Image 41. Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Image 42. Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias

Image 43. Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita

Image 45. Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica

Image 46. Blue Admiral Kaniska canace

Image 47. Great Eggfy Hypolimnas bolina © E.R. Sreekumar

Image 48. Danaid Eggfy Hypolimnas misippus

Image 49. Glassy Tiger Parantca aglea

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Image 50. Nilgiri Tiger Parantca nilgiriensis Image 51. Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Image 52. Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala © E.R. Sreekumar septentrionis

Image 53. Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus © E.R. Sreekumar Image 54. Striped Tiger Danaus genuta © E.R. Sreekumar Image 55. Common Crow Euploea core

Image 60. Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa © E.R. Sreekumar © E.R. Sreekumar Image 61. Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria Image 59. White Hedge Blue Udara akasa © E.R. Sreekumar maha

Image 63. Forget-me-not Catochrysops strabo

Image 62. Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax Image 64. Pea Blue Lampides boetcus

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12235–12246 12245 Buterfies of Eravikulam Natonal Park Sreekumar et al.

Image 67. Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus Image 65. Common Cerulean Jamides Image 66. Common Lineblue Prosotas nora celeno

Image 76. Blank Swif Caltoris kumara © E.R. Sreekumar Image 75. Dark Palm-Dart Telicota bambusae Image 74. Tawny-spoted Grass Dart Threatened Taxa Taractrocera ceramas

12246 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12235–12246

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

August 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 9 | Pages: 12147–12298 Date of Publicaton: 26 August 2018 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2018.10.9.12147-12298

Artcle Angiosperm diversity of Sonbhadra District, Utar Pradesh: a checklist -- Arun Kumar Kushwaha, Lalit Mohan Tewari & Lal Babu Chaudhary, Appearances are deceptve: molecular phylogeny recovers the Scaly Gecko Pp. 12247–12269 Hemidactylus scabriceps (Reptlia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) as a member of a scansorial and rupicolous clade Contributon to the Macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 23–27 -- Achyuthan N. Srikanthan, Gandla Chethan Kumar, Aishwarya J. Urs & -- Meghma Bera, Soumitra Paloi, Arun Kumar Duta, Prakash Pradhan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Pp. 12147–12162 Anirban Roy & Krishnendu Acharya, Pp. 12270–12276

Communicatons Notes

Foraging and roostng ecology of the Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat Animal-fungal interactons 2: frst report of mycophagy by the Cynopterus brachyots (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in southern Eastern European Hedgehog Erinaceus concolor Martn, 1837 India (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Erinaceidae) -- T. Karuppudurai & K. Sripathi, Pp. 12163–12172 -- Todd F. Elliot, James M. Trappe & Aziz Türkoğlu, Pp. 12277–12279

Diversity and status of avifauna in man-made sacred ponds of Kurukshetra, Rostral anomaly in a juvenile Spiny Buterfy Ray Gymnura altavela India (Linnaeus, 1758) (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatformes: Gymnuridae) from the -- Parmesh Kumar & Archna Sharma, Pp. 12173–12193 Canary Islands -- Filip Osaer & Krupskaya Narváez, Pp. 12280–12281 Diversity and distributon of freshwater turtles (Reptlia: Testudines) in Goa, India A record afer 52 years, and additonal descripton of the emesine assassin -- Trupt D. Jadhav, Nitn S. Sawant & Soorambail K. Shyama, Pp. 12194–12202 bug Emesopsis nubila (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from western India Breeding behaviour of the Coromandel Damselfy -- Balasaheb V. Sarode, Nikhil U. Joshi, Pratk P. Pansare & Hemant V. Ghate, Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius) (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) Pp. 12282–12285 in central India: copulaton -- Nilesh R. Thaokar, Payal R. Verma & Raymond J. Andrew, Pp. 12203–12209 Gentana aperta (Gentanaceae) - a new record to India from Ladakh Himalaya The status assessment of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis -- Mohd Shabir, Priyanka Agnihotri, Jay Krishan Tiwari & Tariq Husain, (Magnoliopsida: Cleomaceae), endemic to Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pp. 12286–12289 Pradesh, India -- Veeravarapu Hanumantha Rao, Vaidyula Vasudeva Rao, Notes on Cinnamomum travancoricum Gamble (Lauraceae) - Anut Baleeshwar Reddy & Vatsavaya Satyanarayana Raju, Pp. 12210–12217 a Critcally Endangered species from the southern Western Ghats, India -- A.J. Robi, P. Sujanapal & P.S. Udayan, Pp. 12290–12293

Short Communicatons A reassessment and lectotypifcaton of the name Striga masuria (Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.) Benth. (Orobanchaceae) and its collecton from New records of termites (Blatodea: Termitdae: Syntermitnae) from the Western Ghats of India Colombia -- M. Omalsree & V.K. Sreenivas, Pp. 12294–12297 -- Olga Patricia Pinzón & Daniel Castro, Pp. 12218–12225

New reports of thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebranta: Thripidae) from India Miscellaneous -- R.R. Rachana & R. Varatharajan, Pp. 12226–12229 Natonal Biodiversity Authority New records of earthworm fauna (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae and Megascolecidae) collected from Satkosia-Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha, India Member -- Rinku Goswami, Pp. 12230–12234

Diversity and endemism of buterfies of montane forests of Eravikulam Natonal Park in the Western Ghats, India -- E.R. Sreekumar, S. Nikhil, K.G. Ajay & P.O. Nameer, Pp. 12235–12246

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