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Towards a Topography of the Genre Par Caroline De Launay

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Towards a Topography of the Genre Par Caroline De Launay Université de Montréal The Symbolical Functions of Space in fantasy: Towards a Topography of the Genre par Caroline de Launay Département d’études anglaises Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures En vue de l’obtention du grade de Doctorat En Etudes anglaises Avril 2006 ©, Caroline de Launay, 2006-05-O 1 o 2 I:” I Université 4h de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercîal educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicabte retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In comptiance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, t does not represent any loss of content from the document Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: The Symbolical functions of Space in Fantasy: Towards a Topography ofthe Genre Présentée par: Caroline de Launay A été évaluée par un ju composé des personnes suivantes: codirecteur du doyen de la FES RÉSUMÉ DE SYNTHÈSE Lesfonctions symboliques de t’espace dans te fantasy: Pour une topographie du genre iv Cette thèse présente une carte théorique du Fantasy, en proposant une démarche méthodologique qui permette l’analyse des structures spatiales de l’oeuvre. La question est fondamentale dans la définition du genre, en une absence de paramètres théoriques appropriés à la variété des textes. L’espace du Fantasy possède ses propres règles, selon lesquelles il évolue et dont dépendent entièrement tous les éléments qui le composent. Ces règles sont éminemment distinctives du genre dans la mesure où elles établissent les motifs, par ailleurs communs à tout l’imaginaire, dans le contexte précis de la relation entre la figure héroïque et son environnement. Mon étude présente un outil conceptuel qui vise à comprendre la nature, le rôle et la signification des lieux dans la quête initiatique que constitue le récit. Ainsi, l’espace est un acteur à part entière du récit. Par delà la conception géographique, se révèle une dimension initiatique selon les termes du processus symbolique qui fait de chaque récit de fantasy celui d’une double évolution: interne, au plan du protagoniste, et externe au plan du monde qui se déploie avec lui. Cette évolution se nomme le “trajet anthropologique”, terme emprunté à l’analyse des structures imaginaires de Gïlbert Durand, sur laquelle se base essentiellement mon approche. Je me réfère conjointement à la lecture phénoménologique de Gaston Bachelard. En effet, l’espace est un système d’images qui s’articule autour de trois grands axes constitutifs du processus d’héroïsation, que je nomme Fonctions. Ce sont la fonction Martiale, La Fonction animale, et la fonction Spirituelle. Ces fonctions sont analysées au travers de textes couvrant les principales avenues du fantasy, de motifs épiques rappelant une atmosphère de légende à un univers aux limites de la Science Fiction. Mots-clés : Espace, symbole, initiation, “processus d’héroisation,” et “trajet anthropologique”. ABSTRACT The Symbolical functions ofSpace in fantasy: for a Topography ofthe Genre vi This thesis presents a theoretical map of fantasy genre ami determines a specific methodology to analyze the spatial structures of the texts. This issue is fundamental as regards the definition of the genre, considering the inadequacy and confusion in theoretical perspectives generally applied to these texts. This is expected, since the motifs fantasy texts depict are common to several imaginary genres. However, they partake in the construction and evolution of the seif-coherent and self-explained systems typical in fantasy. Their organization defines the symbolic relation between the heroic figure and the environment. I propose a conceptual tool to understand the locus’s nature, role and signification in the initiatory quest that each fantasy text recounts. Therefore, Space is an active part of the narrative. Beyond the geographical conception, the initiatory dimension reveals the symbolic structure of the locus on two levels: that of the heroic figure’s internai evolution and that of the external deploying of the world the heroic journey describes and constructs. I cail this evolution the “trajet anthropologique”, a term coming from Gilbert Durand’s analysis ofimaginary structures. Durand’s work constitutes the basis of my approach, along with Gaston Bachelard’s phenomenology. Indeed, space consists in a system of images developing around the three major aspects, or Functions, of the heroisation process: Martial, Animal and Spiritual Functions. I analyze these Functions in texts that illustrate the major ways of fantasy: from epic motifs evoking a legendary atmosphere to universes verging on Science Fiction. Keywords: Space, symbol, initiation, “heroisation process,” and “trajet anthropologique”. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Part I: A Preliminary Definition of Space in fantasy Chapter 1: Structures ofthe Imaginary: Gilbert Durand’s Concept of Symbol and Gaston Bachelard’s Notion of Image 15 1 .1 Gilbert Durand’ s Assimilation Process and Constellar Configuration 15 1.2 Gaston Bachelard’s Notion of “matérialité de l’image” 28 Chapter 2: The Imaginary World as fantasy Genre Definition: Jared Lobdell and J.RR. Toikien 42 2.1 Tolkien’s Definition ofFantasy: Real World versus Unreal World 44 2.2 Lobdell’s Conception of The Lord ofthe Rings: Unreal or feigned World’? 49 Part II: The Animal function: Metamorphosing Space Chapter 3: In the Land ofthe Maternal Body: The Animal as Vessel 61 3.1 The “Vagina Dentata”: Meeting the Enigmatic Sphinx 64 3.2 The Animal in the Crucible: Crossing the Maternai Waters 74 Chapter 4: Transgression of Corporeal Boundaries: The Animal as Catalyst $4 4.1 The Metamorphosed Animal: Object in Space $5 4.2 The Metamorphosing Animal: Subject of Space 95 Chapter 5: The Human-Beast in the Structure of the World 108 5.1 The Chessboard World: Alternations and Alternatives 110 5.2 Joumey ofthe Tarot: The force and the Beast 116 Part III: The Spiritual Function: Transcending Space Chapter 6: Above the Void ofthe land: Directions of Senses 12$ 6.1 Reading Space: From Intuition to Understanding 135 6.2 Encompassing the World: From House to Universe 157 Chapter 7: From the Cosmic Chaos: Elements ofthe Soul 167 7.1 The Sacred Ordeal of Earth 171 7.2 The Sacred Ordeal ofWater 185 7.3 The Sacred Ordeal of Air 194 Conclusion 207 BibÏiography 212 INTRODUCTION 2 The purpose of this work is to draw a theoretical map of the Fantasy genre. I propose a conceptual tool based on the analysis of the symbolism of locations appearing in a selection of novels in order to define their spatial structures. The study itself constructs a methodology to understand the function of space in Fantasy, in other words the nature, role and signification of the environment. The very term “space” must be understood beyond the geographical sense as a dimension of evolution for the hero. Indeed, every fantasy text is an initiation quest leading the character(s) on a faraway perilous journey toward self accomplishment. The story symbolises an inner progression and each successive location in the quest partakes in the character’s evolution, what I cali the “heroisation process”. Therefore, space in fantasy is more than just a setting; it circumscribes and allows the development of both the character and the narration, for it acts as a structuring element on the two 1evels’ Each element of space lias a phenomenological value that generates an image, the evocative power of which is at the same time material and symbolic. Reciprocally, location is defined as an event-image that generates the archetypal hero: hence, space has the literary image’s symbolical completeness. This idea is essential as it is at the very basis of the methodology I develop in my first part. Gaston Bachelard, the Frencli philosopher who studied the presence of matter in literary images, is the main inspiration behind my theoretical reading of Fantasy. He defines matter philosophically and poetically as an “expérience This conception ofacting and actantial space is a reference to Greimas’s terminology. 3 onirique” (Eau 11), that is to say an aesthetic energy whence imagination draws its forms, acts and landscapes. Bachelard also analyses the literary image to discover what he calis “images directes de la matière” (Eau 8). Hence, he deepens and develops the image, revealing the wholeness of this “cause matérielle” (Eau 9). Indeed, Bachelard considers matter a primary value as much as an ultimate expression of the imaginary. I have the same perspective as regard space. Indeed, for my purpose, location as structuring element is defined by its nature, its role and its signification.
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