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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51972-4 - Accounting for Ministers: Scandal and Survival in British Government 1945–2007 Samuel Berlinski, Torun Dewan and Keith Dowding Index More information Index Adonis, Andrew 37 forced exits 121, 125, 127, 128, adverse selection 7–8, 10, 11, 12, 14 131, 132, 140, 147, 149 Afghanistan 49 main issues 107–8 age (ministers’) 55, 59, 65, 67, 68, Blunkett, David 118, 141, 143, 144, 150, 174 147, 149 hazard rates 79 Bofors Scandal (India 1980s) 118 agency model (elections) 8–12, 13, 14 Boothby, Robert 131 empirical evidence 12 Bray, Jeremy 147, 148 parliamentary democracy, Brayley, Lord 141, 142–3 application in 15–20, 21 British Aerospace 146 Aitken, Jonathan 143–4, 149 British Constitution 24 Al-Fayed, Mohammed 143, 144 British Empire 49, 89 Anne, Queen 22 British government, structure of 21–53 Asquith, H. H. 131 constitutional requirements 21–6 assistant whips 33 see also cabinet; House of Atkins, Humphrey 136 Commons; House of Lords; Attlee administration 5, 28, 47, 49, 52, ministers 53, 64, 92, 103, 112, 115 British Guiana 94 Attlee’s cabinet style 90, 98 Brittan, Leon 144, 145–6 forced exits 119, 121, 141 Broadcasting Act (1990) 139 main issues 89–90 Brown, George 41, 98 Australia 97, 122 Brown, Gordon 5, 25, 41, 107, 108, Ayas, Mr 144 109 Butler,R.A.24, 25, 92, 94–5, 96 Balogh, Professor Thomas (later Lord) Byers, Stephen 137–8 98 Bank of England 107, 141 cabinet 26–30 Barber, Anthony 100 collective responsibility 2, 21, 29, Bauwens, Mona 140 32, 33, 42, 44–6, 117, 118, 119, Belcher, John 141 121, 132, 133, 137, 148, 163, Benn, Tony 42 168, 172, 176 Bevin, Ernest 90 ‘core of the core executive’ 27 Bill of Rights (1689) 22 establishment and power 22 Black Wednesday (16 September 1992) incentives, system of 17–19, 21 105 parliamentary democracy, and Blair administration 5, 25, 26, 29, 37, 13–14 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, reshuffles 38–9, 43, 44, 81, 88, 95, 61–4, 73 99, 109, 122, 123–4 Blair’s cabinet style 108–9 shadow cabinet 30 190 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51972-4 - Accounting for Ministers: Scandal and Survival in British Government 1945–2007 Samuel Berlinski, Torun Dewan and Keith Dowding Index More information Index 191 see also committee system (cabinet); Civil War (1642–51) 22 ministers; prime minister’s Clarke, Kenneth 106 relationship with cabinet Clegg, Nick 25 Cabinet Office 26, 36, 52, 95, 145 committee system (cabinet) 26, 31, 32, Cabinet Secretariat 52 33, 104, 108, 143, 145 Cabinet Secretary 143, 144 Select Committee on Estimates 36 Caithness, Earl of 147 Select Committee on Public Callaghan, James (Heath Administration 47 administration) 142 communism 89, 90 Callaghan administration 25, 26, 97, Conservative Central Office 117 98, 176 Conservative Party 24, 37, 41, 96, Callaghan’s cabinet style 102 100, 104, 105, 106, 108, 115, forced exits 125 129, 138, 140, 145 main issues 101–2 Cook, Robin 131, 132 Campbell, Alastair 119 corruption see scandals Canning Town Glass investigation Cousins, Frank 36, 37 (1974) 142 Crichel Down affair (1954) 82, 135–6 Captain of the Honourable Corps of Criminal Justice Bill 139 Gentlemen-at-Arms 33 Cripps, Stafford 90 Captain of the Queen’s Bodyguard of Cruikshank, Harry 92 the Yeoman of the Guard 33 Currie, Edwina 140, 144, 146 career politicians 15, 16, 35, 54, 152 Cyprus 94 Carlisle, Mark 104 Carrington, Lord 23, 102, 136 Daily Mirror 94 ‘cash for questions’ affair (1990s) Daily Telegraph 121 143 Dalton, Hugh 90, 118, 144–5 Central Policy Review Staff 52 Davies, Ron 140–1 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster de Gaulle, Charles 94, 97 31, 49, 145 de Sancha, Antonia 139 Chancellor of the Exchequer 31, 49, deputy prime minister 25, 29, 50 91, 95, 102, 104–5, 118, 136, DNA Bioscience 143 140, 145 Douglas-Home administration 23, 24, characteristics (ministers’) 61–5, 150, 25, 100, 106, 133 151, 173 Douglas-Home’s cabinet style 96–7 separating the effect of 76–8, main issues 96 174 Driberg, Tom 131 Chief Secretary to the Treasury 31, 48, Dugdale, Sir Thomas 135–6 49, 105, 144 durability (ministers’) 44, 67, 68, 79, Chief Whip 24, 30, 32, 37, 48, 50, 91, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 99, 119, 120, 100, 131, 138 122, 163 Churchill administration 24, 26, 72, duration (ministers’) see longevity of 90, 99, 108, 110, 132 service (ministers’) Churchill’s cabinet style 91–2 Duration Models see hazard rates main issues 90–1 (ministers’) citizen-candidate model (elections) 10–11 Economist, The 146 civil service 30, 34, 47, 98, 104, 107, Eden administration 24, 25, 92, 95, 164 97, 128, 132, 137 reform 97, 103 Eden’s cabinet style 93 Civil Service Yearbook 53 main issues 92–3 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51972-4 - Accounting for Ministers: Scandal and Survival in British Government 1945–2007 Samuel Berlinski, Torun Dewan and Keith Dowding Index More information 192 Index education (ministers’) 64, 65–6, 78, First World War 52 79, 82, 156 Fletcher-Cooke, Charles 144, 145 longevity of service, effect on 55, 70, forced exits (ministers’) 4–5, 33, 34, 72, 83–4, 174 37–8, 43–4, 87, 107, 117–49, EEC see European Economic 151, 152, 153, 154, 164 Community (EEC) conclusions 148–9 Egypt 92–3, 99 introduction 117–19 see also Suez Canal crisis prime ministers, differences between elections 127–32 1945, in 90 proximate causes 132–48, 173; 1950, in 90 departmental error 135–6; ‘other 1959, in 94 controversies’ 121, 144, 147–8; 1966, in 97 performance 136–8, 140; personal 1970, in 97 error 135, 137, 138, 140, 144–7, 1974 (February), in 24 149; personality clash 133, 137; 1974 (October), in 24, 100 policy disagreement 132–5, 137, 1979, in 102 148, 173; scandal see scandals 1983, in 102, 123 resignation issues 43, 44, 117, 1992, in 105 119–27, 132–48, 161, 173 2001, in 108 resignations and non-resignations 2005, in 108 119–27, 148 elite theory 56–7 ‘sacrificial’ responsibility 43, 44, Elizabeth II, Queen 23, 24, 26, 33, 96, 135, 136, 164, 171–2 105 unforced exits 44 EU see European Union (EU) Foreign Office 34, 47, 48, 49, 95, 100, European Community 137 136 European Economic Community Foreign Secretary 23, 25, 37, 49, 90, (EEC) 97, 99, 101 92, 95, 102, 105, 147 European Exchange Rate Mechanism Formosa (Taiwan) 119 106 Fourth Republic (France) 86 European Union (EU) 27, 29, 34, 41, France 92–3 49, 94, 103, 105–6 Fraser, Tom 137 executive see cabinet Fulton Report (1968) 97 experience (ministers’) 3, 55, 59, 61, 65–8, 74–6, 86, 98, 150, 153, Galbraith, Tom 144, 145 156, 166, 174 gender (ministers’) 55, 56, 59, 61–4, hazard rates 68, 69, 70, 79–81, 85 73–4, 79, 150, 156, 174 longevity of service, effect on 70, George VI, King 25 74–5, 85, 150 German Socialist Party 56 Gibson, George 141 factions 40–1, 45, 67, 81, 95, 98, 103, Godfather, The 41 133, 177 Great Reform Act (1832) 22 Fairbairn, Nicholas 138–9, 144, Great Train Robbery (1963) 96 145 Gresham’s Law 7 Falconer, Charlie 108 Guardian 144 Falklands War 82, 102, 103, 136 Hailsham, Lord 25, 96 ‘fire alarm’ procedures 17 Hamilton, Neil 141, 143, 144, First Division Association 149 108 Harvey, Ian 131 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51972-4 - Accounting for Ministers: Scandal and Survival in British Government 1945–2007 Samuel Berlinski, Torun Dewan and Keith Dowding Index More information Index 193 hazard rates (ministers’) 68–72, 74–5, Jellicoe, Lord 131 120, 157, 161, 172 John Bull magazine 95 determinants 78–83 Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the estimates 165–70 Ministry of Technology 148 Heath administration 24, 26, 29, Joint Under Secretary of State 145 49, 53, 70, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104, junior ministers 3, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 142 38, 42, 52, 61, 65, 66, 81, 82, 85, Heath’s cabinet style 100 95, 97, 120, 125, 132, 136 main issues 99–100 hereditary peers (ministers) 23, 38, 56, Kaldor, Professor Nicholas (later Lord) 64, 65, 66, 82, 96, 107, 163 98 hazard rates 82 Kaufman, Gerald 98 Life Peerages Act (1958) 23 Keeler, Christine 131, 138 Peerage Act (1963) 96 Kilmuir, David 95 Heseltine, Michael 25, 104, 105, 106, Korean War 91, 119 132, 145–6 Hinduja, Srichand 118 Labour Party 24, 25, 29, 37, 50, 97, Hitler, Adolf 147 98, 101, 102–3, 107, 108, 129, Home Office 34, 47, 95, 118, 142, 143 145, 166 National Executive Committee Home Secretary 34, 49, 51, 118, 135, (NEC) 98 136, 142, 155 Lambton, Lord 131 House of Commons 22–3, 30, 31, 33, Lamont, Norman 106, 107, 133, 35, 37, 44, 70, 85, 94, 95, 106, 140 108, 118, 121, 138, 141, 143, Lawson, Nigel 105 144, 146, 147 Liberal Party 13, 24, 25, 100, 103 House of Lords 22–3, 30, 31, 32, 33, Life Peerages Act (1958) 23 82, 85, 97, 108, 148 Lilley, Peter 41 House of Lords Act (1999) 23, Lloyd, Selwyn 95 107 lobby groups 9, 118, 144 Howard, Michael 41 Local Government Act (1972) 99 Howe, Geoffrey 102 longevity of service (ministers’) 1, 54, Hughes, Beverley 144, 147 55, 59–61, 64, 65–76, 80–1, hydrogen bomb test 94 83–6, 87, 150, 173 conclusions 83–6 incentives 46, 54, 151, 154, 155, 178 political effects 76 cabinet as system of 17–19, 21, 167 see also age (ministers’); misalignment of incentives 152–3 characteristics (ministers’); principal–agent relations 3, 6, 7–10, education (ministers’); experience 12, 14, 15 (ministers’); forced exits Independent Television News (ITN) (ministers’); hazard rates 146 (ministers’); performance and Industrial Relations Act (1971) tenure (ministers’); who serves as 99 ministers; women (ministers) informational asymmetry 9, 16–17,
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