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English Dictionary, Online Edition (‘Fulfilment, N.’) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. SERBIA) REJOINDER SUBMITTED BY THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Volume I November 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Annexes to the Rejoinder ........................................................................................ 11 List of acronyms ................................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS 1. The procedural reference ................................................................................................ 21 2. The issues that still divide the Parties ............................................................................ 21 3. Overview of the Applicant’s case .................................................................................. 22 A. The Applicant consistently avoids producing evidence for its most serious allegation .................................................................................. 22 B. The Applicant acknowledges that evidentiary materials annexed to the Memorial are invalid ..................................................................................... 24 C. The Applicant fails to prove the existence of the dolus specialis of the crime of genocide ............................................................................................... 25 D. The Applicant’s claim is artificial: no one in Croatia believes that the Croats were the victims of genocide ............................................................ 26 E. From “All Serbs in a single State” to genocide: the missing connection ............... 27 F. Mr. Ante Marković as a prime minister of a “non-existent State” .......................... 27 G. President Milošević as “a leader of successful insurrectional movement” ............. 28 H. The Applicant asks for a retroactive application of the Genocide Convention ...... 29 4. Overview of the Respondent’s Case .............................................................................. 30 5. Overview of the Applicant’s Reply to the counter-claim .............................................. 31 6. Some comments concerning the historical and political background ............................ 33 7. Structure of the Rejoinder .............................................................................................. 35 3 PART I THE APPLICANT’S CLAIM CHAPTER II RELEVANCE OF CONDUCT PRECEDING 27 APRIL 1992 AND 8 OCTOBER 1991 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 39 2. Preliminary remarks ....................................................................................................... 43 A. Agreement on fundamental issues ............................................................................ 43 B. Relationship between treaty and customary rules against genocide ........................ 44 C. The Relevance of the Judgment on Preliminary Objections of 18 November 2008 ................................................................................................ 46 3. Serbia cannot be held responsible for alleged violations of the Genocide Convention prior to 27 April 1992 ................................................................. 48 A. The Genocide Convention as such does not apply retroactively .............................. 49 B. Jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention does not cover conduct prior to 27 April 1992 ...................................................................... 54 C. Responsibility for alleged breaches of the Genocide Convention predating 27 April 1992 cannot be transferred to Serbia ........................................ 72 4. Concluding observations ................................................................................................ 94 CHAPTER III EVIDENCE PRODUCED BY THE APPLICANT 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 95 2. Documents submitted by the Applicant that are inadmissible and unreliable ............... 96 A. Witness statementsi .................................................................................................. 96 B. Materials prepared by the applicant State for this case .......................................... 102 C. Documents concerning Croatian genocide and war crime cases ........................... 105 3. Other evidence produced by the Applicant .................................................................... 106 4 4. Missing evidence to which the Applicant refers in the Reply ........................................ 107 5. Relevance of the ICTY prosecutorial decisions to exclude a charge of genocide from the indictment against Slobodan Milošević ....................................... 107 6. The Applicant’s exit strategy: attempts to shift the burden of proof .............................. 113 CHAPTER IV APPLICATION OF THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION 1. General legal comments ................................................................................................. 117 A. Genocide and ethnic cleansing ................................................................................ 117 B. Different national definitions of genocide do not affect the application of the Genocide Convention ............................................................ 118 C. The nature of the “destruction” .............................................................................. 121 D. Who can perpetrate genocide and how to prove it .................................................. 126 E. Genocidal intent cannot be inferred from “widespread and systematic attack” on civilian population ................................... 128 F. Conditions of life ...................................................................................................... 130 G. Significance of attacks on religious symbols ........................................................... 131 H. Preventing births within the group .......................................................................... 131 I. Other acts of genocide .............................................................................................. 132 2. Rebuttal to the alleged genocidal activities in Eastern Slavonia .................................... 135 A. Some general remarks ............................................................................................. 135 B. Response to the specific allegations with respect to certain places in Eastern Slavonia ...................................................................... 137 C. Conclusions with respect to Eastern Slavonia ........................................................ 145 3. Rebuttal to alleged genocidal activities in the rest of Croatia ........................................ 146 A. Some general remarks ............................................................................................ 146 B. Western Slavonia ..................................................................................................... 146 C. Banija ....................................................................................................................... 149 D. Kordun and Lika ...................................................................................................... 150 E. Dalmatia .................................................................................................................. 151 5 4. Relevance of the ICTY cases for the Applicant’s claim ................................................ 154 A. Brief review of the ICTY cases to which the Applicant refers ................................. 154 B. Erroneous reference to “eradication” as a factual finding of the ICTY ................. 156 C. Genocide and extermination in the light of the ICTY findings ................................ 157 D. Limitted effects of the ICTY findings of the joint criminal enterprise in the Martić case .................................................................... 158 CHAPTER V THE QUESTION OF ATTRIBUTION 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 163 2. Applicable law ................................................................................................................ 164 3. The alleged control of the Respondent over the JNA .................................................... 165 A. General remarks ...................................................................................................... 165 B. The SFRY Presidency ............................................................................................... 166 C. Alleged ”Serbianization” and restructuring of the JNA ........................................ 167 D. The role of the JNA in the conflict in Croatia ......................................................... 170 E. The role of General Kadijević ................................................................................. 172 F. The crimes allegedly committed by the JNA ............................................................ 176 G. Interim conclusions ................................................................................................. 186 4. The alleged control of the JNA over the forces of Croatian Serbs and paramilitaries ... 187 A. The alleged control of the JNA over
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