Sustainable Development Law & Policy

Volume 15 Issue 3 Summer 2015: Journal du Droit et Article 7 Politique du Développement Durable

Notes de Fin

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

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la production agro-alimentaire est responsable de 83% des emissions, !'impact 44 Misunderstood Mess: A Survey of Waste and the Environment, THE EcoNo­ de sa transportation represente Jui 11 % ... Aux Etats-Unis, pour chaque kilo­ MIST, May 29, 1993 Supp., at 1-18 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVI­ watts-heure genere correspond 1,3 pounds d' emissions de dioxyde de carboner RONMENT, supra note 21, at 75) relachees dans !'air par la centrale electrique. Le charbon emet 2,1 pounds, le 45 Id.; Vair aussi Amanda Onion, The Diaper Debate: Are Disposables as petrole 2 pounds et le gaz nature! 1,3 pounds .. Jes economies de carburant des Green as Cloth?, ABC NEWS, May 26, 2005, http://abcnews.go.com/Technol­ Etats-Unis ont diminue de 4% entre 1988 et 2009, atteignant un niveau de 21,1 ogy/story?id~789465&page~l ("Recherche menee par Bill Rathje, un expert et milles par gallon. Les Americains utilisent davantage leurs voitures puisque un professeur emerite de l'Universite de !'Arizona ont demontre que meme une ils parcourent en moyenne 10, 045 miles chaque annee, ce qui traduit une tete de lailue ou une couche en plastique enfouies dans une decharge pourrait augmentation de 9% par rapport a 1996. Les voitures et camions ont emis pres perdurer pendant des decennies en raison d'un manque d'air et de soleil qui, de 1,2 milliards de tonnes metriques de dioxyde de carbone soil 17% du total dans des conditions normales, decomposeraient la matiere"). des emission des Etats-Unis. CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS, UNIV. MICH., 46 Bob Schildgen, Hey Mr. Green: The Great Diaper Debate, SIERRA CLUB CARBON FooTPRJNT FACTSHEET (2013), available at http://css.snre.umich.edu/ MAG. (Nov. 3, 2009), http://sierraclub.typepad.com/mrgreen/2009/l l/the-great­ css_doc/CSS09-05.pclf. diaper-debate.htrnl; voir aussi Amanda Onion, supra note 21, a l("Apres trois 22 Stephen Stec, Ecological Rights Advancing the Rule ofLaw in Eastern annees ... une elude realisee par I' Agence environnementale de Landres a conclu Europe, 13 J. ENVTL. L. & LITIG. 275, 334 (1998). que Jes couches jetables ont le meme impact environnemental que Jes couches 23 Lee M. Thomas, Adm'r, U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, Address at the National reutilisables lorsqu'est pris en compte le lavage de ces couches ... L'Union des Press Club: The Next Four Years: An Agenda for Environmental Results 6-7 Concerned Scientists a estime que pres de 18 milliards de couches sont jetees (Apr. 3, 1985). dans des decharges publiques chaque annee. Par ailleurs une elude menee en 24 Donovan Webster, Sweet Home Arkansas, UTNE READER, July/Aug. 1992, 1998 par l'Agence pour la Protection de !'Environnement indiquait que Jes couches representaient 3.4 millions de tonnes de dechets, c'est-a-dire 2,1 % des at 116 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 21, at 63-64). dechets americains comptabilises cette annee". 47 25 Id. at 112, 116. William Booth & D'Vera Cohn, Sharing the Environmental Burden, WASH. POST, April 18, 1990, at l(as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 26 Id. supra note 21, at 75). 27 Id., at 113. 48 The Catalytic Converter, WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, http://www. 28 Id. wpi.edu/about/history/catalytic.htrnl (last visited Aug. 14, 2011); U.S. ENVTL. 29 GEORGE TYLER MILLER, LNING IN THE ENVIRONMENT: CONCEPTS, PROBLEMS, PROT. AGENCY OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES, AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS: AN OVERVIEW AND ALTERNATIVES 318 (1975) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRON­ (1994 ), available at http://www.epa.gov/oms/consumer/05-autos.pdf. MENT, supra note 21, at 162). 49 The Race to Build Really Cheap Cars, BLOOMBERGBUSINESSWEEK (Apr. 23, 30 Id. 2007), http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_l 7 /b4031064.htm. 50 31 Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153 (1978) (as cited in POPU­ Mark Trumbull, Poverty Now Comes with a Color TV, MSN MONEY, http:// LATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 21, at 54). web .archive. org/web/2 00 802120913 4 3/http: //arti cl es.moneycentral.msn.com/ Investing/Extra/PovertyNowComesWithAColorTV.aspx (last visited Nov. 17, 32 Id. at 172. 2013) (en 2002, Jes 10% des Americains Jes plus fortunes possedaient 2.4 voi­ 33 Id., at 203-204 (Powell, J., dissenting). tures par menage). 34 Maria Goodavage, Battling Safe Windmills: Bird Deaths in Turbines Spur 51 Taehan Min-gulc, Korea, South, ENCYCLOPEDIA NATIONS, http://www.nation­ Outcry, USA TODAY, May 27, 1993, at 3A (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND sencyclopedia.com/economies/ Asia-and-the-Pacific/Korea-South.html (last THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 21, at 37). visited Nov. 17, 2013). 35 Id. 52 Heather Timmons, In India, a $2,500 Pace Car, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 11, 36 JEAN-PAUL RoDRJGUE ET AL., THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS: AIR 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007 /10/12/business/worldbusiness/ 12iht- POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (2009), available at http://people. l 2cars. 7864085.htrnl ?pagewanted~2&sq~car%20company%20in%20India%20 hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/appl8en/ch8alen.htrnl. announces%20$3000%20car&st~cse&scp~ 1. 53 37 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY CoMM'N, BACKGROUNDER OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE See AL GORE, EARTH IN THE BALANCE: ECOLOGY AND THE HUMAN SPIRJT 333- (2011) available at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/ 34 (1992) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 21, at radwaste.html. 14). 38 NIMBY, acronyme pour "Not in my backyard" fait reference a !'opposition 54 See generally, id., at 216-237. de la population locale a la construction de projets consideres comme nuisibles. 55 Id. Definition ofNIMBY, MERRIAM-WEBSTER.COM, http://www.merriam-webster. 56 Peter Schweizer, Gore Isn't Quite as Green as He's Led the World to com/dictionary/nimby (last visited Dec. 23, 2013). Believe, USA TODAY, Dec. 7, 2006, http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/ 39 GEMMA A YMONNE HEDDLE, SocIOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES TO THE SITING OF editorials/2006-08-09-gore-green_x.htrn. FACILITIES WITH PERCENED ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 2 (June 2003), available at 57 UN SECRETARY-GENERAL, THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT http://web.mit.edu/mitei/lfee/programs/archive/publications/2003-05-th.pclf. 2009 (2009), available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4a534f722. 40 Jim Day, How Electric Cars Really Work, LAS VEGAS REv.-J., Aug. 24, html. 2009, http://www. political cartoons.com/cartoon/b544da69-4bd9-4 2e2-9be2- 58 Christina D. Romer, Great Depression, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/-cromer/ 40a29cb908e0.html. great_depression.pdf (last visited Aug. 19, 2011 ). 41 Tom Wolf, The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Movement, L.A. TIMES, 59 See id. Mar. 24, 1991, at M6 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 60 supra note 21, at 61). Jerry Morton, Romania, BREAD, SALT & PLUM BRANDY, http://breadsaltandp­ lumbrandy.com/index-4.html (last visited Nov. 17, 2013); The People's Palace: 42 Dana Milbank, Despite Appeal, Saving the Earth Lacks Donors, WALL ST. Ceausescu's Lasting, Loathed Legacy, BUCHAREST LIFE, http://www.bucharest­ J., July 11, 1990, at Bl (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, life.com/bucharest/palace-of-parliament (last visited Aug. 19, 2011). supra note 21, at 67). 61 See generally Kelvin Teo, Between Tolerating the Future Dictator and 43 Wolf, supra note 21, at M6. Perpetuating Democracy, NEW ASIA REPUBLIC, Mar. 7, 2011, http://newasiare­ public.com/?p~26175.

SuMMER2015 50 62 MILLER, supra note 58, at 318. se voyait decerner le titre de heros du travail socialiste").

63 MILLER, supra note 58, at 318. 9o WILLIAM L. STEFFEN, GLOBAL CHANGE AND THE EARTH SYSTEM: A PLANET 64 The Poorest Countries in the World, GLOBAL FINANCE, (Aug. 14, 20ll), UNDER PRESSURE 289-91 (2d prtg. 2005). http://www.gfinag.com/tools/global-database/economic-data/10502-the-poor­ 91 Mann, supra note 58, at 47. est-countries-in-the-world.htrnl#axzzl V2hDbxbp. 92 POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 2. 65 See MILLER, supra note 58, at 304. 93 K. BRUCE NEWBOLD, POPULATION GEOGRAPHY: TOOLS AND ISSUES 17 (2010) 66 See generally GoRE, supra note 58. ("Entre 1960 et 1998, la population mondiale a double, passant de trois a six 67 See Thomas Goltz, Earth First Meeting Reflects Gap Between Radicals, milliards d'individus"). 94 Mainstream, WASH. POST, July 19, 1990, at A3 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, GEORGE TYLER MILLER, ENVIRONMENT AL SCIENCE: WORKING WITH THE EARTH 5 AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 14). (5th ed. 1995). 68 See Laurene Conner, Sustainable Development: A Global Agenda Struc­ 95 John Vidal, Every Third Person Will Be a Slum Dweller Within 30 Years, tured on Population Control, ILLUMINATI CONSPIRACY ARCHIVE, http://www.con­ UN Agency Warns, GUARDIAN, Oct. 4, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uld spiracyarchive.com/NewAge/sustainable_development.htrn (last visited Nov. world/2003/oct/04/population.johnvidal ("Une etude tres approfondie relative 17, 2013). aux conditions de vie urbaine a conclu que 940 millions de personnes - presque 69 Public Works Appropriation Act, 1967, Pub. L. No. 89-689, 80 Stat. 1002, un sixieme de la population mondiale - vivent dans des lieux sordides, sans 1014 (1966) hygiene, sans eau, sans acces aux soins et dans lesquels Jes forces de securite ne sont plus presentes"). 70 Joy G. Dryfoos, Family Planning Clinics-A Story ofGrowth and Conflict, 96 20 FAMILY PLAN. PERSPECTIVES 282, 284 (1988). Julian Borger & Juliette Jowitt, Nearly a Billion People Worldwide are Starving, UN Agency Warns, GUARDIAN, Oct. 4, 2003, http://www.guardian. 71 Anna Clark, Why the GOP's Plans to Cut Family Planning Will Cost Us co.uldworld/2008/dec/10/hunger-population-un-food-environment (selon Jes All, ALTERNET: PERSONAL HEALTH (May 25, 2011), http://www.alternet.org/ estimations, on estime a 963 millions le nombre de personnes qui souffrent de health/151063/why_the_gop's_plans_to_cut_family_planning_will_cost_us_ malnutrition dans le monde). all. 97 18,000 Children Die Everyday ofHunger, UN Says, USA TODAY, Feb. 17, 72 Ann Devroy, Bush Hints at Veto ofForeign Aid Bill; President Denounces 2007, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-17-un-hunger_x. Provision to Fund Population-Control Agency, WASH. PosT, Oct. 10, 1989, htrn. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1216468.htrnl (as cited in POPULATION, 98 Eliminating Non-Sustainability/Regenerating the Environment, WORLD LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 29). GAME INST., http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_a/interact/www. 73 POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 80. II existe worldgame.org/wwwproject/what14.shtml (last visited Nov. 17, 2013); World des mouvements ecologistes qui s'interessent au theme de la population mais Demands Surpassing Food Supplies, HousTON CHRONICLE, Jan. 16, 1994, at ils sont ultra minoritaires. Nous pouvons par exemple citer Jes partisans de la A22. croissance zero, le Population Crisis Committee ou encore le Population Insti­ 99 tute. David Biello, Another Inconvenient Truth: The World's Growing Popula­ tion Poses a Malthusian Dilemma, SCIENTIFIC AM. (Oct. 2, 2009), http://www. 74 THOMAS R. MAL THUS, AN ESSAY ON THE PRJNCIPLE OF PoPULA TION, As IT scientificamerican.com/article.cfin?id~growing-population-poses-malthusian­ AFFECTS THE FUTURE IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIETY 4 (1798), available at http://www. dilemma; Borger & Jowitt, supra note 58; U.N. DEP'T ECON. & Soc. AFFAIRS, esp.org/books/malthus/population/malthus.pdf (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, WORLD POPULATION TO 2300, at 84 (2004), available at http://www.un.org/esa/ AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 19 ). population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf (Actuellement, un 75 Id. milliard d'individus sont dans des situations de famine. Ce chiffre est interes­ 76 Id. at 1-5. sant lorsque !'on sail qu'a l'epoque de Malthus, la terre comptait un milliard d'individus ). 77 See Generally Morgan Rose, What Malthus Missed, and Attacks on Indi­ 100 vidualists, LIBRARY OF ECON. & LIBERTY (Oct. 28, 2002), http://www.econlib. John V. Last, The UN 's Imaginary Babies, WALL ST. J., Aug. 4, 2011, org/library/Colurnns/Teachers/critiquemalthus.html. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB 100014240531119033414045764824513 90287410. 78 Charles C. Mann, How Many Is Too Many, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Feb. 1993, 101 Id. at 50, available at http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/93feb/mannl. htrn (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 20). 102 George Carey, Waste Footprint, HEC GLOBAL LEARNING, http://www.glo­ 79 Id. balfootprints.org/waste (last visited Nov. 17, 2013) ("Un enfant ne dans un pays developpe consomme, gaspille et pollue plus que cinquante enfants de pays 80 Id. at 49. sous-developpes reunis. Notre modele energetique base sur la combustion est 81 POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 20. entrain de mener notre planete vers un point de non retour"). 82 CHIRAS, supra note 58, at 152 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVI­ 103 See Biello, supra note 58. ("Aujourd'hui, un milliard d'individus souffrent RONMENT, supra note 58, at 31). de maniere chronique de malnutrition ou de famine. Selan Pedro Sanchez, 83 PAUL R. EHRLICH, THE POPULATION BOMB (1968) (as cited in POPULATION, pour ne serait-ce que maintenir ce triste status-quo, ii nous faudrait deforester LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 1). 900 millions d'hectares de terrain, directeur du Tropical Agriculture and Rural Environment Program at The Earth Institute a l'Universite de Columbia; 84 DONELLA H. MEADOWS, ET AL., THE LIMITS TO GROWTH (1972) (as cited in AMANDA LEIGH HAAG, Checking Earth's Vital Signs, in NASA: SUPPORTING POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 2). EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE 44, 44-45 (Laurie J. Schmidt ed., 2005), available at 85 JOSEPH A. SCHUMPETER, CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM, AND DEMOCRACY 83 (1962) http://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/articles/2005/2005 _mea.html ("Les organes (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 21). vitaux de la terre sont en danger. Sur Jes 24 categories d' ecosystemes reperto­ 86 SIMON KUZNETS, POPULATION, CAPITAL, AND GROWTH 3 (1973) (as cited in ries sur la planete, 15 d' entre-eux sont serieusement degrades et ce phenomene POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 21-22). se poursuit a un rythme insoutenable pour eux (Walt Reid, director of the 87 JOSEPH A. SCHUMPETER, HISTORY OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 251 (1994 ed.) MA [Millennium Ecosystem Assessment], un projet international de grande envergure. "Si nous prenons notre planete pour un compte en banque possible­ (emphasis omitted) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 18). ment inepuisable s'il est gene de maniere raisonnee, nous epuisons en realite le gros de ce compte. Nous en profitons a court terme, mais Jes cmlts a long 88 RODERICK STACKELBERG, THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO NAZI 158 (2007). terme seront significatifs. En transformant notre planete, que ce soil a !ravers la 89 MIL TON JACOB ROSENBERG, AN AMERICAN TRAPPED IN A COMMUNIST p ARADISE: deforestation, la surexploitation des oceans ou le changement climatique, nous AN HISTORICAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY 90 (2003) ("Les femmes russes dont la descen­ epuisons un capital precieux; U.N. ENV'T PROGRAMME, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT dance depassait cinq enfants se voyaient remettre des medailles et accorder des OUTLOOK GEo-4: ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT 12 (2007) ("Les changements privileges par Stalin. Si une femme donnait naissance a plus de dix enfants, elle tels que l'accroissement de la population et de la consommation d'energie ont

51 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY eu un impact tres important sur l'environnement, remettant en cause la capacite supra note 58, at 90).

des societes humaines a se developper de maniere durable. available at http:// i 3o PAUL R. EHRLICH & ANNE H. EHRLICH, THE POPULATION EXPLOSION 3 9 ( 1991) www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/GE0-4_Report_Full_en.pclf. (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 22). 104 See generally POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58. 131 Roe, 410 U.S. at 116. 105 See RICHARD M. MOSEY, 2030: THE COMING TUMULT 91-93 (2009); See gen­ 132 Karen Breslau, Overplanned Parenthood: Ceausescu's Cruel Law, NEWS­ erally POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58. WEEK, Apr. 22, 1990, at 35, available at http://www.ceausescu.org/ceaus­ 106 See MosEY, supra note 58, at 91-92, 98-99; see generally POPULATION, LAW, escu_texts/overplanned_parenthood.htrn (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58; Robert M. Hardaway, Environmental ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 103). Malthusianism: Integrating Population and Environmental Policy, 27 ENVTL. L. 133 David Grimes et al., Unsafe Abortion: the Preventable Pandemic, WORLD 1209 (1997). HEALTH 0RG.: SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4 (2006), available at http:// 107 George D. Moffett, Fertility Rates Decline in Third-World Nations, www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_4.pdf. CHRIST. Sci. Mo., July 8, 1992, at Bl6, available at http://www.csmonitor. 134 Lindsay Beyerstein, Illegal Abortion Kills Kenyan Women, THE FocAL corn/1992/0708/08101.htrnl (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRON­ POINT (Mar. 4, 2010, 2:08 PM), http://bigthink.com/ideas/18925 ("Au Kenya, MENT, supra note 58, at 100). 35% des cas de mortalite maternelle sont la consequence d'avortements impro­ 108 M. Peter McPherson, Address on International Family Planning, 86 DEP'T vises. Chaque annee 2,600 femmes perdent la vie en raison de complications ST. BULL. 43 (Nov. 25, 1985), available at http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/ apparues a la suite de ce genre d'avortements. Pres de 21,000 sont hospitalisees pdaasl92.pdf (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note aux frais du systeme de securite sociale kenyan. L'administration de la securite 58, at 100). sociale kenyane a indique au Center for Reproductive Rights que le reel chif­ 109 Comstock Act, Ch. 258 § 2, 17 Stat. 598 (1873) (presently codified as fre est probablement beaucoup plus eleve car d'innombrables femmes ne font amended at 18 U.S.C. § 1461 (2011)) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE jamais appel a des medecins professionnels. Ainsi, lorsqu'elle decedent la cause ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 92). de leur mort est rarement repertoriee. 135 110 Pub. L. No. 91-662, 84 Stat. 1973 (1971) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND LAURENCE H. TRIBE, ABORTION: THE CLASH OF ABSOLUTES 35 (1990) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, note 135, at 112). THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 92). supra 136 Susan A. Cohen, I I I MIL TON LADER & LA WREN CE MELTZER, MARGARET SANGER: PIONEER OF BIRTH See Toward Making Abortion 'Rare': The Shifting Battle­ 9 GUTTMACHER POLICY REV., I (2006), CONTROL 44 (1969) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra ground Over the Means to an End, avail­ note 58, at 92). able at http ://www.guttrnacher.org/pubs/gpr/09/l/gpr090 I 02.htrnl. 137 112 MARGARET SANGER, MARGARET SANGER: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 89-91 (Cooper Id. at 2. Square Press ed., 1999) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 138 Id. at 3. supra note 58, at 93). 139 Id.; MYRA MARX FERREE, SHAPING ABORTION DISCOURSE: DEMOCRACY AND THE 113 Id.at89. PUBLIC SPHERE IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES 27 (2002). 114 Tariff Act of 1930, ch. 497, tit. 3, § 305, 46 Stat. 688 (1930) (codified as 140 Breslau, supra note 135, at 35. amended at 19 U.S.C. § 1305 (2011)) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE 141 Breslau, supra note 135, at 35. ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 95). 142 Dans Jes annees 1990, Jes Pays-Bas etait l'un des pays ou le nombre 115 N.Y. PENAL LAW§§ 1141-42 (McKinney Supp. 1937) (as cited in POPULA­ d'avortements pratiques etait le plus faible au monde. Cependant, quelques TION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 95). annees plus lard, le nombre d'avortements a commence a croitre et ce, prin­ 116 CONN. GEN. STAT. §§53-32, 54-196 (West, 1969) (as cited in POPULATION, cipalement chez Jes families Jes plus modestes, souvent des minorites, pour LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 95). lesquelles le contr6le des naissances est tres ma! vu, dans lesquelles la sexu­ 117 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381U.S.479 (1965). alite de la femme est tres encadree et ou Jes femmes qui deviennent mere en dehors du mariage sont ostracisees. Ces families se caracterisent egalement 118 Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972). par une tres forte responsabilite des meres dans !'education des enfants. David 119 Casti Connubii, Encyclical of Pope Pius Xi on Christian Marriage (Dec. 31, Frum, Let's Get Real about Abortions, CNN, Oct. 29, 2012, http://www.cnn. 1930), in JOHN CAVANAUGH, THE POPES, THE PILL, AND THE PEOPLE; A DOCUMEN­ corn/2012/10/29/opinion/frum-abortion-reality/. TARY STUDY (1965), available at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/ 143 JOHN T. NOONAN, THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PER­ encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en.htrnl (as cited SPECTIVES, 23 (1970) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 87). note 135, at 113). 12 ° CAVANAUGH, supra note 58, at 14 (citing de Convig. Aduit ii: 12) (as cited in 144 Id. POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 87). 145 Id. 121 CAVANAUGH, supra note 58, at 109 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE 146 ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 87). Effraenatam, I Codicis Juris Fontes, ed. P. Gasparri, 308 (as cited in NOONAN, supra note 135, at 27 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRON­ 122 Miriam Zoila Perez, Past and Present Collide as the Black Anti-Abortion MENT, supra note 135, at 113). Movement Grows, COLORLINES: NEWS FOR ACTION (Mar. 3, 2011, 9:35 AM), 147 http:// co lorlines.corn/arc hi ves/2 0 11/03 /past_and_presen t_collide _as_ the_ Sedes Apostolica, I Codicis Juris Fontes, 330-31 (as cited in NooNAN, supra black_anti-abortion_movement_grows.htrnl. note 135, at 33 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 113). 123 JACQUELINE KASUN, THEW AR AGAINST POPULATION: THE ECONOMICS AND IDE­ OLOGY OF WORLD POPULATION CONTROL 159 (!st ed.1988) (citing KARL PEARSON, 148 Roe, 410 U.S. at 132-34. LIFE, LETTERS, AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GAi.TON (4 vols. 1914-40)) (as cited in 149 LAURENCE H. TRIBE, ABORTION: THE CLASH OF ABSOLUTES 31 (1990) (as POPU­ POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 88). LATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 112).

124 Id. at 160. i 5o JAMES C. MOHR, ABORTION IN AMERJCA: THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF 125 Id. at 86, (quoting EDWARD POHLMAN, How TO KILL POPULATION 161 (1971)). NATIONAL POLICY, 1800-1900, at 3 (1978) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 115). 126 POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 58, at 88. 151 Id. at 5. 127 KASUN, supra note 58, at 209. 152 Reports of Persons Arrested Under the Auspices of 'the Committee for the 128 KASUN, supra note 58,at 207 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVI­ Suppression of Vice' of the Young Men's Christian Association of New York RONMENT, supra note 58, at 89-90). City, "1872-1873, MSS ledgers in the Library of Congress Entry #5 (as cited in 129 KASUN, supra note 58, at 38 (citing ROBERT L. SASSONE, HANDBOOK ON POPU­ MOHR, supra note 135, at 197) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRON­ LATION 99 (4th ed. 1978)) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, MENT, supra note 135, at 116).

SuMMER2015 52 153 MoHR, supra note 135 at 226. effects-temperature-simulation (last visited Aug. 29, 2011); See generally POPU­ 154 Roe, 410 U.S. at 154. LATION, LAW, AND Tiffi ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135. 172 155 See Refugee Act of 1980, 8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(West2011) (autorisait Le carbone n'est qu'un oligo-element dans notre atmosphere (mains de !'immigration de toute personne declarant etre "persecutee" en raison de son 2%); ace jour 2% dont seulement 3% sont attribuables aux emissions liees aux appartenance a un groupe ou de ses opinions politiques. Cette politique invitait activites humaines; de ces 3% seules 22% sont attribuables aux Etats-Unis ; en fait toutes Jes dictatures avider leurs prisons). par consequent, meme si Jes Etats-Unis reduisaient a zero leurs emissions, cela n'aura qu'un impact infinitesimal sur le total des emissions de Carbone. Chip 156 RICHARD D. LAMM & GARY IMHOFF, THE IMMIGRATION TIME BOMB: THE FRAG­ Knappenberger, Climate Impacts of Waxman-Markey (the !FCC-based arith­ MENTING OF AMERICA 62-63 (1985) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND Tiffi ENVI­ metic of no gain), MAsTERRESOURCE (May 6, 2009), http://www.masterresource. RONMENT, supra note 135, at 133). org/2009/05/part-i-a-climate-analysis-of-the-waxman-markey-climate-bill­ 157 Id. the-impacts-of-us-actions-alone/; see also TIME FOR CHANGE, supra note 135, 158 Id. http://timeforchange.org/C 02-emissi ans-by-country. 173 159 See generally POPULATION, LAW, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at Nadia Zakir, Emissions Trading Initiatives: Responding to Climate Change 85-109. Through Market Forces, 16 A.B.A. Bus. L. TODAY 6 (2007), available at http:// apps. ameri canbar. org/buslawlb It/2007-07 -08/zakir. sh trnl 160 Vlae Kershner, A Hot Issue for the 90s: California Leads in Immigration­ 174 and Backlash, S.F. CHRON., June 21, 1993, at A6 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, Eric Shaffuer, Repudiation and Regret: Is the United States Sitting Out the AND Tiffi ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 144). Kyoto Protocol to its Economic Detriment, 37 ENVTL. L. 441, 454 (2007). 175 161 Id. See Council Directive 2003/87, art. 1, 2003 O.J. (L 275) 32, 36 (EC). 176 162 BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, The Atlanta Exposition Address, in UP FROM SLAV­ ICE OTC: Chicago Climate Exchange, available at https://www.theice. ERY: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY (1901), available at http://www.bartleby.com/1004/14. com/ccx.jhtml. html (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND Tiffi ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 177 Clean Development Mechanism, INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE 138) CHANGE, http ://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_

163 LAMM & IMHOFF, supra note 135, at 138. mechanism/i tems/2718. php. 178 164 Martha R. Gore, Foreign Workers Take Jobs From Americans, EXAMINER, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, http://www.rggi.org/. Feb. 1, 2009, http://www.examiner.com/watchdog-politics-in-national/foreign­ 179 CAL. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE§ 38500 et seq. (West 2006), available at workers-take-j obs-from-ameri cans. http ://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab3 2.htrn. 165 Vlae Kershner, Why Immigration Laws are so Hard to Change, S.F. 18° Climate Stewardship Act of 2007, S. 280, l lOth Cong. (2007), available at CHRON., June 21, 1993, at A7 (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND Tiffi ENVIRON­ http ://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill~s 110-280. MENT, supra note 135, at 139). 181 DICKINSON, MACKAMAN, TYLER & HAGEN, ABCs OF CARBON MARKETS, 7 166 Michael Mandel et al., The Immigrants, BLOOMBERGBUSINESSWEEK (July 12, (2009), available at http://www.dickinsonlaw.com/docs/publications/280.pdf.

1992), http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1992-07-12/the-immigrants (as 182 Id. cited in POPULATION, LAW, AND Tiffi ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 140). 183 Ian W.H. Parry, Fiscal Interactions and the Case for Carbon Taxes over 167 Vernon M. Briggs, Despair Behind the Riots: The Impediment ofMass Grandfathered Carbon Permits, 19 OXFORD REV. ECON. PoL'Y 3, 385, 397 Immigration, 11 CENTER IMMIGR. STUD. 1 (1992) (as cited in POPULATION, LAW, (2003). AND Tiffi ENVIRONMENT, supra note 135, at 139-40). 184 The Basic Principles: Supply and Demand, BASIC EcoNOMICS.INFO, http:// 168 Mandel, supra note 135. www.basiceconomics.info/supply-and-demand.php (last visited Nov. 18, 2013). 169 LAMM & IMHOFF, supra note 135, at 140. 185 See generally Ian W. H. Parry, Reducing Carbon Emissions: Interactions 170 LAMM & IMHOFF, supra note 135, at 140. with the Tax System Raise the Cost, 128 RESOURCES FOR FUTURE 9 (1997), avail­ 171 RICHARD M. MosEY, supra note 135, at 98-99; Biello, supra note 135; able at http ://www.rff.org/rff/Documents/RFF-Resources-128-co2redux.pdf. HAAG, supra note 135, at 44-45; Global Warming Effects-Mitigate Temperature 186 Rose Gutfeld, Shades of Green, WALL ST. J., Aug. 2, 1991, at Al. Increase, TIME FOR CHANGE, http://timeforchange.org/mitigate-global-warming-

HE : COMMENT ENTRAINER L'INNOVATION: DE NOUVELLES LOIS ATTIRENT DES PRODUITS CHIMIQUES PLUS SURS SUR LE MARCHE suite de la page 23

HEALTH: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTAL EARLY EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON EVANTHIA DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS ET AL., THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY, ENDOCRINE­ CHILD HEALTH 1-2, 49-50 (2012), disponible a l'adresse http://apps.who.int/iris/ DISRUPTING CHEMICALS: AN ENDOCRINE SOCIETY SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT 4 (2009), bitstream/l 0665/7 534 2/1/9789241503 7 6 l_eng.pdf. disponible a l 'adresse https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endosociety/Files/ 16 TEDX List ofPotential Endocrine Disruptors, THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION Publications/Scientific%20S tatements/EDC _Scientific_Statement.pdf (" ... EXCHANGE, http://endocrinedisruption.org/endocrine-disrupti on/tedx-list-of­ Jes faibles doses peuvent meme avoir des effets plus violents que Jes doses poten tial-endocrine-disruptors/overview [hereinafter TEDX] (last visited Mar. elevees"). 27, 2014). 21 Vair CHEMTRUST, CHEMICAL COCKTAILS: HARMFUL MIXTURES UPSET OUR 11 Id. HORMONES 2 (2010), disponibJe a J'adresse http://awsassets.panda.org/down­ Joads/edc_chemical_cocktail_Jeaflet.pdf (indiquant que Jes populations sont 18 Id.; Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), May regulierement exposees a de multiples EDC). Les effets des produis chimiques 22, 2001, 2256 U.N.T.S. 119, Annex. individuels, dans le "cocktail" de produits chimiques, auquel Jes humains et la 19 SAFER CHEMICALS, HEALTHY FAMILIES, supra note 7, at 15-16; PORTA, supra vie sauvage sont exposes peuvent etre aditifs, synergiques, ou meme antago­ note 12, at 12-14. nistes, de sorte que !'exposition a de multiple peut avoir des effets combines qui

20 L'exposition a des faibles doses d'un OU de plusieurs EDC peut dormer des n'ont pas ete observe !ors de !'examen des dangers d'un produit chimique pris effets secondaires que !'on ne constate pas a des doses plus elevees. En con­ individuellement. Vair id. sequence, Jes methodes conventionnelles d' evaluation du risque, qui extrapo­ 22 Voir WHO, CHILDREN AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL BEHAVIOURAL INTELLECTUAL lent Jes effets a haute dose pour prevoir Jes effets a faible dose sont inadequates DISORDERS (NDBID) 1-4 (2011), disponible a l'adresse http://www.who.int/ pour evaluer Jes effets des EDC, et Jes methodes actuelles ne peuvent pas ceh/capacity/neurodevelopmental.pdf (indiquant que I' exposition a des EDC etre utilisees pour deduire des doses sfues pour ces produits chimiques. Vair pendant une fenetre specifique du developpement de I' enfant peut produire des

53 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY effets nefastes permanents). L 'exposition des enfants peut arriver avant lanais­ sont nomines pour etre places sur la lisle des candidats. De la, I' Agence euro­ sance ou apres la naissance a !ravers la presence de ces produits chimiques dans peenne pour Jes produits chimiques ("ECHA") peut nominer certains produits le sang ou le lait maternel, la nourriture, ou l'environnement interieur. Id. chimiques pour la lisle d'autorisation, pour laquelle tous Jes usages du produit 23 Vair e.g. Casey E. Reed & Suzanne E. Fenton, Exposure to Diethylstilbes­ chimique, sauf ceux autorises, doivent cesser a une certaine date. Autrement, trol During Sensitive Life Stages: A Legacy ofHeritable Health Effects, 99 Jes Etats membres de l'UE peuvent nominer un produit chimique pour la lisle BIRTH DEFECTS RES. PART C EMBRYO TODAY 134, 134-146 (2013), disponible a de restriction). I' adresse http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38 l 7964/ ( expliquant 35 Vair Authorization List, EUROPEAN CHEMICALS AGENCY, http://echa.europa. que des etudes sur la progeniture de femmes exposees a des EDC pendant le eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/authorisation/recommendation-for-inclu­ premier trimester de leur grossesse montrent que des anormalites de reproduc­ sion-in-the-authorisation-list/authorisation-list ( dernierement vu le Apr. 16, tion se sont produites 20 fois plus frequemment chez leur petits-enfants. Ces 2014) effets illustrent Jes dangers des EDC pour Jes generations futures et la complex­ 36 Reglement de la Commission 1907/2006, du Parlement europeen et du ite de la question d'epidemiologie: Jes effets nefastes d'une exposition peuvent conseil, Regulation du 18 Decembre 2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, ne pas etre vusjusqu'a plusieurs decennies apres !'exposition et peuvent ne pas Authorisation and Restriction ofChemicals (REACH), establishing a Euro­ affecter la sante de la personne exposee initialement. Id. pean Chemicals Agency, 2006 O.J., (L 396) 3, disponible a l'adresse http:// 24 DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS, supra note 190, 4 (indiquant que Jes ours polaires eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ /Lex UriServ .do?uri~OJ:L :2007: 136 :0003 :0280 dans I' Arctique, Jes grenouilles et autres formes de vie sauvage ont eu des traits :en:PDF ("Ce reglement devrait assurer un haul niveau de protection pour la hermaphrodites inhabituels ). sante humaine et pour l'environnement ainsi que la libre circulation des sub­ 25 Vair e.g., Regulatory Action on PFASILCPFA C Compounds, ENVTL. PROT. stances, dans des preparations et articles, tout en ameliorant la competitivite et AGENCY, http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/pfas.htrnl (vu dernierement le Apr. I 'innovation"). 28, 2014) (notant un reglement de !'EPA autorisant !'utilisation d'un produit 37 Vair Nicholas Ashford & George Heaton Jr., Regulation and Technological chimique toxique en !'absence d'alternative disponible). Innovation, 46 LAW & CoNTEMP. PRoBs. 109, 139 (1983) (detaillant l'etude sur 26 Vair e.g., S. REP. No. 94-698, at 5 (1976), reedite en 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. Jes experiences passes de !'influence de procedures reglementaires informelles). 4491, 4495 (indiquant qu'il est plus difficile de reguler un produit chimique une Meme si elles etaient interdites sous !'empire du droit des brevets de nombreux fois que le public et l'economie en sont devenus dependants). pays, ii est possible que Jes inventions aient ete connu avant, mais non depose jusqu'a ce que !'adoption du reglement soil imminente. 27 Cette observation ne se limite pas aces produits chimiques. Pour des exem­ 38 ples plus anciens de la perspective d'une regulation qui conduit Jes entreprises a EUROPEAN CoMM'N, Commission Recommendation on Childcare Articles innover de maniere a s'eloigner des produits chimique, voir NICHOLAS ASHFORD and Toys Intended to be Placed in the Mouth by Children ofLess than Three ET. AL., ENVIRONMENTAL/SAFETY REGULATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE Years ofAge, Made ofSoft PVC Containing Certain Phthalates, 35-37 (July I, U.S. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (1979) (rapport a la National Science Foundation); 1998), disponible a l'adressehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. Nicholas Ashford et. al., Using Regulation to Change the Market for Innova­ do?uri~OJ:L:l998:21 7:0035:0037:EN:PDF. tion, 9 HARV. ENVTL. L. REV. 419, 429-443 (1985). 39 Ashford & Heaton, supra note 36, at 139. 28 ASHFORD ET AL., supra note 26, 426. 4o Testing Services, REACH Authorization 2013, CHEM. INSPECTION & REGULA­ 29 COWI A/S, DATA ON MANUFACTURE, IMPORT, EXPORT, USES AND RELEASES TION SERV., http://www.cirs-reach.com/Testing/REACH_SVHC_Authoriza­ OF DIBUTYL PHTHALATE (DBP), AS WELL AS INFORMATION ON POTENTIAL ALTERNA­ tion_Process.htrnl (mise a jour April, 2013). TIVES TO ITS USE 10-J J (2009), disponible a l'adresse http://echa.europa.eu/ 41 CTR. FOR STRATEGY & EVALUATION SERVICES, FINAL REPORT, INTERIM EVALU­ documents/10162/13640/tech_rep_dbp_en.pdf (observing European Council ATION: IMPACT OF THE REACH REGULATION ON THE INNOVATIVENESS OF THE EU for Plasticizers and Intermediates (ECPI)); Agency for Toxic Substances & CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 48-52 (June 14, 2012), available at http://ec.europa.eu/ Disease Registry, DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE, Production, Import/Export, Use, enterprise/sectors. chemicals/files/reach/review2 0 12/innovation-final-report_ and Disposal (Jan. 3, 2013), disponible a l'adresse http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ en.pdf [hereinafter REACH Innovation Report]. ToxProfiles/tpl35-c5.pdf; Peter M. Lorz, et. al., Phthalic Acid and Derivatives, 42 Id. in ULLMANN's ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDUSTRJAL CHEMISTRY (Wiley-VCR: Weinheim, 43 DRUG DISCOVERY: A HISTORY 84-85 (Walter Sneader ed.,John Wiley & Sons, 2002); LOWELL CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, PHTHALATE ALTERNATIVES: Inc. 2005); STEPHEN ANDERSEN ET AL., PROTECTING THE OZONE LA YER: THE UNITED HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 4 (Jan. 201 J), disponible a l'adresse NATIONS HISTORY 8-9 (2007). http://www.sustainableproduction.org/downloads/PhthalateAlternatives-Janu­ ary2011. pdf. 44 See, e.g., WORLD METEOROLOGICAL 0RG., Assessment of our Understand­ ing ofthe Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, 3 3° COWI A/S, supra note 28, at 10. ATMOSPHERIC OzoNE 649, 649 (1985), available at https://archive.org/details/ 31 NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, PHTHALATES AND CUMULATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT: THE nasa_techdoc_l 9860023425. TASK AHEAD (2008), disponible a l 'adresse https://downJoad.nap.edu/cataJog. 45 See ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 10. php?record_id~J2528; Melissa Lee Phillips, Phthalates and Metabolism: Expo­ sure Correlates with Obesity and Diabetes in Men, 115 ENVTL. HEALTH PERSP. 46 ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 9. A312 (2007), disponible a l'adresse http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ 47 See ANDERSEN supra note 42, at 10. PMC1892143/pdf/ehp0115-a0312b.pdf; Stahlhut, et. al., Concentrations of 48 ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 10. Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated with Increased Waist Circumfer­ 49 ence and Insulin Resistance in Adult US. Males, 115 ENVTL. HEALTH PERSP. See ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 9. 876, 876-82 (2007), disponible a l'adresse http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ 50 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Sept. 16, articles/PMC 1892109/pdf/ehpO 115-00087 6. pdf. 1987, 27 U.N.T.S. 1522. 32 ANDREAS KoRTENKAMP ET. AL, STATE OF THE ART AssESSMENT OF ENDOCRINE 51 See ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at I, 21 (describing how interestingly, India DISRUPTORS 65 (2012), disponible a l'adresse http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ and South Korea claimed they were unable to obtain licenses to HFC-134a on chemicals/endocrine/pdf/sota_edc_final_report.pdf (rapport commissionne par reasonable terms, raising a contentious issue in international environmental le Directeur General pour l'environnement a la Commission Europeenne); Y.Y. negotiations: the role of patents in enabling the development of environmen­ Chou, et. al., Phthalate Exposure in Girls During Early Puberty, 22 J. PEDIAT­ tally sound technologies versus their potential to serve as a barrier to the wide­ RIC ENDOCRJNOOGY & METABOLISM 69, 69-77 (2009). scale use of the technologies where appropriate). 33 Matthias Wittassek, et. al, Assessing Exposure to Phthalates - the Human 52 See ANDERSEN, supra note, 42, at 6-11. Biomonitoring Approach, 55 MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RES. 7, 7-31 53 See ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 7. (2011). 54 See ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 8. 34 Vair Authorisation, EUROPEAN CHEMICALS AGENCY, http://echa.europa.eu/ 55 regulations/reach/authorisation (dernierement vu le Apr. 16, 2014) (expliquant See ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 26. que Jes produits chimiques qui sont des substances a haul risque ("SVHCs") 56 See, e.g., Kerl Davies, Greenfreeze F-Gas Victory! Greener Refrigerators

SuMMER2015 54 74 Finally Legal in the US., GREENPEACE (Dec. 14, 2011), available at http:// See, KLAUS KUMMERER, GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE PHARMACY, RATIONAL www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/campaign-blog/greenfreeze-f-gas­ DESIGN OF MOLECULES BY LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERJNG 135, 143 (2007). victory-greener-refrigerato/blog/38405/. 75 See, e.g. ICLEI, SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES: CLEANING PRODUCTS 57 ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 23 AND SERVICES BACKGROUND REPORT 8, (2008) available at http://ec.europa.eu/ 58 ANDERSEN, supra note 42, at 21-22. environment/gpp/pdf/toolkit/cleaning_GPP _background_report.pdf. 76 59 GREENPEACE INT'L., PVC-FREE FUTURE: A REVIEW OF RESTRJCTIONS AND PVC Id. at 33. FREE POLICIES WORLDWIDE 84 (9th ed. 2003), available at http://www.green­ 77 See THE ECOLOGICAL COUNCIL, HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS CAN BE SUBSTITUTED­ peace.org/in temational/ Glo ball in temati onal/p lanet-2/report/200 1/8/pvc-free­ DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 2006, 18 (2012). future. pdf. 78 See Id., at 16 (2012); See also LOWELL CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, 60 See e.g. EUROPEAN ENVTL. AGENCY, Late Lessons, Early Warnings, volume supra note 28, at 12 (providing a more detailed description of this product). I (2002), available at http://www.eea.europa.eu; EUROPEAN ENVTL. AGENCY, 79 See THE ECOLOGICAL COUNCIL, supra note 76, at 18; LOWELL CENTER FOR Sus­ Late Lessons, Early Warnings, volume II (2013), available at http://www. TAINABLE PRODUCTION, supra note 28, at 9. eea.europa.eu; Richard Denison, Won't we ever stop playing whack-a-mole 80 See THE ECOLOGICAL COUNCIL, supra note 76, at 44. with "regrettable chemical substitutions"?, CHEMICALS & NANOMATERJALS (Jan. 12, 2010), available at http://blogs.edf.org/nanotechnology/2010/0l/12/ 81 See e.g., Doug Smock, Shift Out ofPVC Relies on Proprietary Welding won%E2%80%99t-we-ever-stop-playing-whack-a-mole-with-%E2%80%9Cre­ Process, PLASTICS TODAY (April 20, 2012), http://www.plasticstoday.com/ grettable-chemical-substitutions%E2%80%9D/. articles/ shift-out-pvc-relies-proprietary-welding-process0420201201. 61 John Owens, The Truth about Flame Retardants, THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE 82 Michael Hawthorne, Testing Shows Treated Foam Offers No Safety Benefit: (2012) http://www.chicagotribune.com/videogallery/69743455/NewsNideo­ Fire-Resistant Barriers May Do Better Job, Cut Chemical Exposure, CHICAGO The-truth-about-flame-retardants. TRJBUNE, May 06, 2012, available at http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05- 06/news/ct-met-flames-barriers-20120506_l_flame-retardants-furniture-foam­ 62 "In studies on humans exposed to PCBs, effects on sperm motility, fetal smoke-detectors. growth rate (lower birth weight, smaller head circumference) and development (shorter gestational age, neuromuscular immaturity), and neurological functions 83 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 23. of the offspring (impaired autonomic function, increased number of abnormally 84 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 13. weak reflexes, reduced memory capacity, lower IQ scores, and attention deficit) 85 Figure 1, supra. have been observed. Epidemiological studies suggest exposure-related increases 86 in cancers of the digestive system, especially liver cancer, and malignant mela­ For example, under the U.S. Phthalates Action Plan, U.S. EPA intended to noma." World Health Organization (WHO), Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Human initiate rulemaking in autumn 2010 to add eight phthalates to the Concern List Health Aspects (2003), available at http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/ under the Toxic Substances Control Act section 5(b )( 4) as chemicals that pres­ en/cicad55.pdf. ent or may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. Also, Japan's Department of Food Sanitation, acting on a recommendation by 63 Toxipedia, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) (webpage, last visited the country's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, issued a directive against May 5, 2014) (citing Birbaum 2004), available at http://www.toxipedia.org/ the use of vinyl gloves with DEHP in food service kitchens. See e.g. U.S. EPA, pages/viewpage.action?pageid~296. Phthalates Action Plan Sununary (webpage, last accessed May 5, 2014), avail­ 64 Id. able at http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/phthalates. 65 PBDEs are restricted or banned under various national, regional and global html. laws, including the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 87 Vair e.g. ALLEN GODWIN, ExxoNMOBILE CHEM. Co. USES OF PHTHALATES AND See Laura N. Van Den Berg, et al., Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting OTHER PLASTICIZERS (26 juillet, 2010) disponibJe a J'adresse https://www.cpsc. Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses, 33 ENDo­ gov/PageFiles/126379/godwin.pdf (presentation a !'EPA). CRJNE REVIEWS 378 (2012), available at http://edrv.endojoumals.org/content/ 88 ASHFORD, supra note 26, at 420-26. early/2012/03/14/er.2011-1050.full.pdf+html; See also, TEDX, supra note 15; 89 See e.g. DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS, supra note 19. Oslo Manual, supra note 2, at 136. 90 66 See e.g. SAFER CHEMICALS, HEALTHY FAMILIES, supra note 7. OECD, supra note 1, at 78,79. 91 67 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Adoption of OECD, supra note 1, at 88. Amendments to Annexes A, Band C, C.N.524.2009.TREATIES-4 (Depositary 92 Laffont, J.J., The New Palgrave Dictionary ofEconomics, THE NEW PAL­ Notification), available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2009/ GRAVE DICTIONARY OF ECONOMICS ONLINE (Steven N. Durlauf et al. eds. 2d ed. CN.524.2009-Eng.pdf. 2014) http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id~pde2008_E000200& 68 Heather B. Patisaul, et al., Accumulation and Endocrine Disrupting Effects edition~current&q~laffont%2C%20externali ties&topicid~&result_numbeF 1 ofthe Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 in Rats: An Exploratory ( definissant Jes "externalites"). Assessment, 27 I.BIOCHEMICAL & MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 124, 124 (2013) (stat­ 93 Parmi Jes conclusions de l'UNEP: US $236.3 milliards de cmlts global ing that Firemaster 550 ("FM 550") contains 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo­ environnemental des activites anthropogeniques qui generent des composants benzoate ("TBB"), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate ("TBPH"), organiques volatiles; Le cmlt de la generalisation des soins par !'ODA pour triphenyl phosphate ("TPP") and several isopropylated triaryl phosphate iso­ l'Afrique sub-saharienne est depasse par le cmlt de !'inaction liee a !'utilisation mers); Michael Hawthorne, Toxic Roulette: Firemaster 550, Touted as Safe, is de pesticides ($6.2 milliards) avec une hausse des cmlts prevue menant a 90 the Latest in a Long Line ofFlame Retardants allowed onto the Market without milliards de dollars pour l'Afrique sub-saharienne entre 2015 et 2020; 108 Thorough Study ofHealth Risks, CHICAGO TRIBUNE, May 10, 2012, available at milliards de dollars en perte de productivite due a I' exposition des enfants au http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-1 O/business/ct-met-flames-regula­ plomb en Afrique, Amerique Latine, et Asie du sud-est ; et 634 millions de dol­ tors-2012 051 O_ l _flame-retardants-ban-chemicals-chemical-safety-law. . lars par an en pertes de productivite des poissonneries commerciales de Chine 69 Hawthorne, supra note 67. en raison de la pollution de l'eau. Vair Cost ofInaction Initiative, UNEP, http:// www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/UNEPsWork/Mainstreaming/Costsoflnac­ 70 Hawthorne, supra note 67. tioninitiative/tabid/56397 /Default.aspx (vu dernierement le Apr. 10, 2014). 71 Hawthorne, supra note 67. 94 OECD, supra note 1, at 150; Le Manuel d'Oslo, supra note 2, at 78. 72 See e.g., Patisaul et al., supra note 67. 95 ANDREAS KoRTENKAMP ET. AL, STATE OF THE ART AssESSMENT OF ENDOCRINE 73 See e.g. Patisaul et al., supra note 67 (revealing for the first time, the poten­ DISRUPTORS 97 (2012), disponible a l'adresse http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ tial for perinatal Firemaster 550TM exposure to have adverse effects indicative chemicals/endocrine/pdf/sota_edc_final_report.pdf (rapport commissionne par of endocrine disruption at levels much lower than the "No Observed Adverse le directeur general pour l'environnement de la commission europpeenne). Effect Level" ["NOAEL"] reported by the manufacturer. These findings are sig­ 96 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 77. nificant because Firemaster 550TM appears to be one of most commonly used 97 replacements for PBDEs in foam and is prevalent in house dust.). REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 66.

55 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY 98 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 19. 105 Vair REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 76, 81. 99 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 36. 106 Vair REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 16, 70. ioo Ashford & Heaton, supra note 36, at 136-37 (citant plusieurs etudes des 107 Vair REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 36. See REACH Innova­ annees 1970). tion Report, supra note 40, at 10. 101 Ashford & Heaton, supra note 36, at 138. 108 Notre etude des brevets a montre qu'entre 1972 et 2011, la plupart des 102 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 33. inventions ont depasse le cadre des lois de restriction de !'utilisation des phta­ lates, y compris Jes peintures et resines, ainsi que le PVC et Jes plastiques en 103 REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 72. general. 104 Vair REACH Innovation Report, supra note 40, at 71-75 (Emphase ajou­ 109 tee).

DE REGLEMENTATIONS APPROUVEES SANS DISCUSSION: UN CONTROLE INAPPROPRIE DES PLANTES ET ANIMAUX GENETIQUEMENT MODIFIES AUX ETATS-UNIS suite de la page 32

PLANT HEALTH INVESTIGATION SERV., http://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/ !'utilisation de techniques de combinaisons ADN." Glossary ofAgricultural petitions_table_pending.shtml (last visited Feb. 12, 2014); USDA ANIMAL & Biotechnology Terms, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRJC. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/ PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERV., MONSANTO PETITION (11-202-0lP) FOR DETERMI­ usda/usdahome?navid~BIOTECH_GLOSS&navtype~RT&parentnav~BIOT NATION OF NoNREGULATED STATUS OF EVENT: MON 87712-4 SOYBEAN: ENVIRON­ ECH (last updated Feb. 27, 2014). MENTAL ASSESSMENT (2013). 23 Franklin Costantini & Elizabeth Lacy, Introduction of a Rabbit B-globin ISAAA Brief44-2012: Executive Summary Global Status of Commercialized Gene into the Mouse Germ Line, 294 Nature 92, 92-94 (1981). Biotech/GM Crops: 2012, INT'L SERV. FOR ACQUISITION OF AGRI-BIOTECH APPLI­ 24 FeRNANDEz-CoRNEJO, supra note 16, at 19 (notant que plusieurs decisions du CATIONS, http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/44/executivesum­ U.S. Patent Office ont etendu Jes droits de propriete intellectuelle a une vaste mary/default.asp. garnme de produits de biotechnologie cornme Jes graines, Jes plantes, Jes genes, 10 Id. at Table 1. et procedes biotechnologiques.). I I USDA OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL, AUDIT REPORT: USDA's ROLE IN THE 25 Robert Hammer, et al. Production of Transgenic Rabbits, Sheep and Pigs by EXPORT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES 7 (2009); Microinjection, 315 NATURE 680, 680 (June 1985). USDA-ERS, supra note 1. 26 51 Fed. Reg. 23302. (Juin, 26, 1986). 12 USDA APHIS BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERVICES, PERMIT USER'S GUIDE 27 ShoEMAKER, supra note 7 at 9. WITH SPECIAL GUIDANCE FOR EPERMITS 10 (2012); USDA APHIS, supra note 8 28 History ofBiotechnology and Regulatory Services, USDA APHIS, http:// 13 Voir infra Safe to grow? Section and Safe to Eat? Section. www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/banner/help?ldmy&uriie~wcm%3apath%3a/ 14 USDA-APHIS BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERVICES, supra note 12 at 10. aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_biotechnology/sa_program_overview/ 15 Food & Water Watch analysis of Center for Responsive Politics data ct_about_history (mis ajour en Jan. 2014). (analyse non pubJiee) (on file with author); See FooD & WATER WATCH, FooD 29 Id.; ShoEMAKER, supra note 7 at 21. & AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY SPENDS MORE THAN HALF A BILLION 3° FeRNANDEZ-CORNEJO, supra note 16 a 19 (L'amendement 1994 du Plant DOLLARS TO INFLUENCE CONGRESS 1 (2010) (expliquant que Jes cinquante plus Variety Protection Act a mis la Joi en accord avec Jes standards internationaux grandes entreprises agricoles et deux des plus grandes association de biotech­ etablis par !'Union Internationale pour la Protection des nouvelles varites de nologie ont depense plus de 572 millions de dollars en contributions de cam­ plantes et a etendu la protection apportee par Jes certificats de protection de 18 a pagne et lobbying en engageant au mains treize anciens parlementaires et plus 20 ans pour la plupart des cultures); SHOEMAKER, supra note 7, at 9. de 300 anciens personnels du Congres et de la Maison Blanche afin de promou­ 31 USDA APHIS, supra note 28. voir Jes OGM). 32 L'USDA definit Jes cultures Bt cornme, «des cultures qui sont genetique­ 16 JORGE FERNANDEZ-CORNEJO, THE SEED INDUSTRY IN U.S. AGRJCULTURE: AN ment modifiees pour porter un gene de la bacterie Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). EXPLORATION OF DATA AND INFORMATION ON CROP SEED MARKETS, REGULATION, La bacterie produit des proteines qui sont toxiques pour certains parasites mais INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (2004) (expliquant non toxiques pour l'hornme et autres marnmiferes. Les cultures contenant le que le Plant Patent Act de 1930 a ete specialement adopte pour trailer des ques­ gene Bt peuvent produire cette toxine, apportant ainsi une protection a la plante. tions de culture de plantes et apporte une protection par brevet aux varietes de Le mals et le colon Bt sont des exemples de cultures Bt cornmercialisees ». plantes reproduites). Glossary ofAgricultural Biotechnology Terms, supra note 22. 17 Id. (indiquant que le Plant Patent Act de 1952 etend Jes droits des brevets 33 DouG GURIAN-SHERMAN, FAILURE TO YIELD: EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE a une categorie plus large qui inlcut Jes machines et procedes utilises dans la OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS 15 (2009) (Jes graines de soja qui supportent creation de produits OGM, et expliquant qu'etendre la definition de ce qui peut le glyphosate representent maintenant plus de 90% des graines de soja plantees etre brevete a cree une ouverture importante pour couvrir Jes innovations en aux Etats-Unis et la plus grande proportion parmi Jes cultures OGM. biotechnologie); 35 U.S.C. § 101 (2011). 34 US. ENVTL. PROT. AGENCY, CONCERNING DIETARY EXPOSURE TO CRY9C PRO­ 18 FeRNANDEz-CoRNEJO, supra note 16, at 19 (explaining the act established the TEIN PRODUCED BY TARLINK TM CORN AND THE POTENTIAL RISKS As SOCIA TED WITH International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants to ensure that s SuCH EXPOSURE, Draft White Paper, 1 (2007) [hereinafter EPA] ( concluant que breeders of new varieties of plants were provided with the appropriate intellec­ des residus issus de Sarlink ont ete detectes dans Jes coquilles de taco). tual property rights). 35 U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMIN., GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY: VOLUNTARY LABELING 19 7 U.S.C. § 2483 (2010); USDA, Plant v ARJETY PROTECTION ACT AND REGU­ INDICATING WHETHER FOODS HAVE OR HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED USING BIOENGI­ LATIONS AND RULES OF PRACTICE 14 (2006). NEERJNG, DRAFT GUIDANCE ( derniere mise a jour le 21 Fevrier 2014 ), disponible 20 7 U.S.C. § 2543 (2011); USDA, supra note 19, at 19. a l 'adresse http://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocuments­ 21 Diamond v. Chalaabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980) (decidant d'etendre Jes droits regulatoryinformation/labelingnutrition/ucm059098.htrn. des brevets aux micro-organismes modifies, qui sont des outils importants en 36 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN., GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY 187 - REGULATION OF biotechnologie). GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ANIMALS CONTAINING HERJTABLE RECOMBINANT DNA 22 L'USDA definit « organisme transgenique » cornme « un organisme CONSTRUCTS, FINAL GUIDANCE 5 (2009). qui resulte de !'insertion de materiel genetique d'un autre organisme par

SuMMER2015 56 37 BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERV., APHIS BIOTECHNOLOGY: PERMITTING 61 Facilitating the Marketing of the U.S. Agricultural Products With New PROGRESS INTO TOMORROW 1 (2006), disponible a l'adresse https://scholarworks. Testing and Process Verification Services, 67 Fed. Reg. 50853-50854. (Aug. 6, iupui .edu/bitstrearu/handl e/ 180 5/819/Penni tting%2 Opro gress%2 Oin to%2 0 2002). tomorrow%20-%20BRS %20factsheet. pdf?sequence~ 1. 62 7 U.S.C. § 136(u)(l) (2006). See also 40 C.F.R. § 174.3 (2011) 38 7 U.S.C. § 7701(3) (2000). Vair aussi id.at 1-4. 63 7 U.S.C. § 136(u)(l) (2006). 39 APHIS Unveils Customer-Driven Improvements and Solutions-Changes 64 GAO, supra note 58, at 11 (ajoutant que cinq d'entre eux ont depuis ete Could Achieve Reductions in Processing Times Ranging from 20 to 76 Percent, annules). U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC. (Nov. 10, 2011), http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/ 65 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act, 7. U.S.C. prec. § 121 aphis/newsroom/news/ sa_federal_register_posts? 1dmy &uriie~wcm%3Apath (2012). See also EPA History: FIFRA Amendments of 1988, U.S. ENVT'L PROT. %3A%2FAPHIS_Content_Library%2FSA_Newsroom%2FSA_News%2FSA_ AGENCY (Oct. 26, 1988), http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-history-fifra­ By_Date%2FSA_2011 %2FSA_l l %2FCT_Customer_driven (Jes ameliorations amendments-1988. permettront des reductions dans Jes delais de traitement de certaines agences, allant de 20-77%) 66 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(5) (2013). 40 7 C.F.R. § 340.3(a) & (b) (2012). 67 40 C.F.R. § 152.l(a) (2013). 41 7 C.F.R. § 340.3(b),(c) & (e)(4) (2012). Vair aussi PEW INITIATIVE, supra 68 40 C.F.R. § l 72.3(a) (2013). Vair aussi 40 C.F.R. § 180 (1997); 40 C.F.R. note 3, at 11. §152.l(a) (2008); PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 13-14. 42 7 C.F.R. § 340.3(e)(5) (2012). Vair aussi PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 69 21 U.S.C. § 346a(c)(2)(A) (2011). Vair aussi PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, 11. at 13. 43 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq. 70 21 U.S.C. § 346a(b )(2)(ii) (2011 ). 44 7 C.F.R. § 340.3 (2012); 7 C.F.R. 372.5 (c) & (d) (1995). Vair aussi PEW 71 See SUZANNE H. REUBEN, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERV., REDUCING INITIATIVE, ISSUES IN THE REGULATION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER RISK: WHAT WE CAN Do Now 46 (2010). ANIMALS 33 (2004). 72 21 U.S.C. § 346a(c)(2)(A) (2013). See also PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 45 7 C.F.R. §340.4(b) (2012). Vair aussi PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 10 14. ( obtenir un pennis pour tests sur le terrain, ou notifier qu'un test va avoir lieu, 73 EPA, supra note 34, at 7. constitue une etape typique dans le developpement commercial d'un produit). 74 NATIONAL PESTICIDE INFORMATION CENTER, GL YPHOSA TE TECHNICAL FACT 46 7 C.F.R. § 340.4(b) (2012); BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERV., supra note SHEET 9 (2010). 37, at 3. 75 7 U.S.C. § 136(u)(l) (2013); 40 C.F.R. § 174.3 (definissant le protecteur 47 7 C.F.R. § 340.4(f)(2012). See also BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERV., incorpore a la plante). supra note 37, at 2. 76 PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 44, at 39. 48 7 C.F.R. § 340.4(f)(9) (2012). 77 40 C.F.R. § l 72.2(a) (2013); PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 12. 49 7 C.F.R. § 340.4(g) (2012). 78 40 C.F.R. § l 72.3(a), (c) (2013). 5° FERNANDEZ-CORNEJO & CASWELL, supra note 6, at 3 (un certain nombre de 79 40 C.F.R. § 172.5(b) (2013). demandes ont ete approuvees pour des varietes presentant une qualite amelio­ 80 ree, une resistance viraJe, OU une resistance a Ja secheresse). 40 C.F.R. § 172.8 (2013). 81 51 7 C.F.R. § 372.5(b )(3) (2002). U.S. Gov'T AccOUNTABILITY OFFICE, GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS: EXPERTS VIEW REGIMEN OF SAFETY TESTS AS ADEQUATE, BUT FDA's EVALUATION PROCESS 52 BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERV., NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT COULD BE ENHANCED 7 (2002). AND ITS ROLE IN USDA's REGULATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2 (2006), available at 82 http ://pennanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo987 6/BRS_FS_NEPA_02-06. pdf (notant U.S. ENVT'L PROTECTION AGENCY, BIOPESTICIDES REGISTRATION ACTION Docu­ le processus de preparation de !'EA inclut: la consultation d'autre agences MENT: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS (BT) PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS 17-18 federales, locales; public scoping; Federal Register Notices; public comments; (2001). public meetings; publication of a final EA; and supplements to a previous EA). 83 Insect Resistance Management Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 53 7 C.F.R. § 372.9(a) (2010). See also id. at 2. Corn Products, U.S. ENVT'L PROTECTION AGENCY (Feb. 2011) http://www. epa.gov/oppbppdl/biopesticides/pips/bt_cotton_refuge_2006.htrn (providing 54 7 C.F.R. § 372.8(b )(1) (2010) (impliquant une analyse plus poussee de la requirements for growers of Bt cotton). proposition et de ses alternatives raisonnables ). 84 U.S. ENVT'L PROTECTION AGENCY, supra note 82, at 17. 55 7 C.F.R. § 340.6(a) (2011). Vair PEW INITIATIVE ON FOOD AND BIOTECHNOL­ 85 OGY, supra note 3, at 11-12. EPA Fines Monsanto for Distributing Genetically Engineered Pesticide, U.S. ENVT'L PROTECTION AGENCY (8 Juillet 2010), http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/ 56 7 C.F.R. § 340.6(d)(2) (2011) (pennettant a tout interesse de soumettre des admpress.nsf/0/6754B55AAEC2AEE18525775A0061F90B (!'EPA a donne commentaires ecrits concernant la petition a I' Administrateur, ce qui fera partie une amende a Monsanto pour mauvais etiquetage concernant la vente de du dossier de petition). graines de colon qui contenaient des pesticides genetiquement modifies). 57 7 C.F.R. § 340.6(d)(3) (2011) (indiquant soil !'approbation soil le refus de 86 Id. la petition). 87 Id. 58 U.S. Gov'T AccOUNTABILITY OFFICE, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS: AGEN­ CIES ARE PROPOSING CHANGES TO IMPROVE OVERSIGHT, BUT COULD TAKE ADDI­ 88 Id. TIONAL STEPS TO ENHANCE COORDINATION AND MONITORJNG 11 (2008) [hereinafter 89 21 U.S.C. § 301 (2013); PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 15. GAO]. 90 See U.S. Gov'T AccoUNTABILITY OFFICE, supra note 81, at 9. 59 MICHAEL R. TAYLOR & JODY S. TICK, PEW INITIATIVE ON FOOD AND BIOTECH­ 91 21 C.F.R. § l 70.35(c)(l)(iii) (2013); PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 20-21. NOLOGY, POST-MARKET OVERSIGHT OF BIOTECH FOODS: Is THE SYSTEM PREPARED? 92 19 (2003), disponible a l 'adresse http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/ Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties, 57 Fed Reg. 22984 (May 29, wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Food_and_Biotechnology/hhs_biotech_exec_0403. 1992). pdf ( ces cultures ne sont pas soumises a un contr6le reglementaire aux tennes 93 Premarket Notice Concerning Bioengineered Foods, 66 Fed. Reg. 4706 du PPA a mains et jusqu'a ce que APHIS Jes considere comme une mauvaise (Jan. 18, 2001). herbe sur la base de nouvelles donnees ). 94 Au moment de la publication, la FDA n'a toujours pas finalise cette regle. 60 Grain, Rice & Pulses: Biotechnology, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC. http://www. 95 PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 19-20. gipsa.usda.gov/GIPSA/webapp?area~home&subject~grpi&topic~rd-bi (last 96 See PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 20. visited Feb. 9, 2011)

57 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY 97 21 C.F.R. § l 70.35(c)(4), (c)(5) (2013). See also PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 119 FERNANDEZ-CORNEJO & CASWELL, supra note 6, at 3. 3, at 20. 120 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN., supra note 36, at 4-5. 98 HHA Eligibility for Recognition as Generally Recognized as Safe, 21 121 GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ANIMALS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS, BIOTECH­ C.F.R. § 170.30 (2012) (outlining the types of food to be recognized as GRAS); NOLOGY INDUSTRY 0RG. 4 (Sept., 2010), disponible a l'adresse http://www.bio. PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 21 (decrivant la tomat Flavr Savr comme org/sites/default/files/FAQs_GEAns_0908_0.pdf (enumerating the purpose of declencheur du procede d' additifs alimentaires ). Guidance for Industry 187). 99 GEOFFREY S. BECKER & TADLOCK COWAN, BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ANIMAL 122 Id. at 2-4. AGRJCULTURE: STATUS & CURRENT ISSUES 6 (2009); GRAS Notice Inven- 123 21 U.S.C. § 360b(b)(l) (2002) (regulating the application process for "new tory, U.S. FooD & DRUG ADMIN., http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ animal drugs"). fdcc/?set~GRASNotices (last visited April 28, 2011). La FDA a donne le statut de « globalement considere comme sfu » a presque toutes -95%- Jes 124 21 C.F.R. § 511.1(2013);21U.S.C.§360b(l) (2002). demandes GRAS deposees depuis 1998. 125 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN., supra note 36, at 11. 100 U.S. Gov'T AccoUNTABILITY OFFICE, supra note 81, at 11-12. 126 21 C.F.R. § 25.20 (m) (2012). IOI FDA Food Additives Petitions, 21 C.F.R. § 171.l(c) (2013). 127 FDA Approves Orphan Drug ATryn to Treat Rare Clotting Disorder, U.S. 102 FDA Food for Human Consumption, 21 C.F.R. § 170.38( c) (2013). FooD & DRUG ADMIN. (Feb. 6, 2009), http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/News­ room/PressAnnouncements/ucm109074.htm; BECKER, supra note 99, at 2. 103 66 Fed. Reg. §4708. (Jan. 18, 2001); PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 21. 128 21 C.F.R. § 25.50 (b) (2012). 104 FDA Recalls (Including Product Corrections)-Guidance on Policy, Pro­ cedures and Industry Responsibilities, 21 C.F.R. § 7.4(c) (2012); An Act to 129 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN., GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY 179: USE OF ANIMAL Amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act with Respect to Safety of CLOSE AND CLONE PROGENY FOR HUMAN FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED (JAN. 15, 2008), Food Supply, H.R. 2751, lllth Cong. (2011), disponible a l'adresse http:// available at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Anima!Veterinary/GuidanceCom­ www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-l l lpubl353/pdf/PLAW-l l lpubl353.pdf plianceEnforcement/Guidanceforindustry/UCM052469 .pdf ( expliquant le (amendant la Joi pour inclure une autorite de rappel obligatoire). procede d' evaluation du risque et ses consequences sur SCNT). 105 U.S. Gov'T ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE, FEDERAL OVERSIGHT OF FOOD SAFETY: i 3o BRUCE I. KNIGHT, ADVISORY COMM. ON BIOTECHNOLOGY & 2lsT CENTURY FDA HAS PROVIDED FEW DETAILS ON Tiffi RESOURCES AND STRATEGIES NEEDED TO AGRIC., ANIMAL CLONING: TRANSITIONING FROM Tiffi LAB TO Tiffi MARKET 3 (Mar. IMPLEMENT ITS FOOD PROTECTION PLAN (2008) (statement of Lisa Shames, Direc­ 5, 2008) (apportant Jes indications reglementaires sur le marche des produits tor, Natural Resources and Environment) (expliquant le contr6le du Congres animaux clones.) surlaFDA). 131 Id. at 2. 106 See U.S. Gov'T AccoUNTABILITY OFFICE, FooD SAFETY: USDA AND FDA 132 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN., supra note 36, at 2. NEED TO BETTER ENSURE PROMPT AND COMPLETE RECALLS OF POTENTIALLY UNSAFE 133 FERNANDEZ-CORNEJO & CASWELL, supra note 6, at 1. FooD 1 (2004) (decrivant le procede par lequel Jes entreprises rappellent de la 134 nourriture revelee etre contaminee). Allison Kopicki, Strong Support for Labeling Modified Foods, N.Y. TIMES, July 27, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/science/strong-support-for­ 107 EPA, supra note 34, at 9. labeling-modified-foods.html?_FO. 108 Assurance of Discontinuance Pursuant to Executive Law§ 63(15) at 3, 135 Press Release, Consumers Union, FDA Will Not Require Labeling of Meat In the Matter of Monsanto Company (Nov. 25, 1996), available at http://big. or Fish from Genetically Engineered Animals (Jan. 15, 2009) (on file with assets.huffingtonpost.com/fraud.pdf (offering proof that "Glyphosate is less author). toxic to rats than table salt following acute oral ingestion"). 136 Id.; U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN., supra note 36, at 24. 109 Joel Spiroux de Vendomois et al., A Comparison ofthe Effects of Three 137 GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian Health, 5 INT'L. J. OF BIOLOGICAL Sci. 707, BENJAMIN SENAUER, CONSIDERJNG Tiffi MANDATORY LABELING OF GENETICALLY­ 716-18 (delineating the effect of GM corn on rats); Manuela Malatesta et al., ENGINEERED (GE) FOODS IN Tiffi U.S. 1 (Issue Brief 2013); Alanna Durkin, Maine Ultrastructural Morphometrical and Immunocytochemical Analyses ofHepato­ Advances Genetically Modified Food Labels, BusINEssWEEK, June 12, 2013; cyte Nuclei from Mice Fed on Genetically Modified Soybean, 2 CELL STRUCTURE National Cotton Council, Connecticut Approves Labeling GE Foods, WESTERN & FUNCTION Abstract (2002) (montrant le manque de preuve que Jes aliments FARM PRESS, June 10, 2013. OGM ont un impact negatif sur la sante); Barbara Cisterna et al., Can a Genet­ 138 Directive 2001/18/EC, of the European Parliament and of the Council of ically-Modified Organism-Containing Diet Influence Embryo Development? A 12 March 2001 on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically Preliminary Study on Pre-implantation Mouse Embryos. EUR. J. HISTOCHEMIS­ Modified Organisms and Repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC, 2001 O.J TRY 263 (2008); Antonella Agodi et al., Detection of Genetically Modified DNA (L106) 8. Sequences in Milk From the Italian Market. INT'L. J. HYGIENE & ENVTL. HEALTH 139 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, G.A. Res. 151/26, U.N. Abstract (2006); R. Mesnag et al., Cytotoxicity on Human Cells ofCrylAb and Doc. A/RES/151/26, Principle 15 (June 3 to 14, 1992). CrylAc Bt Insecticidal Toxins Alone or With a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide, 140 J. APPLIED TOXICOLOGY Abstract (2012) (decrivant Jes problemes de toxicologie EU Register ofAuthorized GMOs, EUR. COMM. HEALTH &CONSUMERS, http:// que po sent Jes pesticides). ec.europa.eu/food/dyna/gm_register/index_en.cfrn 141 Id. 110 de Vendomois et al., supra note 109, at 716-18 (concluant que Jes effets des cultures OGM demandent une analyse au cas par cas). 142 EUR. CoMM'N AGRIC. & DEV., EU REGISTER OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED 111 Malatesta et al., supra note 109, at Abstract (soulignant !'impact du soja FooD AND FEED 43, 381 (2011), available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/ Roundup Ready® sur Jes organes animaliers). agrista/201O/table_en/201 Oenfinal.pdf. 143 112 Cisterna et al., supra note 109, at 263. Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of22 September 2003 on Genetically Modified Food and Feed, 2003 113 Agodi et al., supra note 109, at Abstract. O.J. (L268) at Article 12.2. 114 Vair note 32. 144 PEW RES. CTR. GLOBAL ATTITUDES PROJECT, BROAD OPPOSITION TO GENETI­ 115 Mesnage et al., supra note 109, at Abstract. CALLY MODIFIED FOODS (2003). 116 Fran9ois Laurent et al., Metabolism of [14C}-2,4-dichlorophenol in Edible 145 EUR. CoMM'N, SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 341/WAVE 73.1 BIOTECHNOL­ Plants. 62 PEST MGMT. Sci. 558 (2006) (expliquant Jes resultats des tests de OGY REPORT 18 (Oct. 2010), available at http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/ mals et de soja sur Jes animaux). archives/ ebs/ebs_34 l_en. pdf. 111 Id. 146 Rules on GMOs in the EU-Ban on GMOs cultivation, EUR. CoMM'N, http:// 118 Elina Jerschow, Dichlorophenol-containing Pesticides and Allergies: ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/gmo_ban_cultivation_en.htrn; Irina Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005- Ivanova, Bulgaria Parliament Bans GMO Crops to Soothe Fears, REUTERS 2006, 109 ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA IMMUNOLOGY, 420, 422 (2012). (Mar. 18, 2010), http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/18/us-bulgaria-gmo- SuMMER2015 58 idUSTRE62H3EJ20100318; Svetlana Kovalyova, Italy Regions Push Minis­ 2008) (Statement of Todd Leake, Conventional and GE grain grower, Dakota ter for Official GM Ban, REUTERS (Sept. 30, 2010), http://www.reuters.com/ Resource Council). article/2010/09/30/italy-gmo-idUSLDE68TlRX20100930. 155 Is USDA Accounting For Costs To Farmers Caused By Contamination 147 Directive 2001/18/EC, supra note 138, at art. 23. From Genetically Engineered Plants? Before the Domestic Policy Subcomm. 148 THE PEW GLOBAL ATTITUDES PROJECT, VIEWS OF A CHANGING WORLD 90-91 of the US. House Oversight & Gov't Reform Comm., llOth Cong. 1 (Mar. 13, (2003). 2008) (Statement of Harvey Howington, Vice President U.S. Rice Producers Association). 149 Regulation 1829/2003, supra note 143, at art. 6.4, L268/8. 156 Id. at 3. 150 Which EU Countries Ban the Cultivation ofGMOs? EUR. CoMM., http:// 157 ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/qanda/d4_en.htm#d (last visited Mar. 9, Sean McConnell, Animal Feed Containing Illegal GM Maize Impounded, 2011). IRISH TIMES, http://www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org/papers-today/13- biodiversity/9772. L'Irlande n'ayant pas approuve cette characteristique OGM, 151 SUGURO SATO, JAPAN BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REPORT 2008 3 (2008). ii n'a pas ete autorise dans le pays. 152 GAO, supra note 58, at 14. 158 U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, 2010 REPORT ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY 153 U.S. ENVT'L PROT. AGENCY, supra note 34; SATO, supra note 151, at 3; GAO MEASURES 20 (2010). supra note 58, at 16; Is USDA Accounting For Costs To Farmers Caused By 159 U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, CABLE No. 07STATE160639 (Nov. 27, 2007); U.S. Contamination From Genetically Engineered Plants? Before the Domestic DEP'T OF STATE, CABLE No. 08STATE129940, FY 2009 BIOTECHNOLOGY OUT­ Policy Subcomm. of the US. House Oversight & Gov.t Reform Comm., l lOth REACH STRATEGY & DEP'T RESOURCES (Dec. 10, 2008); U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, Cong. 2 (Mar. 13, 2008). (Statement of Colin A. Carter, Professor, Department CABLE No. 09STATE122732, FY 2010 BIOTECHNOLOGY OUTREACH STRATEGY & of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis). DEP'T RESOURCES (Dec. 1, 2009). 154 Is USDA Accounting For Costs To Farmers Caused By Contamination 160 PEW INITIATIVE, supra note 3, at 20-21. From Genetically Engineered Plants? Before the Domestic Policy Subcomm. 161 ofthe US. House Oversight & Gov't Reform Comm., l lOth Cong. 2 (Mar. 13, GAO , supra note 58, at 4.

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telegraph.co. uldnews/worl dnews/asia/bangladesh/ 1003 6 546/Bangladesh-Rana­ 55 McCory on Defensive Over Coal Ash Spill, supra note 53. Plaza-archi tect-says-building-was-never-meant-for-factories.html. 56 Biesecker, Michael, NC Regulators Shielded Duke's Coal Ash Pollution, 41 Bangladesh Says Seven Failed to Check Doomed Factories, USA TODAY, AssocIATE PRESS (Feb. 9, 2014), http://bigstory.ap.org/article/nc-regulators­ June 10, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/06/10/ shielded-dulces-coal-ash-pollution. bangladesh-says-7-failed-to-check-doomed-factories/2407499/. 57 Molly Redden, North Carolina Protected Duke Energy from Pollution 42 Id. Complaints Before the Company's Coal Ash Disaster, MOTHER JoNEs (Feb.

43 Id. 10, 2014 ), http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2014/02/north-carolina­ protected-dulce-energy-pollution-complaints-its-coal-ash-disaster. 44 Lauren Kuenssburg, Western Companies 'Should Share Blame' for 58 Bangladesh Factory Conditions, ITV (Mar. 3, 2014), http://www.itv.com/ McCory on Defensive Over Coal Ash Spill, supra note 53. news/20 13-04-3 O/western-companies-should-share-b lame-for-bangladesh­ 59 Editorial, Regulatory Favoritism in North Carolina, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 16, factory-condi lions/. 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17 /opinion/regulatory-favoritism-in­ 45 Kay Johnson & Julhas Alam, Major Retailers Rejected Bangladesh Fac­ north-carolina.html ?ref~opinion&_F 1. tory Safety Plan, HUFFINGTON POST (April 26, 2013), http://www.huffingtonpost. 6° Craig Jarvis, Federal Case Looking at Duke Energy and State Regulators com/20 13/04/2 6/retailers-rej ect-bangladesh-factory-safety-plan_n_3 l 6 2 09 3. Begin to Unfold, NEWS OBSERVER (Feb. 21, 2014), http://www.newsobserver. html. com/2014/02/21/3644 540/federal-case-looking-at-dulce-energy .html. 46 Id. 61 Allan Gerla!, EPA Sets Date to Implement Coal Ash Waste Disposal Rule 47 Id. Revision, WAsTE360.coM (Feb. 3, 2014), http://waste360.com/court-cases/epa­ sets-date-imp lement-coal-ash-waste-di spo sal-rule-revision. 48 Witherspoon, supra note 26. 62 Sean Cockerham, Lack ofNational Coal-Ash Rules Stirs Action, COLUMBUS 49 Bangladesh Says Seven Failed to Check Doomed Factories, supra note 41. DISPATCH, Feb. 27, 2014, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/national_ 50 Tom Eblen, Recent Events Show Need for Strong Regulation ofPol­ world/2014/02/27 /lack-of-national-coal-ash-rules-stirs-action.html. luters, LEXINGTON HERALD-LEADER (Feb. 17, 2014), http://www.kentucky. 63 14Id. com/2014/02/17/3093016/tom-eblen-recent-events-show-need.html. 64 Gerla!, supra note 61. 51 Duke Energy Dan River Coal Ash Still Updates: What We Know, What We 65 Need to Know, CATAWBARIVERKEEPER.COM, http://www.catawbariverkeeper.org/ Gerla!, supra note 61. issues/coal-ash-1 I dulce-energy-dan-river-coal-ash-spill-what-do-we-currently­ 66 Michael Biesecker, Lawyer Hired by NC in Spill Probe Represented Duke, know-what-do-we-need-to-know (last visited Apr. 1, 2014). WNCN (Mar. 24, 2014), http://www.wncn.com/story/25060764/lawyer-hired­ 52 Press Release, N.C. Dep't ofEnv't and Nat. Res., DENR Secretary Skvarla by-nc-in-spill-probe-represented-dulce. heading to Eden, as Agency Staff Members Work with Dulce Energy to Control 67 Id. Coal Ash Spill, (Feb. 4, 2014) available at http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/journal/ 68 Taft Wireback, Poll Finds Voters Still Worried by Coal Ash, Dan River view_article_content?groupid~4711509&articleid~l8516025 (last visited Apr. Spill, NEWS & RECORD (Mar. 25, 2014), http://www.news-record.com/news/ 2, 2014). article_a033d77c-b43e-l le3-a726-00 l 7a43b2370.html. 53 McCory on Defensive Over Coal Ash Spill, WRAL.coM, Feb. 14, 2014, 69 Id. http://www.wral.com/mccrory-on-defensive-over-coal-ash-spill/13396162/. 10 Id. 54 Lauren Compton, Local Water Supply Protected From Coal Ash Spill, 71 Evan Osnos, Chemical Valley, THE NEW YoRKER, Apr. 7, 2014, avail­ WAVY.COM (Feb. 4, 2014), http://wavy.com/2014/02/04/local-water-supply­ able at http ://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/04/07/l 40407fa_fact_ protected-from-coal-ash-spill/. osnos?currentPage~all.

59 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY 72 Becky Bratu & Henry Austin, West Virginia Chemical Spill Cuts Water 386 (2013); see also generally Marjorie A. Shields, Liability for Negligence in to up to 300,000, State ofEmergency Declared, NBC NEWS, (Jan. 10, 2014), Hydraulic Fracturing, Hydro-fracturing, or Hydro-fracking, 91 A.L.R. 6th 423 http ://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01110/22245996-west-virginia-chemi­ (2014). cal-spill-cuts-water-to-up-to-3 00000-state-of-emergency-declared?li te. 92 See Jonathan Callahan, The Bakken Boom-A Modern-Day Gold Rush, THE 73 Mark Niquette et al., West Virginia Spill Prompts Drive for Tougher Regu­ OIL DRUM (Dec. 12, 2011), http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8697; KAIBRYN lations, BLOOMBERG.COM, Jan.14, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014- TAYLOR MORSE, THE NATURE OF GOLD: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF Tiffi 01-14/west-virginia-spill-sparks-drive-for-tougher-chemical-regulation.html. KLONDIKE Gorn RUSH 92 (2003). 74 Marin Cogan, How a Toxic Leak Made One Town the Subjects of a Live 93 Kitze, supra note 91, at 391; see also Kitze, supra note 91, at 396 («Jes Human Experiment, NAT'L J., Mar. 27, 2014, available at http://www.national­ contentieux relatifs au domaine de competence des autorites locales ont ete joumal.com/magazine/how-a-toxic-leak-made-one-town-the-subjects-of-a-live­ nombreux en Pennsylvanie, New York et dans le Colorado»). human-experiment-20140327. 94 Kitze, supra note 91, at 398-399; Sara E. Peters & Stephen McCullers, 75 Lenny Bernstein, Chemical Spill into. W Va. River Spurs Closures, Run on Year-In-Review: Fracking Developments From 2013, LAW 360 (Jan. 2, 2014), Bottled Water, WASH. PosT, Jan. 10, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ http://www.law360.com/articles/494634/year-in-review-fracking-develop­ national/health-science/chemical-spill-into-wva-river-spurs-closures-run-on­ ments-from-2013. bottled-water/2014/0111O/a6ec518a-7a0e-l le3-b lc5-739e63e9c9a7_story.html. 95 Peters & McCullers, supra note 94. 76 Trip Gabriel, Thousands Without Water After Spill in West Virginia, N.Y. 96 Peters & McCullers, supra note 94. TIMES, Jan. 10, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/0l/l l/us/west-virginia­ 97 chemical-spill.html?_FO. Peters & McCullers, supra note 94. 98 BARCLAY R. NICHOLSON, ANALYSIS OF LITIGATION INVOLVING SHALE & 77 Bernstein, supra note 75. HYDRAULIC FRACTURJNG 13-14, 17-18 (2014), http://www.nortonrosefulbright. 78 David Zucchino, West Virginia Spill Criticism Grows Amid New Fear over com/files/2014010 l-analysis-of-litigation-involving-shale-hydraulic-fractur­ Tainted Water, L.A. TIMES, Jan. 31, 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2014/ ing-104256.pdf (citing Harris v. Devon Energy Prod. Co., L.P., No. 4:10-cv- jan/3l/nation/la-na-nn-west-virginia-spill-criticism-grows-20140131. 00708 (E.D. Tex., Dec. 22, 2010) ("Jes dedomagements reclames incluent la 79 Water Crisis Not Over After West Virginia Chemical Spill, HERE & Now perte en permanence de !'usage de la terre et des nappes phreatiques ... devalu­ (Apr. 8, 2014 ), http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2014/04/08/charleston-chemical­ ation de la valeur intrinseque des puits d'eau, le remboursement des depenses water; Cogan, supra note 74. resultant des tests de la qualite de l'eau, l'achat d'eau provenant d'autres 80 Toxic Substances Control Act, 15 U.S.C. § 53 (2014). sources, prejudices moral et emotionnel, depenses de sante post-incident...De maniere assez surprenante, le 6 decembre 2011, peu apres que Devon Energy 81 Summary ofthe Toxic Substances Control Act, http://www2.epa.gov/laws­ a depose une requete de jugement simplifie, Jes plaignants ont abandonne leurs regulations/surmnary-toxic-substances-control-act (last visited Apr. 14, 2014 ). charges ... ) (citing also Smith v. Devon Energy Production Company, L.P., Case 82 Cogan, supra note 74. No. 4: ll-cv-00104 (E.D. Tex., March 7, 2011)); see also BARCLAY R. NICHOL­ 83 Erica Martinson, Holes in Chemical Regulations Hampered West Virginia SON, ANALYSIS OF LITIGATION INVOLVING SHALE & HYDRAULIC FRACTURING (2014), Response, POLITICO, Jan. 13, 2014, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/0l/west­ available at http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/files/20140101-analysis-of- virginia-water-chemicals-regulations-l 02125.html. li tigation-invo lving-shale-hydraulic-fracturing-104 25 6. pdf. 99 84 Hearing on the Toxic Substances Control Act, l 13th Cong. 2 (2014) Shields, supra note 91, at 4-5. (memorandum from H. Comm. on Energy and Commerce Democratic Staff), 100 See NICHOLSON, supra note 98. available at http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/ 101 See Shields, supra note 91, at 4-5 (citing Boggs v. Landmark 4 LLC, 2013 documents/Memo-EE-TSCA-Oversight-Section-4-and-8-2014-2-3. pdf (quoting WL 944776 (N.D. Ohio 2013) and Roth v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., 919 F. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Environment Supp. 2d 476, 91 A.LR.6th 763 (M.D. Pa. 2013)); see also Remuda Oil & Gas and the Economy, Testimony of Jeanne Rizzo, President and Chief Executive Co. v. Nobles, 613 S.W.2d 312 (Tex. Civ. App. Fort Worth 1981) (etablissant Officer, Breast Cancer Fund, Hearing on Title I of the Toxic Substances Control une negligence sur d'autres fondements). Act: Understanding its History and Reviewing its Impact, l 13th Cong. (Jun. 13, 102 2013)); Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act, supra note 81. Mike Ludwig, "Frackgate ": Ohio Regulators Planned to Subvert Eco­ Groups, Promote Fracking in State Parks, (Feb. 19, 2014), http://www. 85 Tom McCarthy, West Virginia Calls for Stricter Regulations after Chemical truth-out.org/news/ i tem/2195 7 -frackgate-ohio-regulators-planned-to-subvert­ Spill, THE GUARDIAN, Feb. 4, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/ eco-groups-promote-fracking-in-state-par ks; Ohio Official Pleads Guilty feb/04/west-virginia-chemical-spill-senate-hearing. in Wastewater Dumping, Foxl9 (Mar. 24, 2014), http://www.foxl9.com/ 86 Ken Ward, Jr., What is 'Crude MCHM'? Few Know, THE CHARLESTON story/25052463/ohio-wastewater-official-nears-plea-change-hearing; Julie Carr GAZETTE, Jan. 10, 2014, http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201401100078. Smyth, Ohio Businessman Pleads Guilty After Dumping Fracking Wastewater 87 Martinson, supra note 83. Into Mahoning River, HUFFINGTON POST (Mar. 24, 2014), http://www.huffing­ tonpost.com/2014/03/24/ ohio-fracking-ben-lupo_n_502 l 887 .html. 88 NATURAL RES. DEF. COUNCIL, Key Concerns with the Chemical Safety 103 Improvement Act, http://docs.nrdc.org/health/files/hea_l307 l l 0 la.pdf (last vis­ NICHOLSON, supra note 98, at 11 (citing Mitchell v. Ecana Oil & Gas (USA), ited Apr. 14, 2014). No. 3: 10-cv-02444 (N.D. Tex., Dec. 15, 2010)). 104 89 Kate White, Freedom Industries Files for Bankruptcy, THE CHARLESTON Daniel Gilbert, Exxon CEO Joins Suit Citing Fracking Concerns: Residents GAZETTE, Jan. 18, 2014, http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201401170030. ofDallas Suburb Fight Construction of Tower That Would Provide Water for Drilling, WALL ST. J., Feb. 20, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SBl 9° Kate Maher et al., US. Opens Probe of West Virginia Chemical Spill, WALL 0001424052702304899704579391181466603804; Jeffrey Ball, Exxon Says ST. J., Jan. 11, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB1000142405270230 'Fracking' Safe As Industry Mounts Defense, WALL ST. J., May 26, 2011, http:// 434790457931240186479865. online.wsj .com/news/articles/SB 1000142405270230452080457 634552251948 91 See Rachel A. Kitze, Moving Past Preemption: Enhancing the Power of 6578. Local Governments over Hydraulic Fracturing, 98 MINN. L. REV. 385, 385-

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(2007), available at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4- Sovacool & Christopher Cooper, The Hidden Costs ofState Renewable Port­ wg2-spm.pdf. folio Standards (RPS), 15 BuFF. ENVTL. L.J. 1, 11-13 (2007) (la definition de 15 Pour une analyse approfondie des impacts potentiels du changement clima­ "renouvelable" varie d'un RPS a l'autre). tique aux Etats-Unis, voir generally U.S. GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM, 33 Vair Renewable Portfolio Standard, HYDROPOWER REFORM COALITION, http:// GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN THE UNITED STATES 12 (Thomas R. Karl et www.hydroreform.org/policy/rps (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). al. eds., 2009) [hereinafter U.S. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS]. 34 Vair Sovacool & Cooper, supra note 32, at 10-14. 16 Vair Davies, supra note 9, at 33-36. Le postulat principal est que chaque 35 Omo REV. CODE ANN. §§ 4928.64 et seq. (West 2012). Etat finira par joindre la course, ce qui provoquera des effets sur tout le ter­ 36 Relatif aux reglements visant la production de petrole et de gaz, voir Omo ritoire. Neanmoins comme evoque id. at 33-36, ces effets, qu'ils soient positifs REV. CODE ANN.§§ 1509.01-99 (West 2012). Reglement relatifa la production ou negatifs, sont limites aux Etats participant a la course. de charbon, voir Omo REV. CODE ANN. §§ 1513.01-99 (West 2012). 17 Vair generally INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE 37 Vair Omo REV. CODE ANN. §§ 1509.01-99, 1513.01-99 (West 2012). CHANGE 2007: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS. CONTRIBUTION OF WORKING GROUF I TO THE FOURTH ASSESSMENT REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON 38 Vair id. CLIMATE CHANGE ch. 3, 237-39 (2007) (ii faut considerer aussi bien Jes effets 39 Cette analyse n'a meme pas pris en compte Jes legislations des Etats rela­ globaux que ceux plus localises du changement climatique). tives a l'efficacite energetique et aux transports, lesquelles ne sont pas toujours 18 Vair U.S. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, supra note*, at 107-52 (Jes effets du presentes dans Jes RPS OU Jes normes de production energetique. En resume, la changement climatique different d'une region a l'autre). plupart des Etats ont des legislations brouillonnes, fragmentees et peu lisibles. 19 Id. at 107-52 (decrit Jes effets regionaux du changement climatique). 40 RABE, supra note 9, at 7 ("Jes RPS Jes plus recents sont plus ambitieux : 33% d'ici 2020 en Californie et 25% d'ici 2013 a New York"). 20 Vair Davies, supra note 9, at 5-6. 41 Vair McAllister, supra note 9, at 86-87 (initiatives visant a reduire Jes 21 RABE, supra note 9, at 1-2. For a thorough discussion of RPSs, voir Davies, emissions); voir generally Arnold W. Reitze Jr. & Marie Bradshaw Durrant, supra note 9, at 10-23. State and Regional Control of Geological Carbon Sequestration (Part I), 22 RPS Data, DATABASE OF STATE INCENTIVES FOR RENEW ABLES AND EFFICIENCY, 41 ENVTL. L. REP. NEWS & ANALYSIS 10348 (2011) (tentatives de capture et http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfin (last visited Dec. 22, 2014) (click on d' entreposage d' emissions). "DSIRE RPS Data Spreadsheet"); voir also Davies, supra note 9, at 6. 42 Vair Most States Have Renewable Portfolio Standards, U.S. ENERGY INFO. 23 RABE, supra note 9, at 1. ADMIN. (Feb. 3, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id~4850. 24 Id. at 7-8. 43 Uma Outka, The Renewable Energy Footprint, 30 STAN. ENVTL. L.J. 241, 25 Greenwashing, SoURCEWATCH, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gre­ 248 (2011). enwashing (last visited Dec. 22, 2014) ("une strategie politico-cosmetique est 44 FLA. STAT. ANN. § 377.809(1) (West 2012). !'auto-attribution par une entreprise d'une conscience environnementale. Elle 45 Id. § 377.30(1). Cette restriction de la production de petrole et de gaz est peut viser la vente d'un produit ou !'amelioration de la reputation d'une entre­ completement inutile tant la consommation d'energie de eel Etat est importante. prise impliquee dans des polemiques."). Compare Natural Gas Annual Supply and Disposition - Dry Production, U.S. 26 Ohio Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards, DATABASE OF STATE INCEN­ ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_snd_a_EPGO_ TIVES FOR RENEWABLES AND EFFICIENCY, http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/ VCO_Mmcf_a.htrn (last updated Nov. 28, 2014), with Natural Gas Annual Sup­ incentive.cfin?Incentive_Code~OH14R&re~l&ee~l (last visited July 24, ply and Disposition - Consumption, U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia. 2014). Les energies alternatives comprennent tant Jes energies renouvelables gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_snd_a_EPGO_VCO_Mmcf_a.htrn (last updated Nov. 28, que Jes energies de "nouvelle generation." Id. La Joi requiert Jes installations 2014). concernees que leurs offres energetiques soient composees d'au mains 12.5% 46 Vair, e.g., Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Construction Act of2008, GA. d'energie renouvelable, et 12.5 autre pourcents d'energie nouvelle generation. CODE ANN.§ 50-8-18 (2012). Id. Les energies nouvelle generation incluent notanunent le charbon propre, et l'energie nucleaire de troisieme generation. Id. 47 Vair, e.g., Georgia: Incentives/Policies for Renewables & Efficiency, DATA­ 27 Les Etats ont d'autres leviers d'action permettant d'attenuer Jes degats BASE OF STATE INCENTIVES FOR RENEWABLES AND EFFICIENCY, http://www.dsireusa. org/incentives/index.cfin?re~O&ee~O&spv~O&st~O&srp~ 1&state~GA (last environnementaux et sanitaires lies a la production d'energie. Par exemple, de visited Dec. 22, 2014). nombreux Etats ont des normes d'efficacite energetique en plus de leur RPS. Par ailleurs, beaucoup d'Etats sont dans !'obligation de mesurer !'impact envi­ 48 Vair Photovoltaic Solar Resource of the United States Map, NAT'L RENEW­ ronnemental d'un nouveau site energetique avant d'autoriser sa construction. ABLE ENERGY LAB., http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/eere_pv/national_photovol­ taic_2012-01.jpg (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). 28 II est peu probable que la demande en energie de !'Ohio augmentera assez pour faire de cette hypothese une realite. Vair PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION 49 THE FLA. OCEANS AND COASTAL COUNCIL, CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL OF Omo, Omo LONG TERM FORECAST OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 2011-2030 29 RISE IN FLORIDA: AN UPDATE ON THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FLORIDA'S (2012), available at http://www.puco.ohio.gov/emplibrary/files/util/Utilities­ OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCES 1 (2010), available at http://www.florida­ DeptReports/OhioL TFEnergyReq2011-2030.pdf (prevision selon laquelle la oceanscouncil.org/reports/Climate_Change_and_Sea_Level_Rise.pdf. demande en energie de !'Ohio augmentera de 10% d'ici a 2025). Neanmoins, 50 Vair generally id. at*. eel accroissement de la demande assurera que, toutes choses etant egales par 51 Florida, INST. FOR ENERGY RESEARCH, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch. ailleurs, Jes emissions de !'Ohio liees a la production d'energie ne seront pas org/states/florida/ (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). reellement inferieures a leur niveau actuel. 52 Vair ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, STATE C0 EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUEL 29 Vair Jim Rossi, The Limits ofNational Renewable Portfolio Standard, 42 2 COMBUSTION, 1990-2010, available at http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/ CoNN. L. REV. 1425, 1437 (2010) (le cmlt du charbon "pourrait mener a une documents/pdf/C02FFC_201 O.pdf (2010). Les seuls Etats qui emettent plus de substitution des methodes de production d' electricite Jes plus cmlteuses par Jes dioxyde de carbone sont le Texas, la Californie, !'Ohio et la Pennsylvanie. Id. mains cmlteuses"). 53 Vair Wyoming, State Profile and Energy Estimates, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., 3o Omo REV. CODE ANN. § 4928.64(A)(2) (West 2012). http://www.eia.gov/beta/state/analysis.cfin?sid~WY (last updated Aug. 21, 31 Id. § 4928.64. 2014) (Jes centrales a charbon representent 8 kilowatters par heure sur 9 de la 32 Vair, e.g., Brent J. Hartman, Defining "Biomass": An Examination of production d'electricite). State Renewable Energy Standards, 19 TEX. WESLEYAN L. REV. 1, 8-15 (2012) 54 Le Clean Air Act pourrait permettre de reduire !'usage du charbon dans cet (differentes definitions de biomasse dans Jes RPS). Vair also Benjamin K. Etat. De plus, cet Act pourrait egalement limiter Jes emissions des centrales

61 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY electriques. Vair Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from THE GUARDIAN, June 6, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uldenvironment/201 l/ New Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units, 79 Fed. Reg. 1429 jun/06/natural-gas-climate-change-no-panacea (quoting Nobuo Tanaka, the (Jan. 8, 2014) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. Parts 60, 70, 71, and 98) [hereinafter executive director of the International Energy Agency, as saying natural gas New EGU Performance Standards]. "could muscle out low-carbon fuels such as renewables and nuclear"). 55 Cet article ne traite pas de l'energie nucleaire ni de !'extraction des res­ 68 Vair INT'L ENERGY AGENCY, ARE WE ENTERJNG A GOLDEN AGE OF GAS 8-9 sources, mais Jes principes evoques ici s'appliquent egalement aces secteurs. (2011 ), available at http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weoweb­ 56 Christopher L. Weber & Christopher Clavin, Life Cycle Carbon Footprint site/2011/ ofShale Gas: Review ofEvidence and Implications, 46 ENVTL. Sci. TECH. 5688, VVE0201 l_GoldenAgeofGasReport.pdf. 5688 (2012) (noting a forty-eight percent increase in shale gas production 69 Vair id. between 2006 and 2010). 70 Harvey, supra note 67. 57 Vair Howarth et al., Venting and Leaking ofMethane from Shale Gas 71 Vair US. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., Development: Response to Cathles et al., 113 CLIMATIC CHANGE 537, 537 http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9010us2A.htm (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). (2012); JOHN D. PODESTA &TIMOIBY WIRTH, CENTER FOR AMERICAN PROGRESS, NATURAL GAS: A BRIDGE FUEL FOR THE 2lsT CENTURY 1 (2009), available at 72 Vair Michael Krancer & Patrick Hendersen, Superstar ofNatural Gas: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2009/08/10/6513/natu­ With the Marcellus Shale, Pa. is Becoming a Responsible Energy Capital, ral-gas-a-bridge-fuel-for-the-21 st-century/. PITTSBURGH POST GAZETTE, Oct. 29, 2012, http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/ Op-Ed/2012/10/29/Superstar-of-natural-gas-With-the-Marcellus-Shale-Pa-is­ 58 Vair Cathles et al., A Commentary on "The Greenhouse-gas Footprint of Natural Gas in Shale Formations" by R. W Howarth, R. Santoro, and Anthony becoming-a-responsible-energy-capital/stories/201210290227 (noting that "[p] roduction from Marcellus wells is exceeding expectations"). Ingraffea, 113 CLIMATIC CHANGE 525, 526 (2012) (Le gaz nature! est plus propre que d'autres combustibles car ii ne degage pas de souffre, de mercure ou de 73 Technology Drives Natural Gas Production Growth from Shale Gas For­ cendres et pace qu'il produit deux fois plus d' energie par unite de poids durant mations, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (July 12, 2011), http://www.eia.gov/todayinen­ la combustion). Mais la production de gaz provoque des degats environnemen­ ergy/detail.cfrn?id~2170. taux notamment lorsqu'il est issu du gaz de schiste, voir generally Hannah 74 Vair U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., AEO 2013 OVERVIEW 1 (2012), available Wiseman, Untested Waters: The Rise ofHydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas at http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/pdf/0383er(2013).pdf [hereinafter AEO Production and the Need to Revisit Regulation, 20 FORDHAM ENVTL. L. REV. 2013 OVERVIEW] (noting that low natural gas prices will lead to increased use in 115, 127-42 (2009). both the industrial and energy sectors). 59 PODESTA & WIRTH, supra note 57, at 1-2. 75 Sauf indication contraire, toutes Jes references au charbon comprennent 60 Id. at 1. anthracite, charbon bitumineux, subbitumineux, lignite, et toute autre forme de charbon qui peut etre utilisee pour produire de l'energie. En outre, saufindica­ 61 Compare, e.g., Howarth et al., supra note 57, at 537 ("pour la plupart des tion contraire, le charbon sera defini comme "propre". utilisations, l'empreinte ecologique du gaz de schiste est superieure a celle des autres combustibles fossiles sur des echelles de temps allant jusqu'a 100 ans. 76 Vair Coal Overview, 1949-2011, U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Sept. 27, Lorsqu'il est utilise pour produire de l'electricite, l'empreinte ecologique du 2012), http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/showtext.cfrn?t~ptb0701. gaz de schiste est encore nettement superieure a celle du charbon a des echelles 77 Vair id. de temps decennales mais ii !'est mains a l'echelle du siecle") with Cathles et 78 Vair Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2011, U.S. ENERGY INFO. al., supra note 58, at 525 ("shale gas has a GHG footprint that is half and per­ ADMIN. (Sept. 27, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/showtext. haps a third that of coal."). While both of the articles focus primarily on shale cfrn?t~ptb0408. gas, they include analyses of conventional natural gas as well. Vair Howarth, 79 supra note 57, at 538-40; Cathles, supra note 58, at 526. Une elude de 2012 Vair U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., RECOVERABLE COAL RESERVES AND AVER­ conclut que le gaz de schiste produi t des emissions du cycle de vie qui sont six AGE RECOVERY PERCENTAGE AT PRODUCING MINES BY STATE, 2010, 2009 (2012), pour cent inferieures a celui du gaz nature! classique , vingt-trois pour cent de available at http://www.eia.gov/coal/annual/pdf/tablel4.pdf (last visited Dec. mains que !'essence, et trente-trois pour cent de mains que le charbon. Vair 22, 2014) [hereinafter COAL RESERVES]. Andrew Burnham et al., Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions ofShale Gas, 80 Vair International Energy Statistics, U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www. Natural Gas, Coal, and Petroleum, 46 ENVTL. Sci. TECH. 619, 619 (2011). eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDindex3.cfrn?tid~l&pid~l&aid~2 (last visited 62 Cathles, supra note 58, at 526. Dec. 22, 2014) (showing global coal consumption increased by over one bil­ lion short tons between 2007 and 2011); Richard K. Morse, Cleaning Up Coal: 63 Ramon A. Alvarez et al., Greater Focus Needed on Methane Leakage from From Climate Culprit to Solution, 91 FOREIGN AFF. 102, 102 (2012) (noting Natural Gas Infrastructure, 109 PROC. OF THE NAT'L AcAD. OF SCIS. 6435, 6435 "Jusqu'en 3035, la Chine et l'Inde soutiendront 75% de la demande en char­ ("Jes Fuites de CH4 issues de la production, du transport et de !'utilisation du bon"). gaz nature! peuvent compenser Jes avantages de cette substitution de combusti­ 81 ble. For more on fracking-related methane leakage, voir Adam R. Brandt et al., Vair Lisa Friedman, India Has Big Plans for Burning Coal, Sci. AM. (Sept. Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems, 343 Scis. 733, 733 17, 2012), http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfrn?id~india-has-big­ (2014); David T. Allen et al., Measurements ofMethane Emissions at Natural plans-for-burning-coal (constatant que l'Inde et la Chine sont sur le point de Gas Production Sites in the United States, 110 PROC. OF THE NAT'L AcAD. OF construire environ 550 nouvelles centrales electriques au charbon). Sci. 17768 (2013). 82 Vair International Energy Statistics, supra note 80 (montrant que Jes emis­ 64 Vair discussion, infra, accompanying notes 67-73. sions internationales directement liees a la consommation de charbon ont aug­ mente de plus de deux milliards de tonnes entre 2006 et 2010). 65 Vair Tom M. L. Wigley, Coal to Gas: The Influence ofMethane Leakage, 83 108 CLIMATIC CHANGE 601, 601 (2011) (noting that methane leakage, changes to Vair id. radiative forcing from aerosols and sulfur dioxide, and "differences in the effi­ 84 COAL RESERVES, supra note 79. ciency of electricity production between coal- and gas-fired power generation. 85 Vair APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION, NATIONAL AND STATE ENERGY POL­ .. more than offset the reduction in warming due to reduced C0 emissions"). 2 ICY TRENDS 18 (2006), available at http://www.arc.gov/assets/research_reports/ Sulfur dioxide, through production of sulfate aerosols, can lead to a cooling of SununaryofNationalandStateEnergyPolicyTrends.pdf (I' Alabama et la Virginie the atmosphere. Vair Tom M. L. Wigley, Could Reducing Fossil-Fuel Emis­ ont des incitations fiscales a la production pour le charbon); WYO. STAT. ANN. § sions Cause Global Warming?, 349 NATURE 503, 503 (1991). 39-14-105 (West 2012) (exoneration de la taxe pour le charbon utilise dans la 66 Vair Thomas Friedman, Op-Ed, Get It Right On Gas, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 4, production de charbon avant la vente). 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/opinion/sunday/friedman-get-it­ 86 Vair AEO 2013 OVERVIEW, supra note 74, at 5, 8-9. right-on-gas.html ("[a] sustained gas glut could undermine new investments in 87 wind, solar, nuclear and energy efficiency systems - which have zero emis­ Id. at 8-9, 11. sions - and thus keep us addicted to fossil fuels for decades."). 88 As noted, supra, !'EPA a propose des reglements pour Jes nouvelles cen­ 67 Fiona Harvey, Natural Gas Is No Climate Change "Panacea," Warns !EA, trales qui limiteraient Jes central es au charbon a 1100 livres de dioxyde de

SuMMER2015 62 carbone par megawattheure. Vair New EGU Performance Standards, supra SOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: SPECIAL REPORT 8 (2012) [hereinafter note 54, at 1433. De toute evidence, ces reglementations proposees augment­ IPCC SPECIAL REPORT], available at http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report. Solaire eraient le cmlt post- extraction du charbon, et seraient susceptibles de limiter passif fait reference a I 'utilisation du soleil pour chauffer ou refroidir sans con­ la construction de nouvelles centrales au charbon. Cependant Jes reglements version en electricite. Vair Passive Solar Home Design, DEP'T OF ENERGY (June n'affectent pas necessairement le cmlt du charbon destine a !'exportation inter­ 24, 2013, 7:18 PM), http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/passive-solar-home­ nationale. design. Pour eel article,je me concentrerai sur le photovoltaique et l'energie 89 solaire thermique. Vair US. Energy-Related C02 Emissions in Early 2012 Lowest Since 1992, U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Aug. 1, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ 110 Vair Photovoltaic Solar Resource of the United States Map, supra note detail.cfin?id=7350(le charbon «a la plus forte intensite en carbone parmi Jes 48; Concentrating Solar Resource ofthe United States, NAT'L RENEWABLE principaux combustibles fossiles, ce qui explique que Jes centrales au charbon ENERGY LAB., http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/eere_csp/national_concentrat­

aient le taux d'emission de C02 le plus eleve par kilowattheure"). ing_solar_2012-01.jpg (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). 90 Vair discussion, supra Exploitation of Energy Resources. Ill Vair lvanpah, BRIGHT SOURCE ENERGY, http://www.brightsourceenergy. 91 Vair Rossi, supra note 29, at 1438; voir also Andrew Burnham et al., supra com/ivanpah-solar-project (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). Invanpah a commence a note 61, at 623 (noting in Figure 2 the emissions from each stage of the life­ generer de l'energie en Fevrier 2014. Michael R. Blood & Brian Skoloff, Huge cycle of fossil fuels); Cathles et al., supra note 58, at 526. lnvanpah Solar Power Plant, Owned by Google and Oakland Company, Opens as Industry Booms, SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS, Feb. 13, 2014, http://www.mer­ 92 James B. Meigs, The Myth of Clean Coal, POPULAR MECHANICS (July curynews.com/business/ci_25134528/huge-ivanpah-solar-power-plant-opens­ 14, 2011), http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil­ industry-booms. gas/4339171. 112 Vair DOE Closes on Four Major Solar Projects, RENEWABLE ENERGY 93 Id. WORLD (Sept. 30, 2011), http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/arti­ 94 Xiaoye Liang et al., Up-to-date Life Cycle Assessment and Compari­ cle/20 l l/09/doe-closes-on-three-major-solar-projects?cmpid=SolarNL-Tues­ son Study ofClean Coal Power Generation Technologies in China, 39 J. OF day-October4-2011. Desert Sunlight is expected to begin producing electricity CLEANER PRODUCTION 24, 30-31 (2012). in February 2014. More Enormous Solar Plants Come Online in California, 95 Morse, supra note 80, at 110 (en notant que le cmlt du captage et du stock­ SUSTAINABLEBUSINESS.COM (Feb. 4, 2014), https://www.sustainablebusiness.com/ age du carbone est main tenant «varie entre 50 $ et 100 $ pour chaque tonne de index.cfm/go/news.display/id/25494. dioxyde de carbone stockee"). 113 For a thorough discussion of community-level solar power, voir generally 96 Jim Landers, Will the US. Lead the World in Oil Production, DALLAS NAT'L RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB., U.S. DEP'T OF ENERGY, A GUIDE TO COMMUNITY MORNING NEWS, Oct. 31, 2012, http://www.dallasnews.com/business/colum­ SHARED SOLAR: UTILITY, PRJVATE, AND NON-PROFIT PROJECT DEVELOPMENT (2012), nists/j im-landers/20121030-will-the-u. s.-lead-the-world-in-oil-production.ece. available at www.nrel.gov/docs/fyl2osti/54570.pdf. 114 97 Grant Smith, US. to be Top Oil Producer by 2015 on Shale, IEA Says, Vair Michael Mendelsohn, Where Did All the Solar Go: Calculating Total BLOOMBERG (Nov. 12, 2013), http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-l l-12/u­ us. Solar Energy Production, NAT'L RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB. (June 11, 2012, s-nears-energy-independence-by-2035-on-shale-boom-iea-says.htrnl. La US 8:00 AM), https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/calculating-total-us-solar­ Energy Information Administration estime que, d'ici a 2013, Jes Etats-Unis energy-production-behind-the-meter-utility-scale depasseront probablement la Russie en tant que premier producteur de gaz et de 115 Vair Carol Gulyas, Top Ten States for Solar Power, CLEAN TECHNICA (Mar. petrole. Today in Energy, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Oct. 4, 2013), http://www.eia. 16, 2008), http ://cleantechnica.com/2008/03/16/top-ten-states-for-solar-power/. gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfin?id= 13251. 116 Id. 98 Vair Benoit Faucon et al., US. Oil Boom Divides OPEC, YAHOO FINANCE 117 Vair Matt Croucher, Top States for Solar Power: Best 11 for Solar Energy (May 28, 2013, 7:45 AM), http://finance.yahoo.com/news/u-oil-boom-divides­ Deployment According to OSDI, HUFFINGTON PosT, May 25, 2011, http:// opec-114544 799 .html. www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/02/solar-deployment-top-l 0-s_n_789886. 99 Vair Market Implications ofIncreased Domestic Production ofLight Sweet htrnl#sl94385&title=l. (Traitant de !'index de deploiement solaire optimal Crude Oil, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Nov. 28, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/oog/info/ developpe par Matt Croucher a l'Universite de I' Arizona). twip/twip.asp. 118 Vair GALEN BARBOS ET AL., LAWRENCE BERKLEY NAT'L LAB., U.S. DEP'T 100 Vair Crude Oil Production-Annual, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia. OF ENERGY, TRACKING THE SUN V: AN H!STORJCAL SUMMARY OF THE INSTALLED gov/dnav /pet/pet_ crd _ crpdn_ adc_ mbbl_a.htm (last visited Dec. 22, 2014 ). Fed­ PRJCE OF PHOTOVOLTAICS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1998 TO 2011, 12 (2012), eral offshore production trails only Texas. Id. available at http://emp.lbl.gov/publications/tracking-sun-v-historical-sununary­ 101 Vair id. Texas crude oil production increased by over 330,000,000 bar- installed-price-photovol taics-united-states-1998-2011. rels per year from 2006 to 2012. Texas Field Production ofCrude Oil, 119 Id. at 1-2. ENERGY INFo. ADMIN., http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler. 120 Id. at 2 (montrant par exemple un cmlt d'installation de 4.9 dollars par watt ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPTXl&f=A (click on Download Data (XLS File)) (last dans le New Hampshire compare a 7.6 dollars par watt a Washington D.C.). visited Dec. 22, 2014). La production du Dakota du Nord a augmente de plus de 121 200 000 000 barils par an sur la meme periode. North Dakota Field Production Vair Brian Wingfield, GE Sees Solar Cheaper Than Fossil Power in Five ofCrude Oil, ENERGY INFo. ADMIN., http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHan­ Years, BLOOMBERG (May 26, 2011), http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011- dler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPND l&f=A (click on Download Data (XLS File)) 05-26/solar-may-be-cheaper-than-fossil-power-in-five-years-ge-says.htrnl. En (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). comparant Jes cmlts, ii doit etre note que Jes externalites negatives de la genera­ tion d' energie fossile ne sont pas prises en compte. 102 Id. 122 Vair GARVIN A. HEATH & JOHN J. BURKHARDT III, NAT'L RENEWABLE ENERGY 103 North Dakota Crude Oil Production Continues to Rise, ENERGY INFO. LAB., META-ANALYSIS ESTIMATES OF LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM ADMIN. (Aug. 15, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfin?id=7550. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER 7 (2011), available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ 104 Crude Oil Production -Annual, supra note 100. fyl losti/52191.pdf; Hyung Chui Kim et al., Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emis­ 105 Vair Burnham et al., supra note 61, at 622-24. sions of Thin-Film Photovoltaic Electricity Generation: Systematic Review and Harmonization, 16 J. OF INDUS. ECOLOGY Sl 10, Sl 19 (2012). The sources here 106 Sources ofGreenhouse Gas Emissions, ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, http:// demonstrate the life cycle GHG emissions from CSP and PV. For a comparison www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources.htrnl (last visited Dec. 22, to coal life cycle GHGs, voir Stacey L. Dolan & Garvin A. Heath, Life Cycle 2014). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Utility-Scale Wind Power: Systematic Review 107 Vair Burnham et al., supra note 61, at 622-24. and Harmonization, 16 J. OF INDUS. ECOLOGY Sl36, Sl45 (2012) (discussing 108 Vair Chapter 15: Solar Energy, THE ENERGY STORY, http://www.energy­ final coal GHG estimates). quest.ca.gov/story/chapterl5.htrnl (last visited Dec. 22, 2014) (toute energie sur 123 Vair U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. AE02013 EARLY RELEASE OVERVIEW terre Vient du soJeiJ OU des etoiJes ). 8-9 (2013), disponible al 'adresse http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/ 109 INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, RENEWABLE ENERGY pdf/0383er%282013%29.pdf (le solaire ne representera que 17% de l'energie

63 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY produite depuis des sources renouvelables, qui ensemble representeront 11 % du 145 Vair US. Has Large Geothermal Resources, But Recent Growth is Slower total de I' energie nationale d'ici 2040). But voir JOHN FARRELL, INST. FOR LOCAL Than Wind Or Solar, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Nov. 18, 2011), http://www.eia. SELF-RELIANCE, COMMERCIAL ROOFTOP REVOLUTION 19 (2012), available at http:// gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfin?id~3970. www.ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/commercial-solar-grid-parity-report­ 146 Vair Martin Pehnt, Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ofRenewable ILSR-2012.pdf (noting that "rooftop" solar has the potential to power 10% of Energy Technologies, 31 RENEWABLE ENERGY 55, 59 (2005). the United States' energy needs by 2012). 147 Vair US. Has Large Geothermal Resources, But Recent Growth is Slower 124 Vair Net Generation/ram Renewable Sources: Total (All Sectors), Than Wind Or Solar, supra note 145. 2003-November 2013, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia.gov/electricity/ 148 Vair Regulators Approve First Commercial Hydrokinetic Projects in the monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfin?t~epmt_l_l_a (last updated Nov. 25, 2014) United States, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Oct. 2, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/today­ (showing wind produces more electricity than any renewable energy source inenergy/detail.cfin?id~8210&src~email (noting that "[h]ydrokinetic energy is other than hydroelectric). still in its infancy in the United States"). 125 Vair Utility-Scale Land-Based 80-Meter Wind Maps, WIND PoWERJNG 149 Id. AMERICA, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_maps.asp (last visited Dec. 22, 2014); Offehore 90-Meter Wind Maps and Wind Resource Potential, 150 Dans un article a paraitre, je traite des implications pratiques et constitution­ WIND PoWERJNG AMERICA, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/windmaps/ nelles et des obstacles a !'adoption de RPL nationaux. offshore.asp (last visited Dec. 22, 2014 ). 151 La Californie par exemple est un producteur leader de petrole, d'energie 126 Vair Net Generation/ram Renewable Sources: Total (All Sectors), hydroelectrique, d' energie solaire et eolienne, et pourtant importe plus 2003-November 2013, supra note 124 (montrant une importante croissance d'electricite que Jes autres etats. Vair California, State Energy Profile Analysis, dans la production d'electricite depuis l'eolien). supra note 144. 127 Vair U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN, supra note 123, at 9. 152 Vair Oregon Renewable Portfolio Standard, DATABASE OF STATE INCENTIVES FOR RENEWABLES AND EFFICIENCY, http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive. 128 Vair Installed Wind Capacity, WIND POWERING AMERJCA, http://www.wind­ cfin?Incentive_Code~OR22R&re~O&ee~O (last updated Aug. 25, 2015). poweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). La montee de !'Illinois comme etat producteur dans l'eolien a ete importante et 153 Vair Top Ten States for Solar Power, supra note 115 .. rapide, l'etat etant passe d'une absence d'eolien en 2002, matic, a une position 154 Vair Oregon: State Profile and Energy Estimates, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., de leader dans l'eolien en 2012. Vair id. (view the animated map). http://www.eia.gov/beta/state/?sid~OR#tabs-4 (last visited Dec. 22, 2014) 129 Diane Cardwell, Tax Credit in Doubt, Wind Power Industry is Withering, (showing hydroelectric power accounts for over 58% of Oregon electricity gen­ N.Y. TIMES, Sep. 20, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/business/ eration). energy-environment/as-a-tax-credit-wanes-jobs-vanish-in-wind-power-industry. 155 Vair Ted Sickinger, Wind Power Surpasses Hydro for the First Time Ever htrnl?pagewanted~all&_FO. A similar solar tax credit is set to expire at the end in Northwest Region, THE OREGONIAN, Oct. 23, 2012, http://www.oregonlive. of2016. Vair Richard W. Caperton, Small Tweaks to the Tax Code Can Mean corn/environment/index.ssf/2012/1 O/wind_power_surpasses_hydro_for.htrnl. Big Improvements In Renewable Energy Development, THINK PROGRESS (Dec. 156 Vair Oregon: State Profile and Energy Estimates, supra note 155, at Tab 14, 2012), http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/14/1334061/small-tweaks­ I. D'autres raisons, plus complexes, expliquent pourquoi la consununation de to-the-tax-code-can-mean-big-improvements-in-renewable-energy-deploy­ renouvelables au sein des etats n' est pas plus elevee, notamment liees a des pro­ ment/. blemes de transmission. 130 Id. 157 Vair id. (Oregon Net Electricity Generation by Source, Aug. 2012). 131 Vair Dolan & Heath, supra note 122, at Sl45 (l'energie eolienne produit 158 Vair INST. FOR ENERGY RESEARCH, OREGON ENERGY FACTS I (2009), available 1.2 a 7 .9% of the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions as coal). at www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/state-regs/pdf/Oregon.pdf. 132 See How Much ofOur Electricity is Generated/ram Renewable Energy?, 159 Vair Wyoming: State Profile and Energy Estimates, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/article/renewable_ http://www.eia.gov/beta/state/?sid~WY#tabs-3 (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). electricity.cfm (last updated Apr. 14, 2014). L'eolien represente environ 28% 160 de l'energie renouvelable, alors que le solaire ne represente que mains d'un Vair Most States Have Renewable Portfolio Standards, supra note 42. pour cent. Id. 161 Vair Wyoming: State Profile and Energy Estimates, supra note 160. 133 Id. 162 Id. 134 Vair Renewable & Alternative Fuels, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia. 163 Vair Utility-Scale Land-Based 80-Meter Wind Maps, supra note 125. gov/renewable/data.cfin#hydro (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). 164 Vair Susan Kraemer, Obama Administration Fast-Tracks 2,500 MW Wind 135 Hydropower Results: Life Cycle Assessment Review, NAT'L RENEWABLE Project in Wyoming, CLEAN TECHNICA (Jan 11, 2012), http://cleantechnica. ENERGY LAB., http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sustain_lca_hydro.htrnl (last visited corn/2012/01/11/obama-administration-fast-tracks-2500-mw-wind-project-in­ Dec. 22, 2014). Le total des emissions de gaz a effet de serre issues de l'energie wyoming/. hydraulique pourrait etre plus important qu'estime. Vair id. 165 La legislature du Wyoming propose de render le charbon encore mains 136 Vair Hydropower, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, http://environment.nationalgeo­ cher.legislature. Voir Dylan Scott, Changes to Wyoming Coal Mining Taxes graphic.com/environment/global-warming/hydropower-profile/ (last visited Could Cost State Millions, GOVERNING (OCT. 24, 2011), http://www.governing. Dec. 23, 2014). com/news/ state/Changes-To-Wyo-Coal-Mining-Taxes-Could-Cost-State-Mil­ 137 Id. lions.html. 138 Vair US. Hydropower Potential From Existing Non-Powered Dams, DEP'T 166 Vair Irina Zhoroz, Coal Exports Going Abroad Increasing, WYOMING OF ENERGY, http://energy.gov/maps/us-hydropower-potential-existing-non­ PUBLIC MEDIA (Dec. 7, 2012), http://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/coal­ powered-dams (last visited Dec. 22, 2014). exports-going-abroad-increasing. 167 139 Vair How Much ofOur Electricity is Generated/ram Renewable Energy?, Clairement, le niveau populations locales, de consununation d'energie, de supra note 132. production de ressources vont determiner Jes effets quantitatifs de ces politiques en matiere d' energie sur Jes emissions de gaz a effet de serre. 140 IPCC SPECIAL REPORT, supra note 109, at 216-20. 168 Lincoln L. Davies, Power Forward: The Argument for A National RPS, 42 141 Id. at 257--{)8. CoNN. L. REV. 1339, 1368--{)9 (2010). Vair also Rossi, supra note 29, at 1431; 142 Id. at 18-19. J.R. DeShazo & Jody Freeman, Timing and Form ofFederal Regulation: The 143 Vair How Much ofOur Electricity is Generated/ram Renewable Energy?, Case of Climate Change, 155 U. PA. L. REV. 1499, 1532 (2007) .. supra note 132. 169 Davies, supra note 169, at 1368-69. 144 Vair California, State Energy Profile Analysis, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http:// 170 Id. at 1369. www.eia.gov/beta/state/analysis.cfin?sid~CA (last updated June 19, 2014). 171 Vair discussion ofRPSs, supra Beaucoup d'etats ont des lois qui limitent la

SuMMER2015 64 production. Vair, e.g., 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE§ 3.45 (2013). Cependant, ces lois Demand Forecasts Boom for Coal, SCIENTIFIC AM. (May 14, 2012), http://www. sont pensees pour render la production plus efficace, limitant Jes pertes, et non scientificamerican.com/article.cfrn?id~asian-demand-forecasts-boom-for-coal. pour imposer un plafond de quantile qui peut etre produite. Vair TEX. NAT. RES. 177 Vair Texas: State Energy Profile Analysis, supra note 6. CODE ANN. § 85.054 (West 2005). En effet, ces lois doivent assurer une extrac­ 178 Vair Texas: Incentives/Policies for Renewables & Efficiency, supra note 6. tion maximum sur des decennies. D'autre part, New York a adopte a moratoire sur la production de gaz par pen;age hyrdaulique. Vair Freeman Klopott, New 179 Vair Texas, State Energy Profile Analysis, supra note 6. York Decision on Fracking Regulations Delayed, BLOOMBERG (Jan. 29, 2014), 180 Id. http ://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-29/new-york-decision-on-fracking­ 181 Vair NUMBER AND CAPACITY OF OPERABLE PETROLEUM REFINERIES BY PAD regulations-delayed.htrnl (noting that Governor Cuomo's administration is DISTRICT AND STATE AS OF JANUARY 1, 2013, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., available at unlikely to issue fracking regulations, and thus end the multi-year moratorium, http://www.eia.gov/petroleurn/refinerycapacity/table l .pdf. until at least 2015). De la meme fa9on, trois villes du Colorado ont interdit le 182 per9age. Vair Michael Wines, Colorado Cities' Rejection ofFracking Poses Vair Jordan Weissman, Why Texas Is America's Export King, THE ATLAN­ Political Test for Natural Gas Industry, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 7, 2013, http:// TIC. Sep. 29, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/09/why­ www.nytimes.com/2013/l l/08/us/colorado-cities-rejection-of-fracking-poses­ texas-is-americas-export-king/263021/#. political-test-for-natural-gas-industry.htrnl?_FO. Cependant, ces moratoires ne 183 Id. doivent pas etre confondus avec un politique qui consiste interdire la produc­ a 184 Matthew Tresaugue, Texas Leads US. in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Hous. tion de gaz en general -par exemple, !'extraction par d'autres methodes - ou CHRON., Jan. 11, 2012, http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/ interdire I' extraction en raison d' emissions futures. a Texas-leads-U-S-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2476015 .php. 172 US. Coal Exports On Record Pace in 2012, Fueled By Steam Coal Growth, 185 Vair CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, supra note 15, at 57. U.S. ENERGY INFO. ADMIN. (Oct. 23, 2012), http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ 186 detail.cfrn?id~8490&src~email#. Vair id. at 124. 187 173 Vair William Yardley, Oregon Town Weighs a Future with An Old Energy Vair id. at 90 ( certaines parties du Texas connaitront plus de 100 jours de 0 Source: Coal, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/19/ temperatures superieures a 37 degres C par an d'ici 2100). us/boardman-ore-considers-a-future-in-coal.htrnl?pagewanted~all&_FO 188 Vair id. at 124. Pour un exemple des degats que la secheresse peut causer 174 Id. a !'agriculture du Texas, voir Texas Agricultural Drought Losses Reach Record $5.2 Billion, AGRlLIFE TODAY (Aug. 17, 2011), http://today.agrilife. 175 Si Jes fuites resultent d'un conflit au sein de la politique energetique d'un org/2011/08/17 /texas-agricultural-drought-losses-reach-record-5-2-billion/. etat, ii est important de ne pas le compter deux fois dans un cadre national. Par 189 exemple, I' etat X genere 100% de son electricite dans des usines de charbon Vair Jordan Weissman, supra note 183. alimentees par Jes mines de I' etat. Par la suite, I' etat adopte des RPS agressifs, 190 Vair Dave Fehling, Why Texans are Chasing Millions in Oil and Gas Roy­ et sous cinq ans, 20% de l'electricite de l'etat est genere par des ressources alties, NPR State Impact (March 26, 2012, 7:00 AM), http://stateimpact.npr. renouvelables. Puisqu'il n'y a pas de RPL, Jes exportations de charbon de org/texas/20 12/03 /2 6/how-texans-are-chasing-millions-in-oil-gas-royal ties/. l'etat X vers l'etat Y augmentent. Les emissions provenant du charbon de 191 Vair Crude Oil Production -Annual, supra note 100; Texas Natural Gas I' etat x seront comptees dans I' etat y et ne devraient pas etre egalement Gross Withdrawals and Production, ENERGY INFO. ADMIN., http://www.eia.gov/ attribuees a l'etat X. II est important de ne pas ignorer Jes emissions simplement dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_dcu_stx_a.htrn (last visited Dec. 22, 2012) (select Texas parcequ'elles quittent l'etat, mais ii est egalement important qu'elles ne soient and annual). pas comptees deux fois pour couvrir des gains en reduction d'emissions. D'un 192 Un taxe carbone par exemple pourrait limiter la production de charbon, en point de vue national, Jes fuites sont surtout importantes lorsque Jes ressources particulier si la taxe est appliquee en amont. Mais, tant que quelqu'un est pret energetiques quittent le pays. a payer, une taxe ne peut pas assurer que Jes energies fossiles restent dans le sol. 176 La demande de charbon en Asie devrait augmenter de fa9on significative dans Jes annees a venir. Vair generally Daniel Cusick and Climate Wire, Asian

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