6 X 10.Long New.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88628-4 - European Warfare, 1350-1750 Edited by Frank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim Index More information

Index

Abbasid, 112, 114 Aragon, 13, 30, 34, 255, 313 Abbeville, 56 Aragon-Catalonia, 236, 241, 243 absolutism, 123, 323 Arbedo, battle of, 214 Aden, 41 Argo, 64 Adriatic Sea, 45, 46, 98, 106, 108, 119 Argonauts, Jason and the, 64 Aegean Sea, 282 aristocracy, 13, 122, 314, see nobility Afghanistan, 43 armada, 246, 255, 256 Africa, 7, 9, 21, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, against England, 36 293, 295, 296, 312 French, 244 African Ocean, 6 ‘Invincible Armada’, 237, 245 Agincourt, battle of, 52, 53, 186, 192, 206, Spanish Armada, 245 216, 229 to Crete, 296 Agnadello, battle of, 198, 224 Armenia, 43 Ahmed III, sultan, 146 armour, 25, 54, 69, 105, 114, 209–11, 223, Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 173 226, 227, 228 akinci, 14, 116, 136, 141, 142, 143 Army of Flanders, 52, 54, 57, 81, 125, alay beyi, 156 164, 331 Alba, duke of, 276 arquebus, 25, 125, 127, 163, 210, 211, Albania, 40, 41, 196 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 222, 224, Albigensian Crusades, 272 228, 230 Alcazarquivir, battle of, 34, 39, 280 Arte della guerra, 75, 159, 160 Aleppo, 41, 44, 115 Artikelbrief, 165 Alexander the Great, 114 artillery, 7, 23–25, 55, 61, 62, 105, 109, Alexander VI, Pope, 29 116, 124, 139, 178, 181, 182–3, Alexandria, Crusade of, 282 188, 189, 190–95, 196, 200, 201, Algeria, 28 202, 206, 208, 216, 230, 235, Aljubarrota, battle of, 204 241, 242, 245, 246, 249, 253, allodia, 121, 122 254, 256, 276, 317, see cannon; almugavers, 204 see also fortifications; sieges/siege Alsace, 61 warfare; trace italienne Amadeus VI of Savoy, 282 Artois, Philip of, 284 Americas, 6, 9, 33, 35, 39 Asia, 7, 9, 38, 39, 43, 44, 114, 336 Amsterdam, 176, 330 Asia Minor, 40, 43, 115 Anabaptists, 6 Asunción (Paraguay), 35 Anatolia, 127, 143 Ath, siege of, 193 ancien régime, 82, 94, 336 Athens, 41 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 258–60, 263, 298 Atlantic Ocean, 11, 35, 37, 51, 240, 244, Ankara, battle of, 40, 44 255, 262, 293 Annebaut, Claude d’, 245 Atlantic trade, 21 Antwerp, 60, 164, 165, 245, Attila the Hun, 47 see also Spanish Fury Augsburg, 121, 196 Apulia, 245 Peace of, 287, 289–90, 335

378

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88628-4 - European Warfare, 1350-1750 Edited by Frank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim Index More information

Index 379

Aulic War Council, 119, 122, 138, Bestallungen, 125 see Court War Council Besztercebánya, 124 Auriol, 197 Bethlen, Gábor, 111, 123 Austria, 4, 20, 45, 54, 58, 98, 121, Bidoux, Prégent de, 244 137, 150, 286, 294, 314, 327, 332, Bihács (Bihac), 106 see also Habsburg Empire; Habsburgs Billon, François, 229 Austria, Margaret of, 239 Black Army, 100 Austrian Succession, War of the, 3, 162, Black Death, 51, 65 178, 297 Black Prince, 268 Aviz, house of, 17, 312 Black Sea, 43, 113, 243 azabs, 116 Black, Jeremy, 7, 9, 182 Azerbaijan, 43 Blackwater, company, 326 Azores, 38 Blenheim, battle of, 187, 193, 197 Bocskai, István, 123, 124 Bacon, Francis, 280 Bohemia, 22, 96, 97, 99, 120, 121, 123, Badajoz, siege of, 277 131, 186, 214, 281, 282, 283, 289, Baden, Prince Louis, margrave of, 197, 334 201 Bolingbroke, Henry, see Henry IV, king of Baghdad, 41, 114, 146 England massacre at, 44 Bologna, 29 Balkans, 41, 42, 96, 112, 113, 114, 138, Borgia, Cesare, 48 143, 196, 272, 284, 293, 296 Borgia, Don Juan, 48 Baltic Sea, 97, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, Bosgeuzen (Wood Beggars), 200 262, 281, 312 Bosnia, 40, 98, 104 Baltic, crusades in, 271, 282, 283 Bosporus, 248 bandes d’ordonnance, 58, 99, 163 Bouchain, 193 Banér, Johan, 82, 87, 191 Boucicaut, Jean de, 272, 284 Banja Luka, 41, 106 Boulogne, 31 Bannockburn, battle of, 204 bows, 3, 105, 207, 208, 209–11, 214, Baphaeum, battle of, 40 see also crossbow Barbary Crusade, 282 and English, 25, 60, 192, 204, 208, 209, Barcelona, 184 210 Barret, Robert, 3, 25, 208, 214, 215, 217, and Ottomans, 25 219, 221 boyars, 12, 15 Barwick, Humphrey, 212, 213, 223 Brabant, 60 Basil II, Grand Duke of Muscovy, 15, 18 Brandenburg, 13, 65, 93, 328, Basing House, siege of, 197 see also Brandenburg-Prussia; Basta, Giorgio, 132 Frederick William, ‘Great’ Elector; Batavian Republic, 180 Frederick II, ‘the Great’; Prussia Bavaria, 58, 65, 191, 197 Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Albrecht Bayard, chevalier de, 211 Alcibiades of, 61 Bayezid I, sultan, 40, 42, 44, 114 Brandenburg-Prussia, 18, 298, 327 Bayezid II, sultan, 48, 272 standing forces, 92 bayonet, 192, 231–3 Bratislava, see Pozsony Bayonne, 248 Brazil, 34, 259 Beauvais, Vincent of, 270 Breisach, 87 bedel, 151 Breitenfeld, battle of, 229 Belgrade, 41, 42, 99, 101, 103, 104, 106, Breslau (Wrocław), 120 108, 113, 117, 137, 143, 145, 154, Brest, 191, 244 284, see Nandorfehervár Brewer, John, 8 siege of, 40, 100 Britain, 286, 297, 322, 330, see British Bellini, Gentile, 49 Isles; Great Britain, see also England; Berengar II of Italy, 48 Ireland; Scotland; Wales Bern, 287 British Isles, 288, see Britain; Great Britain Besançon, 184 Brittany, 57, 236, 269, 317

380 Index

Brouage, 191 Castello di San Angelo, 29 Brussels, 33, 184 Castelnuovo, 41, 189 Buda, 42, 100, 103, 105, 108, 117, 118, Castile, 30, 34, 53, 54, 70, 241, 255, 313, 144, 146 328 Budin, 117 Castrocaro, 199 Bueil, Jean de, 205 Catalonia, 302 Buenos Aires, 35 Cateau-Cambrésis, Peace of, 31–2, 33, 35, Bulgaria, 2, 40, 96, 141, 272 37, 81, 334 Burgundy, 31, 54, 191, 205, 272, 284 Catholic League, 55, 172 permanent forces, 22 Catholicism, 114 Burgundy, Mary of, 162 cavalry, 44, 53, 54, 55, 60, 76, 80, 96, 104, Byzantine Empire, 40, 48, 113, 271, 134, 159, 191–3, 196, 200, 203–6, see Byzantium 207, 210, 214–17, 231, 232, 233, 234, Byzantium, 271, see Byzantine Empire 307, 317, 326, 333 and Thirty Years’ War, 84 Cadamosto, Alvise, 38 at Mohács, 109 Cadiz, 256 in Hungary, 100, 103, 106, 122 Cadogan, William, 187 in Ottoman Empire, 114–15, 116, 130, Cairo, 41, 113 136, 139, 144, 145, 146, 155, 156, Calais, 31, 55, 56, 70, 100, 211 157, 158 Çaldıran, 116 in Poland, 100 Calicut (India), 38 recruitment of, 57, 59 Callistus III, Pope, 284 cebecis, 115 Calvinism, 287 Cecora, battle of, 42 Cambrai Cellini, Benvenuto, 29 League of, 189, 198 Cem, 48 treaty of, 31 Centurione family, 315 Camera Hungarica, see Hungarian Ceresole, battle of, 224 Chamber Ceuta, 37, 39, 70 Camera Scepusiensis, see Zipser Chamber Chagatai Khanate, 44 camerale, 120 Chalon-sur-Sâone, 196 Campbell family, 66 Chambéry, 184 Campeche, 35 Champagne, 191 Canaries, 38 Chandos, Sir John, 205 Cannanore, 38 Chapuys, Eustace, 55 cannon, 24–5, 46, 55, 103, 104–05, 109, Charlemont, 63 116–17, 127, 131, 132, 141, 142, 183, Charles I, king of England, Ireland and 191, 194, 195, 200, 223, 224, 226, Scotland, 13 229, 248–50, 258 Charles II, king of England, Ireland and Canturino, battle of, 204 Scotland, 13, 173 Cão, Diogo, 38 and navy, 316 Cape of Good Hope, 38 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 13, 30, Cape Verdes, 38 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 55, 69, 70, 165, Caracas, 35 167, 186, 189, 251, 287, 313 caracole, 80, 217, 218, 219, 225, 228, 229, abdication of, 121 333 and navy, 239, 245, 256 Caribbean, 37, 255 and Sack of Rome, 164 Carinthia, 121 Charles V, king of France, 53 Carlentini, 63 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 330 Carnesecchi, Lorenzo, 199 Charles VII, king of France, 317 Carniola, 121 Charles VIII, king of France, 13, 20, 30, Cartagena, 35 186, 189, 285 Cascina, battle of, 204 and Italy, 23, 30 Casimir Jagiello, king of Poland, 97, 99 Charles XI, king of Sweden, 13 Caspian Sea, 43 Charles the Bold, 163, 205, 215, 272

Index 381

Charles XII, king of Sweden, 13, 186 Corsica, 31 chevauchée, 54, 196, 268 Cortes, in Castile, 18 China, 38, 46 Cortes, of Thomar, 34 Chios, 41 Corts general, in Catalonia, 18 chivalry, 264, 265, 267, 272, 279, 330 Cosmopolis, 63 Christendom, 14, 21, 116, 267, 271, 279, Cossacks, 96, 113, 200, 201 284–5, 286, 294, 296 Council for Marine Causes, 64 Christian II, king of Denmark, 251 Court Chamber, 120, 126 Christian IV, king of Denmark, 13, 15 Court War Council, 119, 120, 121, 122, Church of England, 72 126, see Aulic War Council Church of the Holy Apostles, 27 Courtrai, battle of, 204 Ciudad Rodrigo, siege of, 277 Crécy, battle of, 204 civil war, 21, 34, 55, 62, 67, 70, 71, 273, Cremona, Luitprand of, 48 279, 297, 302, 329 Crépy, treaty of, 31 in Bohemia, 99 Cretan War, 142, see also Crete in British Isles, 290, 302, 316 Crete, 42, 45, 46, 247, 296 in Denmark, 314 Croatia, 98, 106, 110, 119, 120, 121 in England, 183, 197, 274, 280, 312 Croatia, banus of, 106 in France, 32, 56, 172, 190, 193, 302, Cromwell, Oliver, 183, 274, 292, 329 317, 325 Cromwell, Thomas, 66 in Holy Roman Empire, 286 crossbow, 25, 207, 208, 210–11, 214, in Hungary, 117 230, 241 in Russia, 302, 313 crossbowmen, 60, 80, 241 in Scotland, 289 crusade/crusading, 21, 40, 46, 48, 109, in Switzerland, 287 265, 266, 269, 270, 271–2, 273, 275, Clermont, 270 281–5, 293, 294, 296, see Alexandria, Cleves, 61 crusade of; Barbary Crusade; Cleves, Philip of, 249–50 Lepanto: Crusade of; Nicopolis: Cochin, 38 Crusade of Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 92, 247, 317 Crusaders, see crusade/crusading and navy, 92 Cuba, 35 Coligny, Gaspard de Châtillon, Admiral, Cyprus, 2, 21, 45, 282 196, 291 capture of, 42, 46, 294 Cologne, 174 colonies, 300 Dalmatia, 98, 106, 196 Columbus, Christopher, 38, 64 Damascus, 41, 44, 113, 115 commissaires, 92 Danube, 28, 40, 43, 105, 106, 112, 117, compagnies d’ordonnance, 54, 161, 163 141, 145, 152, 153, 157, 201, 272 Concino, Bartolomeo, 184 Delhi, 44 Condé, prince de, 87 Denmark, 5, 13, 60, 250, 292, condottiere/condottieri, 76, 79, 85, 159, 329, 298, 314 see mercenaries Denmark-Norway, 244, 257, 289, 302 Congo, river, 38 desertion, 143, 153, 170 conscription, 60, 62, 302, 323, 331, 332 devşirme, 115 Constance, Council of, 275 Diaz, Bartholomew, 38 Constantinople, 40, 46, 48, 113, 243 Dickson, Peter, 8 fall of, 23, 27, 28, 41, 188 Diet siege of, 248, 276, 284 Imperial, 121 contributionale, 120 in Austria, 328 contributions, 81, 83, 84, 86, 93, 146, 149, in Hungary, 97, 107 150, 152, 196, 323 in Moravia, 103 contrôleurs, 92 in Poland, 97, 107 Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de, 30 of Besztercebánya, 124 Corfu, 41 Diéta, in Hungary, 18 Corinth, 141, 142, 144, 155, 157 Digges, Thomas, 212, 228

382 Index

diplomacy, 28, 42, 47–9, 123, 199, 310 England, 1, 13, 18, 21, 31, 36, 37, 39, 46, in overseas conquests, 6 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, discipline, 52, 65, 69, 91, 94, 134, 136, 65, 66, 72, 100, 173, 177, 184, 190, 150, 154–6, 158, 162–3, 168, 169, 194, 195, 197, 204, 214, 216, 237, 172, 176, 178, 179, 231, 235, 331, 239, 244, 245, 248, 252, 253, 256, 332 257, 268, 274, 282, 284, 285, 286, disease, 30, 143, 153, 169 290, 295, 296, 297, 302, 316 and overseas conquests, 6 and France, 21, 317 Diu, naval engagement, 38 and Spain, 33, 36 dizdar, 148 indenture, 15 Djidjelli, 296 nobility in, 11 Donatist heresy, 270 revolt in, 71 Doria family, 315 Enlightenment, 178, 335, 336 Douai, 193 Erasmus, 6, 272 Downs, battle of the, 258 Eric XIV, king of Sweden, 221 Drake, Sir Francis, 16 Erlau (Eger), 41, 42, 119 Drava, river, 119 Érsekújvár (Nové Zámky), 119, 123 Dreux, battle of, 190 esame, 156, 157 Drogheda, 276 Escorial, 185 Dubrovnik, 41 Esztergom (Gran), 153 Dudley, Robert, see Leicester, Earl of Etats généraux, 18, see States-General: in Dupplin Moor, battle of, 204, 206 France Dutch Republic, 4, 64, 161, 170, 171, 172, Eugenius IV, Pope, 40 173, 174, 178–80, 256, 257, 259, 286, Euphrates, 28 290, 298, 302, 315, 316, 323, 325, 330, 331, 332, see Low Countries; Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Netherlands; Spanish Netherlands; king of Hungary, 30, 32–3, 117–18, United Provinces 120, 121 Dutch Revolt, 36–7, 70, 256, 279, 291, Ferdinand I, king of Aragon, 13 295, 302, 314, 334, see Eighty Years’ Ferdinand II of Naples, 13 War; Netherlands, Revolt of the Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, 74, Dutch War, 91, 162, 176, 179 75, 123, 124, 289, 290, 291 East India Company (VOC), 259 Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, 30, 34, 255, East Indies, 34, 38 313 Edward I, king of England, 204 fermans, 148 Edward III, king of England, 268, 282, Ferrara, 29, 55, 189, 198, 199 283 Ferrucci, Francesco, 199 Edward IV, king of England, 13 Festungstadt, 119 Eger, see Erlau Feuquières, Brigadier-General, 196 Egmond, count of, 58 Fez, kingdom of, 293, 294, Egypt, 41, 108, 113, 144 see also Wattasids sultan of, 282 Fifteen Years’ War, 146 Eight Saints, War of the, 3 Fil’akov, see Fülek Eighty Years’ War, 34, 171, 289, 290, Finale, 64 see Dutch Revolt; Netherlands, Revolt financial revolution,8 of the firearms, 24, 53, 58, 104, 105, 107, 108, Eisenhower, Dwight, 186 116, 125, 127, 163, 168, 209, 211, Elefanten, 251 213, 216, 224, 226, 227, 231, 235, Elizabeth I, queen of England and Ireland, 241 16, 21, 33, 36–7, 55, 190, 292, 312 fiscal-military state,8, 303, 304, 305, 307, Emmanuel-Philibert of Savoy, 31 308, 309, 310–11, 313, 314, 315, 316, Engelen, 250, 251 317, 318, 320, 324 Engineering Academy (Vienna), Flanders, 125, 165, 187, 243, 253 see military academies Flodden, battle of, 186, 210, 215

Index 383

Florence, 29, 65, 160, 183, 198, 199, 315 Fronde, 87, 172 and Italian Wars, 29, 30 Fronde des Généraux, 87 siege of, 199 Fronde des Princes, 87 Florida, 35 Fülek (Fil’akov), 33 flota, 35 Fornovo, battle of, 30 Gabbard Shoal, 259 fortifications, 23, 24, 38, 56, 64, 82, Galicia/Halic, 98, 99 118–19, 132, 142, 181, 183, 189, Galileo, 132 191, 192, 201, 202, 304, 307, galley, 24, 46, 63, 66, 238, 240–3, 251–2, see sieges/siege warfare; trace italienne, 254–5, 258, 261–3, 292, 296, 314, see also under names of individual 315, 332 towns Galley Subtle, 245 fourier, 165, 168 Gallipoli, 143, 282 Fourquevaux, Raymond de, 160 Gama, Vasco da, 38 France, 1, 4, 6, 13, 18, 20, 21, 30–3, 36, Gambia, river, 38 46, 49, 53–4, 58, 60–1, 67, 77, 81, Garonne, river, 196 88, 89, 111, 119, 133, 161, 170, Garrard, William, 208, 231 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 184, garrison forces, 30, 32, 53–4, 56–7, 61, 91, 186, 187, 189, 191, 194, 196, 100, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 198, 201, 239, 243, 244, 247, 128, 142, 143, 145, 153, 154, 161, 251, 253, 256, 257, 262, 268, 170, 174, 175, 180, 189, 269, 276 269, 274, 282, 286, 288, 290, in Hungary, 100 292, 293, 295, 297, 298, 302, Gascony, 23 313, 315, 316, 317–18, 319, Gattinara, Mercurino de, 66 323, 325, 330, 333 Gavinana, 199 and England, 21, 100 Gelderland, 174 and Spain, 33 gemeente, 165 as fiscal-military state,30 –3 gemene weyfels, 165, 166, 167, 168 permanent forces, 22, 56 general contractors, 75–6, 81 standing army, 90–1, 99 Geneva, 287 Francis I, king of France, 13, 20, 30, 49, Geneva Conventions, 264, 267 186, 244, 251 Genghis Khan, 43 francs-archers, 58 Genoa, 29, 31, 46, 53, 184, 243, 251, 262, Frederick II, Elector Palatine, 13 315 Frederick II, king of Denmark and and navy, 262 Norway, 292 George II, king of Great Britain and Frederick II, ‘the Great’, king of Prussia, Ireland, 13 13, 20, 162, 178, 179, 186, 193, 235, Georgia, 43 297 Germany, 1, 61, 71, 97, 168, 274, 282, Frederick III, Elector Palatine, 292 286, 287, 288, 289, 294, 295, 296, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 292 305, 322, 327, see Holy Roman Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 13, Empire 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 292 Gewalthaufen, 163, see pikes/pikemen Frederick William I, king of Prussia, 13, Ghent, 62 178, 195 Gheyn, Jacob de, 213 Frederick William, ‘Great’ Elector of Gibraltar, 293 Brandenburg, 13, 93 Giovanni, Giorgio di, 185 Frederikstad, 63 Glete, Jan, 8, 15, 19, 22, 77, 236, Free Companies, 269 300, 324 French Revolution, 162, 180 gloire, 19, 20, 185 French Revolutionary Wars, 19 Goa, 38 French-Spanish War (1635–1659), 172 Golden Fleece, 64 Friesland, 57, 61, 174 Golden Horde, Khanate of the, 44 frigate, 253, 257, 261 Golden Horn, 243 Friuli, 198 Gomes, Diogo, 38

384 Index

Gonzaga, 61 130, 133, 146, 149, 159, 173, Goya, Francisco José de, 274 177, 293, 295, 297, 313–14, 330, Gran (Esztergom), 41 see also Austria; Habsburg Empire Granada, 21, 23, 188, 282, 293 army size, 125 revolt in, 21 Habsburg-Valois conflicts,80, 256 grand strategy, 9, 11, 28, 29, 34, 35, 37, Hagia Sophia, 27 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 181 hajdú, 123, 124 Grande Françoise, 251 Halberstadt, Christian of, 81 gratuitus labor, 121 Halidon Hill, battle of, 204 Great Britain, 298, see Britain; British Isles hane, 149 Great Elector, 92, see also Frederick Hans (John), king of Denmark, 250, 251 William, ‘Great’ Elector of Harcourt, comte d’, 87 Brandenburg Harfleur, 63 Great Michael, 250, 251 Hasan Kafi al-Akhisari,127 Great Northern War, 247 Hawkins, John, 37 Great Schism, 284 Henry Grâce à Dieu, 64, 250 Greater Poland, 98 Henry II, king of France, 13, 21, 30, 31, Greece, 40, 114, 196, 208, 285 32, 244 Gregory VII, Pope, 270 Henry III, king of France, 13, 15 Grenzobrist/Grenzoberst, 122 Henry IV, king of England, 283 Grisons, 61 Henry IV, king of France, 13, 32, 72 Groningen, 174 Henry V, king of England, 13, 63, 183, Grosmont, Henry of, 283 186, 192, 237, 268, 273, 275 Grunwald (Tannenberg), battle of, 102, Henry VII, king of England, 13, 285, 312 104 Henry VIII, king of England, 13, 243, 285 Guatemala, 35 and navy, 64, 245, 249, 250 Guelders, duchy of, 67 and taxation, 55 guerre couverte, 268 and wars with France, 31, 186 guerre de course, 17, 92, see privateering Henry, Cardinal, king of Portugal, 34 guerre du cabinet, 187 Herodotus, 47 Guescelin, Bertrand du, 282 Herzegovina, 41 Guicciardini, Francesco, 29 Hesse, Maurice of, 59 Guinegate, battle of, 215 Hessen-Kassel, 327 Guise family, 66, 71 Hexamilion, 141, 142 Guise, duke of, 191 High Council of War, 176 gunpowder, 3, 24–5, 27, 105, 116, 181–2, Hintze, Otto, 51, 323 188, 189, 201, 202, 208, 212, 213, Hispaniola, 35 240, 248–9, 250, 261, 263 Hocquincourt, maréchal d’, 87 gunpowder revolution, 149, see gunpowder, Hofkammer, 120, see Court Chamber see also military revolution Hohenzollern, Frederick of, 284 Güns, 32, 41 Hohenzollerns, 2 gurebas, 115 Holland, 60, 71, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, Gustav I Vasa, king of Sweden, 312, 314 174, 175, 185, 194, 195, 256, 259, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, 13, 291, 325 191, 231, 314 States of, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, and Protestant cause, 292 256, see Staten, in Holland death of, 74, 186 Holstein, 314 military reforms, 221, 229 Holy Land, 46, 270, 271, 282, 285 Guyenne, 87, 236 Holy League, 111, 128, see Holy Leagues; Győr, 119, 120, 121, 122 Sacra Ligua Holy Leagues, 45, see Holy League; Sacra Haarlem, 71, 292 Ligua Habsburg Empire, 138, 151 Holy Roman Emperor, 93 Habsburgs, 18, 30, 31, 37, 57, 89, 109, Holy Roman Empire, 18, 30, 31, 32, 49, 110–12, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124–7, 65, 74, 82, 111, 119, 121, 133, 160,

Index 385

163, 164, 167, 172, 283, 290, 292, Istanbul, 112, 116, 119, 127, 128, 131, 293, 294, 327, 335, see Germany 145, 148, see also Constantinople holy war, 266, 270, 271, 279, 281, 285, Imperial Cannon Foundry, 131 290, 293, see also just war Italian Wars, 29–31, 45, 49, 189, 199, 200, Honduras, 35 207, 215 Hotin, 153 Italy, 28, 29, 30, 31, 49, 53, 61, 63, 81, 97, siege of, 200 119, 183, 186, 187, 191, 282, 285, Hubertusburg, 326 286, 293, 294, 296, 302, 305, 313, Hudavendigar, 156 314, 327 Huguenots, 55, 59, 190, 196, 288, 290, French claims in, 20 317 French invasion of, 23, 30 Hundred Years’ War, 19, 264 Ivan IV, Tsar, 12, 13, 23 Hungarian Chamber (Camera Hungarica), 120 Jagiello, king of Poland, 97 Hungary, 13, 17, 19, 21, 40, 41, 42, 45, Jajca (Jajce), 41, 104, 106 81, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, James II, king of England, Ireland and 106, 107, 108, 110–12, 113, 117–21, Scotland, 316 122–4, 125, 131, 132, 133, 141, 186, James IV, king of Scotland, 13, 250 274, 285, 294, 295, 328 James V, king of Scotland, 13 army size, 105–6 Janissaries, 5, 24, 27, 43, 125, 127, 140, attitude of West, 108 141, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 293, castles, 106 329 extent of, 97–8 Japan, xviii, 38 fortifications in,24, 119 Jaysca, 41 logistics, 104–5 Jedisan, 41 loss of indepedence, 2 Joan of Arc, 273 mobilisation problems, 103–4 Joao (John) I, king of Portugal, 312 new army, 100–1 Johan III, king of Sweden, 314 permanent forces, 22 John II Casimir, king of Poland and Grand taxation in, 103 Duke of Lithuania, 13 Huns, 47 John II, king of France, 13, 268 Hunyadi, János, 40, 41, 137, 143, 271, John III Sobieski, king of Poland and 280, 285 Grand Duke of Lithuania, 13 Huss, John, 283, see also Hussites John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen, 173 Hussites, 58, 99, 109, 216, 272, 273, 275, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, 330 281, 283, see Huss, John jus ad bellum, 266 jus in bello, 265, 266, 267 Imperial Capital (Reichshaupstadt), 121 just war, 265–7, see also holy war; jus in impôt du sang, 12, 78 bello; jus ad bellum indenture, 15 India, 34, 38, 43, 44, 46 kadi, 5, 147–8 Indian Ocean, 6, 39, 40, 42, 43, 312 Kaffa, 41 Indies, 252 Kaliningrad, see Königsberg Indonesia, 43 Kalmar, Union of, 2 Industrial Revolution, 260 Kamenetz-Podolsk, 153 Innsbruck, 55, 189 Kanizsa, 121 Instruction de toutes manières de guerroyer, Kantonsystem, 179, 180 249 kapıkulu, 115 intendants, 94 Karaman, 155 Iran, 43, 128, 146 Karl IX, king of Sweden, 314 Iraq, 41, 43, 44, 114 Karlowitz, treaty of, 111 Ireland, 66, 70, 197, 273, 290, 292, 297, Karpathos, 41 316, 334 Kassa, 120, 123 Isabella, queen of Castile, 30, 34, 255, 313 Kassa (Košice), 119 Isle of Wight, 245 Kazakhstan, 43 Israel, 41 Kazan, conquest of, 23

386 Index

Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk, see Casimir Lipsius, Justus, 160–1, 162, 169, 178 Jagiello Lisbon, attack on, 16 Kennedy, Paul, 9 Lisle, lord, 245 Kenyérmező, battle of, 101 Lithuania, 96, 98, 99, 283 Kerestes, battle of, 42 see also Union of Lublin Kilwa, 38 Livonia, 283 kıst, 156, 157 Lombardy, 61 Klis, 41, 106 Lomellini family, 315 Knights Hospitaller, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113, London, 55, 100, 330 270, 282, 284, 294 Tower of, 194 Knights’ War, 287 Long Hungarian War, 125, 127 Knin, 106 Long War of 1593–1606, 111 Komarno, see Komárom Long War of 1684–1699, 126 Komárom, 119, 120 longbow, see bows Kompaniewirtschaft, 94, 326, 328, 335 looting, 79, 160, 165, 176, 196, 326, 332 Königsberg (Kaliningrad), 105 Lorraine, 61 Koran, 27 Lorraine, Charles IV of, 82 Korvin Mátyás, see Matthias Corvinus Louis II Jagiellon, king of Hungary, 21, Kosovo, battle of, 40, 283 117 Kosovo, second battle of, 41 Louis II, king of Hungary, 13, 186, 285 Kreisobrist/Kresoberst, 122 Louis XI, king of France, 55, 317 kriegsarchiv, 139 Louis XII, king of France, 13, 20, 30 Küçük Kaynarca, treaty of, 128 Louis XIII, king of France, 13 Küstrin, Johann of, 61 Louis XIV, king of France, 13, 18, 20, 77, kuls, 140 90, 91, 161, 172, 173, 174, 178, 185, Kyrgyzstan, 43 186, 187, 201, 247, 296, 297, 298, 317, see Sun King La Paz, 35 army of, 77, 89 La Rochelle, 71 Louis XV, king of France, 4, 18 siege of, 191, 193 Louis XVI, king of France, 4 Landrekrutenstellung, 126 Louvois, marquis de, 90, 172, 176, 187, landsknechts, 59, 79, 80, 160, 166, 167–8, 317 207 Low Countries, 30, 33, 36, 165, 185, 187, Languedoc, 196 194, 196, 238, 288, 292, see Dutch lanze spezzate, 54 Republic; Netherlands; Spanish Larissa, 157 Netherlands; United Provinces Laupen, battle of, 204 religious problems, 33, 36 Lausanne, 287 wars in, 36 Lazar, Prince, 40 Lower Austrian Chamber Le Havre, 64, 191, 244 (Niederösterreichische Kammer), 120 Le Tellier, Michel, 90, 172, 317 Lowestoft, 259, 260 Le Telliers, 92, 172 Lucca, 29 and patronage, 92 Lübeck, 251 légions, in France, 58, see also militia Lützen, battle of, 74 Leicester, Earl of, 36 Luther, Martin, 273, 286 Leipzig, 193 Leo VI, Emperor, 169 Maastricht, 171 Lepanto Macao, 34, 38 battle of, 42, 237, 243, 271 Macedonia, 40, 144 Crusade of, 294–6 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 29, 58, 59, 60, 75, Lesser Poland, 98 159–60, 178, 331 levend, 127, 130 Machtstaat, 304 Leyva, Antonio de, 185 Madeira, 37 Liège, 194 Magdeburg, 276 Lima, 35 Sack of, 172, 334 Limoges, siege of, 276 Magellan, Ferdinand, 64

Index 387

Maghrib, 281, 283, 293, 295 293, 295–6 Malacca, 38, 39 Mehmed II, sultan, 13, 27, 44, 49, 113, Malatesta, 61 157, 186, 282, 284 Malbork, see Marienburg and Constantinople, 27–8, 48, 113, 142, Malplaquet, battle of, 193 284 Malta, 41, 113, 190, 271, 294 conquests, 41, 144 battle of, 241 grand strategy, 28, 42 siege of, 294 reforms, 144 Mamluk, 38, 44, 113 Menteshe, 156 Mann, Michael, 8, 51 mercenaries, 29, 45, 46, 57, 59–61, 70, Mansfeld, Ernst, count, 153, 326 74–6, 78, 80, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, Mantua, 61, 198 104, 106, 109, 159–60, 165, 177, 180, maps/mapping, 63, 133, 181, 183, 184–6, 269, 306, 315, 327, 328, 329, 331 187, 188, 201 mercenary contractors, 57, 60 Marchi, Francesco de’, 62 metallurgy, 3, 25 Maria Theresa, Empress, 138 Metz, 56, 186, 189 Mariembourg, 56, 63 Metz, bishopric of, 31 Marienburg (Malbork), 105 Mexico, 35 Marignano, battle of, 30, 186 Mezőkeresztes, battle of, 127 Marignano, marquis of, 184, 199 Middle East, 41, 112, 116 Marlborough, duke of, 95, 187, 193, 197 Milan, 29, 31, 54, 61, 185, 189, 199 Marlborough, town of, 197 and Italian Wars, 29 Marnix van St Aldegonde, Filips, 279 Militargränze, see Military Border Marrakech, 293 military academies, 112, 132, 133 Marseilles, siege of, 197 Military Border, 112, 118, 121, 122, 123, Marsigli, Luiggi Ferdinando, 132, 134 124 Martin V, Pope, 283 military contractors, 75, 84, 85, 315, 323, Martinengo, Gabriel Tadini di, 45 see also mercenary contractors Martinet, Jean, 172 military enterprise, 74, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, Marwitz, Johann Friedrich August von 95, see military contractors; military der, 326 enterprisers; military etrepreneurs; Mary I, queen of England and Ireland, 31 general contractors Mary Rose, 237, 249, 251 military enterprisers, 16, 75, 78, 79, Mary, Queen of Scots, 289 81, 83–4, 86, 88, 93, 136, 160, Masovia, 98 see also mercenary contractors; Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary and military contractors; military Poland, 13, 41, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, enterpreneurs 102, 106, 107, 285 military entrepreneurs, 3, 15–16, 88, 163, Maurice of Nassau-Orange, 13, 161, 169, 336 170, 171, 175, 177, 221, 296 and naval warfare, 17 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 13, decline of, 17 30, 55, 120, 159, 162, 163, 189, 205, military entrepreneurship, 16, 76, 81, 89, 285 139, 326, 335 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, 132 military revolution, 1, 3, 7–9, 10, 50, 77, Mazagano, 39 110, 135, 182, 188, 189, 260, 286, Mazarin, Cardinal, 90 see also naval revolution Mecca, 113 military revolution afloat,258 Mechelen, 55–56, 194 see naval revolution Medici family, 315 militia, 32, 47, 52, 54, 70, 76, 116, 160, Medici, duke Cosimo I de’, 183–84, 186 161, 178, 196, 303, 304, 306, 332 Međimurje, 119 effectiveness, 58–9, 76 Medina, 113 Mohács, battle of, 24, 104, 105, 106, 109, Mediterranean, 11, 21, 24, 28, 33, 37, 42, 117, 120, 186, 281, 328 46, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, Mohács, second battle of, 42 190, 238, 240, 241–4, 245, 246–8, Moldavia, 41 253, 254–5, 261–2, 271, 281, 282, Molucca Islands, 38, 39

388 Index

Moncontour, battle of, 190, 196 nationalism, 273, 336, see nation-state; Monemvasia, 41 national identity Mongolia, 44, 46 nation-state, 6, 268, 275, 296, 303, Mongols, 40, 43, 44 see national identity; nationalism Monluc, Blaise de, 197 Naupalia, 41 Montalcino, 189, 200 Nauplion, 155, 156, 157 Montecuccoli, Raimondo, 132, 215, 220, naval revolution, 236, 263, see military 221, 223, 227, 229 revolution afloat Montefeltro, 61 naval warfare, 11, 17, 24, 236–40, 249, Montenegro, 40 251, 255–8, 260–1, 332, see tactics Morava, river, 154 at sea Moravia, 97, 99 navy, 14, 92, 97, 257, 312, 315, Morea, 41, 155, 247 see permanent forces; standing campaign in, 155, 157 navies, see also guerre de course; naval Morgarten, battle of, 204 revolution; pirates; privateering Moriscos, 36, 293 and social elites, 15 Morocco, 33, 37, 39, 281, 293, 294 cost of, 64 Mount Kunovica, battle of, 40 in England, 66, 71, 237, 248, 251, 316 Mozambique, 38 in France, 86, 92, 191, 194, 198, 317 Mühlberg, battle of, 186, 287 on Danube, 106 Münster, 173, 286 Ottoman, 113 bishop of, 173, 174 Naxos, 41 Peace of, 172, 297 Netherlands, 4, 10, 18, 21, 34, 36, 49, 53, see Westphalia, Peace of 54, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 70, 81, Müntzer, Thomas, 286 111, 119, 162, 164, 168, 171, 173, Müteferrika, Ibrahim, 134 194, 239, 245, 251, 255, 256, 257, Mughals, 113 276, 289, 295, 314, 333, see Dutch mukabeleci, 156 Republic; Low Countries; Spanish Mulhouse, 287 Netherlands; United Provinces Muntaner, Ramón, 204 religious problems, 33 Mura, river, 119 revolt in, 21, 168 Murad I, sultan, 115, 272 wars in, 20, 32, 39 Murad II, sultan, 13, 41, 141, 157 Netherlands, Revolt of the, 289, see Dutch conquests, 40 Revolt; Eighty Years’ War reforms, 141–2 Neva, river, 245 Murad IV, sultan, 5, 13 Nevers, John, count of, 284 Muraköz, 119 Neville family, 71 Muraň, see Murány New Granada (Columbia), 35 Murány (Muraň), 119 New World, 33, 35, 255, 275 Musa, son of Bayezid I, sultan, 40 Nicaea, 40 Muscovy, 2, 12, 14, 15, 18 Nicaragua, 35 musket, 25, 127, 192, 195, 211, 212, 213, Nice, treaty of, 31 223, 231 Nicopolis, 284 mutiny, 53, 55, 160, 167, 168–9, 171 battle of, 40, 108, 272, 284 Crusade of, 271, 284 Nagasaki, 34, 38 Niederösterreichische Kammer, see Lower Nagyvárad (Oradea), 119, 153 Austrian Chamber Nájera, battle of, 204 Nieuwpoort, battle of, 169, 175 na-mevcud, 157 Nikolsberg, treaty of, 124 Nandorfehervár (Belgrade), siege of, 284 Nîmes, 196 Naples, 13, 30, 40, 53, 54, 63, 65, 68, 70, Nine Years’ War, 77, 162, 177, 178, 298 189, 285 nobility, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 52, 54, 55, 57, siege of, 189 61, 64–6, 70, 78, 97, 101, 103, 104, Napoleon I, 193 106, 108, 111, 112, 117, 118, 121, national identity, 5, 68, 288, 331, 122, 123, 139, 275, 296, 329, 333, see nation-state; nationalism see aristocracy

Index 389

tax exemption, 67, 78–9 Padua, 29, 189, 199 Nombre de Dios (Panama), 35 siege of, 189, 198 non-combatant, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, Pakistan, 43 270, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 Palatinate, 13, 297, 335, see also Frederick Nonsuch, treaty of, 36 II, Elector Palatine; Frederick III, Nördlingen, battle of, 85 Elector Palatine; Frederick V, Elector Normandy, 23, 53, 54, 188, 236, 291 Palatine North America, 6, 9 Palazzo Vecchio, 183, 185 North Sea, 255 Panama, 35 Norway, 292, 314 Papacy, 29, 45, 49, 198, 288, Nöteborg, fortress of, 245 294, 298 Noue, François de la, 226, 227 Papal States, 30 Novara, battle of, 30 Paris, 32, 55, 87, 273 Nové Zámky, see Érsekújvár arsenal at, 55 Novgorod, 2 Parker, Geoffrey, 7, 8, 28, 182, 184, 185, Nuremberg, 196 236, 275, 276 parlements, 18 Obrovac, 41 Parma, duke of, 184 Oder, river, 51 Pasha, Ferhad, 152 Olbracht, John, king of Poland, 97 Pasha, Halil, 143 Oldcastle, Sir John, 275 Pasha, Ibrahim, 114 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 169, 315 Pasha, Kara Ahmed, 145 Oldenburg, house of, 312, 314 Pasha, Saturcu Mehmed, 280 Oradea, 119, see Nagyvárad Pasha, Silahdar Ali, 155, 156, 157 siege of, 280 passevolants, 169, 172 Orange-Nassau, house of, 66 patriotism, 179, 324, 331, 336 Orbán (Urbán), 105 Pavia, battle of, 31, 186 Ormuz, 38 pavises, 109 naval engagement at, 38 Peace of God, 269 Orsova, 106 Peasants’ War, 286 Osman II, sultan, 153 Pécs, 41 Osman, Ghazi, 40, 42, 43 Percy family, 71 Osman, Kara, 156 permanent forces, 22, 51, 53, 55, 56, Otranto, 284 90, 92, 239, 304, 313, 314, 315, siege of, 108 see standing armies; standing forces; Ottoman Empire, 2, 10, 12, 18, 25, 37, standing navies 41, 42, 43, 46, 96, 99, 100, 126, permanent navies, 257, 261, 263, 303, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139, 145, 158, see standing navies, see also permanent 243, 254, 255, 293, 323, 329, 330, forces; standing armies; standing see Ottomans; Turks forces permanent forces, 22, 141 Persia, 44, 108, 114, see also Safavid standing army, 115, 116 Persian Gulf, 38, 42, 43 weapons production, 131 Persian Wars, The, 47 Ottomans, 18, 24, 25, 44, 45, 47, 48, 64, Peter I, king of Cyprus, 282 96, 98, 100–1, 103, 110–14, 116–17, Peter I, ‘the Great’, Tsar, 13, 313 118, 121, 123, 124, 125–7, 130, 131, Petrovaradin, 137 132, 133, 135, 137, 138–9, 140, 142, Pforzheim, 196 143–4, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152–3, Philip II, king of Spain, 13, 30, 33–4, 35–6, 154, 155–6, 158, 188, 194, 283, 284, 44, 167, 183–4, 186, 187, 255, 291, 285, 294, 295, 296, 313, 329, 330, 292 see Ottoman Empire; Turks and diplomats, 49 and diplomacy, 48–9 and Italy, 313 expansion of, 40–3 and maps, 185 Overijssel, 174 and navy, 64 overseas expansion, 6–7, 17, 257 and Netherlands, 289 and Portugal, 20, 33–4, 39

390 Index

Philip III, king of Spain, 256 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, Philippeville, 63 295, 297, 334, 335 Piacenza, 29 Provence, 197 Picardy, 69 Prussia, 13, 99, 178, 179, 186, 193, 283, Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius, see Pius II, 297, 328, 331, 332, see Brandenburg; Pope Brandenburg-Prussia Piedmont, 31 Puerto Rico, 35 pikes, trial of, 166, see spiesgericht Puységur, marquis de, 178, 231 pikes/pikemen, 53, 58, 59, 60, 80, 106, 109, 159, 163, 164, 192, 205–8, 209, Rákóczy I, György, 111, 123, 124 210, 212, 221–2, 225, 226, 228–30, Rákóczy, Ferenc, 124 231–2, see Gewelthaufen Ramillies, battle of, 193 and Swedes, 25 Rammekens, 245 Pilsen, 74, 75, 85 ransom, 79, 196, 268, 269, 272, Pinerolo, 31 274, 333 pirates, 36, 45, 46, 239, 240 Ravenna, battle of, 30, 224 Pisa, 29, 199 reconquista, 34, 281, 282 Pistoia, 29 recruitment, 57, 64, 71, 75, 80, 81, 86, 94, Pius II, Pope, 284 119, 126, 129, 133, 135, 142, 163, Pizan, Christine de, 265 177, 180, 323, 328, 331, Po, river, 199 see Landrekrutenstellung Poitiers, battle of, 69, 268 commercialisation of, 15 Poland, 1, 13, 21, 40, 96–7, 98, 99, 102, Red Sea, 38 106, 107, 111, 283, 294, 328, 336, Redlich, Fritz, 93 see also Greater Poland; Lesser Poland Rees, battle of, 230 extent of, 97–8 Reformation, 21, 67, 271, 272, 275, 278, mobilisation problems, 103–4 279, 286, 287, 289, 295, 313 new army, 99–100 Regensburg, 121 union with Lithuania, 102 Reggio, 41 Poland-Lithuania, 303, 314 régiments entretenus, 90 Polish-German Great War, 102 regulament of 1749, 137, 150 Polish-Turkish War of 1620–1, 153 Reichshaupstadt, see Imperial Capital Politica, 160 Reichshofrat, 18 Pomerania, 328 Reichskammergericht, 18 pomeschiki, 12, 14 Reichstag, 18 pomestie, 12 Reiters, 60, 79, 80, 226, 227, 229, 230 Portsmouth, 64 Renaissance, 25, 69, 101, 132, 208 Portugal, 13, 20, 21, 33, 37, 46, 49, 241, Rendek, in Hungary, 18, 111 253, 256, 257, 286, 293, 294, 302, reputación, 19, 20 312 Restitution, Edict of, 290 acquisition of by Philip II, 20, 39 revolution in military affairs (RMA), 8, 9 expansion of, 6, 17, 37–40 Rhine, river, 61 independence, 37–40 Rhodes, 41, 45, 48, 113, 114, 281–2 Potosí (Bolivia), 35 siege of, 45, 47, 108 Pozsony (Bratislava), 120 Rhodes, Knights of St John, 113 Prague, 74, 120 Rhône, river, 196 Preveza, 114 Richard I, ‘the Lionheart’, king of Princes’ Revolt, see Schmalkaldic Wars England, 47, 237 Priscus, 47 Richard III, king of England, 13 privateering, 17, 36, 37, 64, 198, 239, 255, Richelieu, Cardinal, 90, 132, 191, 317 see guerre de course and navy, 194 propaganda, 47, 68, 70, 114, 185, 277, Riksdag, 18 295, 296, 297, 298 Rimini, 61 Protestantism, 33, 36, 165, 287, 334 Roberts, Michael, 7, 8, 50, 77, 220 Protestants, 6, 14, 21, 32, 34, 36, 111, 123, Roccaforte, 248 190, 196, 265, 273, 274, 278, 279, Roman Empire, 29

Index 391

Romania, 243 Schmalkaldic Wars, 287, see Schmalkalden, Romanov, 110, 112, 313 War of the League of Rome, 29, 160 schutters, 58 Sack of, 31, 164, 165 Schwendi, Lazarus Freiherr von, 125, 132 Roosebeke, 206 scientific revolution,25, 132 Rouen, 63, 292 scopietieri, 109 Rovine, battle of, 40 Scotland, 13, 49, 60, 250, 251, 290, 297, Rudolf I, Holy Roman Emperor, 120 316 Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 132 revolt in, 21 Rumelia, 143 Sea-Beggars, 71 Russia, 25, 43, 105, 110, 111, 158, 247, Sebastian I, king of Portugal, 13, 21, 34, 302, 313, 329 39, 280, 294, 295 Russo-Ottoman war of 1710–11, 129 Sejm, in Poland, 18 Russo-Ottoman war of 1768–74, 128, 131 sekban, 127 Selaniki Mustafa Efendi, 127 ‘s Hertogenbosch, 171 Seldeneck, Philip von, 206 Sa’adis, 39 Selim I, sultan, 13, 41, 113 Sabac, see Szabács conquests, 113, 186, 293 Sacra Ligua, 152, see Holy League; Holy grand strategy, 42 Leagues Selim II, sultan, 42 Safavid, 112, 114, 117, 293 Senegal, river, 38 Shiism, 114 Senj, see Zengg Saint-Jean-d’Angély, siege of, 191 Serbia, 2, 40, 41, 96, 98, 144, 154 Saint-Quentin, battle of, 33 sergi emaneti, 156 Saladin, sultan, 47 Seven Years’ War, 162, 178, 193, 297, 298, Salonika, 40 326 Saluzzo, 31 Severin, see Szörény Samarkand, 44 Sforza, Duke Ludovico, 30 Samos, 41 Sforza, Francesco, 61 San Juan de Ulua, 37 Şibot, 101, see Kenyérmező, battle of sancak bey, 148 sicil, 148 Santa Cruz, 37 Sicilian Vespers, War of the, 241 Santander, 251 Sicily, 236 Santiago, 35 Sickingen, Franz von, 61 Santiago de Compostella, 240 sieges/siege warfare, 1, 23, 127, 133, 146, Sanuto, Marino, 106 152, 158, 182, 186, 188, 190, 191, Sao João, 251 192, 197, 202, 205, 274, 276–7, 280, Satu Mare, see Szatmár see fortifications;trace italienne; see Saulx-Tavannes, Jean de, 208, 209, also under names of individual towns 226, 280 and laws of war, 276–7, 333 Savacz, 41 Siena, 62, 183– 4, 185, 190, 199, 200 Savoy, 31 and Italian Wars, 29 and massaces, 297 loss of independence, 2 Savoy, Prince Eugene of, 95, 137, 138, siege of, 183, 185, 199 143, 150, 154 War of, 189 Saxe, Maurice de, Marshal, 134, 232, 234 Sierra Leone, 38 Saxe-Weimar, Bernhard of, 16, 82, 86 Sigismund of Luxembourg, king of Saxony, Albrecht of, 61 Hungary, 13, 18, 102, 106, 107, 108, Saxony, Maurice of, 287 117, 283 Scandinavia, 1, 89, 257, see also Denmark; Sigismund, king of Sweden and Poland, Norway; Sweden 314 Scheldt, river, 245 silahdars, 115 Schmalkalden Silesia, 20, 58, 97, 99, 120 League of, 287 Silesian Wars, 137, 150 War of the League of, 57 sipahi, 114–15, 118, 130, 146 see Schmalkaldic Wars Skopje, 144

392 Index

Slavonia, 106, 121 standing navies, 63, 236, 237, 260, Slovakia, 119 see permanent forces; standing armies; Sluys, 189 standing forces battle of, 248 Staten, in Holland, 18, see Holland, States siege of, 170 of Smerwick, 292 Staten-Generaal, 18 Smyrna, 40 States-General Socotra Island, 38 in France, 15 Sofala, 38 in Netherlands, 168, 173, 177, 259, see Soissons, Enguerrand de Coucy, count Staten-Generaal of, 284 Stato militare dell’Imperio ottomano, 132 solliciteurs-militair, 170–1, 174–5, 325 Steuerstaat, 304 Solms, County of, 164 Stoic philosophy, 161 Somerset, Lord Protector, 18 Stoke Field, battle of, 215 Somme, river, 268 stradiot/stradiotti, 60, 196, 201, 230 Sound Toll dues, 68, 312 strategy, 9, 10, 11, 43, 69, 70, 112, 154, South America, 39 178, 181, 183, 184, 198, 201, 205, Spain, 1, 4, 13, 20, 21, 23, 30, 31, 33, 35, 279 36, 37, 39, 46, 54, 56, 64, 67, 81, 113, Stuarts, 18 165, 172, 173, 184, 185, 187, 243, Süleyman I, ‘the Magnificent’, sultan,13, 247, 251, 255–7, 282, 284, 286, 289, 28, 41, 42, 101, 111, 113, 114, 115, 290, 291, 293–4, 295, 302, 313, 323, 116, 117, 144, 146, 151, 157, 186 327, 334 and Vienna, 32 and England, 36 conquests, 41, 113–14, 117–18, 293 expansion of, 6 grand strategy, 42 permanent forces, 22 Süleyman, son of Bayezid I, 40 Spandau, 195 Sun King, 162, 172, 187, see Louis XIV, Spanish Fury, 164 king of France Spanish Netherlands, 76, 119, 172, 173, suret, 148, 149 177, see Low Countries; Netherlands, Sweden, 5, 7, 13, 59, 60, 74, 173, 194, see also Dutch Republic; United 195, 221, 244, 247, 252, 257, 286, Provinces 289, 292, 302, 313, 327, 331 Spanish Succession, War of the, 20, 138, situation post-Thirty Years’ War, 88 177, 178, 193, 298 Swiss Confederation, 287, see Switzerland Speyer, 121 Switzerland, 32, 287, 315, see Swiss spiesgericht, 166 Confederation Spinola family, 315 Sword Brothers, 247, see also crusade/ Spínola, Ambrogio, 87 crusading Splitgerber and Daun, 195 Syria, 41, 43, 44, 113, 144 Sporades, 41 Szabács (Sabac), 106 Sri Lanka, 39 Szapolyai, János, 117, 118 St Augustine, 265, 270, 279, 324 Szatmár (Satu Mare), 119 St Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 273 Szeged, 33 St Bernard of Clairvaux, 270 Székelys, 106 St Pierre, Abbé, 6 Székesfehérvár, 41 St Thomas Aquinas, 265, 270 Szerémség (Srim), 106 St Quentin, battle of, 224 Szigeth (Szigetvár), 41 stände, 150 Szigetvár (Szigeth), 119 standing armies, 22, 55, 58, 64, 70, 76, 89, Szörény (Severin), 106 94, 162, 274, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330 standing army, 99 tactics, 3, 10, 24, 60, 81, 100, 116, 125, standing forces, 53, 54, 55, 56–7, 58, 66, 126, 135, 163, 178, 181, 188, 197, 71, 72, 136, 141, 145, 146, 149, 201, 203–35, 258–60, 281, 299 see permanent forces; standing armies; at sea, 2, 190, 241, 246, 248, 254, standing navies 258–60, 262

Index 393

Ottoman, 43 trained bands, in England, 58, Tajikistan, 43 see also militia Talbot, Lord, John, 53 Transylvania, 33, 40, 101, 105, 106, 111, Tamerlane, 40, 43, 44 112, 118, 123, 124, 127, 132, 153, conquests of, 43– 4 280, 293 legacy, 44 Trastámara dynasty, 313 Tangier, 39 Trebizond, 40, 41 Tannenberg, see Grunwald, battle of Trentino, 61 Tartars, 96, 100, 104 trésoriers, 92 taxation, 17, 18, 44, 53, 55, 67–8, 70, 298 Triple Alliance, 173 in France, 52, 53 Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon, admiral, in Hungary and Poland, 102–3 257, 258, 259 in Ottoman Empire, 139, 149 Tudors, 18, 63, 312 noble exemption, 12, 78, see impôt du Tuileries, 185 sang Tumbres, 35 Temes, 106, 112 Tunis, 42, 282 Temesvár (Timişoara), 33, 41, 106, 117, Turakhan Beg, 141–42 119 Turin, 31, 184 Templars, 270 Türkenfrage, see Turkish Question Ter Heide, battle of, 259 Türkenhilfe, see Turkish Aid tercios, 53, 56, 57, 81, 168, 169, 314 Turkey, 40, 46, 282 terraferma, 56, 59, 60 Turkish Aid (Türkenhilfe), 121 Teutonic Knights, 96, 102, 271, 283 Turkish Question (Türkenfrage), 121 Teutonic Order, 98, 99, 102, 104–5, 281, Turkmenistan, 43 283 Turks, 21, 23, 25, 27, 40, 41, 42, 100, Tewkesbury, battle of, 275 105, 108, 247, 262, 271, 272, 280, Thabor, Worp van, 163 281, 282, 283, 284, 293, 294, 295–6, Thames, river, 259 see Ottoman Empire; Ottomans Third Crusade, 47, see crusade/crusading Turnhout, battle of, 228 Thirteen Years’ War, 102 Tuscany, 315 Thirty Years’ War, 15, 51, 75, 81, 83, 84, Tyrol, 58, 61 85, 93, 95, 111, 122, 123, 125, 150, 172, 173, 264, 288, 289, 290, 292, Udbina, 41 296, 302, 326, 331, 333, 334, 336 Ulm, 196 and Denmark, 15 Ulster, 200, 334 military entrepreneurs, 15 ulufecis, 115 Tigris, river, 157 Union of Lublin, 98 Tilly, Charles, 8, 51 United Provinces, 168, 169, 171, 173, 252, Tilly, Jan Tserklaes, count, 87, 172 259, see Dutch Republic, see also Low timar, 12, 14, 114–15, 118, 129, 130, 131, Countries; Netherlands; Spanish 139, 144, 329, see sipahi Netherlands decline of system, 130 United States, 8 timariots, 141, 144, 156 Urban II, Pope, 270 Timişoara (Temeşvar), 117 Urbino, 61 Timur ‘the lame’, see Tamerlane Uskoks, 64 Timurid Khanate, 37 Utrecht, 57, 174 conquests of, 44 States of, 164 Titian, 69 Uzbekistan, 43 top arabacıs, 115 topçus, 115 Valdivia, 35 Torstensson, Lennart, 82 Valois dynasty, 21, 31, 292 Tosinghi, Cecotto, 199 Valparaiso, 35 Toul, bishopric of, 31 Varad, see Nagyvárad (Oradea) Toulouse, 196 Varna campaign, 142 trace italienne, 7, 61, 245 Varna, battle of, 41, 143, 280, 284