U.S. Edition: $2.50 NO. 63 AUGUST 1983 International Edition: $3 00

______Acbtmning. Computer Knowledge Word Processing A Word Processing Primer: What to ® Look for, What to Avoid Fourteen Popular Apple Word © Processors Reviewed J- Word Processing in I Pascal: Add C Sophisticated Printout Controls

Use a Selectric Terminal as a O Letter Quality Printer

Compute the Net Present tArpst Per Annum Value of Your Investment HE."- * - d Yearly Peripherals Catalog for ^ V Commodore, Color $8.75 Computer, Texas $7.60 nstruments ■ •.?' 1 1 See page 72 See page 54 See page 45 In this month’s Learning Center:

Atari Nine-Color Painting Program, Part 2 Color Computer Text Editing Routines Address Filer for the Apple P E A C H ™

L N G R

EMI-RFI FILTERED AC SURGE PROTECTOR X

IY/ WORDPROCESSOR WORI V FOR THE COICOMMODORE 64 ALSO CHECKS YOUR SPELLING!

S C R I P T 6 4 Suggested Retail: $139.95

“REALLY FOXY IS BEING LETTER PERFECTss

Contact Your Nearest Commodore Dealer T o d a y . . . You’ll Be So Glad You Did!

Distributed By: 300 W. M arlton Pike COMPUTER Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08002 M A R K E T IN G SERVICES INC [609] 795-9480

Commodore 64 is a trademark of Commodore Electronics Limited Script 64 is a trademark of Richvale Telecommunications

No. 6 3 -August 1983 MICRO /AJCROTM Highlights

T he magic wand currently being brandished is the word processor, an automated unit that combines hardware and soft­ ware to create, store, retrieve, and print out text. There are many fac­ tors to consider when buying a word processor, first and foremost being Attache-style cases for carrying and pro­ your needs. You will also have to tecting your complete computer set-up. make decisions regarding hardware Accommodates equipment in a fully oper­ (the computer, a mass storage ational configuration. Never a need to remove equipment from case. Simply device, and printer), word- remove lid, connect power, and operate. processing software, documenta­ AP101 Apple II with Single Drive $109 tion, equipment compatibility, and API 02 Apple II with TVro Disk available additional features. Cost ABOUT Drives 119 will be related to the power of your THE AP103 Apple II, 9 Inch Monitor & TWo Drives 129 total system. COVER AP104 Apple III, Two Drives & To help you put together your Silentype Printer 139 own magic wand, this month The colorful graphic on AP105 13" Monitor with Accessories 99 MICRO features word processing. In MICRO’S cover is an AP106 AMDEK Color Monitor 119 "A Word Processing Primer" (pg. interpretive representation RS201 TRS-80 Model I, Expansion 22) Phil Daley and Loren Wright of this month’s feature — Unit & Drives 109 provide some guide lines for buying word processing — as RS204 TRS-80 Model III 129 AT301 ATARI Computers with a word-processing system. If you conceived by artist Peripherals 109 own an Apple, you will want to read Curt Witt. P402 Centronics 730/737 & “Apple Word Processors" (pg. 26) in Radio Shack Printer 89 which Phil Daley reviews word pro­ P403 Epson MX70/80 or Microline 82A 89 cessors currently available for use P404 Epson MX100 Printer 99 with the Apple. Richard and Donna P405 IDS 560 or Prism Marmon have written a program editor of Microcomputer Software 132 Printer 109 P406 Starwriter/Printmaster that adds the features missing in the Newsletter and has been vice presi­ F-10 Printer 119 Apple Pascal Language System dent in charge of computer software P407 Okidata Microllne Editor. "Word Processing with at Children's Television Workshop. 83A or 84 Printer 99 Apple Pascal" (pg. 30) shows you You will find that the content of the P408 Prowrfter 2 Printer 99 P409 Prowrlter (Apple Dot Matrix) how to add full word-processing column is now featuring news rather Printer 89 capabilities to your Pascal Editor. than programs and programming IB501 IBM Personal Computer 129 John R. Raines explains why the techniques, which are already IB502 IBM Monitor 99 Dvorak Simplified Keyboard is covered in the magazine. HP601 HP41 with Accessories 99 CM703 Commodore Model 64 faster and more efficient for touch Loren Wright's "PET Vet" col­ with Drives 119 typists than the "qwerty" keyboard. umn (pg. 12) provides you with in­ CM704 Commodore Model 64 See "Dvorak Keyboard for Your formation about KMMM Pascal for with Dataset 109 the C64, Paul Swanson discusses NS010 North Star Advantage 139 Computer" (pg. 38). And finally, CC80 Matching Attache Case (5") 85 "T h e Selectric Word Processor" by new products for the Atari in "From CC90 Matching Attache Case (3") 75 Louis F. Sander (pg. 44) is a conver­ Here to Atari" (pg. 16), and Ralph CC91 Matching Accessory Case 95 sion program that uses an IBM Tenny, in "Interface Clinic” (pg. CC92 5.25" Diskette Case 49 Selectric terminal to provide low- 122), continues his discussion of compuTer case company cost letter-quality printing. BASIC programming. When you have finished with the Be sure to visit The Learning 5650 Indian Mound Court feature section, turn to John Center (pg. 65) where you can study Columbus, Ohio 43213 Steiner's monthly “CoCo Bits" col­ graphics, text editing routines, and (614) 868-9464 umn (pg. 115) for information on the an address file manager. It may be CALL TOLL FREE Color Computer as a word pro­ summer, but that does not mean 800-848-7548 cessor. Also this month, MICRO in­ school is out at MICRO! troduces a new "Apple Slices" (pg. 118) columnist. Jules Gilder is ZMCRO

2 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 pavement, your pulse quickens, you’re down, but watch it, you’re pullins HAVE y o u FLOWN risht! Brakes, brakes! Left more! You’ve stopped safely! Good job. VOUR ATARI The first real-time flight simulator for ATARI is now available from MMG Micro Software. Written en­ TODAY? tirely in machine language, there are four levels of difficulty, landings in clear or foggy weather, landings with or with­ out instruments, and with or without the real-time view from the cockpit. Final Flight! requires Atari 400/800, 24K, 1 joy stick, and is offered on tape or disk for the same sug­ gested retail price of $29.95. MMG

imagine y o u rs e lf at the con­ trols of a small, single­ engine plane, 10,000 feet in the air, on your approach to the runway and safe­ ty. You’re running low on fuel, but your instruments show that you’re on the glide path, and lined up with the run­ way. It’s a beautiful, sun­ ny day, and you can see the airport in the distance, across the grassy fields. But the crosswind is tricky, and it Final will take all your skill to land F lig h t! safely. You’re coming down is available at now, and the runway is getting your local dealer or direct closer. A bit left, OK, now lower from MMG Micro Software. Just the power, fine, now put down the send check or money order to P.O. Box flaps. Pull the nose up a bit more, 131, Marlboro, N.J. 07746 or for Mastercard, you’re a little low. Watch the power! Visa, and C.O.D. deliveries call (201)431-3472. Please Don’t stall. OK. Here comes the add $3.00 for postage and handling. New Jersey residents add runway. You hear the squeal of tires on 6% sales tax. Atari is a resistered trademark of Atari, Inc.

No. 63 • August 1983 MICRO 3 Advancing Computer Knowledge

MICRO P.O. Box 6502, Amherst, NH 03031 (603) 889-4330

Managing Editor Marjorie Morse Technical Editors Phil Daley Loren Wright Assistant Editor Emmalyn H. Bentley Office Mgr./Editorial Assistant Maureen Dube Programming John Hedderman Tom Marshall Contributing Editors Cornells Bongera Dave Malmberg John Steiner Jim Strasma Paul Swanson Richard Vile Art Director/Production Helen Bergeron Typesetter Lynda Fedas Advertising Sales Manager—Bob Mackintosh Admin. Assist.— Dawn Blute Dealer Sales Sales Manager— Kathie Maloof Linda Hensdill Circulation Cindy Schalk Accounting Donna M. Tripp Presldent/Editor-in-Chlef Robert M. Tripp Publisher John G. Grow Associate Publisher/ Circulation Manager Nancy Lapointe

MICRO is published monthly by: MICRO, Amherst, NH 03031. Second Class postage paid at: Amherst, NH 03031 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication Number: 483470. ISSN: 0271-9002. Send subscrip­ tions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, requests for back issues and all other fulfill­ ment questions to MICRO, 10 Northern Blvd., P.O. Box 6502, Amherst, NH 03031, or call (603| 889-4330, Telex: 955329 TLX SRVC, 800-227-1617. Subscription rates iper year): U.S. $24.00, $42.00 / 2 yr. Foreign surface mail $27.00. Air mail: Europe $42.00; Mexico, Central America, Middle East, North Africa, Central Africa $48.00; South America, South Africa, Far East, Australasia, New Zealand $72.00. Copyright © 1983 by MICRO. All Rights Reserved.

4 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Word Processlng-page 7 2

O The Learning Articles Columns O Center 54 How Much Is It 12 PET Vet Worth? 67 Text Editing Routines Loren Wright Brian J. Flynn for the Color Pascal for the Commodore 64 Computing the net present Computer value of an investment John Steiner 16 From Here to Atari Routines for any program Paul Swanson that manipulates text 58 A Machine Code A glance at new computers String Array Sort for from Atari 72 Mode 10 Atari OSI 115 CoCo Bits Painting Program, John D. Rippon John Steiner Part 2 Sort members of a string array into alphabetical order CoCo As a Word Processor Paul Swanson Add cassette capability and vertical fill 118 Apple Slices 84 Save the Networks Jules Gilder Robert F. Soloman Our new columnist looks at Capturing Network products for the Apple Communications on the OSI

122 Interface Clinic 96 A Product Catalog Ralph Tenny for Commodore, Color Create a circuit that will Computer, and Tl serialize eight bits of logic data A resource list for hardware buyers

* —% — — ♦ 5 8 7 8 9 0 Departments 8 J ¥ U t r P

F G H J K L 2 August Highlights r - ! J * f 7 Editorial C V B N M * * 8 Letters/Microbes/Letters 121 New Publications 126 Reviews in Brief 81 Address Filer for 104 It’s All Relative, 132 Hardware Catalog the Apple 134 Software Catalog Part 6 143 Next Month in MICRO Phil Daley Jim Strasma 144 Advertiser’s Index A short file program that The final installment in our demonstrates random-access series on Commodore techniques relative files

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 5 When it comes to superior performance, we study our lines very careMy. Superior printer performance is not a fluke. instruction, giving Gemini-10X the capability It evolves from analyzing printed line after to perform up to 16 operations with one corn- printed line. Taking the time to test and retest. mand. We included as standard a paper After 30 years of manufacturing precision feed system that has a friction and fully adjust- parts, we know that there are no shortcuts. able tractor feed. Then we even built in the And so we took the Gemini-10X and method- dexterity to print graphics and text on the ically put it through its 120 cps pace. We same line, achieved a print head life of over 100 million Done. characters with an extremely precise dot align- And, of course, staying the best means ment creating each crisp character. constant reviewing and fine-tuning. Keeping So far so good. the Gemini easy to find, easy to afford and so Next, sophisticated performance de- reliable it can be warranted for up to twice manded versatility. A wide choice of as long as its major competitors, character sets, a buffer expandable ■■ . Only the most careful to 8K,and the ability to interface engineering has built the new with all popular personal hard-working GeminMOX. computers. We added macro You’ll applaud its performance. micro nics»mc THE POWER BEHIND THE PRINTED WORD. Computer Peripherals Division 2803 N.W. 12th Street, Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport, TX 75261 HOMEBASE™ THE COMPLETE TRS-80* COLOR COMPUTER /AlCftO DATABASE IN ONE COMPLETE PACKAGE: TEXT PROCESSJNG»DATA MANAGEMENT Editorial SPREADSHEET CALCULATION• TEXT& DATA UTILITIES PO W ER A FLEXIBILITY: • PAGE NUMBERING & HEADINGS • RENAME files & PRINT OISK DIRECTORIES • VARIABLE LENGTH alpha/text data lieids • DEFINE and TOTAL on fields within TEXT records • Print FORM LETTERS & MULTIPLE COPIES • FREE FORM REPORT WRITER for DATA files • 50 DATA FIELDS per data record • REORGANIZE data or text records • SEARCH on record names or any data r • PRINT labels using texi or data records n March 1982, we ran an editorial New sletter Yut of Virginia offers news • ASSIGN your own record & data names • FORMATTED printing for data records & fields • MERGE. BACKUP (to cassette), or COPY any file entitled "Hello, OSI?”, which was oiT'OCI, Snides, and a program ex­ • 250 Screens of text with embedded printer controls • ASCENDING & DESCENDING SORT using any data intended to be a service to our change. You may contact William • ADD. SUBTRACT. MULTIPLY or DIVIDE DATA FIELDS readers. We tried to find out what OSI Callaghan at 6605 Fisher Ave., Fall EASY TO USE AND WELL SUPPORTED: (M/A COM) had planned for its line Church, VA 22046 for more informa­ • NO programming or equipment modifications required • MENU driven with single stroke commands of OSI microcomputers. Details were tion. We suggest that OSI owners • COMPLETE cursor control for text & data entry • 120 PAGE MANUAL WITH 2 MASTER DlSKETTS sketchy and complete explanations use OSIO and other newsletters as • REQUIRES 32K Color Computer with 1 disk drive non-existent. Since then a lot has FOR VISA/MASTER CARD ORDERS CALL: their resource. 800-334-0954 e it. 887 in N.C 919-544-5408 OR SEND $75.00 happened to the microcomputer check/money order market and to MICRO magazine. AIM, SYM, KIM Now it is time for us to close our OSI chapter. We've also decided to discontinue flliE B fr You've probably noticed that coverage of the AIM, SYM, and KIM MICRO is changing; so is our au­ computers. Over the last several HOMEBASE - COMPUTER SYSTEMS dience. Our editorial space is limited months the number of articles in each P.O. BOX 3448, DURHAM, N.C. 27702 N C residents add 4% sales tax HOMEBASE'” is a trademark of HOMEBASE" and it is obvious to us that we must issue on these single boards has COMPUTER SYSTEMS, a subsidiary oI Small Business Systems. Durham. N C (919)544-5408 devote that space to users of Ataris, dwindled to almost nothing. As with ‘ TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp Commodores, Apples, Color Com­ OSI, the market for these systems is puters, and the machines of the dying. Not only is our readership future. These systems have lots of limited in this area, but we receive a support and many owners. The low- negligible number of ASK-related ar­ cost OSI, as a strong contender ticles. These computers essentially in the home microcomputer market, began the microcomputer industry R pOUB^NAME^HERE has died. and were important in their time; but We called Kendata, recent pur­ their time has come and gone. Users chaser of OSI, to find out what they of these systems will continue to have planned for the microcomputer write for MICRO, but the programs market. The staff in their Connecticut and ideas will be of general interest or ° tPERSONAUZED^-1 offices said that at present they are converted to other machines. — COMPUTER PAPER— working on a portable, low-end Printed with your name, club, workstation for the 300. But the 300 MICRO on the OSI anything. Paper is white 20# is aimed at the professional business market, not MICRO'S "programmer" Although we have decided to stock and fits all printers audience. According to the Kendata discontinue OSI coverage in MICRO, using 9 1/2x11 continuous pa­ staff, the OSI market is being rede­ we have not completely discontinued per [8 1/ax11 when detached], fined as the professional business support. MICRO recently published a 500 sheets $14.95, market and they do not intend to volume specifically for OSI users. 1000 sheets $24.95. compete with Apple, IBM, or Com­ MICRO on the OSI, for $19.95, offers We pay shipping. Texas modore for the "personal" market. 24 programs/articles to help you orders add 5 1/a% tax. Select Consequently, we've decided enhance your programming capabil­ ink color: red, blue, brown, that, after this August issue, MICRO ities. This book is full of essential gray, or canary. Specify will no longer offer articles on OSI material (including an OSI memory name[s] up to 30 letters & systems. We do realize that a certain map!) for OSI users. spaces. Enclose check or percentage of our readers own OSIs, but we hope they will understand our money order. No COD’s. position. MICRO has covered the OSI Allow 3 weeks. Faster de­ more thoroughly than any other livery with M/C, Visa phone magazine, for the last six years. But it orders. Write or phone is time for us to move on. There are Marjorie Morse Personalized Computer still several newsletters covering OSI Managing Editor Paper D, Box 20539/San specifically. For instance, the OSIO Antonio, Tx. 78220/ [512] 227-0585.

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 7 /AICRO Updates and Microbes Many Missing Lines Conservation of Momentum Our June issue carried an article by Bob Sullivan entitled "HEXPAD: Correction Utility for Machine Language Key-Ins.” Unfortunately, the listing shown The Commodore 64 version of here, was not included. "Conversion of Momentum” (59:85) contained errors in two lines of the listing. The lines should read: 1370 IF(PA<24) or (PA>323) THEN 1500 0110 ; PET HEXPflD 0120 ; 1380IF(PA < 24) or (PB>323) THEN 0130 ;CREATE ft HEX-PflD FOR MACH LANGUAGE KEV-INS 0140 ; 1500 0150 ; BY BOB SULLIVAN 0160 BOX 2247 0170 ; OftK PARK, ILL. 60381 Mutual Fund Change 0180 ; 0190 ; AS OF RIJGUST 1982 Roger Green sent in this change to 0200 ; 0210 .BA *1000 his program, "M utual Fund Charting" 0220 • OS 0230 ; (59:100): Line 1430 should read 0240 DEFINITIONS "....'GOTO 1450” instead of GOTO 450. 0250 ; 0260 IRQ • DE $E455 ;4032 INTERRUPT REDRESS (Continued on next page) 0265 ;** CRUTI OH CHECK IRQ 0267 ; ; OH VOUR MACHINE 0268 ; 0270 eURT ■ DE $FFD2 ;WRITE ASCII CHAR. 0275 , ;IN ACCUMULATOR 0280 ; 0290 ; 0300 ; OSI Memory Test 0310 STfiRT ; 0320 ; 0330 ; Dear Editor: 1000- AD C6 00 0340 CONDITION; LDA *C6 ;GET CURSOR COLUMN POSIT. 1003- C9 0ft 0350 CMP *$6A ;CURSOR COLUMN = 18 VET? This letter is in answer to Jeff 1005- 50 0E 0360 BCC IRQ.JMP ;IF NOT THEN GOTO IRS 0370 Guernsey's letter in the April issue 1007- fill D9 00 0380 LDA *D9 ,GET LAST KEV ENTERED 100fi- C9 30 0390 CMP *$30 ,LAST KEV < ASCII FOR 0? (#59). (Editor’s note: Mr. Guernsey 100C- 90 07 0400 BCC KEVCHK ;IF TRUE THEN GOTO KEVCHK owns an OSI C4P and was looking for a 0410 100E- C9 39 0420 CMP #$39 ;LAST KEV > ASCII FOR 9? memory program to check his com­ 1010* B0 03 0430 BCS KEVCHK ;IF TRUE THEN GOTO KEVCHK 0440 puter’s memory.) 1012- 4C 55 E4 0450 IRQ.JMP JMP IRQ ;ELSE GOTO NORMAL IRQ 0460 Here is a memory test I've found useful: 1015- 20 IB 10 0470 KEVCHK JSR KEVCHK2 1018- AC 12 10 0480 JMP IRQ.JMP 10 INPUT ,,FROM”;T :ll= T + 1024 0490 - 0500 20 PRINT ‘‘TO”;U:PRINT:FORW = 1 to 0510 500: NEXT 10IB- R0 07 0530 KEVCHK2 LBV *$07 0535 30 IF T U THEN END 101B- D9 31 10 0540 LOOP.KCCMP TABLE-1,V ;LAST KEV = TARGET? 1020- F0 04 0550 BEQ NEWKEV ;IF TRUE THEN SWITCH KEVS 40 POKE T,66:R = PEEK(T):PRINT 1022- 88 0560 DEV CHR$(R);T 1023- D0 F8 0570 BNE LOOP.KC 1025- 60 0580 RTS ;ELSE GOTO NORMAL IRQ 50 IF CHR$(R) = “B” THEN 70 0599 60 INPUT "ENTER SPACE TO CON- 0600 1026- R9 9D 0620 NEWKEYLDA #$9D TINUE”;Q$ 0625 ; 1028- 20 D2 FF 0630 JSR eWRT ;PRINT CURSOR LEFT 70 T = T + 1 :GOTO 30 0640 102B- 98 0650 TVR ;V-INCREMENT INTO ACCUM Above, T is the starting RAM 102C- 69 3F 0660 ADC #$3F ;V+*3F=NEW ASCII KEV VALUE address in decimal. You will have to 1G2E- 20 D2 FF 0670 JSR @WRT ;PRINT DESIRED REPLACEMENT 0680 know the first vacant address above the 1031- 60 0690 RTS ;RETURN AND GOTO IRQ 0700 program. On my C l, the program oc­ 0710 cupies 768 to 957. Locations 0-767 are 0720 TARGET KEV REPLACEMENT 0730 ********** *********** used by the system overhead. So, in A 1032- 2E 0740 TABLE • BV *2E line 10, I enter 958. 1033- 2D 0750 • BV tZIl E 1034- 3D 0766 .BV $3D C The program tests IK of memory at 1035- 2B 0770 ■ BV *2B + D 1036- 2R 0780 ■ BV $2A * E a time. Line 20 has a pause loop to 103?- 2F 0790 • BV*2F ✓ F allow you to note the end of the test 0800 • EN range. Line 30 checks to see if the end has been reached. In line 40, the memory location is POKEd with ASCII '66, which is the letter B. The location (continued on page 11)

8 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 FOR COMPLETE GRAPHICS: UersaLUriter EDUCATION ARTIST GAME PROGRAMMER

j i !' — ~,3 r. <:♦ g122&/.k ; ------*: , q, 5Ktt 7 ' 33»'.a

1 " ’ Function Generator ■JSt *HF ruiTOn*

HOBBIEST CHILDREN

Teachers, artists, engineers, VersaWriter contains programmers & hobbiests complete software for find VersaWriter an drawing with color, easy to use tool for { brushes & dots. Add creating micro text or fill in over computer graphics. 100 colors. No programming Create your own experience is required. shapes and place Pictures can be made anywhere on the by simply tracing. Even screen. Use children can explore the Area/Distance, exciting world of Move Picture, computer graphics. The Electronic Drawing VersaWriter is as limitless & Skeleton programs plus much as your imagination. more. Complete hardware/software system for Apple ll/ll+/lle - $299.00

Versa Computing Products are available VersaWriter is also available with at your local computer products store. software designed for Atari & IBM PC. Distributed by: Computeiiand Corp. Micron Distributing Educational Media V c t t A Hayward, Calif. Toronto, Canada Washington, Penn. Softsel Computer Products Program Spektrum ESD Laboratories compueinG, inc. Inglewood, Calif. Bromma, Sweden Tokyo, Japan V « Pete & Pam Computers Micro Products Sales Group Blue Ridge Computers V 7, Lancashire, England Lynn, Mass. Capetown, South Africa 3541 Old Conejo Road, Suite 104 • Newbury Park, CA 91320 • (805) 49u-1956

No. 63 • August 1983 MICRO 9 CARD “?” CARD/PRINT Updates and Microbes (continued) $76.00 U .C.S.D . Update The following listing was omitted from Steven Lesh’s article Universal Centronics Parallel Printer "U.C.S.D. Pascal Directory" in MICRO (61:26). Interface for the VIC-20® or CBM-64. Use any parallel printer with your { WRITESYSDATE SHOULD BE CALLED PRIOR TO CREATING OR UPDATING A DISK FILE } VIC-20® or CBM-64. PROCEDURE WRITESYSDATE; CONST CARDBOARD 3 BLOCKSIZE=512; $35.95 TYPE Economy expansion interface for the { THESE SUBRANGES MUST BE ALLOWED TO ACCEPT FOR } VIC-20® { INTERMEDIATE AND EXCEPTION PROCESSING } DAYS=0..31; CARDBOARD 6 MONTHNMRS=0..12; $87.50 YEARS=0. .99; An expansion interface for the VIC-20®. VAR Allows expansion to 40 K or accepts DAYNUM:DAYS; up to six games. May be daisy chained MONTHNUM: MONTHNMRS; for more versatility. YEAHNUM.-YEAHS; MOREDATE:BOOLEAN; CARDETTE INDEX, DAYMONMR, YEARNMR, WORKAREA: INTEGER; $30.95 OLDDAY, WORKDAY, OLDMONTH, WORKMONTH, OLDYEAR, WORKYEAR:STRING[3]; Use any standard cassette player/re­ M0NTHSTR:STRING[36]; corder with your VIC-20® or CBM-64 BLOCKTEXT;PACKED ARRAY[0..BLOCKSIZE] OF CHAR; BEGIN LIGHT PEN UNITREAD(4,BLOCKTEXT,BLOCKSIZE,2); $29.95 READDATE(BLOCKTEXT[20], BLOCKTEXT[21],DAY, MONTH, YEAR); A light pen with programs to use with PAGE (INPUT); your VIC-20® or CBM-64 WRITELN('ENTER DATE USING "DATE SET" FORMAT..'); WRITELN; WRITELN( 'DATE SET: <1. .31 >- < JAN. .DEC >- < 0 0 . ,99> '); "■■■'CQdlPU S E N S E '-./ WRITELN('TODAY IS ',D A Y , M O N T H , Y E A R ) ; WRITE('NEW DATE ? '); READLN (MONTHSTR); TO ORDER: IF LENGTH(MONTHSTR) = 0 THEN P.O BOX 768 BEGIN WICHITA. KS 67201 (316)263-1095 WRITELN('THE DATE IS 1, DA Y , . MO NT H, YE AR ); HALTDISPLAY; Handling charges $3.00 EXIT(WRITESYSDATE); C O D. (Add $2.00) END; Personal checks allow 3 week delivery { SAVE CURRENT DATE VALUES ) VIC-20'’f is a registered trademark of Commodore Prices subject to change OLDDAY :=DAY; DAY: = "; OLDMONTH: =M0NTH; M0NTH:=' '; OLDYEAR: =YEAR; YEAR:*''; { GET DAY PART OF THE STRING ) MOREDATE :=TRUE; INDEX:=P0SMONTHSTR); IF (INDEX = 0) AND (LENGTH(MONTHSTR) > 0) THEN SYSTEMS INTEGRATOR BEGIN DAY:-MONTHSTR; INTRODUCING: DELETE (MONTHSTR , 1, LENGTH (MONTHSTR )); MOREDATE :-FALSE; MONTH: OLDMONTH; YEAR:=OLDYEAR; ZYTREX END; IF (INDEX > 0) AND (INDEX < 4) THEN ZT14411 BEGIN DAY:=C0PY(M0NTHSTR,1,INDEX-1); CMOS BAUD RATE DELETE (MONTHSTR, 1, INDEX); END; IF LENGTH(DAY) = 0 THEN DAY:=0LDDAY GENERATOR ELSE IF LENGTH(DAY) > 2 THEN DATEERROR('DATESTRING1); { GET MONTH PART OF THE STRING } REPLACES MOTOROLA MCI 4411 IF MOREDATE=TRUE THEN BEGIN INDEX: =P0S('-',MONTHSTR); IF (INDEX = 0) AND (LENGTH(MONTHSTR) > 0) THEN • PIN/FUNCTION COMPATIBLE BEGIN MONTH: =M0NTHSTR; • IMPROVED FREQ OUTPUT DELETE (MONTHSTR, 1, LENGTH (MONTHSTR)); DRIVE (4 LSTTL LOADS) MOREDATE :=FALSE; YEAR :=0LD YEAR; • FULLY STATIC OPERATION END; • TTL-COMPATIBLE INPUTS IF (INDEX > 0) AND (INDEX < 5) THEN BEGIN • WIDE OPERATING VOLTAGE MONTH: =COPY(MQNTHSTR, 1, INDEX-1); DELETE(MONTHSTR,1,INDEX); IF LENGTH (MONTH) = 0 THEN MONTH:-OLDMONTH; FREE EVALUATION SAMPLES END; END; FOR VOLUME USERS IF LENGTH(MONTHSTR) > 0 THEN YEAR: =MONTHSTR $6.20 EACH AT 1000 PCS. ELSE YEAR: =0IDYEAR; IF LENGTH(DAY) > 0 THEN BEGIN ZYTREX CORPORATION DAYNUM:=0; 224 NORTH WOLFE ROAD REPEAT SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 DAYNUM: =DAYNUM+1; STR(DAYNUM, WORKDAY); (408) 733-3973 UNTIL (WORKDAY=DAY) OR . (DAYNUM = 31); (continued)

10 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 IF WORKDAY < > DAY THEN DATEERROR('DAY'); END; IF LENGTH (MONTH) > 0 THEN BEGIN MONTHSTR:=1JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEP OCTNOVDEC'; INDEX:=POS(MONTH,MONTHSTR); IF INDEX MOD 3 < > 1 THEN DATEERROR('MONTH'); MONTHNUM:=(INDEX DIV 3)+l; END; IF LENGTH(YEAR) > 0 THEN BEGIN INDEX:=100; REPEAT INDEX:=INDEX-1; STR(INDEX,WORKYEAR); UNTIL (WORKYEAR=YEAR) OR (INDEX=-1); IF INDEX = -1 THEN DATEERROR('YEAR'); YEAJ?NUM:=INDEX; END; C COMPILERS-COMMON FEATURES: { FIND THE VALUES TO BE USED WITH THE 'ORD' • UNIX VER 7 compatibility • standard float, double, and long support • run time library with full I/O FUNCTION TO FIND THE TWO 'CHAR'S TO BE USED and source • fast compilation and execution • full language. TO REPRESENT THE SYSTEM DATE } AZTEC C II CP/M (MP/M) $199 IF (DAY < > OLDDAY) OR * produces relocatable 8080 source code * assembler and linker supplied • optional M80 interface • SID/ZSID debusser interface • library utility • APPLE requires Z80 and 16K card (MONTH < > OLDMONTH) OR (YEAR < > OLDYEAR) THEN AZTEC C ] [ APPLE DOS $199 • relocates assembler supplied • APPLE SHELL • VED editor • library and other utilities BEGIN • requires 16K card IF DAYNUM > 15 THEN C86 IBM PC MSDOS CP/M-86 $249 BEGIN • directly produces 8088/8086 object code • linker supplied YEARNMR:=1; DAYNUM :=DAYNUM-16; Manuals—$30 ORDER 8Y PHONE OR BY MAIL-Specify products and disk format END ELSE YEARNMR:=0; DAYMONMR:=(16#DAYNUM) + MONTHNUM; YEARNMR:=YEARNMR + (2*YEARNUM); BLOCKTEXT[20]:= CHR(DAYMONMR); MANX software systems BL0CKTEXT[21]:=CHR(YEARNMR); UNITURITE(4,BLOCKTEXT,BLOCKSIZE,2); Box 55, Shrewsbury, N.J. 07701 (201) 780-4004 END; CP/M FORMATS: 8" STD. HEATH, APPLE, OSBORNE, NORTHSTAR, OUTSIDE USA-Add S10 In N J add 5% sales tax WRITELN('TKE DATE IS ', D A Y , ',MONTH,,YEAR); HALTDISPLAY; END; W TM F O X S ® W Letterbox (continuedJ “Crafty Software from THE FOX” F O X 20: is then PEEKed, and the contents The magazine for *VIC 20 users. On Cassette. stored as variable R. Next, the The all magnetic magazine with S or more original programs per month. Game - Educational - Utility character string of R is printed, along programs at an average cost of 8 8 * per program. FOXTALES - our video newsletter has Articles, Hints, Reviews and more. Delivered monthly to your door. Give your VIC 20 value and power with FOX 20. with the memory location. If the Texas Residents add 5% Sales Tax $53/yr. U.S. $63/yr. Cannadai Overseas $6.50 Single & Back Issues character is the letter B, line 50 will send program flow to line 70. There, the memory index T will be in­ Upryte0yterT For the Commodore 64 cremented and the process will repeat The user affectionate sprite development program. Menu-driven, mono/mulitcolor sprites, loystick/key- from line 30. board, tape/disk, 20K w/FAST machine language routines. Over 80 commands: ROTATE (any angleO-360), INVERT/OBVERT, SHIFT, SYMMETRY, AND/OR. REVERSE, REVIEW, MOVIE (animation). Create and edit To check the next IK of RAM, type up to 128 sprites per file. For programming efficiency and FUNI Includes the Game Maker - automatically RUN, then enter the starting address prepares a base for game development from where the last run ended. If the Cassette $29.95 Disk $34.95 value found in memory is not 66, then FOXPACS CHR$(R) will not = B. At that point, Selected program collections for the VIC 20 and Commodore 64 - Games, Adventures, E ducational Home the program will execute line 60. You Utilities, Programming Utilities, etc Each FOXPAC contains 4 programs on individual cassettes. See catalog for descriptions. can then see which byte contains the $20. problem. To continue the test run, All orders pre-paid (U.S. funds). Author and Dealer inquiries invited Send for our free catalog for more type SPACE |or any character) and information on these and other fine products. hit RETURN. To check your ROMs, find another Don’t be outFOXed - Run with C4 owner who will allow you to switch ROMs temporarily. Be sure to check F O X § © I F i r power supply voltages before this step. P.O. Box 507 Bruce Showalter Deer Park, Texas 77536 857 Cedar (713) 473-6723 Abilene, TX 79601 A Division of Foxfire Systems, Inc JMCftO *V1C 20 & Commodore 64 are trademarks of Commodore Business Machines, Inc

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 11 SUPER SALE A /AICRO Bulk Diskettes* with envelopes •Now Get High Quality at a Low Price Manufactured by a Maior Disc Company PET Vet For MDS Without Their Name on Diskettes ‘ Minimum order 20 diskettes with Tyvek envelope and storage shipping bos 'Quantity Discounts - 100 deduct 3%, 1000 deduct 5*.. 10 000 deduct 10- 100- Certified 1 Year Warranty______Loren Wright 5%" Soft Sectors g "Soft or 32 Sectors SINGLE SIDE. Pascal for the Commodore 64 SINGLE DENSITY SINGLE SIDE W/HUB RING $ 1.69* SINGLE DENSITY $ 1.79* SINGLE SIDE couple of months ago I mentioned the availability of DOUBLE DENSITY SINGLE SIDE KMMM Pascal for the Commodore 64. Since then, W/HUB RING $ 1.99* DOUBtE d e n sit y $ 2.29* DOUBLE SIOE Aauthor Willi Kusche has been hard at work remov­ DOUBLE DENSITY DOUBLE SIOE ing the remaining bugs and producing a new manual. He W/HUB r in g $ 2.79* OOUBIE DENSITY $ 3.09* gave me copies of the latest versions of the Pascal disk and PRINTERS MICROBUFFER manual while we were both participating in the recent All EPSONS available ...... Jca'I MBP 16K Parallel ...... $149 00 Toronto PET Users Group conference (see below). The GEMINI 10 by Star Micronics $359 00 MICROBUFfER IN LINE for Most Printers package now warrants a more thorough look. GEMINI 15 by Star Micronics $54900 32K Parallel ...... $289 00. Okidata Microline 8 0 ...... Jcall 64K Parallel ...... $339.00 Pascal is a language for the devotee of structured pro­ Okidata Microline 8 2 ...... $469 00 32K Serial ...... $289 00 gramming. It provides a lot of powerful structures in­ 64K Serial...... $339.00 Okidata Microline 83A ...... Jcall cluding REPEAT...UNTIL, WHILE...DO, CASE, and Okidata Microline 84 ...... Jcall 64K Memory Expansion Modules ...... $169.00 others. Procedures, functions, and variables may be given TANDON DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES long, descriptive names instead of the cryptic double-letter names or line numbers of BASIC. Variables may be local or Complete with Chassis & Power Supply: Fully assembled silver or beige chassis with external card edge connector for easy cable installation for global, and parameters can be passed to a procedure or 5'/«" drives With MDS 120 days warranty ...... $59.00 function. The result is a source listing that is readable and BARE DRIVES understandable, even months later. There is no penalty for TM100 1 40 Irk ...... $199 00 space occupied by comments and indentation since the TM 100 2 4 0 /4 0 Trk ...... $269 00 source is compiled. TM 100 4 80 80 T r k ...... $339 00 Most microcomputer Pascals are compiled to P-code SIEMANS FDD100 8 S S 'D D 8 m . . . . $ 27 9 00 TM50 SS DD 40 Trk Thinline ...... $ 19 9 00 |Pseudo-code), which is then interpreted by a P-code inter­ TM84B 1 SS/DD 8' 77 Trk Thinline . $369 00 preter. A typical Pascal, such as the popular Apple Pascal, TM 84B 2 D D /D D 8' 77 Trk Thinline $479 00 includes several programs: an editor to put the source file Add $59.00 For Complete 5Vt" Drive System together; a compiler to convert the source file to P-code; and an interpreter, which executes the P-code by inter­ @SANYO preting each code in sequence. KMMM Pascal does it a little differently, substituting a translator for the interpreter. MCB 1000 High The translator converts the P-code into machine code, Performance which can be SAVEd along with 8K of support routines to disk. This module will LOAD and RUN on its own, Business System without the presence of any interpreter or translator. Indudes FREE MicroPro The KMMM editor could stand some improvement. In Software: • WordStar • SpedStar • MallMerje • CalcStar the command mode, commands must be separated by • And More • Z-80A C P U. f t user-specified escape characters. Two escape characters in • 64KB RAM • 326KB mini floppy disk drive sequence cause the command string to be processed. • •C P/M operating system Changes, insertions, deletions, etc., can be done but in a • 12” non-glare green phosphor video tedious manner that involves moving the character display screen • Centronics parallel printer port pointer. In short, this editor is not powerful enough to • RS232C serial port justify its confusing complexity. Fortunately, there is a • Additional dish drtvei up to 2.3MB window mode that allows full-screen editing, and this is .. ■> CASH ORDERS ONLY adequate for routine editing of source files. Tabs and more JMCAO DATA convenient search and search-and-replace functions would be a real plus. Also, the way source files are handled SUPPLIES seems cumbersome. There are actually two versions of the editor. One (216) 481-1600 allows editing of the largest possible source file; the other has a built-in syntax checker. One of my biggest frustra­ a ll p r ic e s ADD S3 00 FOR ARE FOR SHIPPING tions with the Apple Pascal package was debugging. * MasterCard MAtl ORDER ONLY ft HANDLING ' Oiec%» PnctS- Specrftcftttont $6 00 Extra tor Something as simple as omitting a semicolon would cause and Offerings wbfect C O D Orders • Money Onto* to efw g e without Oh

12 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 hunder Tector UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

overemphasize the value of having a syntax checker available in the editor! The KMMM implementation of Pascal is not a com­ plete Pascal. For instance, arrays may have only one dimension and only value parameters may be passed to procedures. These deficiencies can usually be made up with some extra programming. There are also some con­ venient, non-standard additions, such as ANDB, ORB, NOTB, SHL, and SHR for bit-level operations on integers. Also, a non-standard MEM function allows the equivalent of BASIC PEEK and POKE instructions. The latest version adds UCSD-style string functions. I tried most of the sample programs on the disk. They demonstrate the power of the language and the speed. Two programs were provided in both BASIC and Pascal ver­ sions. Needless to say, there was a considerable difference in speed. There were no Commodore 64 graphics demonstrations, so I tried a few simple programs. On a quick run through all the possible screen and border col­ ors, KMMM Pascal was so fast that it changed the colors several times before the TV's beam reached the bottom of the screen! However, in plotting a simple sine curve, the speed was about the same as with BASIC. The manual is considerably better than before, but it could still use some work (perhaps by a third party?). It is well organized and most things are explained a lot better. DON’T BE LEFT IN THE DARK! More examples should have been included. There is no in­ For $295, you can protect YOUR dex or table of contents, but there is a handy table of editor Data, Time and Computer. commands on the last page. It is assumed that the user already knows Pascal, and there is no material covering Protect your computer operation from loss of data standard Pascal. files, lost keyboard input, and questionable integrity Like the C64 FORTH I reviewed last month, KMMM of stored information due to power failure. Operation Pascal exploits one of the features of the C64. The memory is completely automatic, just attach your own 12V occupied by the BASIC ROMs has been made available for battery, or purchase below. Pascal. By adding the unused RAM block at $C000 and Available for: subtracting the floating-point routines you can have a total Apple, Radio Shack, IBM, Olivetta, of 10K extra available for programs. As a result, this causes and most other personal and business computers. a conflict with cartridges, such as the CIE and C64 Link. Specify equipment to be attached when ordering. Willi has provided for the CIE, and I found that the new If not completely delighted, return in original condi­ relocator routines for the C64 Link offer a compatible op­ tion within 30 days for refund. Ten percent restocking tion for smaller files. fee will be charged. Ninety-day factory warranty. I don’t recommend KMMM Pascal (or any microcom­ Gel battery pack available with cables: 1-amp. com­ puter Pascal) for trivial programs. It just isn't worth the puters - $65; 2-amp. computers - $111. trouble of loading and reloading all the programs, par­ For fastest delivery, send certified check or money ticularly at the slow rate of the 1541 disk drive. However, order payable to "Thunderhawk.” Send 10% with a larger project can realize the benefits of this essentially C.O.D. orders. Sent FOB, Texas. Price subject to self-documenting language, and KMMM Pascal is one of change without notice. Texas residents add 5% sales the best implementations available. Registered owners tax. Broad selection of power ranges available tor receive a newsletter, are entitled to a limited amount of larger computers — call for prices. telephone consultation, and may purchase a user library DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED — send on letterhead. for $2.00. At $85 it is a real bargain. KMMM Pascal is available for Commodore 64 and 2.0 Thunderhawk Manufacturing (214) 586-6256 or 4.0 PET from Wilserv Industries (P.O. Box 456, A Division of Thunderhawk Corporation Bellmawr, NJ 08031 (609) 227-8696). P.O. Box 573 (Continued on next page) Jacksonville, TX 75766 V © 1983 Thunderhawk Corporation

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 13 PET VET (continued)

Report on TPUG Conference

On May 14-15 I participated in the Toronto PET Users Group conference. I must say I was not prepared for the enormity of this event. Programs included a day-long copy session on Saturday and presentations by such people as Willi Kusche (see above), Steve Punter (the author of WordPro), Brad Templeton (the author of POWER and PAL), Jim Strasma (Midnight Gazette editor and MICRO contributing editor), Greg Yob (Creative Computing col­ umnist), and MICRO authors Frank Covitz, Peter Hiscocks, and Chris Bennett. Jim Butterfield, recognized as the world’s expert on Commodore computers, lives in Toronto and was one of the founders of TPUG. He gave an all-day workshop on Saturday for beginners in machine language and two question-and-answer sessions on Sunday. My presentation was on programmable characters and, par­ ticularly, character sets on the VIC and C64. The con­ ference was not without problems (from equipment short­ ages and imbalances on Saturday to a campus-wide power outage just before my presentation on Sunday], but con­ ference coordinators Gord Campbell and Jim Carswell and other TPUG staffers managed to cover all the bases to make it a very successful conference. AIMLet Unique Data Systems help HIGH you raise your sights on AIM 65 applications with our versatile family of AIM support products. Loren Wright

•G o for high quality with our ACE-100 Enclosure. It accom­ modates the AIM 65 perfectly, without modification, and features easy access two board add-on space, plus a 3" x 5" x 17" and a 4" x 5" x 15.5" area for power supplies and other com­ ponents. $186.00. ■ Get high capability with Unique Data System's add-on boards. The UDS-100 Series Memory-I/O boards add up to 16K bytes of RAM memory or up to 48K bytes ROM/PROM/EPROM to your Rockwell AIM 65. You also get 20 independently programmable parallel I/O lines with an additional user-dedicated 6522 VIA, two independent RS-232 channels with 16 switch-selectable baud rates (50 to 19.2K baud), and a large on-board prototyping area. Prices start at $259.00. • If you need to protect against RAM data loss, the UDS-100B of­ fers an on-board battery and charger/switchover circuit. $296.00. • Heighten your AIM 65's communications range by adding the UDS-200 Modem board. It features full compatibility with Bell System 103 type modems and can be plugged directly into a home telephone jack via a permissive mode DAA. No need for a data jack or acoustic coupler. The UDS-200 also has software^ selectable Autoanswer and Autodial capability with dial tone detector. The modem interfaces via the AIM 65 expansion bus, with the on-board UART and baud rate generator eliminating the need for an RS-232 channel. $278.00. • The UDS-300 Wire Wrap board accepts all .300/.600/.900 IC (Photo by John Easton) sockets from 8 to 64 pins. Its features include an intermeshed power distribution system and dual 44-pin card edge connectors Users' Groups for bus and I/O signal connections. $45.00. • Get high performance with the ACE-100-07 compact 4” x 5" x 1.7" switching power supply, delivering +5V @ 6A, + 12V @ 1 A, With VIC-20s and Commodore 64s now sold in depart­ and + 24V for the AIM printer. $118.00. ment and toy stores and through the mail, the user is left Installation kits and other related accessories are also avail­ able to implement your AIM expansion plans. Custom hard­ to his own initiative. The user group will become more ware design, programming, and assembled systems are also and more important. In addition to regular meetings, available. High quality, high capability, high performance, with where information and opinions can be shared with fellow high reliability... all from Unique Data Systems. Call or write for additional information. Commodore computer owners, most groups have club Unique Data Systems Inc. libraries, newsletters, and many other benefits. To con­ 1600 Miraloma Avenue, Placentia, CA 92670 nect with a PET users group in your area, check with a (714) 630-1430 local computer store that carries CBM equipment. JMCftO

14 MICRO No. 63 • August 1983 When you least expect it,

♦ ♦ ♦

In a few millionths o f a second, common electrical surges and spikes can enter your data processing equipment and cause memory loss, false logic and misregistration. Surges very often do permanent damage to microcircuitry. FLEXIDUCT Surge Suppressors catch surges and spikes before they have a chance to enter your equipment In billionths of a second (Nanoseconds), F L IX ID IK T Surge Suppressors dissipate surges and spikes from any side of the line (most protect only one side). Model FS-P plugs into the wall outlet to protect that outlet and all other outlets on that circuit. For safety, it is fused to protect from overloads. No computer should be without the protection of a FLEXIDUCT Surge Suppressor..,csp«cially yours! Write or call for further information. Available from office products retailers.

777 T U J ^ T ® Surge Suppressors

a product of Winders & Geist, Inc P.O. Box 83088 Lincoln, NE 68501 402/474-3400

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 15 /AICEO From Here To Atari

by Paul Swanson

T he Atari product line is undergoing several changes. It looks like there was truth to the rumor about cancelling the 400 and 800 computers. They are not on the most current price lists.

New Products

Through the end of 1983, many new products will become available from Atari. They include four new com­ puters and many new peripherals. The new computers are the Atari 600XL, 800XL, 1400XL, and 1450XLD. The prices on the other computers are "to be announced." All of these new computers, supporting the fact that Atari does listen, have slots in the back exposing the system bus. The 600XL has 16K, expandable to 64K, and the The Atari 1050 disk drive is a 127 KB dual-density disk others have 64K built in. Atari BASIC is a built-in feature that is available now. It will retail at $449.95. However, of all of these systems — no cartridge required. They also you will require DOS 3.0 to enable the dual-density feature, and that will not be available until the third quarter. A direct connect modem, cased in the "new look," will also be available in the fourth quarter. This is the Atari 1030 and specs look very similar to the Atari 835 direct connect modem. It is still only 300 baud, but does not require the 850 interface. Other new hardware items are a touch tablet [digitizer) for $79.95 (4th quarter), aJ^^e^num eri^adJor^^^^^ (available now), remote ?ontroHoysf!c!!!^n!KncIuc!eTwo joystick transmitter units and one receive unit for $74.95 (4th quarter), the "U ltim ate joystick" (no idea what this will be) available in the 4th quarter, and a Track Ball for $59.95 (also 4th quarter). The Track Ball is read like a joystick and programs set up for joystick input can use this with no changes. It looks like next Christmas will see an entirely reworked product line from Atari. Atari is also working on a CP/M board for these new support the international character set available on the computers. That should be available in the fourth quarter 1200XL and are similarly styled. The 600XL and 800XL at a price "to be announced." systems will be available in the third quarter of this year and the 1400XL and 1450XLD will be available in the last quarter of this year. The 800XL looks like it is a 600XL with the extra memory included, but the 1400XL and 1450XLD have some interesting new features. Both have built-in modems and speech synthesizer. The 1450XLD also has a built-in 254 KB double-density, dual-sided disk drive. New peripherals include the 1027 printer, which is a 5x7 dot matrix printer that prints at 20 cps and is designated letter quality. It will take single sheet or roll paper and features bi-directional printing and underlining. I haven't seen the output yet, but Atari's description is "prestige elite" fully formed characters, printed at 12 cpi, 80 characters per line, and I have heard comments in­ dicating that the output really does look typed. The retail price is listed at $349.95.

16 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 A

There is not too much available in terms of technical data beyond what I have mentioned, at least not at this UTILITIES writing. I will have more information on at least some of for AEAM400/800/1200. these products by next month.

cartridge. May be used to up or 80-Column Board Vervan down load single boot files. All | SofVww f utility programs output can be dumped to printer. require no software Cassette or Disk $24.95 modifications and are DiSOUP For disk sector Austin Franklin Associates (43 Grove St. Ayer, a must for all serious ATARI BASIC information copying. May specify Massachusetts) has a new 80-column monitor interface programmers. single sector, range of sectors, or all. CASDUP 1.D & 2.0 To copy most Copies may be made without read for Atari 800 computers. At this writing the board is not BOOT tapes and cassette data files. varify. Disk $24.95 1.0 is a file copier. 2.0 is a sector I)G products are available at yet on the market. I have an early prototype here to ex­ copier. Cassette only $24.95 computer stores, B. Dalton CASDIS To transfer most BOOT Booksellers and independent amine and the software on it is incomplete. Therefore, a tapes and cassette data files to disk. dealers around the world. If IJG complete review is not possible, but I have tested enough Disk only $24.95 products are not available from your FULMAP BASIC Utility Package. local dealer, order direct. Include of the board to describe it. VMAP-variable cross-reference, $4.00 for shipping and handling per CMAP*constant cross-reference item. Foreign residents add $11.00 The hardware consists of a four-layer PC board to in­ (includes indirect address plus purchase price per item. U.S. stall in the last memory slot of the 800. To run the system references), LMAP-line number funds only please. cross-reference, FMAP-all of the with this card and 48K, you must use either a 16K and 32K above. Will list "unlistable" IJG, Inc. 1953 W. 11th Street programs. Also works with Upland, California 91786 combination of memory boards or one 48K board. Editor/Assembler cartridge to allow Phone: 714/946-5805 editing of string packed machine language subroutines. All outputs may be dumped to printer. Cassette or Disk $39.95 If itfsfromE? DISASM To disassemble machine ITS JUST GREAT! language programs. Works with or without Editor/Assembler ATARI TM Warner Communications, Inc

Learn to program the ATARI , To make this board work, a cartridge for the right car­ in6 5 0 2 Machine Language & BASK. tridge slot is also supplied. However, no computer memory is used for the right slot cartridge. Normally, Three new ATARI books for the novice computer user mai serious programmer and beginner, are language, the use of an a when a cartridge is inserted in the right slot, memory now distributed by IJG, for use with andjllW to call subroutin the ATARI 400 and 800 microcomputer 8A9 addressing between 32K and 40K is disabled so that the systems. cartridge may be mapped in. In this particular cartridge, ATARI BASIC, U the program contained on the cartridge is relocated and, an action for all practical purposes from an application program's avaft|ble point of view, seems to disappear. It is therefore compat­ ur local dealer, ordfer direct. 00 for shipping and ”*■ > ; ible with programs that require 40K to 48K of memory. sdlrri®„per item Foreigruesidents * This 80-column interface leaves the left cartridge slot open $11 00 plus suihase price per for BASIC, the Assembler/Editor, or any other Atari- i ’ c p T U S fumts only please IJG fnc 1953 W 11th Street compatible left cartridge. computer games Upland, California 9178* The software on the right cartridge makes the board r £ c ^ / h° " e 7 1 « M H « 0 5 very easy to use. The board is enabled by opening the screen editor or declaring GRAPHICS 0. Selecting any If fflifroml? other mode disables the board and switches to the normal ITS JUST GREAT!

monitor output from the computer so that the graphics ATARI T ^W a rrtW C terim tifticatlons, tec. (Continued on next page)

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 17 COMPILE From Here to Atari (continued) ATARI BASIC will appear on the monitor. In your programs, PRINT to it as if it were the normal mode 0 screen, but with 80 col­ umns instead of 40. Keyboard selectable options allow a AND FLY! few more options not available in normal 40-column mode 0 operation. Output is in 16 colors, selectable for each character as With ABC™, Monarch's i new BASIC it is written. There are also four attributes that can be ap­ compiler for ATARI 400™ and 800, you plied to each character, which are underline, blink, half in­ tensity, and inverse video. The full ATASCII 128-character develop and debug pro-B grams using set is available plus an extra 128 characters, accessible your ATARI BASIC car-#tridge, then through a special function. These extra characters are the use ABC to transform ■ them into same as the VT-100 graphics characters at codes $80-$FF. compact code that runs%up to 12 These may also use the four attributes and 16 colors. times faster, without the ^cartridge The hardware also includes a light pen input, which is (and protects your source® code, too). a male connector functionally identical to the controller 40K and disk required. ^ For your ABC jacks on the front of the computer. A plug that fits the diskette and manual ^se n d check or monitor output jack on the side of the Atari 800 is also money order for $69.95 (or $9.95 for supplied. This plug allows the use of the monitor when the manual alone), f Monarch Data Systems 80-column mode is not in use. ^ .^P.O. Box 207, Cochituate The board is accessed by the computer directly through ^ ^ M A 01778, (617) 877-3457. memory-mapped location. The effective transfer rate is well above 19,200 baud. The television goes blank during these transfers when the 80-column board takes over. This ■■■ MasMastercard/Visa by phone. Dealer is because ANTIC must be shut off. If you store display I I I inquinquiries invited. Mass. residents add 5% sales tax. ATARI, ATARI 400, and lists and screens in memory, you can turn ANTIC back on ATARI 800 are trademarks of ATARI, Inc. and use the television for a second display. If you are not M using the television, ANTIC and all of the DMA is dis­ abled, so program will run 20-30% faster than when using the normal text screen. The retail price for the 80-column board is $289.95. Some software support packages are being developed for it BASF DISKS and I will mention them as they become available. LIFETIME HUB-RINGED CERTIFIED BASIC Compilers GUARANTEE r - yr u1 1 ERROR FREE A BASIC Compiler is a program that converts a BASIC SSDD DSDD program to a faster, machine-language version. There are $21.90 ea. - 1-9 Boxes - $30.90 ea. three compilers available for Atari BASIC programs. None of them is completely compatible with all of the commands $19.90 ea. — 10+ Boxes — $28.90 ea. in Atari BASIC. I have two of the three — the DataSoft com­ FREE PLASTIC CASE piler and the Monarch Data Systems compiler (the ABC com­ WITH EACH BOX piler). They are two very different compilers. □ SEND ME YOUR PRICE LIST The DataSoft compiler requires much rearranging of □ SEND M E______BOXES A T $___ .PER BOX the program before compilation. For example, all DATA ADD 3% SHIPPING/HANDLING (S3.00 MINIMUM) statements must be listed as the last statements in the pro­ TWO WEEK DELAY FOR PERSONAL CHECKS gram, variables and expressions are not allowed in DIM, □ PAYMENT ENCLOSED $______(Texas residents add 5% sales tax.) GOTO, GOSUB, and RESTORE statements, and there are □ CHARGE MY: DMasterCard DVisa different rules for FOR/NEXT statements (there may be only one NEXT statement for each FOR statement). The Card N o ______Exp. Date. substring assignment is also not compatible with Signature. Atari BASIC. The DataSoft compiler does give the choice of compil­ Name- (please print full name) ing for fixed or floating-point arithmetic and supports the Address _ . Apt. appropriate functions in the floating-point mode (SIN, LOG, etc). It also prints out an assembly-language listing C ity .------_State- . Zip . 214-644-2611 of the compiled program during the four-pass compilation. 1 saw no way to alter and reassemble from this listing. In Software 06E fact, the only uses I found for it are optimizing the BASIC code for shorter object files and decoding the run-time er­ a t ’ B o o t ror messages (the compiler lists the error number and 2116 E. Arapaho #600 memory location instead of program line). Richardson, Tx 75081

18 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 SOPHISTICATED TELE-COMMUNICATION IS HERE The Monarch compiler was much easier to use because almost all of the functions are implemented identically THE COMMUNICATOR for 4.0 Commodore Computers and no rearranging of statements was required. Just about the only thing required was to adjust the program to use JIM STRASMA’S REVIEW: “THE BEST TERMINAL PACKAGE I’VE SEEN YET" integer arithmetic instead of floating point. The Monarch By April 1 (maybe sooner) It Will Be Even Better compiler uses 3-byte integer values (the DataSoft integer SPEEDS UP TO 9600 BAUD compile, for comparison, uses only 2-byte integers) for the XON — XOFF variables and calculations. The RND function is not sup­ TRUE CTRL KEY (we do our own keyboard scan)

ported, so a PEEK(53770) to get a random number in the THE HARDWARE — A printed circuit board; easily installed in the CBM. It uses 0-255 range is needed in place of any RND functions in no CBM connectors; gives a serial port with true RS232C standard. the program. THE SOFTWARE — — Emulates the ADDS Regent 100, ADM 31 and/or the The Monarch compiler supports expressions in DIM, TeleVldeo 950.1 Or choose the VT100 model for use with DEC and VAX computers. GOTO, GOSUB, and RESTORE statements; DATA — Runs coresident with BASIC programs; lets BASIC statements follow the same rules as they do in Atari programs and program on host computer communicate to develop real­ ly sophisticated communication and control capabilities. BASIC. Error messages at run time state the error number — The program is on ROM at either address; no disk loading required. Uses only 512 bytes of RAM; wiH relocate itself around any other and BASIC program line number. machine language program at top of memory. Speed is an important factor with compilers and the — Will upload and download and run BASIC programs. With BASIC program wil upload and download standard data files.100 page manual DataSoft compiler does produce slightly faster programs. I gives program listing for BASIC programs. have not run any speed tests, but the manufacturer's Excellent text editor designed to work with THE COMMUNICATOR claims of 5-20 times for DataSoft and 4-12 times for THE COMMUNICATOR $200 Text Editor $40 Monarch (times meaning number of times faster than the 1200 baud modems beginning at low, low $385, and even less when purchased original BASIC program) seem to be true. However, in with THE COMMUNICATOR compilation, the one-pass process used in the Monarch AMPLIFY, INC. compiler is much faster than the four-pass process used 2325 Macbride, Iowa City, Iowa 52240 319-337-8378 by DataSoft. 1 trademarks Adds Regent, Inc., Lear Uegler, Inc., Te!evideo Systems, Inc. I compiled my word processor on the Monarch com­ piler and am very happy with the results. The word pro­ cessor is written almost entirely in Atari BASIC (there is one small machine-language subroutine it puts in page 6). It required very little alteration for the compilation. Because of the difference in substring use, I couldn't com­ pile it with DataSoft1 s compiler. I may rewrite parts of it later so that I can, just to compare the results. In short, I found the Monarch compiler much more compatible with Atari BASIC and therefore much easier to Quit Playing Games . . . use. The DataSoft compiler would be useful for BASIC Disk Based Software to Make Y our Computer Get Down to Business programs written specifically with compilation in mind. Disk Data Manager—Create and manage your own data The DataSoft compiler also has an advantage with pro­ base. Allows you to create, add, change, delete, search, grams that require the floating-point arithmetic, although sort, print, etc. Up to 1200 records on a single disk. VIC 20. . . 59.95 CBM 64 . . . 89.95 much of it could be simulated in fixed-point on the Payroll System—Full featured, complete payroll sys­ Monarch compiler because of the large number of signifi­ tem. Even prints checks. cant digits it supports. VIC 20. . . 89.95 CBM 64 . . . 99.95 Mailing List—Up to 1 200 records on a single disk. I also compared the space required to store the results Presorts by Zip Code. Prints on stock up to four labels wide. on diskette. The Monarch compiler produces longer files VIC 20 . . . 44.95 CBM 64 . . . 54.95 on very short programs, but on longer programs, the com­ Inventory Package—Maintains quantity on hand, cost, sales price, reorder point, etc. Generates suggested piled version is usually smaller. The DataSoft compiler reorder, sales report, and sales analysis. restricts the program size to 100 sectors and uses two in­ VIC 20. . . 89.95 CBM 64 . . . 99.95 termediate files in the compilation. DataSoft claims that General Ledger—Up to 75 accounts! Generates Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Update Report, etc. the finished object program requires about the same disk VIC 20. . . 89.95 CBM 64 . . . 99.95 space as the original BASIC program, but I have found that Checkbook Manager—Up to 25 expense categories. it requires more. The Monarch compiler requires only Tracks all outstanding checks until they are paid. VIC 20. . . 49.95 CBM 64 . . . 69.95 the BASIC source program and a file for the completed Commodore 64 and VIC 20 are registered trademarks of Commodore object code. CONTACT YOUR DEALER FOR COMPLETE INFORM­ ATION ON ALL YOUR DISK-BASED SOFTWARE NEEDS The DataSoft compiler retails at $99.95 (9421 Send Self-Addressed Stamped Envelope for Winnetka Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311; 800-423-5916) Catalogue of Games and other Applications DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME and the Monarch compiler retails at $69.95 (P.O. Box 207, Cochituate, MA 01778; 617-877-3457). The third compiler P.O. Box 8 6 3 0 8 5 — not reviewed — is BASIC from Computer Alliance. Plano, Texas 75086 (214) 867-1333 (Continued on next page) VISA and MASTERCARD Accepted

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 19 From Here To Atari (continued)

Missing: June Listings! Listing 2 10 GRAPHICS 15 Editor’s note: The following listings were omitted from 20 FOR J=1 TO 79 Paul’s June column. We apologize for the inconvenience. 30 POSITION J,J +40 40 ? #6;”11111111111111111111"; 50 ? #6j"22222222222222222222"j Listing 1 60 ? #6;"33333333333333333333" 70 NEXT J lO GRAPHICS 8 30 DL=PEEK(560)+PEEK < 561 > *256 Listing 3 40 FOR I=DL TO DL+200 10 GRAPHICS 7 50 IF PEEK=79 THEN POKE 1,78: 20 FOR J=1 TO 79 GOTO 70 30 POSITION J,J 60 IF PEEK(I)=15 THEN POKE 1,14 40 ? #6;"11111111111111111111"; 70 NEXT I 50 ? #6j“22222222222222222222"; 80 FOR J=0 TO 95 60 ? #6j"33333333333333333333" l l O POSITION J*2,J+50 70 NEXT J 120 ? #6;"0101010101010101010101 oioioioioioioioioi"; 80 DIM X$(l> 90 ? "PRESS RETURN"; 130 ? #6;”1010101010101010101010 lOO INPUT X* 101G 10101010101010”; 110 DL=PEEK <560)+PEEK < 561)*256 140 ? #6j"111 11 111 11111111111111 120 FOR J=DL+6 TO DL+84 111111111111111111 " 130 POKE J,14 150 NEXT J:STOP 140 NEXT J

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20 MICRO No. 63 ■ August 1983 THE MICRO COMPUTER BUSINESS WILL GROW FROM $10 TO $100 BILLION IN THE NEXT EIGHT YEARS! ARE YOU READY TO CASH IN?

The micro computer business is predicted to grow from its present $10 billion to $100 billion before 19901 Imagine the possibilities this opens for you! No matter where you live, if you're starting up or presently in business, no other industry offers you more opportunities! Now, finally, all the inside information you need to secure a prosperous future in this dynamic industry is available in one place - THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL! - An immense information source, compiled by our inquisitive research team, aided by a panel of experts and business people from all areas of the computer industry! We present the inside story of more than 100 lucrative computer businesses you can enter, where you'll find the real opportunities for the eighties: from one man operations like Programming Author, Word Processing Center or Consulting, to Systems House, Service Bureau, Computer Store etc! Many at little or no investment! All the invaluable facts and figures: How to start, Capital needs, Profit estimates and Margins, How to Sell and Market, How missingtechnical or business experience need not stand in your way, Source of Suppliers, etc! Details that could take years to find out on your own! We’ll show you inside tricks, like how to never again pay retail tor computer products and consumer electronics, even for one item - right now, while you're starting your business! How to get free merchandise and trade show invitations, etc. This alone will more than pay for the manual! You'll read actual case histories of other computer entrepreneurs, so you can learn from their mistakes, and profit from their success stories! Where you'll be one year from now depends on your actions today! Let us show you how to take the first crucial steps! Order now and take advantage of our limited introduction special, THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL, and a six month subscription to THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR REPORT/NEWSLETTER ( so you're always up-to-date with the industry ), both for only $29.95! You must be convinced on how easy you can strike it rich in the micro computer business - or you may return the manual for a full refund within thirty days! USE OUR TOLL FREE NUMBER TO ORDER!

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No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 21 A Word Processing Primer

Select the right system to meet your requirements

by Loren Wright and Phil Daley

W ord processing is a term used System Decisions time. A black-and-white monitor, to describe a machine or a pro­ preferably with green or amber gram [or both] that allows the There are certain basic hardware phosphor for greater readability, is user to manipulate, store, retrieve, and factors that will affect the overall per­ essential if you expect to spend any print out text. The price for a word pro­ formance of the system, no matter significant amount of time word pro­ cessor ranges from many thousands of which software package you purchase. cessing. (A black-and-white TV will dollars for a dedicated unit, such as If you don't have a computer system minimize the radiation danger but it those manufactured by DEC, Wang, yet and you expect word processing to won’t help the readability problem.] Lanier, and Xerox, to nothing for a be one of its primary uses, then the The size of the display is of some short BASIC program you can write hardware purchase decision is as im­ importance. Generally, the more text yourself. Of course the power of the portant as the software purchase deci­ you can get on the screen at once, the word processor is closely related to sion. You may even find it necessary to better. Twenty-four or 25 lines of 80 what you pay for it, but if you recognize have one computer for your word pro­ characters is ideal. Computers with your needs before you buy, you can be cessing and other business needs and such displays are the Apple //e, IBM sure that you get everything you need another for your recreational and PC, and Commodore CBM 8032 and and that you don't pay for things you educational needs. new B-series machines. The standard don’t need. The main components of any word display is 24 or 25 lines of 40 processing system include the com­ characters, and this is not a bad com­ Establishing Your Needs puter, a mass storage device, and a promise to make if you expect to be printer. The computer has a number of able to use games and educational soft­ The first decision to make is components that determine its effec­ ware on the same computer. Although whether you are buying a word process­ tiveness for word processing: the there are several good word processing ing package for one reason exclusively, display, the keyboard, the amount of programs available for the VIC-20, we or you want to buy a computer that will memory, and the operating system. cannot recommend it for any signifi­ entertain, provide learning experiences Since the computer is at the center cant amount of word processing through programming capabilities, and of the whole system we will discuss because of its tiny 23 x 22-character run other home or business applica­ it first, followed by the other display. Be sure the computer can tions. If you want to do professional two components. display upper- and lower-case letters on word processing only and can afford it, The screen display is probably the the screen. Ideally, the tails |called a dedicated system will provide the most critical component. Most of the descenders] of the lower-case letters q, best possible environment for word less expensive computers hook up, y, p, g, and j should extend fully below processing. However, if you are like more or less directly, to a color TV. the line. On most of the 40-column - most of us, with limited resources and This is convenient and inexpensive, display computers they do not. This a multiplicity of needs, compromises since most people already have color may or may not bother you. will have to be made. The remainder of TVs. However, for word processing, the The keyboard is also an important this article will assume that you have picture quality may not be good factor, and some of the decisions de­ decided to use a microcomputer to enough. Furthermore, it is dangerous to pend on individual taste. In general, the meet your word processing needs. sit close to a color TV for any length of more keys on the keyboard, the better. 22 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Since a multi-purpose computer can’t these special papers may prove to be a the screen and to any point elsewhere have specially labeled keys for every serious problem. Also, the print may in the text without much trouble. Mov­ function (as on dedicated word process­ not be legible, particularly after a lot ing the cursor to the beginning or end of ing units), it helps to have more keys. of handling. your text should be a simple matter. Programmable function keys are The cursor-positioning and space keys especially useful. The mechanical ac­ Word Processing Software should repeat if held down, and it's tion of the keyboard is also important. useful if all other keys repeat too. Membrane keyboards are inexpensive The functions of a word processor While you are entering text, the delete and milk-proof, but they do not provide fall into a few general categories. We key should remove characters from the the positive feedback (even with the will discuss what to look for in each of end, allowing you to back up. audio feedback] that most typists need. these categories. The program should give a warning Full-stroke keyboards are much pre­ if it is about to run out of space. This ferred. A good keyboard should echo General Design allows you to break your text at a con­ every character you type to the screen. There are different ways to organize venient point before you save it. If you It should not miss some characters and and handle text. One method treats have to enter a command mode, such repeat others. The rest can only be your document as if it were a con­ as to save your text, the program determined by what is comfortable tinuous scroll. The user includes should return to the text with the cur­ to you. special codes that determine such sor where you left it. The amount of memory in the com­ things as the length of the page, size of Often, part of entering the text is puter is important in two ways. The margins, single- or double-spacing, and providing the proper format codes so more memory, the larger and more underlining. Other word processors ac­ the word processor knows how to sophisticated the word processing pro­ tually reflect the format on the screen. prepare your printed document. gram can be. Also, more memory With these, the text is often organized Ideally, these codes should make means you can process more text in pages or chapters. Still others treat enough sense to be easily remembered, without storing or retrieving it. In the text in screen units. With the but that goal is seldom achieved. Help general, you should purchase a com­ continuous-scroll style, words may screens and reference cards can be puter with the maximum available split at the end of a line, making the useful if they are well done. The same RAM; barring that, be sure that expan­ text hard to read. With other types it goes for commands. One feature that sion memory is available and affordable. can be a little complicated to move helps here is a branching command There are three main modes of text from one part of the text to another. structure, where you have to remember storage: hard disk, floppy disk, and Nearly every word processor has only one key to start the sequence. cassette. Hard disk units are faster, some sort of status line — a block of in­ After that, you're offered choices. The hold more, and are usually more formation at the top of the screen. The disadvantage is that a simple, fre­ reliable. They are also very expensive. minimum information shown here quently used command can take four Cassettes are least expensive, but they should be row and column position of keystrokes to complete. are also slowest and least reliable. the cursor, indication of special modes Floppy disk drive units are the most (such as file, insert, delete, etc.), and Editing Text cost-effective compromise. Depending amount of memory remaining. Other Much of your routine editing can be on the word processing program you buy, information that may be included is the handled with the features mentioned you will need one or two such units. file name, date, and tab and margin above. You can position the cursor The choice of printer depends positions. The status line should be where you want and delete or type over mostly on the amount of its usage. For clearly set off from the text so you to make changes. In addition, most business-quality correspondence you don't get confused between the two. word processors offer convenient and need a formed-character printer (most Some word processors use an alternate powerful editing features. are now of the daisy wheel type); for screen for status information. This When you are entering text, it is graphics output you need a dot-matrix makes the screen appear less cluttered, convenient to be able to delete printer. Dot-matrix printers are but it destroys the continuity of characters from the end of the text. generally less expensive, and the print your session. However, if you are trying to delete in quality is generally acceptable for most the middle of text you have already applications. On the other hand, daisy­ Entry of Text entered, it is more useful to be able to wheel printers have decreased in price Most of the time spent with a word position the cursor at the beginning of to the point where some are less expen­ processor is in entering text. It follows, what you want to delete and have sive than some dot-matrix printers. therefore, that this is one of the most characters disappear from the right. Daisy-wheel printers are also usually important parts of the word processor's The latter type of delete is called an slower than dot-matrix printers. You design. Yet sometimes this is the most editing delete, and it is available on may very well start with a dot-matrix neglected. Every character you type some word processors as a separate key printer and later add a daisy-wheel should appear immediately on the and on others as a switchable option printer when you can afford it. screen. If the program can't keep up, replacing the typing delete. Whatever printer you buy, be sure it is then it should have a buffer that cap­ Most word processors have some compatible with the word processor tures every keystroke, no matter how kind of insert mode. This allows you to programs you are considering. Printers fast you type. No characters should be continuously insert text at any point. that use aluminized or thermal paper lost, even when the program is scroll­ The commands for entering and exiting may be less expensive than plain paper ing or changing pages. The cursor insert mode should be both easy to printers, but the cost and availability of should move quickly to any position on remember and easy to execute. There No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 23 should also be some indication, such as falls short here, all the other fancy separate program included on the a different cursor or a lighted letter in features aren't worth much. If your master disk, and still others require the status line. word processor is the type that doesn't you to purchase an additional program. A word processor should be able to automatically format the text on the Some word processors can use files operate on large blocks of text as well screen, then it should have some sort of created by particular commercial data­ as on smaller blocks, such as words, output-to-video function. This will base management programs. Also, you sentences, and screen lines. Block save you a lot of paper. If the 'printout' can usually construct your own list operations include delete, transfer, and doesn't look right, you can just make with a simple BASIC program. Some copy. Ideally, these should all operate the appropriate changes in the format word processors allow distinction in a similar fashion by marking the specifications and try again. In addi­ among the fill points. With this feature beginning and end of the block fol­ tion, you should be able to interrupt you could, for instance, use the last lowed by the new position (if ap­ the hard-copy output without turning name from the address block in the plicable). For word-delete you should off the computer or losing the text, and salutation without repeating it in your be able to position the cursor anywhere you should be able to resume the out­ list. If you anticipate using your word within the word, and for sentence- put where you left off. If the document processor to do form letters, see if it can delete the program should delete from you are printing occupies more than do what you want it to do in this area. the cursor position to the next period. one file on the disk, you should be able to print it all at once, using the same Search and Search-and-Replace output parameters, with a singleglobal Equipment Compatibility If these features work properly and print command. Additional useful op­ easily, they can be the most powerful tions are multiple copies, page num­ Does the word processor work with parts of a word processor. Since these bering, headings, footers, single/dou­ your equipment, particularly your are similar functions, the commands ble spacing, and pauses for feeding printer? If you are anticipating buying should be nearly identical. A search single sheets. an additional or replacement printer, command can help you to find a par­ does it work with that? If your printer ticular place in your document by Manual can do fancy things like elongated type, specifying a group of characters (usually compressed type, subscripts, super­ a word, but not necessarily) called the Without good documentation, a scripts, italics, bold face, overstriking, search pattern. W ith search-and- program's value is diminished con­ underlining, special characters, etc., replace you specify an additional siderably. A manual for a complicated does the word processor you're con­ replace pattern, which is substituted program like a word processor should sidering support these features? Many for the search pattern. It is useful if you serve two important functions. It word processors support only a few of have consistently misspelled a word or should teach you the essentials of these features directly, but they have a if you want to change a title. Search- operating it and it should serve as a user-definable character feature that and-replace should have a selective op­ reference. A tutorial or series of lessons will allow you to use them — with a bit tion so you can (if you want) change is valuable, but this should be a more trouble. only certain occurrences of your search separate section. The reference part pattern. When your document is too should give all the facts, clearly and Additional Features large to be held in memory at one time, concisely, with examples. There there should be some way to make the should be an index as well as reference A dictionary program can process search-and-replace operate on the tables and a table of contents. your text, pointing out potential spell­ whole document (called global opera­ ing errors. Most allow you to add new tion), rather than just what is in Form Letters and Variable Data words to the dictionary as you go along. memory (called lo ca l operation). This is not an essential feature, but if For both commands it should be con­ Many word processors allow you to you do a lot of word processing and you venient to repeat the search from a define a number of frequently used aren't a former 6th grade spelling bee new point. words or phrases and enter them at any champion, then you might find a dic­ Additional useful options are place in your text with only a few tionary program handy. A few word ignore-case and wild-card characters. keystrokes. It is also useful to be able processors have such a program built in Ignore-case will find every occurrence to append or insert whole paragraphs or on the master disk. Most require an of a pattern, regardless of which letters directly from disk. additional purchase, either from the in it are capitalized. Wild-card Form letters are another feature of word processor manufacturer or from a characters (usually a '?' or a '*') are many word processors. Using the word separate company. ones you include in the search pattern processor you construct your letter If your computer has a color that will match any character in that leaving markers at the points where display, then there should be some position. Some word processors allow you want to insert variable phrases. means of changing the colors of the more than one search or search-and- Using a list you construct either with characters and background. Certain replace to take place on a pass through the word processor or with an addi­ color combinations are better for the text; others allow you to search tional program, the program fills in the readability, for minimizing in­ backwards, as well as forwards. data at the marker positions and prints terference effects, or for use with a out each letter with a different set of Printouts black-and-white monitor. data. Some word processors have the This is the moment of truth — the ability to construct the list built in true test of your word processor. If it while others require the use of a AMCftO 24 MICRO No. 63 ■ August 1983 Word Processing on Your Apple

by Phil Daley

an the standard Apple be used as a reasonable word processing i station? Since there are so many different word processing programs on the market, how can you decide which software to buy? Do you need special hardware to run certain pro­ xN°'-<^,a'VJOT'-' : grams? This article will help to answer these questions. In any review of a lot of different t # v products, remember that it would be impossible to cover every possible soft­ ware package, trying every possible combination of commands, especially for the Apple. I used during the nor­ mal day-to-day routine several of the most popular and some of the newer word processors for the Apple cur­ rently available. I wrote a letter to most of the cur­ rently advertising word processing manufacturers requesting a demo pro­ gram. Those who responded are in­ cluded in this article. . (Continued on next page)

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 25 I concentrated on the following points: how easy were they to set up FIG Wnr d s t a > ■ ^a l n from scratch; what, if any, hardware did they require or recognize,- how well Bi TES1 . ’ x i (• 1 i 1 NL 1 CC'L INSERT UN written was the documentation (in­ M A I •; E ti U cluding whether the index could be Cut r'lDvtiiiif-n*. -Delete -111 sc e 1 1 a necKi - Ut nee Men'js - S i r U“ t. [) l r1 c*r- r ; qh t u - h w i ’-.-b t- Re-ferhi . l t • Oil' 1(1 used to find the answer to a particular A word left F worti riojht: 1. chr 1 v INSERT ON/OFF • 1 Help \ Bio, t £ 11ne? up f- lir.F? down T wnrd r t • l Find Replce agsin; 1.' C'u ut P F'f i r, I question); did the documentation in­ —Scrol1inq— 1 liny ;RETURN End paraqraph; U Unset etrfi clude a 'quick-reference1 chart or Z 1ine up W line down N Inft-rt a R^tur n ! c screen up R screen dawn U Stop a command ; page,- were the commands logical and L — . - - _ i---- , ...... - - — R easy to use; and, were the commands easily remembered. FIG 2 Easvwriter functional c o in m n n d s Recognizing that all reviewers are E A S V w R ITER predisposed more or less to some par­ THE PRQ F E s s ONAL SYSTEN ticular mind set, I will give you mine C- BLOCK GET Y - DEL TO EQL P - FRINT FILE N - SPECIAL so that you can add this coloration to G - BLOCK PUT - DI ik SYSTEM X - SCROLL DOWN T - TAB B - BOLD PRINT D - USER-2 A - SCROLL LEFT I - UNDELETE the following report. I liked the pro­ W- CURSOR UP F - INSERT MODE S - SCROLL. RIGHT V - UNDERLINE grams that use the hardware I have Z - CURSOR DOWN R - JMP TO START E -- SCROLL UP O - USER Y EY D - DELETE CHAR L - LIST CMDS J - SET MARKER available. I liked programs that utilized more than one drive while not requir­ L R ...... — — _+— ------+----- +----- +----- + ing it. I liked programs that didn't par­ ticularly care what kind of printer/ interface combination I was using. I ap­ ungainly methods of inserting letters. I This new entry into the word pro­ preciate the programs that allow you to like a program that inserts letters one cessing field is easy to use. The make back-up copies, and preferred at a time on screen and pushes every­ documentation is very complete, in­ programs that made standard DOS text- thing else to the right, wrapping when cluding a 60-page ‘Quick Guide1 and a type files. necessary. This gives a visual flow to more in-depth 170-page reference Since the average end-user probably the program and enables each change to manual. In addition to the unprotected has a fixed set of hardware, and since be instantly observed. While not the system disk (two copies), you receive a programs that load specific drivers for fastest program in the test group, Easy reference card. The guides are very well specific hardware utilize the capablities Writer does implement this style of in­ written, although it is a little difficult of that hardware more fully, I tried to sert, and includes a type-ahead buffer to find the appropriate information for take this into account when describing for people typing faster than the pro­ a particular problem. the usefulness of the software package. gram can insert. With this information and caveats in Easy Writer displays carriage The program requires an 80-column mind, here are the programs I tested. returns on-screen, a feature I find card in slot 3, and determines on its especially useful when making charts. own what type you have. The Videx re­ Easy Writer — The Professional Word Once you boot the system disk, it can quires an additional IC, supplied. Also Processing System be removed and is not necessary for any supplied is a two-wire shift- Information Unlimited Software, Inc.; operation except reconfigure. The reset modification to allow the use of the 281 Arlington Ave.; Berkeley, CA 94707 key is approporiately handled, reini­ CTRL-SHIFT as a shift lock. The pro­ tializing the 80-column card and re­ gram uses a text paging system that Easy Writer is one of the oldest turning you to the main menu, text file stores pages of up to 80 lines as separate word processors still on the market, a intact. Each file can be about 12K in files. Several of the commands that testament to its quality. The version I length and several files may be linked operate on a whole document require a have requires an 80-column card, but for printing. RAM card in slot 0. they have a 40-column version avail­ My major complaint with Easy The program has self-explanatory able. Easy Writer is copy-protected, Writer is its slowness of operation, main and print menus but will require simple and straight-forward to con­ especially when the file size is large. the reference card ‘at the ready1 during figure, and is easily reconfigured should The jump from top to bottom, or vice actual keyboarding due to the lack of an the need arise. The documentation (77 versa, can take 5 to 10 seconds, while edit/format menu and the multiplicity pages), while brief, is complete and you sit and wonder if the computer ac­ of the possible commands. The well organized. cepted your command or has gone off 'escape' key serves as the switch be­ I like a menu driven approach, and the deep end. The other factor that I tween 'edit' and 'format' routines. It Easy Writer has three menus: a com­ consider unnecessary is the non­ also serves as the 'abort' key for almost mand mode menu for disk accesses, an standard format of the text disks. The any process in any mode. The reset key edit mode menu (optionally on screen) disks are DOS 3.2 format with the returns you to the main menu, for edit commands and an additional directory on Track 8. everything intact. Each of the format command mode menu. This program is command letters prints a mini-menu at easy to use and has many features that I FORMAT-][ — Word Processing the bottom of the screen to explain personally like. The insert mode ap­ System your options while in each of the 26 pears to be difficult to program since Kensington Microware Ltd.; 300 East format modes. Most of the modes are many of the word processors have 54 Street,Suite 3L; New York, NY 10022 memorable by the beginning letter, 26 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 although you may think 'K' for 'klose individual pages. Overall, it is a fast, Additional features include a mail­ up text to the cursor position1 stret­ easy and convenient program and has ing list program including a sorting and ching the point a little. more options than I'll ever use. mailing label provision, outdenting as The program has automatic page well as indenting of paragraphs, and naming and numbering to help SANDY WORD PROCESSOR — handling of very large files by saving eliminate the problems associated with designed foi APPLE COMPUTERS temporary portions of the file on a having the text split into individual VIP Software Inc.; 951 West Pipeline scratch disk. Unfortunately, this slows blocks, and simplifying the operations Rd., Suite 415; Hurst, TX 76503 down already slow execution speed. of editing and printing several pages at This primarily BASIC program is a The search and replace has to be the once. In addition to all the standard new entry from Australia. It is quite a slowest operation I have ever seen. The editing commands, Format includes bit different from most American soft­ carriage returns are displayed as ':'s and several useful commands such as: ware and takes some acclimatization. there are large block bars at the begin­ Align numbers — left, decimal point, The documentation (130 pages) ning and ending of the file. Reset right; Horizontal slide,- On screen assumes you just brought your Apple returns you to edit mode, file intact. justification; Make or remove home from the dealer showroom, and paragraphs automatically; User does appropriate hand-holding through APPLE WRITER ][ — Apple’s own definable option — enter any (0-254) boot-up. Sandy requires a Vision 80 Woid Piocessoi ASCII characters into the file; board for 80 columns and therefore I Apple Computer Company, Inc.; 10260 automatic hyphenation; automatic had to use it in 40-column mode. I do Bandley Drive; Cupertino, CA 95014 removing of multiple spaces and soft have the lower case and shift key hyphens; headings and footnotes; and a modifications, which it accepted after More people probably own some mailing list program. answering the appropriate prompts. version of Apple Writer than any other The program is designed to work The Sandy system disk is copy­ word processor for the Apple. While it with hard disks, including volume protected (you get a backup when send­ is well written, fast, and makes stan­ specification, and makes standard text ing in the registration) but it makes dard text files, it is not my favorite for files. If you have a proportional spac­ standard DOS 3.3 textfiles. The pro­ several reasons. The first is that the ing, daisy wheel printer, there are gram does a very primitive word wrap, program only recognizes the 80- several options available to alter the leaving '-'s in the spaces where the column card 1' Sup’ R' Terminal'', which amount of proportional spacing for word would have been if it hadn't been I don't have. Therefore, I am forced to each letter, set the justification prior­ wrapped. This leaves a messy looking use 40-column mode with shift and ity, offset and aggressiveness, and to screen, although, since it is only lower-case modifications. define an alternate character table for displaying 40 columns and is going to The documentation is excellent special print wheels. print 80 columns, the screen display (106 pages and reference card) and it is This was my favorite program has little to do with reality anyway. It easy to locate questionable items. because it recognized the hardware I is always necessary to have the cursor Booting the copy-protected disk (you have and it didn't do anything I find at the top of file when saving or print­ receive a backup in the package) and really objectionable. No program is ing or else it won’t operate on the en­ pressing return puts you into edit perfect (at least I haven't found one tire file. Sandy allows most normal mode. Apple Writer changes modes by yet), and the main problem with this DOS commands when in the file com­ use of control keys, which are easily one is the breaking of documents into mand mode. remembered by the first letters in most instances. The screen display of 40 col­

Fib Wordstar on 5cr sen umns is disconcerting, because the word wrap in the middle of every sec­ ond line seems unusual. People who B : E 3 f . T F PAuE L L IM E 1 LQl 44 □ M 5 C F. E E use Apple Writer all the time seem to -Margins ?' Tab's- I -Line Functions- ; --More 'ioq'.]li have no trouble doing complicated L. Sot left marc/m ! C Center t * t !J .JM5tl-y c-t i R S e t right >narqin;S ?et L.np charts, even though the columns don't * Helepae marLjiri'-j seem to line up correctly on the screen. I Sal: N C ] &a r t a b ! G Faragrapn tab ; Wrd wrt-p o The other complaint with Apple Writer F Rul(=r -from line- :T R L r line o is the "bubble" cursor. The cursor ac­ tually occupies a position in the cur­ rent line causing the rest of the line to fin 8 Ar, p 1 push one character to the right. When scrolling by lines, the text appears to ADDl TIOIMAL F‘:jrIC bubble around the cursor, including 1. Loa-J Tab wrapping words back and forth from . L o a d F'r inr. P-' :cjra

many document-production applica­ tions. The program operates with sim­ The Apple Pascal Language System Editor, while very ple commands you insert in your Editor powerful, falls short of providing full word-processing file. Then, instead of using the Filer to print your file, you use PFORM to print capabilities. This article describes a program you can it. As an example, figure 1 is a sample add to your system to supply the missing features. of normal Editor text printed with the Filer. Figure 2 shows what can be done with PFORM. The printer we used is the Epson MX-80 with Graftrax, but any T he Apple Pascal Editor, Version the Pascal Editor is its refusal to allow printer may be used with the program. 1.1, provides many features nor­ you to embed control characters and mally associated with word pro­ escape-character sequences in your Preparing Your Text File cessing. In addition to being a powerful text. This completely prohibits you text editor with many text modifica­ from utilizing the power and flexibility PFORM recognizes various com­ tion commands available, it provides of today's modem printers. The Epson mand sequences embedded in your several formatting features like MX-80 with Graftrax, for instance, has Editor file. To prepare a file for PFORM, upper/lower-case capability, line a total of 24 different typestyles. But simply enter your text as usual using the centering, margins, paragraph indenta­ the Editor doesn't allow you to change Editor. In addition, enter the command tion, and word wrap. typestyles in the middle of a document, sequences described below into your file If you have tried to use the Editor so the full power of this printer is lost. to obtain the formatting features you for word processing, however, you've About the best you can do with the want. When you're done, save this file probably been frustrated by its limita­ Editor alone is to set your printer to the using any name you want; this is the file tions. Unfortunately, the Editor cannot single typeface in which you want your PFORM will use to print your document. provide a number of the capabilities whole document printed, and use the that are absolutely essential for letter Transfer command of the Filer to print PFORM Command Sequences and document production. It cannot do your Editor file. Still, the Editor is paging, page numbering, or titling, for useful for text editing. It seems a shame Unless otherwise noted, these com­ example. Also it cannot do right to spend nearly $100 to buy a word pro­ mand sequences may be entered any­ justification of text for that neat pro­ cessor that overcomes the Editor’s where in a line or on a line by them­ fessional look or underlining for limitations but also provides all of the selves. Figure 3 is a Filer print of the emphasis. Even something as simple as same features your Editor already has. Editor text, which PFORM used to double-spaced printing is impossible. With PFORM, you can produce at­ print the text shown in figure 2. Use it But the most serious limitation of tractive documents using the Apple as a guide to preparing text for PFORM. Pascal System. PFORM overcomes the Word Processing Editor's limitations mentioned earlier %P — Page Eject: The printer goes to requires: and gives you full access to the flex­ top of form after the line in which the Apple II with Pascal Language ibility of your printer. Combined with %P appears is printed. System the Pascal Editor, PFORM gives you a word processor that is suitable for (Continued on page 33) 30 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 PASCAL DISK QTILITY makes it easy for you to start writing even more useful b -fast allows you to go PDQ is a Pascal Disk utility that allows your own p-code programs. forward or backward through a Btree, or you to do almost anything to any Pascal if you’re into Pascal, PDQ lets you really to its start or end. And if you “overstuff' a program-examine, change, modify, as­ get into Pascal ... in ways you never particular Btree and it explodes, there’s no semble and disassemble. dreamed of. $49.95. need to worry, we've included a special The PDQ Editor will let you read and Recover program that saves the day and B-FAST change any information on a disk, or in the data! There's a lot more utility to B- B-FAST (short for Btree Rle Accessing memory, byte by byte. Its Mapper is an FAST, and it’s all explained in the compre­ and sorting Technique) is a file indexing extraordinary tool, as it will show you in hensive and conversational documenta­ utility designed in Pascal, for Pascal. Which detail all the information in the codefile... tion. $49.95. means it is compact and extremely fast. yours or in other Pascal programs. The B-FAST provides up to 10 active Btrees, Disassembler lets you see how the com­ The very fact that you’re into Pascal with up to 32,000 items per Btree! Yet, it piler implements Pascal statements, it puts you a step ahead of the regular Apple can retrieve any record in under one does this by taking the p-code produced ll or ll+* user. Now... here are 2 software second. And whenever required, it will by the compiler (or our assembler) and utilities to put you many steps ahead in automatically do a generic search to locate produces a mnemonic source listing of the Pascal programming. the equal or next higher record. To make it code, in addition, if it encounters 6502 These are our Quick ’n Change artists - code it will automatically start disassem­ one to tremendously enhance the speed bling 6502 machine language. PDQ's P-code DATAMOST of file accessing and sorting, and the other Assembler converts those p-code mne­ 8943 Fullbright Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311 to let you get inside and change or modify monics and pseudo-ops into p-code... and (213) 709-1202 Pascal programs byte by byte.

F^® PA SC ^P«fA L.PAS [UP/ ICAO ?S£A-L*PAS< 3 5 R ^ S C A L ®a s c !

PASCAI » 4 S <

'Apple II, II+ are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. r VISA/MASTERCARD accepted. $2.00 shipping/ handling charge. (California residents add 6%% sales tax.) Cov>Tiidrt'Tf*^ T i nc. One last tug to the helmet strap—a reassuring ^ c e c t f h e ^ u-e of powerful steel monsters and you know all is reacFy your command hatch you raise your hand "and mediatpr. "forward"! The air suddenly fills with the roar of engines and the • rumble of treads, as the mighty dreadnoughts of the land starf _ ■ The mosj-reip forward. You command a team of your country s finest armored jn -l Qerrrari/- are, vehicles in a, mission te6earch and destroy the enemy. ■ Choose from five different scenarios to play. Actiafife range T.A.C. is a game of World War II tactical armored combat from open meeting engagements' to assaults -against You pick a nation [from among the four major combatants— prepared positions " ‘ 1V 1; , Britain, U.S.A., Germanv and Russia) You build a combat ■ You pick the sides You choose the weapons A simple pur­ team from their most powerful tanks, assault guns and tank chasing system has been provided to le* you “ buy" what you destroyers. You command the team you've created in major want in balance with your opponent operations against tike forces of the enemy. , .i ■ The results of combat are determined by the computer, It All the famous vehicles of the second world war are here— factors such critical elements as range, armor thickness (front, Tigers, Panthers, Shermans and JS ll's; Jagdpahthers. SUH 52's, V rear and flanks), tracking time, the speed and maneuvers of Fireflies and T 34's, just to name a few. They have all been both the firing and target units, visibility and weapon adjust- thoroughly researched and their important features program­ ment to determine weapon accuracy. med into the game. Each vehicle is distinguished by such ■ Special options include hidden movement, improved elements as armor thickness (rear and flanks as well as front), positions, smoke mortars, minefields, close assaults, overruns fire power, speed, acceleration and gun traverse. Even minor and indirect fire. points like fuel tank location can be critical. The computer handles all the technical details. This lets you T.A.C. on diskette retails for $40.00 and can be concentrate on making the same kinds of decisions the reah played on the following computers: Apple® ll's with 48K life tank commanders made. You search for the enemy, sej (Mockingboa'd™ Sound Enhanced!), Atari's® with 48K. your speed, aim your gun and knock out the enemy. The com Commodore®! & IBM® versions coming this fall. puter will handle all the rest.

Available at finer computer stores everywhere. Or call TOLL FREE: 1 (800) 638-9292 for fast credit card purchase. Price: $40. Ask for Operator M. microcomputer games" A DIVISION OF The Avalon Hill Game Company 4517 Harford Road • Baltimore, MD 21214 %Z — Command Sequence Recogni­ %R — Right Justification On: All tion On: Command sequences arc subsequent text is space-filled to the recognized for all subsequent text. right margin. page numbers, or N for no page numbers. If the command characters (percent, question mark, and exclamation point) STARTING PAGE NUMBER? — You %N — Right Justification Off: Space­ are followed by a space in the text, they will see this question only if you filling to the right margin is turned off will not be recognized as commands. In answered T or B to the previous ques­ for all subsequent text. addition, if the percent symbol is tion. Type the beginning number you followed by anything except P, T, R, N, want in your page-numbering scheme. U, V, X, or Z, those characters will not If you type anything other than 1, that be recognized as commands. This number will appear on the very first %U — Underlining On: All subsequent facilitates normal text use of these page printed. If you type 1, the first text is underlined. symbols. The default conditions at the page will not be numbered but all other beginning of any new document are as pages will be, starting with 2. This follows: no title, right justification capability enables you to print docu­ %V — Underlining Off: Underlining off, underlining off, and command se­ ments longer than the Editor capacity. for all subsequent text is turned off. If quence recognition on. this command is not given by the end NUMBER OF COPIES? — Type the of line, it will be terminated then. Executing the Program number of copies of this document you wish printed. After you've entered and compiled !character string! — Escape Sequence: PFORM, Xecute it; the program will be Program Operation An escape character is sent to the read from disk and executed. You will printer, followed by the characters in be asked the following questions. Following the question/answer se­ the character string up to the next ! (Before answering any of them, make quence, your text file will be read from character. If there is not another ! by sure the disk containing the text file disk and printed according to the the end of line, the command is ter­ you want to print is inserted in any answers you gave to the questions and minated then. The action of this com­ disk drive.) the PFORM commands embedded in mand varies according to the printer, your text. The printing is somewhat but typically it is used to change FILE NAME TO PRINT! — Type the slow due to the processing involved, typestyles. full file name including the volume but the results are worth the wait. After name and extension. If you make a all copies have been printed you are mistake, a beep will sound and you will asked PRINT ANOTHER FILE? Type Y ?character string1. — Control Sequence: be asked the question again. to start the question sequence again,- All characters in the character string type N to end the program. are turned into control characters and SPACING (S OR D)1 — Type S for sent to the printer. The action of a con­ single spacing or D for double spacing. PFORM Logic Description trol character on the printer varies according to the printer, but generally RIGHT MARGIN7. — Type the column The main program consists of five it is used to change type size or style. number you wish to be your right embedded repeat loops — one ex­ The command is terminated by a ? or margin. Normally, this will be the ecuting for each document, copy, page, end of line. same one you used to create your docu­ line, and character of your text. The ment using the Editor. This is used for document loop is controlled by the %X — Command Sequence Recogni­ right justification. variable TURNOFF. It starts by open­ tion Off: All subsequent command se­ ing the printer, setting the page number quences are not recognized as such, ex­ LINES PER PAGE? — type the number to the default of 1, and executing the cept the %Z command, which is of lines you wish to see printed per question/answer sequence. The copies always recognized. This command is page. loop then begins, controlled by the used for special-purpose documents, variable NCOPY. This loop sets the such as program listings or this article, default conditions for the document where the command sequences are part PAGE NUMBERS (T, B, ORN)l — Type and then falls into the page loop. The of the text to be printed. T for top page numbers, B for bottom (Continued on next page) No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 33 p © the procedure puts all characters after the D ° C U ” , r a t e so m e o f get command sequence and up to the end 1& meant to de;ampA usin^ -j rtrnce&sor * ■/.RTh i s the document loop ends, the printer is closed, the screen is cleared, and the program ends. •sssgaassssMcan *" j u s t i f y * The INITSEQ procedure conducts looK good. the initial question/answer sequence and sets variables based on the Sp acin g a s on the fir ^ the eye. answers. The RECON procedure sets s i z e s be pleasing you-dont h a v e t s wi 11 , t a r t t o the command sequence recognition in­ c a r e ■ful of i s [iocruniei ite t o t»e r that y°ur dicator on and bumps the input pointer The o n ly t h i n g p r i n t e w i t h y o u r p . l i t t l e ! Q ! over the command. The RECOFF com­ so <"Ucl1 l o o k '.T ! a Figure 3 mand sets the command sequence 7.N! F '■ , (3! !S 34 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 i S * ^ .

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d e S he* c .,o aod c0 mmodo(* ^ SS ^ * " 0"0 _$V?.96 r s r ^ ^ oARD -$<9.95- Hi©PFORM Program Listing PFORM Program Listing (continued) I : =1+2; { s i- } END; {$R-} PROGRAM PFORM; PROCEDURE SUON; {This program performs print formatting of} {SETS THE UNDERLINING INDICATOR ON} {a PASCAL Editor File. This program along} BEGIN {with the editor provides the features} EX:=TRUE; {of a full Word Processor. It does not} ULIN:=TRUE; {duplicate features already available in} I:=1+2; {the PASCAL text editor.} END;

VAR FNAME,PG:STRING; PROCEDURE SUOFF; FBUF,PBUF,TSTRING:STRING[255]; {SETS THE UNDERLINING INDICATOR OFF} DFILE:TEXT; BEGIN SPACE,PTYPE,ANSWER:CHAR; EX:=TRUE; TNUM, COUNT, PLIN, LINES, PNUM,NCOPY, LINCNT, I, J, K, LCHARS: INTEGER; ULIN:=FALSE; RECOG,EX,TURNOFF,TITLE,EJECT,ULIN,RJ:BOOLEAN; I:=1+2; PRTR:INTERACTIVE; END;

PROCEDURE INITSEQ; PROCEDURE SESC; {THIS ROUTINE CONDUCTS THE INITIAL QUESTION-ANSVER SEQUENCE} {PUTS AN ESCAPE CHARACTER IN PBUF FOLLOWED BY ALL} BEGIN {CHARACTERS UP TO THE NEXT ! OR END OF LINE} PAGE(OUTPUT); BEGIN WRITE('FILE NAME TO PRINT? '); EX:=TRUE; READLN(FNAME); I :=1+1; PBUF:=CONCAT(PBUF,' '); PBUF[J]:=CHR(27); J:=J+1; RESET(DFILE,FNAME); REPEAT WHILE IORESULT> 0 DO PBUF:=CONCAT(PBUF,' '); BEGIN PBUF[J]:=FBUF[I]; WRITE(CHR(7),'FILE NAME TO PRINT? '); I:=1+1; READLN (FNAME); J:=J+1; RESET(DFILE,FNAME); UNTIL (I> LENGTH(FBUF)) OR (FBUF[I] = '!'); END; I:=1+1; WRITE('SPACING (S OR D)? '); END; READLN(SPACE); WRITE ('RIGHT MARGIN? '); PROCEDURE SCONTR; READLN(LCHARS); {TURNS ALL CHARACTERS UP TO THE NEXT ? OR END OF LINE} WRITE('LINES PER PAGE? '); {INTO CONTROL CHARACTERS BY SUBTRACTING 64 , AND} READLN (LINES); {PUTS THEM IN PBUF} WRITE('PAGE NUMBERS (T,B, OR N)? '); BEGIN READLN(PTYPE); EX:=TRUE; IF PTYPE < > ' N' THEN I:=1+1; BEGINREPEAT WRITE('STARTING PAGE NUMBER? '); PBUF:=CONCAT(PBUF,’ '); READLN(TNUM); PBUF[J]:=CHR(ORD(FBUF[I])-64); LINES:=LINES-3; I :=1+1; END; J :=J+1; WRITE('NUMBER OF COPIES? '); UNTIL (I> LENGTH(FBUF)) OR (FBUF[I] = 1?'); READLN(NCOPY); I :=1+1; END; END;

PROCEDURE RECON; BEGIN {MAIN PROGRAM} {THIS PROCEDURE SETS THE %1! RECOGNITION INDICATOR ON} TURNOFF:=FALSE; BEGIN REPEAT {DOCUMENT LOOP} EX:=TRUE; REWRITE(PRTR,'PRINTER:'); RECOG:=TRUE; TNUM:=1; I :=1+2; INITSEQ; END; REPEAT {COPIES LOOP} RECOG:=TRUE; PROCEDURE RECOFF; RJ:=FALSE; PNUM:=TNUM; {THIS PROCEDURE SETS THE %1! RECOGNITION INDICATOR OFF} TITLE:=FALSE; PLIN:=LINES; BEGIN REPEAT {PAGE LOOP} EX:=TRUE; LINCNT:=0; R£C0G:=FAI£E; IF PNUM>1 THEN I:=1+2; BEGIN END; IF PTYPE='TT THEN PPRINT ELSE IF TITLE THEN TPRINT; PROCEDURE SEJECT; END; [SETS THE PAGE EJECT INDICATOR TRUE} EJECT:=FALSE; BEGIN REPEAT {LINE LOOP} £X:=TRUE; COUNT:=0; EJECT:=TRUE; FBUF:= 1'; I:=1+2; PBUF: = "; END; ULIN:=FALSE; READLN(DFILE,FBUF); PROCEDURE RJON; IF LENGTH(FBUF)=0 THEN FBUF:=CONCAT(FBUF,1 '); {SETS THE RIGHT JUSTIFICATION INDICATOR ON} I :=1; J:=l; BEGIN REPEAT {CHARACTER LOOP} EX:=TRUE; EX:=FALSE; RJ:=TRUE; IF I < LENGTH(FBUF) THEN I: =1+2; CASE FBUF[I] OF END; CASE FBUF[I+1] OF 'P1: IF RECOG THEN SEJECT; PROCEDURE RJOFF; 'T': IF RECOG THEN STITLE; {SETS THE RIGHT JUSTIFICATION INDICATOR OFF} ’R': IF RECOG THEN RJON; BEGIN TN': IF RECOG THEN RJOFF; EX:=TRUE; 'U': IF RECOG THEN SUON; rj:=false; (continued) ■V: IF RECOG THEN SUOFF; (continued)

36 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 PFORM Program Listing (continued) PFORM Program Listing (continued) BEGIN 'X': IF RECOG THEN RECOFF; IF PTYPE=»Br THEN 'Z': RECON; BEGIN END; WRITELN(PRTR,1 '); IF (FBUF[I+1]< > ' 'J AND (RECOG) THEN SESC; WRITELN(PRTR,' '); '? 1: IF (FBUF[I+1]< > 1 ’ ) AND (RECOG) THEN SCONTR; END; END; IF PNUMC100 THEN SPC:=40 IF EX=FALSE THEN ELSE SPC:=39; BEGIN FOR I:=l TO SPC DO PBUF:=CONCAT(PBUF,1 ’); VRITE(PRTR,' ') ; PBUF[J]:=FBUF[I]; WRITELN(PRTR.PNUM); COUNT:=C0UNT+1; PNUM:=PNUM+1; J:=J+1; IF PTYPE='T' THEN I:=I+1; BEGIN IF ULIN THEN USEQ; WRITELN(PRTR,' ' ) ; END; WRITELN(PRTR,1 '); UNTIL I > LENGTH(FBUF); LINCNT:=LINCNT+3; IF RJ THEN RJUST; END; WRITELN(PRTR,PBUF); END; LINCNT:=LINCNT+1; IF SPACE='D1 THEN PROCEDURE TPRINT; BEGIN {PRINTS TITLE} WRITELN(PRTR,' ') ; VAR I,SPC:INTEGER; LINCNT:=LINCNT+1; BEGIN END; IF PTYPE='T' THEN IF EJECT THEN ESEQ; BEGIN IF EOF(DFILE) THEN ESEQ; WRITELN(PRTR,1 '); UNTIL LINCNT=PLIN; WRITELN(PRTR,' ' ) ; IF (PTYPE=’B') AND (PNUM>1) THEN PPRINT END; ELSE SPC:=(BO-LENGTH(TSTRING)) DIV 2; IF PNUM> L THEN IF TITLE THEN TPRINT; FOR I:=l TO SPC DO PAGE(PRTR); write(prtr,1 '); IF PNUM=1 THEN PNUM:=2; WRITELN(PRTR,TSTRING); UNTIL EOF(DFILE); IF PTYPE='B1 THEN PAGE(OUTPUT); BEGIN PAGE(PRTR); WRITELN(PRTR,f '); NCOPY:=NCOPY-l; WRITELN(PRTR,1 '); CLOSE(DFILE); LINCNT:=LINCNT+3; IF NCOPY >0 THEN RESET (DFILE, FNAME); END; UNTIL NCOPY=0; END; WRITE('PRINT ANOTHER FILE? '); READLN(ANSWER); PROCEDURE RJUST; IF ANSWERIN' THEN TURNOFF:=TRUE; {PERFORMS RIGHT JUSTIFICATION OF PBUF} UNTIL TURNOFF=TRUE; VAR I,SPC,NEED,BIDX,FACT,REM,LOOP:INTEGER; CLOSE(PRTR); JSTRING1,JSTRING:STRING; PAGE(OUTPUT); BEGIN END. JSTRING:=1'; JSTRING1:=' IF COUNT=0 THEN EXIT(RJUST); PROCEDURE USEQ; NEED:=LCHARS-COUNT ; {CHAR. SPACES NEEDED} {PUTS A BACKSPACE CHARACTER FOLLOWED BY AN UNDERLINE} BIDX:=1; SPC:=0; (CHARACTER INTO PBUF} WHILE (BIDX< LENGTH (FBUF)) AND (FBUF[BIDX] = 1 ') DO BEGIN BIDX:=BIDX+1; PBUF:=CONCAT(PBUF,' ') ; IF BIDX=LENGTH( FBUF) THEN EXIT(RJUST); PBUF[J]:=CHR(8); FOR I:=BIDX TO LENGTH(FBUF) DO PBUF[J+1]:=CHR(95); IF FBUF[I]=' ' THEN SPC:=SPC+1; J:=J+2; IF SPC*0 THEN EXIT(RJUST) END; ELSE IF (FBUF[LENGTH(FBUF)] =' . 1) AND (LENGTH(FBUF) CLCHARS-9) THEN EXIT(RJUST); PROCEDURE ESEQ; FACT:=NEED DIV SPC; {PRINTS BLANK LINES TO SPACE TO THE BOTTOM OF A PAGE] REM:=NEED MOD SPC; [WHERE A PAGE NUMBER OR TITLE MAY BE PRINTED} I:=Sf; BEGIN LOOP:=FACT; WHILE LINCNT 0 DO BEGIN BEGIN WRITELN(PRTR,1 '); JSTRING:=CONCAT(JSTRING,’ ') ; LINCNT:=LINCNT+1; I:=1+1; END; LOOP:=LOOP-1; END; END; I :=LENGTH(PBUF); PROCEDURE STITLE; REPEAT {PUTS CHARACTERS UP TO END OF LINE IN TSTRING AND} WHILE PBUF[I]< > 1 ' DO {SETS TITLE INDICATOR ON} I :=1—1; BEGIN INSERT(JSTRING,PBUF, I); TSTRING:= ''; I :=1-1; EX:=TRUE; SPC:=SPC-1; I:=1+2; K:=l; UNTIL SPC=0; REPEAT IF REM=0 THEN EXIT(RJUST); TSTRING:=CONCAT(TSTRING,’ ’ ); I :=BIDX; TSTRING[K]:=FBUF[I]; REPEAT I :=1+1; K:=K+1; WHILE PBUF[I]< >' ' DO UNTIL I > LENGTH(FBUF); I :=1+1; TITLE:=TRUE; INSERT(JSTRING1,PBUF,I); PLIN:=PLIN-3; I :=I+FACT+2; END; WHILE PBUF[I]= 1 ' DO I: =1+1; PROCEDURE PPRINT; REM:=REM-1; {PRINTS PAGE NUMBER} UNTIL REM=0; VAR spc,I:INTEGER; (continued) END; ^MCftO

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 37 HO

z' x ver 100 years ago, when type- I B 1 writers were relatively new in- ventions and before the shift key had been invented, Christopher Sholes was faced with a problem: the keys, which returned sluggishly from hitting the paper, would often get jammed if the typist went too fast. Christopher's solution to the problem was the "qwerty" keyboard (named after the upper left-hand key ar­ rangement), and is not a truly effi­ cient keyboard. In 1932 Dr. August Dvorak patented a keyboard that was human-engineered to speed up typists. Most typing speed records are held by typists who use the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard. Typing time may be reduced by up to 75%. Everyone, myself included, is disinclined to change from the keyboard that he/she knows and owns. But consider how many hours are spent typing in the course of a year nation­ wide. How much would the conversion of all of the keyboards cost? How many hours would be lost in the course of retraining? Studies done 20 years ago suggested that the payoff comes long by John R. Raines before one year is out. While the cost of conversion of one privately owned keyboard used to be high, it has fallen drastically in some examples of modular keyboard design. The standard typewriter/computer In many cases only a single ROM needs replacing. Newer computers aimed at keyboard layout is an international market are often designed with redefinition of the inefficient. This article presents keyboard in mind. Why is the Dvorak keyboard so a computer program much better than qwerty? (The analysis presumes you will be entering that allows experimentation something like English text.) The most commonly used letters should be on with the Dvorak Simplified the 'home' row of keys. Typing is faster if letters struck by the left hand alter­ Keyboard, which is nate with letters struck by the right. The arrangement of keys should take much faster for touch typists. into account the relative strengths and coordination of the fingers. The Dvorak keyboard systematically follows these tenets while the qwerty keyboard (rather haphazardly] does the contrary. Basically the Dvorak layout puts vowels on the home row for the left hand. The most common punctuation marks ( ? , and . ) are just above these keys and y is also in that row. Some of the less commonly used consonants fill out the left hand’s duties. On the average the left hand does 45% of the total keystrokes, as opposed to 55% on 38 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Modified Dvorak Keyboard as implemented by these programs (Modified so that existing key caps can be used)

Dvorak Keyboard requires: Apple II could be modified to another 6502 machine the qwerty keyboard. Since vowels and through the fingertips of each hand. the switch and I can probably count on consonants tend to alternate, key­ The lines will intersect at an angle being able to use the Dvorak keyboard strokes will naturally alternate be­ since this is the position in which exclusively for the foreseeable future. tween the two hands. In * 'e qwerty ar­ hands like to rest. The rectangular As a result, I began to look at soft­ rangement, 32% of the k strokes are keyboard is more fatiguing than it ware solutions. These are necessarily on the home row (50% are on the row needs to be, not only because the less satisfactory than hardware solu­ above it!); in the Dvorak layout, 70% qwerty design puts more of the work on tions, at least on my BASIS 108 (an of the keystrokes fall on the home row. weaker and less dexterous fingers, but Apple-like machine with numerous im ­ In 1944 the U.S. Navy performed an also simply because it is rectangular. provements) . The biggest problems are experiment. For about 10 weeks 14 Michael Adler has designed a typing with the operation of the shift key and typists were retrained on the Dvorak machine that allows comfortable use of especially the effect of alpha shift lock keyboard and a control group was given the thumbs on the home row of keys (available on the BASIS). This is because some additional qwerty training. The and enlists the feet to operate the certain punctuation marks (?,.;) must Dvorak group improved their produc­ space, return, and shift. He argues that be switched with letters when im­ tivity by 74% and the total cost of their a pianist can hit keys at a rate that is plementing the Dvorak keyboard. retraining was amortized 10 days after equivalent to 300-400 words per minute. Alpha shift lock thus will capitalize the the test was finished. The control Edward Montgomery has developed letters that fall where qwerty letters group improved by 28% but took twice a more radical keyboard. Since fingers were, but it will capitalize some as long to reach this level of improve­ are better adapted to a wiping move­ Dvorak punctuation keys and not ment as the Dvorak group had taken. ment than poking at keys and then capitalize a few letters ( s, w, v, and z ) This seems to be a good measure of pulling the finger back again, it is feas­ that fall where the punctuation keys what the cost of retraining yourself ible to design switches that are trig­ had been. Fortunately you don't need will be. gered by the capacitance of a finger alpha shift lock often for word pro­ Is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (rather than depending on actual ver­ cessing. The next problem is that if you the best keyboard? Probably not. I’ve tical movement or pressure). In addi­ are going to switch, you should switch read of several ideas that may be better, tion, with a wiping movement it is completely. Every language, operating none of which has been directly com­ possible to keep going and trigger a system, game, word processor, etc., pared with Dvorak. However, not one second or third key before stopping. By should be affected. of them can be implemented by re­ laying out the keys so that common My program can switch DOS, In­ arranging the keys on a standard words and two- and three-letter teger, and Applesoft BASICs and the keyboard. Dvorak remains the best combinations occur adjacent to each machine-code monitor. Any program known of the improved keyboards and other, the number of separate strokes that doesn't intefere with DOS's the documentation of its superiority is can be cut by almost half. handling of the keyboard input will also better than the newer contenders. I first read about keyboards better work. Unfortunately, PR#0 will undo A couple of years ago I read an ar­ than qwerty 10 years ago. I was tempted the effect of this program (even if typed ticle about a new keyboard. There was to change keyboards at that time but I from the keyboard or sent to DOS via a no close-up picture of the keyboard, but couldn't afford it, and it seemed im­ PRINT with ctrl/D). Still more the basic idea was this: sit down, rest practical since I would certainly be typ­ frustrating, editors and word pro­ your hands in your lap, and cock your ing on other people's computers in the cessors necessarily disconnect DOS (so wrists up as in typing. Now draw a line future. Now it’s less expensive to make (Continued on next page) No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 39 HO 1 that typing "RUN DICK, RUN." doesn't make DOS load the BASIC pro­ gram "D IC K " over the word pro­ Basically the Dvorak cessor) . Of course, the program is very layout puts vowels simple and if you can find where your on the home row for word processor calls the keyboard (check for references to $36 and to the for the left hand. hardware keyboard location, as well as The most common the obvious monitor subroutines) and if your word processor's disk isn't punctuation marks locked and if you can find some free are just above these keys. On the average the left space, then you can probably convert it easily; and then you can convert your hand does 45% of the total keystrokes. Pascal and CP/M systems, etc. CP/M- based word processors should be able to use CP/M for the keyboard input, but familiar with the features of the Videx keystroke with : as its capitalized (at least on the Apple) WordStar Keyboard and Display Enhancer, but it keystroke). The important benefits of patches CP/M to use a new keyboard might be useful for the Apple owner to the Dvorak keyboard should be ap­ routine of its own. My program is far investigate these products before pro­ parent with this program. from a panacea; however, it does let ceeding with a project like this. The keys on the keyboard can be you try the Dvorak keyboard without This program is a half-measure. It relabeled in one of two ways. You can spending any more money. does the most important part of the rearrange the key caps (see figure 1). If If you decide to switch to Dvorak, conversion to the Dvorak keyboard — you share your computer with others find out what is needed to put a new the letters and the punctuation marks who are not interested in trying the ROM in your keyboard. I haven't made that have to be switched with letters. Dvorak keyboard yet, then putting a final decision, myself, and I don’t yet The full Dvorak keyboard also changes figure 1 near the keyboard may help. A have the expertise to tell you how to the location of the numbers (the top better alternative might be to purchase make the switch. There is some addi­ row reads: 17531902468 = ) and (from a graphic arts supply store) a set tional information on page 101 of the changes which punctuation marks go of transfer lettering in either white or Apple II Reference Manual. I’m not together (e.g., ? is a lower-case black and in a small size (e.g., 8-point) YOUR COLOR COMPUTER JUST EARNED A MATH DEGREE!

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40 MICRO No. 63 ■ August 1983 Dvorak Keyboard Listing devised for practicing a few new keystrokes at a time. Concentrate on APPLE ][ DVORAK KEYBOARD DEMO developing a good rhythm, and remem­ START ber that repetition is important. Although your old touch typing text­ KEYIN GEQU $FD1B MONITOR FINAL INPUT ROUTINE KSW GEQU $38 INPUT POINTER book isn’t ideal (since it emphasizes the easy home row keys on the qwerty 0RG $300 keyboard in the early lessons], it is 0014 0300 A90C INIT LDA 0DVSTRT PATCH INPUT SUBROUTINE ADDRESS probably superior to random exercises. 0015 0302 8538 STA KSW Letters to manufacturers of 0016 0304 A903 LDA /DVSTRT 0017 0306 8539 STA KSW+$1 machines that concern you would help 0018 0308 20EA03 JSR $3EA CONNECT DOS them to know of the interest in alter­ 0019 030B 60 RTS natives to the qwerty keyboard. It

0021 030C 201BFD DVSTRT JSR KEYIN would be great if machines were 0022 030F C9AC CMP #$AC available with either programmable or 0023 0311 300B BMI DONEIN DON'T TRANSLATE switch-selectable keyboard configura­ 0024 0313 C9DB CMP #$DB IF BELOW ' IN ASCII 0025 0315 1007 BPL DONEIN OR ABOVE 'Z' tions! The manufacturers probably 0026 0317 38 USETBL SEC CHAR IS IN RANGE TO TRANSLATE won’t do it unless we urge them. 0027 0318.E9AC SBC #$AC 0028 031A A8 TAY Remember that the total time you save 0029 031B B91F03 LDA TABLE,Y GET DVORAK CHAR FROM TABLE by reducing your manual input time 0030 031E 60 DONEIN RTS ALL DONE, CHAR IN ’A1 REG may be greater than you could save by 0031 031F 0032 031F D7ADD6 TABLE DC H ’D7ADD6DAB0B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9BAD3' doubling the clock rate of your 0322 DABOBI microprocessor. The value of a better 0325 B2B3B4 keyboard layout will usually exceed 0328 B5B6B7 032B B8B9BA that of a keyboard with a nicer feel. The 032E D3 expense of providing a second ROM 0033 032F BCBDBE DC H1BCBDBEBFC0C1D8CAC5AED5C9C4C3C8D4' 0332 BFC0C1 and switch to choose between them is 0335 D8CAC5 relatively small compared to the 0338 AED5C9 savings it could generate. 033B CAC3C8 033E D4 0034 033F CECDC2 DC H'CECDC2D2CCAFD0CFD9C7CBACD1C6BBDB' 0342 D2CCAF References 0345 D0CFD9 1. Parkinson, Robert, "The Dvorak 0348 C7CBAC 034B D1C6BB Simplified Keyboard: Forty Years 03 4E DB of Frustration,’’ Computers and END Automation, Nov. 1972, p. 18. 2. Montgomery, Edward, "Bringing and add extra labels to the keys in one separately and because keys like the ar­ Manual Input into the 20th Cen­ corner. The adhesive on the transfer rows and return can’t be distinguished tury: New Keyboard Concepts,” lettering is not permanent and the let­ from ctrl plus various letters, I decided Computer (IEEE), March, ters are so thin that they do not affect against translating the control keys. 1982, p. 11. keyboard feel. Basically you would have to change all 3. Lemmons, Phil, "A Short History When the program is BRUN, it at­ the documentation of control keys if of the Keyboard," BYTE, Novem­ taches itself to DOS as the input you wanted to use this as a permanent ber, 1982, p. 386. routine. The BASICs (and even the solution on the Apple II. A more perma­ monitor) get input by first calling DOS nent solution is to change the key­ (via the keyboard input pointer]. DOS You may contact Mr. Raines at 2170 board hardware. Wellesley, St. Paul, MN 55105. will then call my routine, which gets a Typing practice probably should not single character via the usual monitor be haphazard. Exercises are usually keyboard input routine. Then it trans­ jSMCRO lates the character to the character that would be at that location on the Typing practice probably should not be haphazard. Dvorak keyboard. This is passed back to DOS and then to the higher-level Excerises are usually devised for practicing a few monitor and BASIC code. The arrow keys still work because that happens new keystrokes at after my translation. The capital letter input is changed time. Concentrate along with the (unshifted) punctuation marks that are interchanged with some on developing a of the letters. This is necessary because the effect of the shift key on most of the good rhythm. Apple II keys is undetectable. However, because the Ctrl key can’t be detected No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 41 UJ TAYLORMADE SOFTWARE TAYLORMADF T he Expanded offering of Educational Software V The ' for the COMMODORE 64 MIDNITE • Touch Typing Tutor (TTT64)...... diskette $24.95 SOFTWARE GAZETTE PAPER cassette $19.95 Ideal for typing students or computer users. Learn to type with all fingers on your computer's keyboard by following the keyboard and A Bi-Monthly Journal of Notes, finger placement pictured on your TV screen. 19 lessons fully de­ scribed in 12-page manual. Select PRACTICE and type computer Reviews and Articles^ generated pseudo words for your rate and list of errors. Select TEXT Five Years of Service to the PEffcommunity and practice English words for timed test of any duration. for the VIC-20 • Touch Typing Tutor 3.0 (TTT5K)...... cassette $19.95 Has same features as TTT64 above. Will run on basic VIC. Four separate programs. Enhanced version now provides practice typing English words. Includes 12-page manual. Selected by Denver Public Schools to train 700 elementary students in keyboard skills. • Fun Fractions (FF + 8K) ...... diskette $24.95 cassette $19.95 The fun way to learn addition, subtraction, multiplication, and divi­ sion of fractions for grades 4-9 with sound, color, and graphics. Watch VIC show you all the intermediate steps on the screen black­ board. Then take a turn and see if you can answer before the parachute jumper crashes. Three levels of difficulty. Help is given for incorrect answers; learn your score. Requires 8K (or more) memory expansion Includes 16-page manuai. Foreign orders payable U.S. dollars plus $3.00 shipping/handling Thejndependent U.S. Magazine for TAYLORMADE SOFTWARE Users of Commodore Brand Computers P.O. Box 5574 Lincoln, NE 68505 war EDITORS: Jim and Ellen Strasma (402) 464-9051 $20 US / YEAR Sample Issue free on request, from: Commodore 64 and VIC-20 are trademarks of Commodore Business Machines. Inc 635 MAPLE, MT. ZION, IL 62549 USA 217/864-5320 TAYLORMADE SOFTWARE • TAYLORMADE £ HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR THE VIC 20 R) & COMMODORE 6 4 R TRIPLE PLAY - Three gafnes that are both fun UNIVERSAL TAPE INTERFACE & DUPLICA­ SOFTWARE and educational. CROSSWORDS (requires at TOR - (Use on the Commodore 64® and VIC 20-). least 8K expansion). CRYPTOSOLVE will help ZAP! - Climbing the corporate ladder could be fun With this device, you can easily load, save or even you solve those cryptic messages with a system­ except for all that falling paperwork. This Hires duplicate tapes with your standard recorder. Full atic computer technique. Included are approxi­ arcade type game allows up to 4 players to 3 LED indication of Data transfer. A reliable way to mately 50 puzzles. Enter your own too. HIDDEN advance through each floor to scale the corporate Load, Save and Duplicate. NOTE: Duplication WORDS will display a matrix of seemingly random ranks. Be careful, it's easy to be ZAPPED! CAR­ requires 2 standard cassette recorders. $49.50 letters on the screen. Included are approximately TRIDGE for VIC 2 0' $ 2 9 .9 5 TYMAC BUFFERED PARALLELCABLE WITH 25 different puzzles. For VIC 20® $29.95 for all 3 DRIVER - For the VIC 20® & Commodore 64®'. ATE-PAK - Eight graphic games on tape with com­ KEYQUEST - Our exciting new Arcade type game This cable assem bly plugs into the USER Port and plete manual to explain gaming techniques. For that takes you through the many levels of an ancient provides a simple and inexpensive way to connect VIC 20s $ 2 4 .9 5 dungeon while gathering treasures and gaining ex­ a PARALLEL Printer to your computer. $29.95 WORD WIZARD FOR THE VIC 2 0 & - (Requires perience points. Monsters, magical keys, and hid­ DRIVER CARTRIDGE FOR VIC 20® Take full at least 8K memory expansion) A user friendly den passages all add to the excitement. ON CAR­ advantage of the capabilities of your Parallel WORD PROCESSOR with optional joystick control. TRIDGE for VIC 20® $ 3 4 .9 5 Printer including full Commodore graphics and Easy edit and string manipulation commands. Full SKETCH PAD & CHAR-GEN - A high resolution formatting. Available for SEIKOSHA, C.ITOH, use of function keys, Delete Word, Search functions drawing program that will allow you to save your OKIDATA, and others. Specify printer. and Full Justification. Use VIC 20® printer, or any pictures to tape. Also included is a character gen­ O N LY $ 2 9 .9 5 Centronics compatible printer connected to the erator that will allow you to design a difference TYMAC “CONNECTION” - A truly intelligent user port. On Tape (supports disk). $ 3 4 .9 5 character for every printable key. On tape for the parallel interface for the VIC 20® and Commodore VIC 20® $ 2 4 .9 5 64®. It will make your printer operate like the BOMBER WORD - A unique graphic word game SPACE BATS * You are one of the defenders of COMMODORE Printer including graphics, text on cartridge that provides this full thrill of arcade Beta Triscalion #5 and must be of high reflex to symbols, tab’s, and virtually every other printer action. Complete with six modes of play options prevent the space bats from destroying the out­ function. Plugs into the serial socket. Available for for added enjoyment. Play against the computer post. Multi-level, high speed graphics. On cartridge most popular parallel printer. $11 9.00 or another player. 6 to adult. For VtC 20® $ 2 9 .9 5 for VIC 20* $ 2 9 .9 5 TIC ATTACK - A fast action arcade game on D’ FUSE - Gather all the tools you’ll need because Cartridge that challenges all of your dexterity. you have been hired to D’FUSE a bomb in the Written in machine language for special audio & abondoned building. High risk, multi-level game to visual effects. Over 100 levels of play. High score frazzel your nerves. On cartridge for VIC 20® indication. For VIC 20® $ 2 9 .9 5 $ 3 4 .9 5 DISTRIBUTING INC. Dealer and Distributor Inquiries Invited 201-636-9027 DOT-A-LO T - As you wander through life collect­ HARDWARE 1324B Route 23, Butler, N.J. 07405 ing Berries,you happen upon some magical fruit. EXPAND-O-RAM * 16K Expansion board for the NOTE: We solicit hardware and software items for the Pick one and the treasures appear, but the Meanies VIC 20€ with reset, memory write protect full VIC 20* and Commodore 64. Royalties, license fees, or are out today looking to spoil your fun. Defeat them memory allocation, plus TWO slots. Can be used outright purchases can be negotiated. Commodore 64:'- and continue on to a higher level. An ever changing as a cartridge development system and also to & VIC 20'* are Registered Trademarks of Commodore maze. CARTRIDGE for the VIC 20* $ 2 9 .9 5 save cartridges to tape or disk $119.00 Business Machines, Inc.

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No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 43 Figure 1: The I/O Selectric Typewriter

£

I n many ways, the IBM Selectric ter­ minal makes an ideal letter-quality The Selectric printer for the home computerist. It produces nice output at a modest price, and it serves double duty as an ex­ cellent electric typewriter for jobs not Word Processor suited to computerization. Adapting the Selectric to the com­ puter is a rewarding task, made even by Louis F. Sander more so by the challenge of making it work with the latest word processing software. Several articles on converting This conversion program uses an IBM Selectric terminal the hardware have appeared, but if they to provide low-cost letter-quality printing to the mention software at all, they provide only a rudimentary text processor. This home computerist. article describes my personal adven­ tures in finding a Selectric printer, converting it for computer use, inter­ facing it to my Commodore PET, and making it work with my full-featured commercial word processing software. With this article and those in the list of references as a guide, the reasonably skillful hardware/software hacker should be able to make a similarly successful conversion. My project began in 1980 when I became obsessed with getting letter- quality output from my computer. At that time the least expensive letter- quality printers cost $2500, and it was rare to find them attached to $895 per­ sonal computers. I wanted to do the job for under $400 or so, so I began in­ vestigating. It didn't take long to find that thousands of IBM Selectric ter­ minals were taken out of service in communications and word processing The I/O Selectric, Interior View systems when the much faster daisy- 44 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 wheel printers came along. What did A group of 24- or 48-volt solenoids described someone else’s solution to take long was to find such a printer that drives the Selectric mechanisms when the same problem (see reference 4). I I could afford. One day my persistence the machine is used as a printer. Seven decided to use my PET's parallel user paid off and I found two Selectric ter­ solenoids are activated in various com­ port as the source of the signals to the minals plus a custom desk for $375 binations to energize the 44 printed printer. Since my Selectric contained total. They seemed to be in good condi­ characters. Other functions, such as 13 solenoids, and the user port has only tion and the price was right, so I bought the space, backspace, shift, return, eight lines, I needed some decoding in them. Within a week I had an offer for etc., are activated by additional single­ my interface. A quirk in the Selectric two more in even better condition for purpose solenoids. In some models the allows six lines to control the seven $200. I bought them, too! space is treated as one of the printing print solenoids, so I used the six low- Two articles in a computer maga­ keys. A surge-suppressing diode is con­ order bits from the user port for this zine and an IBM service manual jsee nected across the coil of each solenoid. purpose. The seventh bit was a control references) got me started on con­ Since I did not want to use my bit, which when high disabled the print verting the Selectric terminals to Selectric's keyboard as a computer solenoids and allowed the others to be microcomputer printers. If you want to device, I disconnected its special controlled by the three low-order bits. I make the conversion yourself, you can mechanisms and devoted all my atten­ have reserved the eighth user port refer to the same sources for the details. tion to the solenoids. IBM used a lot of line for future use when I might decide For many years IBM made several handshaking contacts for timing pur­ to use the Selectric keyboard as an models of a typewriter called the I/O poses. Since I planned to do all my tim­ input device. Selectric, the primary purpose of which ing in software, my approach was to The logic chips in the interface was computer input and output. An remove the existing handshaking con­ ultimately activate a series of tran­ I/O Selectric has additional mechanisms tact of wiring and to run my own leads sistors that connect the cold ends of in­ beneath the keyboard, which allow the to the solenoids of interest. The result dividual solenoids to ground. The hot keys to send electrical signals and was a machine with lots of space and ends are all connected to a 48-volt allow other signals to control the typ­ visibility inside, where before there had power supply, which came with my ing machinery. The extra mechanisms been a rat’s nest of yellow-colored wire. Selectric desk. Figure 2 is a photograph make an I/O Selectric about 5" higher The next step was to design a of the interface, which is built entirely than a standard machine, usually re­ computer-to-Selectric interface — a cir­ of components available at Radio Shack. quiring it to be mounted in a cutout in cuit to let a 5-volt computer port drive Figure 3 is its schematic diagram. its desk. all the 48-volt solenoids. Here again a One perversity of I/O Selectrics magazine article was helpful as it merits special mention — many of Selectric Driver Program (Figure 3 appears on page 47) requires: (Text continues on page 48) PET, IBM I/O Selectric modified and interfaced as described Figure 2: Interface Board Construction

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 45 INTERNATIONAL SAVEON... COMPUTERS • MONITORS PRINTERS • PERIPHERALS •SUPPLIES* STAR MICRONICS GEMINI 10 EPSON FX-80 PRINTER

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Figure 3: Interface Schematic Diagram

------W- FUTURE

— ju4>Q------V W - FUTURE + 5 U7 4- TO 15 LU C1 - L X ALL -ju^O AAV - IC’S o g n d x o GND RETURN -|u5>0------M/V------

U6 BACKSPACE — |u5>0----- VW ------

SPACE — [ u s > 0 -^ V W ------J ^ ~

SHIFT - ---- |u5>0----- W/ ------{ ^ " O 2

UNSHIFT ° ' f — ------o f—cr ■ f — c o R2A ~ ~ j U3 ------W / ------<— E>- CK - v w - > < — ^ > . = E > o Q. R2 CL - w - 5 '<— =E> - c CD CJ ^ r > -MM- — £ > ■

~U2~^- _VW- PA2

► T2 -WA- PA1 :=E>

-MM- PAO ^ ------J u > > - c GND

R1-R16 Q1-Q13

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 47 them must be modified before they can my driver program (see listing 1); it is They also activate the tab and use the standard Selectric typing the product of many months of evolu­ backspace and return solenoids when elements, or 'balls', in the standalone tion and revision, and I feel it is a good called for. When entering text for Selec­ mode. Most of the I/O Selectrics had solution to the problem of optimizing tric typing, I use the 'less than' key to special typing elements, often with all the performance of a Selectric printer. cause a backspace and the 'greater than' capital letters, and the positions of the The major functions of the various sec­ key to initiate a tab. Copy-Writer itself letters on the element were non­ tions of the program are described doesn't have characters for these func­ standard. The major exceptions to this below in the general sequence of tions because they aren’t usually found rule were units used in the old MT/ST their execution. on computer printers. word processors, all of which used Line 0 is a dummy line containing a Lines 340-380 return the carriage standard typing elements. The short ML program (shown in hex dump on the first space at the end of a machines with special elements are and disassembly in listing 2) to printed line. called 'BCD coded' units, while the find the end of the word processor text, Lines 390-440 pause for paper others are known as 'correspondence plus the table that relates the character changing, lines 450-500 ‘pick’ three coded' units. The difference is unim­ codes in text to their Selectric special solenoids, and lines 750-810 allow the temporary suspension of printing for paper adjustment or any other reason. As with any computer application the key to If you have thought about convert­ powerful use of the Selectric printer is software. ing an I/O Selectric for use with your PET, the system described here is proof that it can be done with powerful effect. The same interface and a portant when the computer is driving equivalents,- it also provides several modified driver should be able to be the printer because software can select temporary storage locations used later used with a VIC-20 or Commodore 64, the proper letter, no matter where it is in the program. The 255-character or any Commodore machine having a positioned on the ball. But when you length of this line was achieved by parallel user port. If you would like use the I/O Selectric as a typewriter, changing its link, as described in more detailed information than is BCD-coded keyboards will only work reference 5. presented here, write to me at the with BCD typeballs. Converting a Line 110 is used to activate or 'pick' address below. BCD unit requires you to alter these the print solenoids by POKEing the mechanical connections so the keys appropriate code to the user port for a correspond to positions on standard time determined by the FOR...NEXT References correspondence elements. Although loop. This line is placed early in the 1. Robert M. Weil, "Converting Selec­ the conversion takes several hours of program to reduce its execution time. tric Keyboards from BCD to Cor­ meticulous mechanical work (see Line 100 keeps it from interfering with respondence Code, Part 1,” reference 1), it is well worth the effort. the main loop of the program. Microcomputing, December 1979. As with any computer application, Lines 510-550 initializes the main 2. Robert M. Weil, "Converting Selec­ the key to powerful use of the Selectric program. The ML at 1190 finds the end tric Keyboards from BCD to Cor­ printer is software. I wanted to use my of text, then BASIC initializes a series respondence Code, Part 2, word processor (Copy-Writer from of variables and sets the top of memory Microcomputing, January 1980. CGRS Microtech) with the Selectric, to a point below the text area. 3. IBM Corporation, I/O Selectric Ser­ taking advantage of the best features of Lines 560-740 allow the operator to vice Manual, Part No. 241-5737-0. both. Copy-Writer, like Word Pro and choose his starting point in text and the 4. William F. Pytlik, "An Inexpensive most other word processing programs, number of lines per printed page and to Word Processor,” MICRO #36, stores text in a certain area of memory input the settings of the margins and May 1981. as images of the characters actually ap­ tab stops. These stops are set 5. Louis F. Sander, "A New Technique pearing on the screen. I wrote a Selec­ mechanically on the Selectric then in­ for Mixing BASIC and Machine tric driver program that reads the text, put to the program so it knows where Language," COMPUTE! #24, converts it to the proper Selectric the carriage is positioned. May 1982. character codes, and sends them to the Lines 120-270 work through the printer with the proper timing. Since text in memory, printing the characters the driver and the word processor won’t and returning the carriage at the proper Louis F. Sander lectures on computer fit in memory at the same time, I load points. When the end of text has been subjects for the Special Programs Division of Carlow College. He is the originator of reached, line 270 reloads the main Copy-Writer, use it to load the desired COMPUTER KINDERGARTEN™, a text, then replace Copy-Writer with the word processor program. (My PEDISK computer familiarization course for adults, Selectric driver and start typing. II uses the !RUN command for this pur­ and has written articles for many Because the Selectric has features pose — other disk drives will use computer-related publications. You may contact Mr. Sander at 153 Mayer Drive, that work differently than those on something else.) Pittsburgh, PA 15237. most computer printers (margins, tab Lines 280-330 bypass any word pro­ stops, etc.), the driver program had to cessor format control characters take them into account. The accom­ embedded in the text since the Selec­ panying listing is the latest version of tric has no way to respond to them. (Listings begin on page 50) 48 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 THE PRIME PLOTTER " For the Apple II + /He A comprehensive plotting package to meet the exacting needs for most business, technical, and PIE-CHARTS scientific applications. User Defined: PIE size (horizontal & vertical) • Location • PIE area used • 3-D PIE width • The most powerful, versatile, flexible and complete plotting package ever developed for theUnlimited number of pieces • Unlimited Apple. With data management • statistical analysis • X-Y plotting • PIE Charts • Graphics • overlay of filling methods per piece • 1-4 groups of Slide Show/replay • and much more. pushed and/or exploded pieces. An OPEN-ENDED SYSTEM with built-in capabilities for CUSTOMIZATION and ADD-ON applications. LABELING Two methods, shape table and a special REMARKABLY POWERFUL FEATURES CHECK LIST character generator, provide: Uppercase * In one session, using only THE PRIME PLOT­ General: No limit overlay and/or frames within Lowercase • Small letter • Greek alphabet • TER, you can: Create data files • Perform trend one screen • Multi-screen display of both Scientific symbols • Your own shapes or character analysis and curve fit regressions • Plot the data, the graphics and text • Over 100 colors. set (compatible with the Apple Tool Kit ""sets) • fit or any function/mathematical subroutine • Save Data Management: Convert DIF files • Create Placement in any screen location • 8 different or print any screen at any time • Edit, add or delete data files • Edit, transform, add, or group data directions * Multi-level super and sub script • units and then save the file for ademonstration * sets • Display, save, or print data and statistics. Variable forward-backward spacing • 8 different Over one hundred such replay files, each full of rotations with shapes. charts, can be stored on one disk • Then. . . sit back STATISTICS Designs: Bold ■ Partially bold (horizontal or and watch a step-by-step REPLAY of the whole 1. Curve Fit Regressions: Linear • Logarithmic show. vertical) • Double size • Double bold • Inverse • Exponential • Geometric • Inverse • Inverse type and double width, or double height Log • Spillman • Nth Order. characters with the character generator • Additional HOW DOES IT WORK? 2. Trend Analysis: Averaging • Moving Average 20 unique typeset designs. The Prime Plotter is a modular system where • Smoothing • Growth Rate • Frequency & Automatic label generationand placement with each of its elements, such as the statistics, the Cumulative histograms • Logistic curve. plotting routines, and the character sets, can be justification, prefix and suffix • Centering or 3. Normal • Gamma • Chi-square replaced by another module. Thus, the base system Distributions: plotting at predefined locations * Manual placement tests and contingency table analysis. can continuously be extended and enhanced by of several labels in one operation • Expression, add-on modules. In Addition: User defined functions and sub­ keyboard cursor, or paddles/joystick inputs. routines • Basic stats on any data set (sum, mean, EASE OF USE S.D. etc.) • Customized Modules (see below). GRAPHIC UTILITIES The Prime Plotter is a menu-driven system • Inverse/invert, fill, or frame areas, even copy to Default parameters are displayed and can be X -Y C H A R T S another area • Free-draw of lines and shapes. changed before each step • Simple and easily Options: Data/fit • Log scale • HI-LO • Error learned terminology • Prompts with legal range for bars • Axis of origin • User defined parameters SLIDE SHOW/REPLAY each input * Value or expression input • for frame, axes, tic marks, grids, labels and graph types. Review your work at any time, stop at any moment Excellent error handling • Optional inverse and print the image or save it to disk. With this cursor with top-bottom/left-right scrolling. Graph types & Parameters: Over 20 symbols power, you can design unique multi-screen for scatter • Variable line thickness • Dotted line presentations of graphs, titles, data display and EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION with variable increments • Variable step for area fill stats. Switch between the hi-res and the text A comprehensive manual with step-by-step tutorial • Bars with variable width and 6 filling methods in screens, insert delays, plan an erase, or replot and samples to ignite your creativity • A reference 15 steps • 3-D bars, or 3-D area fill in 4 direc­ mode, and store the whole show in a fraction of the card • Demo files • Continuous support with a tions, variable width and filling step • Up to 15 usually required space. You can also compress free subscription to our user newsletter and multiple bars on same tic mark * 1 0 different images for quick load (instead of redraw) and even periodic new add-on Modules (see below). figures for unique figure charts. chain files for an hour-long show.

PLOTTER INTERFACES XTZ 8ALE 8 BARS An Add-on disk allows production of high quality outputs with a pen <»’99e>___ 4 . 7 1 plotter. Any replay file created with the program can be sent to a user S.2J3 . 7 * 7.0 X defined area on paper. Multiple screens can be easily plotted on one 7 . 2 * 7 . 3 * page. The user can define plot size, pen selection, and directly access 0 . 3 J 9.ex any of the plotter built-in commands. 10.329.as 1 1 .4X 12 .9X COMING SOON • PLOTTING MODULES: 3-D • Mapping • Organizational charts THE X A X IS • THE PRIME TYPESETTER m: For the creation and management A Gamma F i t of shape tables, character sets, figures, typesetting designs, and ill i:i; much more. >•9U S ?0 .3: i * i i;I ss; 200 1 0.J* • Customized statistical modules can be ordered for a nominal fee. aa>229 il.ai.11.4* o CLOSING PRICE I HICH FIGURE CHART CHARACTER SET XYZ COMPANY j VOLUME | LOU I "fill'O **.-./ —t200 01234567fl9'i<=>?i CNJ-. ASCDtFCHI JKLHNOPORSTUVWXYZ <*bed« iQh ijK I u n o p q rs lu v u x y z i b i f A 50 100 150 200 250 SYMBOLS TIME SPENT < fl I NUT ES ) • * • 000*4 • x» a - vOOO* 'V '*4* SHALL LETTERS ABCOCFQMIJKLHNOPOH5TJVUXYZ Requires: Apple II + with 16K card in slot O, or Apple lie • DOS 3.3 • At least CREEK ALPHABET one disk drive • B&W or color monitor • A Printer and /or a plotter • A graphic interface card such at the Grappler'mor Pkaso'm is recommended.

The Prime Plotter $240 Plotter interfaces: SWEET-P 100 $ 60 STROBE 100/200 $ 60 HP 7 470A /H P 7220C $ 75 HIPL0T DMP-40/DMP-29 $ 75 A demo disk $ 15 To order, or for more information, see your dealer or contact: PRIMESOFT CORP. P.O. Box 40, Cabin John, MD. 20818 Phone: (301) 229-4229: Jan Feb liar Personal checks, Visa, MasterCard, or Choice accepted. FIRST QUARTER • 1983 Dealers: call/write for a dealer kit.

Apple, and Apple Tool Kit are trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc Grappler is a trademark of Orange Micro Inc Pkaso is a trademark of Interactive Structures, Inc HP 7470A /7220C are products o< Hewlett-Packard. Sweet-Pis producl

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(More listings on page 52)

50 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 o 6 -Ags 1983 -August 63 No. □ APPLE □ EAGLE □ IBM, PC □ NORTHSTAR □ TRS-80 II 8” □ OSBORNE □ FRANKLIN □ STANDARD CP/M 8’ CP/M STANDARD □ FRANKLIN □ OSBORNE □ 8” II TRS-80 □ NORTHSTAR □ IBM, PC □ EAGLE □ APPLE □

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE □ MAILING □ SPELLING □ COMMUNICATIONS □ REAL ESTATE just for available □ software TAXES popular most the RENT now can You □ STOCK MARKET □ INVENTORIES M HEATH/ZENITH 89 8” DCTOA □ACUT EEVBE WR POESR^ AA AE□ AGAE □GRAPHICSC LANGUAGES BASES□ DATA PROCESSORS^ DWORD RECEIVABLE ACCOUNTS □ EDUCATIONAL Plus‘ postase and handling °"FreeCALL T° " R R O C R E T U P M O C D E T I N U QOO . y r a r b i L a t n e R e r a w t f o S Ca ifornia a i n r o f i a C , y t i C r e v u C r. c~ BEFORE YOU BUY! Thereare now 2 different plans to choosefrom: o n l y 2 0 - 2 5 % o f MJ o f r i s n . S t h u e g G g a m . R e e G r t o a u i p l ,P $ 2 r 5 i . 0 c 0 e p . e * r y e a r o mmeitl re, rfr oe information: more for or Order, ediately m Im To a n dr e n t a sm a n y g a m e s a s y o ul i k e f o r ^ pr • r p ^ I n j. i i ln C alifornia CALL CALL alifornia C ln i i j. n RENT SOFTWARE REMEMBER, THESE ARE NOT DEMOS, BUT ORIGINAL BUT DEMOS, NOT THESEREMEMBER,ARE ( c o m p l e t e w i t hm a n u a l si no r i s i n a lm a n u f a c t u r e r sp ' a c k a g e s ) 100%• of rental fee applies toward purchase • R• e n t a l s a r e f o r 7 - d a y All• s ( purchases p l u s 3 d a y s are g r a 20% c e f Off oE• r r l e iof m t uManufacturer’s i r n n a t e t h er i s k — r e n t f i r s t ! SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER SPECIALINTRODUCTORY shipping) S u g g e s t e dL i s t NETITD OTAE PROGRAMS UNRESTRICTED SOFTWARE 25%* of * % Manufacturers’ 5 -2 0 2 Retail Price RENTAL LIBRARY SOFTWARE Minimum order, 3 same rentals order, Minimum 1 CanadianOrders Welcome In L A . County CALL CALL County . A L In rm our from MICRO

J o i nt h eB u s i n e s sG r o u p$ , 5 0 . 0 0p e r tion programs as you like for only 2 0 - 2 5 % o f M f r s .y S e a u r g a g n . d R r e e n t a t i a l P s r m i c e a n * y b u s i n e s s a p p l i c a ­

1-213 823*4400 1-800 992-8888

RI AN IC ER M A EXPRESS ------

n n A A

□ □ g m O o to oo Z ~ r > n m £ □ □ □ □ 51 3 7 m Z m a 50 O'Listing 2: Driver Program Dummy Line Listing 3

0 4 mu 0 0 00 05 0U 00 8F 73 19 B# 0408 22 1R IE 16 38 3C 26 11 PC I EG SB HU W T' Tl 0410 28 12 2E 30 32 20 14 10 1059 12E S 30 10 I t 1 0 0 F t 04 18 ID 25 2R 3ft 39 21 3E 24 0420 2E: 7F C3 3F Cl Cl 43 29 0428 55 7B 6F 57 5F 15 63 67 0430 5B 70 18 31 2C 27 2E 04 hi 6 A0 0.1 L..DV #$01 0438 3B 2F 17 13 IF IB 0408 88 DEV 0440 5C 1C C2 30 C0 6 c FF 59 04 ft 9 84 0;L STV $01 044S 62 5 ft 5E 56 78 7C 66 51 04fiB H9 77’ LDR #*77 0450 t*3 52 6E 7D 72 60 54 50 G4 FID 85 02 STR *02 0458 50 65 6ft 7R 7 9 61 7E 64 04 RF A0 F8 LDV #*F8 0460 6B 60 60 6U FF FF FF FF - r 04B1 B1 01 LDR * 0 1 t FF FF FF 0468 FF FF FF FF FF . 04B3 C9 20 Ct'1P #*20 0470 FF C4 FF FF FF FF FF FF - , 04B5 00 00 BHE *04*1-4 0478 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF . , 04B7 DEV 04 80 C5 FF FF FF FF FF 32 2B . r 04B8 C0 FF CF'V #*FF 0488 30 4E SB 5R 64 6E F5 BHE *04B 1 0490 SC 9B 9B SBSB 72 ER ER 04-Bft 00 U498 EH ER ER ER ER Eft Eft ER 04BC C6 02 DEC *02 0400 ER ER ER ER ER ER R0 01 . 04 BE fl5 02 LDR *02 0408 88 84 01 R9 77 85 02 RG 04 Cm C9 35 CMP #*35 04 B0 F 8 B1 01 0 3 20 00 0D 88 04 C2 D0 ED BHE *0481 G4B8 CG FF D0 F5 C6 02 R5 02 04C4 84 0 1 STV *01 04C0 C9 35 P0 ED 84 01 60 Eft 04C6 60 RTS 04C8 ER ER ER ER EH Eft ER ER 0400 ER ER ER ER ER ER ER ER 04D8 ER ER Eft ER ER ER ER ER 04E0 ER ER ER ER Eft ER ER ER 04 E 8 ER ER ER ER Eft ER ER ER 04F0 ER ER ER ER Eft ER ER ER 04F8 Eft ER Eft 92 OS 0B 0E 00

JMCRO

NEW S FLASH!

IN T E R E S T IN G S O F TW A R E AUG UST 1983

GRAFDOS NOW As an added bonus, GRAFDOS PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT PEN P.A.L. HELPS AVAILABLE FOR CBM-64 includes the M IN I-M O N , a powerful WITH ATTRACTIVE DUST COVERS! PROGRAMMERS machine language monitor and mini­ A fter investing several hundred dollars P .A .L .. which stands for Program­ After a year o f development. G RAF­ assembler with 20 commands! (See in a computer or disk drive, protect it mers Aids and Logs, is a perfect comple­ DOS, an enhanced new disk operating description below.) from harmful dust or liquid spills. Dust ment with the Users and Reference system w ill make life easier for The disk also comes with sample covers are made o f durable, water resis­ manuals. It provides 95 pages o f color thousands o f disk owners. No longer do tant, brown canvas. coded tear-out worksheets including: you have to use the cumbersome wedge, programs and demos including a music GRAFDOS provides over 40 new com­ generator! For computer or disk ...... $7.95 REFERENCE charts mands for both DOS and BASIC. Below This is a DOS that every CBM-64 Old style datasette ...... $5.95 CHARACTER worksheets is a list o f new commands: owner should have on every disk! New style datasette ...... $5.95 SCREEN layouts EZ GRAPH graphic aids DOS COMMANDS ORDER NOW! ONLY ...... $39.95 MORE BOOKS BECOME FLOW CHARTING aids LOAD'Tile name" CATalog AVAILABLE FOR VIC-20 TRICKS AND HINTS SAVE'Tilename" INIT Our selection o f books is becoming TAPE CASSETTE log book RUN’Tilename" W ATCH larger with special discounts for our cus- BASIC dictionary BLOAD'Tilename'' OFF tom ers! OUR This is sure to become a MUST item MINI-MONITOR BSAVE"filename" STAT LIST PRICE for every programmer. Regularly $9.95, KIDS AND THE VIC 19 95 15 95 RENAME CHAIN NOT SO MINI! our price is only $7.95. VIC 20 USERS GUIDE 15.95 11 95 DELETE VIC GRAPHICS 12 95 9.95 A powerful machine code monitor VIC REVEALED 12 95 9.95 STELLAR TRIUMPH BASIC COMMANDS - HIRES which is not so mini has 20 commands STIMULATING A great new. all machine code game is SIMULATIONS 6 50 4.95 PLOT FLIP to: now available for your CBM-64 1 SPEAK 8 ASIC HGR WCHAR Disassemble 6502 code TO MY VIC 8.45 f> 75 Features exciting hires color graphics SCREEN DRAW Examine memory and spectacular sound effects. A two ALT COPY Text dump SUPER FAST GAMES FOR player game with many variations such NORM PIC Move memory THE VIC 20 as reverse gravity, bounce back, speed PSAVE control, and more. Prepare yourself into Hunt memory for a string New aliens have been found invading thousands of VIC's. They come in all an all-out space battle. LORES Fill memory with any byte shapes and sizes terrorizing VIC owners From H .A .L Labs LGR HLIN HEX - DEC conversion everywhere. Now. you too. can shoot it tape or disk ...... $24.95 LCOL VLIN Edit code out with these menaces! LPLOT Mini-assembler OUR LIST PRICE Switch kemal to RAM SCORPION can. 39.95 29.95 INTERESTING SOFTWARE MISC. COMMANDS Switch BASIC to RAM DEADLY SKIES can 39.95 29 95 21101 S. Harvard 8 lvd. KEY VTAB The only thing mini in this monitor is COLD FEVER can 39 95 29 95 Torrance. CA 90501 CRATER RAIDER can. 34.95 26.95 SOUNDHTAB (213) 328-9422 the price! VIC-20 version requires 8K CYCLON can. 34 95 26.95 HOME HIMEM expansion. SIDEWINDER 8K cas.s. 29.95 19.95 TRAP Visa/MC/Check/Money Order - Add $2.00 SPEED SWARM cass 29.95 19.95 CA residents add 6’/2% sales tax. TEXT EXIT Cassette ...... $15.95 GALACTIC BLITZ cass. 24.95 16.95 BASICCTRL-G Disk ...... $19.95 QUACKERS cass 15 95 1 1.95 Dealer inquiries invited.

52 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Products for Commodore, Atari, Apple, and others!

THE MONKEY WRENCH II A PROGRAMMERS AID FOR ATARI 800 VIC RABBIT CARTRIDGE NEW AND IMPROVED - 18 COMMANDS AND CBM 64 RABBIT CARTRIDGE PLUGS INTO RIGHT CARTRIDGE SLOT NEW FEATURE!

If you are a person who likes to monkey around with DATA FILES! the ATARI 800, then THE M ONKEY W RENCH II is “High Speed for you!! Make your programming tasks easier, less time-consuming and more fun. Why spend extra Cassette hours working on a BASIC program when the Load and Save!” M ONKEY W RENCH can do it for you in seconds. It can also make backup copies of boot type $39.95 cassette programs. Plugs into the right slot and (includes cartridge for VIC works with ATARI BASIC cartridge. and manual) The MONKEY WRENCH provides 16 direct mode Don’t waste your Life away waiting to LOAD commands. They are: AUTO LINE NUMBERING — Pro­ vides new line numbers when entering BASIC program and SAVE programs on Cassette Deck. lines. RENUMBER — Renumbers BASIC's line numbers Load or Save 8K in approximately 30 seconds! including internal references. DELETE LINE NUMBERS $59.95 — Removes a range BASIC line numbers. Try it—your Un-Rabbitized VIC or 64 takes VARIABLES — Display all BASIC variables and their current value. Scrolling — Use the almost 3 minutes. It's not only fast but VERY START & SELECT keys to display BASIC lines automatically. Scroll up or down BASIC pro­ RELIABLE. gram. FIND STRING — Find every occurrence of a string, XCHANGE STRING — Find every occurrence of a string and replace it with another string. MOVE LINES — Move lines from Almost as fast as 1541 Disk Drive! Don’t be fool­ one part of program to another part of program. COPY LINES — Copy lines from one part ish — Why buy the disk when you can get the of program to another part of program. FORMATTED LIST — Print BASIC program in special line format and automatic page numbering. DISK DIRECTORY — Display Disk Rabbit for much, much less! Directory. CHANGE MARGINS — Provides the capability to easily change the screen margins. MEMORY TEST — Provides the capability to test RAM memory. CURSOR Allows one to APPEND Basic Programs! EXCHANGE — Allows usage of the cursor keys without holding down the CTRL key. Easy to install — just plugs in. UPPER CASE LOCK — Keeps the computer in the upper case character set. HEX CON­ Expansion Connector on rearoftheVIC Rabbit. VERSION - Converts a hexadecimal number to a decimal number. DECIMAL CONVER­ SION - Converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number. MONITOR — Enter the Works with or without Expansion Memory. machine language monitor. Works with VIC or 64 Cassette Deck. In addition to the BASIC commands, the Monkey Wrench also contains a machine 12 Commands provide other neat features. language monitor with 16 commands used to interact with the powerful features of the 6502 microprocessor. Fast Data Files - two data file modes. Also Available for 2001, 4001, and 8032. PET BASIC SCROLL PROGRAM More than just an Assembler/Editor! D2 BELL = 12 3000 10 14 36 It's a 65C02 MAE Professionally Same as our M AE but enhanced for the new Don't settle for non-standard Communications Protocol! Designed Access Micro Net. Source. Bulletin Boards. Local Main­ 65C02 Opcodes. Turns your computer into a frame, etc. development system for the new R O C K W ELL Software * Complete Package - includes RS232 Inter­ 65C02 Microprocessor. $200.00 — Specify Development face Board and software (does not include C o m p u te r. System modem) * Communicates in Industry Standard ASCII * Upload/Download to/from Disk 6800 CROSS ASSEMBLER A Cross Assembler based on the M AE that * Automatic File Translation Blast off with the software used on the space * Can be controlled from keyboard or user sup­ runs on the PET, Apple, or Atari but assembles plied basic or machine language program opcodes for the Motorola 6800 microproces­ shuttle project! • Designed to improve Programmer Productivity Specify 3.0 or 4.0 ROMS or 8032 Commodore Computer sor. Turns your computer into a development h • S im ilar sy n tax a n d c o m m a n d s — N o n e e d to rele arn 4040 or 8050 or PEDISK M Disk or CBM64 on 1541. system for the Motorola 6800 Microprocessor. peculiar syntaxes and commands when you go $200.00 — Specify Computer. U om P E T to A P P L E lo ATARI Price: $129.95 • Coresident Assembler/Editor — No need to load ATARI and VIC Cartridges the Editor then the Assembler then the Editor, eic • Also includes Word Processor. Relocating Loader, ATARI AND PET EH S can supply large quantities of ATARI and and much more EPROM PROGRAMMER VIC Cartridges for software developers. If you • Options- EPROM Programmer, unimplemented need cartridges, call for pricing. opcode circuitry j J T • STILL NOT CONVINCED. Send for Iree spec sheet! Programs 2716 and 2532 ------EP R O M s. Includes hardware TRAP 65 5% INCH SOFT and software. PET = $75.00 — TRAP 65 is a hardware device that plugs into your 6502's socket Prevents SECTORED DISKETTES A TA R I (includes sophisticated execution of unimplemented opcodes and provides capability to extend the Highest quality. We use them on machine language monitor) = m achines' instruction set. our PETs, APPLEs, ATARIs, and other $119.95 For PET/APPLE/SYM Reduced from $149.95 to $69 95 computers. $22.50110 or $44.50/20

Prowriter Printer • Excellent dot matrix print parallel =call DC Hayes Smart Modem = $235 00 I Rana Disk Drive - 375 EPROMS 2716 = $4.50 2532 = $7.50 Serial = Call IEEE = Call DC Hayes Micro Modem II = $289 00 I 4 Drive Controller - 114 Over 40 Commodore Programs by Baker (on 4040) = $25.00

3239 Linda Dr. T e r n Winston-Salem. N.C. 27106 (919)924-2889 (919)748-8446 u s e 1 Send for free catalog!

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 53 If © 1 How M uch * Is It Worth? $

Computing the Net Present Value of an Investment

by Brian J. Flynn

months, yields approximately $1.1556 at the end of one year [$1 x (1 +0.15/2)2 ~ Computation of net present value is an important $1.1556], While the nominal interest consideration; costs and benefits occur in the future as rate is 15.00%, the effective rate is well as the present because money has value over time. about 15.56%. Discounting is the antithesis of compounding. Hence, $5 invested to­ C onsumers, government mana­ Today's dollars are translated into day at 15% interest, compounded an­ gers, and corporate men and tomorrow's by compounding the rate of nually, yields $5.75 in one year, and women often face the dilemma interest. Conversely, tomorrow's are $5.75 in one year is worth $5 today of how best to spend scarce resources. converted into today's by discounting. ($5.75/1.15 = $5). The first process in­ Resolution of this problem entails Each operation is the inverse of the volves compounding and the second evaluating alternatives whose costs and other. Let's first discuss compounding. discounting, as figure 2 shows. Simi­ benefits occur in the future as well as Five dollars f$5.00) invested at 15% in­ larly, $50 two years from now is worth the present. terest per annum, compounded once a about $37.81 today ($50/1.152£$37.81). A consumer who wants to buy a year, yields $5.75 at the end of 12 And the present value of $100 in "n " new car, for example, may tally the months ($5+ $5x0.15 = $5x1.15 years is $100/1.15n. Following this costs of three models, each with a dif­ = $5.75). And as figure 1 shows, the logic, the formula for computing the ferent sticker price and recurring cost $5.00 investment doubles in value after net present value of an investment, of operation. Differences in recurring about five years ($5 x 1.155£$10). In­ with interest compounded annually costs may be due to differences in fuel terest need not be compounded just and with dollars spent or received at efficiency (miles per gallon), price of once a year, however. In fact, it may be the end of each period, is: insurance, and frequency of repair. compounded any number of times, as R, Since costs are partly incurred in the table 1 shows. But when interest is Net Present Value = FL + + future and since money is valuable over compounded more than once a year, ( 1 +r)

time, computation of net present nominal and effective interest rates dif­ + values is desirable. Net present value is fer. For example, $1.00 invested at 15% (1 + r)2 (1 + r)n the amount of money needed today to interest, compounded every six generate a future cash flow. This article explains net present value in more Figure 1 detail, and gives an example of its use, $5 Invested at 15% Interest Per Annum, applying the BASIC program listed here. Compounded Yearly $10.06 Net Present Value $8.75 Almost no one in today’s economy $7.60 would willingly part with $1,000 in $6.61 return for merely $1,000 a year hence. This is because inflation would $5.75 diminish the purchasing power of the $5.00 $1,000 and because this sum, properly invested, would likely produce a "real" return, or a yield above and beyond the rate of inflation. Hence, a person might lend $1,000 for one year only if promised $1,000 plus 15% in­ terest at the end of the period. It is this rate of interest that links money today Year 0 and tomorrow. 54 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Relationship Between Compounding and Discounting ($5 invested at 15% interest per annum, compounded yearly) Each system, consisting of a CPU, Compounding ($5.00 x 1.15 = $5.75) video screen, disk drive, printer, and software, is expected to last five years, with no salvage value. System A costs $1500 but should save $3000 over its life (net saving = $1500). System B, on the other hand, costs $2000 but saves $3450 over five years (net saving = $1450). Since A saves more, do you purchase it instead of B? Since money has value over time, you can always put your money into government bonds and earn about 15% per annum. Hence, you should decide which system to buy by comparing net present values. With r = 15%, and with interest compounded once a year, the net present value of system A is:

R0 is initial net revenue (revenue minus Your estimates of costs and benefits of $ 5 0 $ 1 5 0 $ 5 0 0 ■$1500 + + ----- + cost) of the proposed project, and is two alternative systems are: 1.15 1.152 1.153 always either zero or a negative $1000 $ 1 3 0 0 number. This is because building a new Estimated Net Revenue $204 factory, for example, involves an im­ 1 .1 5 4 1 .1 5 s mediate expenditure (cost of construc­ System System tion) but yields no immediate return. Similarly, the net present value of B Year Year A B Next, Rj through Rn are the annual net A B is approximately $275. Therefore com­ 0 $1500 $2000 3 $ 500 $700 revenues expected during the invest­ 1 50 600 4 1000 750 puter B is the better buy. ment's life. Finally, r is the interest or 2 150 650 5 1300 750 (Continued on next page) discount rate, and n is the number of years in the cash flow. If we decide to discount interest Table 1: Future worth of $5 invested at 15% interest per annum, twice instead of once a year, the for­ compounded with varying frequency mula changes to: R, Future Worth of the investment, Net Present Value R0 + Interest Compounded: (1 + Vzr)2* 1

____ R End + of Semi­ 2 x 2 (1 + 1/2 r) (1 + Vi r)2 Year annually Quarterly Monthly Continuously

Similarly, when quarterly discounting 1 $5.78 $5.79 $ 5.80 $5.81 is desired, r is divided by 4 and the ex­ 2 6.68 6.71 6.74 6.75 ponent becomes 4 multiplied by the ap­ 3 7.72 7.78 7.82 7.84 propriate year. The computer program 4 8.92 9.01 9.08 9.11 lets you use any frequency of discount­ 5 10.31 10.44 10.54 10.58 ing that you want. But what discount rate (r) is ap­ propriate? Theoretically, the "correct" Notes: 1. Future worth of an investment = $ x (1 + j-) ,x t, where discount rate is the opportunity cost of P the investment, or the next best $P = the principal available rate of return. But opportun­ r = rate of interest, in decimal form ity cost is difficult to measure, and f = frequency of compounding varies from firm to firm and from t = year “t” private to public sector. In the private sector, a measure of a firm's cost of For example, with quarterly compounding of interest, $5 at the end capital is probably a good approxima­ of five years is worth: tion for r. $5 x (1 + -2 ^ $10.44 An Example 2. When interest is compounded continuously, future worth equals Let's say you want to buy a lim $P x (1 4 - f ) IX, = $ Per** microcomputer system to reduce number crunching in your shoe store. 55 No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO HO 1 Listing 1 2160 PRINT"H0W MANY TIMES WITHIN EACH": 10 REM Computing the Net Present Value of an investment. PRINT"PERIOD SHOULD INTEREST BE": 20 REM Brian J. Flynn — 1 July 1981 INPUT "DISCOUNTED ";F 30 REM Copyright (C) 1983 by MICRO Ink 2170 RETURN 40 REM P.O. Box 6502, Amherst, NH 03031 3000 GOSUB 6000 50 GOSUB 2000 REM Print heading and enter parameters 3010 BK$=" " : REM 35 Spaces 60 GOSUB 3000 REM Enter data 3020 PRINT"PLEASE ENTER EXPECTED NET": 70 GOSUB 4000 REM Compute Net Present Value PRINT"REVENUE (REVENUE MINUS COST) IN" 80 GOSUB 5000 REM Print results 3030 PRINT"EACH PERIOD" 90 END 3040 FOR I = 1 TO N 1000 REM CD$ = YES or NO for continuous discounting of interest 3050 II = 204 :GOSUB 7000 1010 REM DF = Discount factor 3060 II = 192 :GOSUB 7010 1020 REM DN = Denominator of the first period term in NPV formula 3080 INPUT N$ :R(I) = VAL(N$) 1030 REM E = 2.71828 3090 NEXT I :RETURN 1040 REM F = Frequency of discounting per period 4000 NPV = R(0) 1050 REM N = Number of periods in the cash flov 4010 E = 2.71828183 1060 REM NPV = Net Present Value 4020 R = R/100 1070 REM R = Interest (Discount) rate 4030 IF CD$ = "Y" THEN DN = EtR :G0T0 4050 1080 REM R() = Vector of net revenues 4040 DN = (1 + R/F)tF 2000 GOSUB 6000 4050 DF = DN 2010 REM Heading 4060 FOR I = 1 TO N 2020 PRINT'THIS PROGRAM COMPUTES THE NET": 4070 NPV = NPV + R(I)/DF PRINT'PRESENT VALUE OF AN INVESTMENT." 4100 DF = DF#DN 2030 PRINT"NET PRESENT VALUE IS THE AMOUNT": 4110'NEXT : RETURN PRINT"0F DOLLARS TODAY WHICH WILL" 5000 GOSUB 6000 :PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT 2040 PRINT"GENERATE A FUTURE CASH FLOW,1': 5010 NPV = INT( (NPV + .0005)*1000)/1000 PRINT"USING PREASSIGNED INTEREST RATE." 5020 PRINT"NET PRESENT VALUE = ";NPV 2050 REM Length of cash flow 5030 PRINT:RETURN 2060 PRINT "HOW MANY PERIODS ARE IN YOUR": 6000 CIS : RETURN INPUT"CASH FLOW "j^DIMRtN) 7000 PRINT6II,BK$: RETURN 2070 PRINT:REM Interest rate 7010 PRINTgll/'PERIOD #"I;" :RETUHN 2080 PRINT"VHAT NOMINAL INTEREST RATE (IN": PRINT"PERCENT FORM) WOULD YOU LIKE TO" 2090 INPUT "USE (E.G. 10 = 10$) ";R Mr Fhnn has ,in M \ in cdMiuriii.'- Hum 2100 GOSUB 6000 Virginia Polytechnic Institute 2110 REM Frequency of discounting and a Ph D in economctrics from 2120 PRINT"IN COMPUTING THE NET PRESENT": PRINT"VALUE OF YOUR CASH FLOW/' Georgetown University. He is 2130 PRINT"INTEREST IS DISCOUNTED WITH ANY": rmplovL'd .is j i i iipcruiHTis nm - k h PRINT"FREQUENCY PER PERIOD YOU DESIRE." an.il' -»r with rhc Pcp.iiunrr.t ui Ldefense. 2140 PRINT "WOULD YOU LIKE CONTINUOUS": You may contact Mr. Flynn at ] 704 INPUT'DISCOUNTING (Y/N) ff;CD$ Drewlaine Dr., Vienna, VA 21180. 2150 PRINT:IF CD$="Y"THEN 2170 JMCftO

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No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 57 A Machine Code

String A rray Sort

for OSI

by John Rippon

ment statements on lines 1050 and This machine-language program sorts the members of a 1060 each cause a string to be added to the string storage area in RAM. If N is string array into alphabetical order In far less time than too large, the number of swaps needed would be needed using BASIC. will cause the available string storage area to be filled; the now well documented garbage collector string ar­ A routine called for in a number of third, and so forth. After the last pair ray bug in the Microsoft BASIC-IN- my programs sorts students' has been checked the process is ROM will be encountered. Unless you names into alphabetical order. repeated from the first and second have made one of the software or firm­ The task of putting strings into strings again. One less string needs ware modifications to eradicate the bug alphabetical order can, of course, be checking on each successive pass it will indicate its presence by a con­ tackled in many ways. If the strings are through the list since the last string of tinual flicker of the video screen at stored in a BASIC program as members each pass is placed in its correct posi­ about 1 Yi second intervals while it goes of a string array then you may choose tion. Eventually all strings will be in around an endless loop looking, un­ either to rearrange the string array correct order. For N strings, the successfully, for places to relocate your directly, or to create a pointer array, number of passes through these suc­ strings. In practice, I found about 40-50 additional to the* string array. The cessively diminishing loops before the strings with an average length of 15 successive members of the pointer ar­ order is correct is N-l in the worst case. characters to be the upper limit on ray are integers corresponding to the In this case the last string has to bubble my 16K RAM machine before running string array subscripts when the strings its way, one place at each pass, up to into trouble. are placed in alphabetical order. The the top of the list. (Some increase in two methods are illustrated in figure 1. efficiency can be made if the order of String Vector Swaps Which method is used will depend checking the strings is reversed on on the exact application. The machine alternate passes.) Since we are not creating any new code routine described here is a direct In BASIC, the string bubble sort strings but rather just swapping the sort and uses the rather inefficient, but routine looks like listing 2. order of the existing ones, adding fur­ easily understood, bubble sorting This method is fine, in theory, but ther strings to RAM, as described technique. It is called in a BASIC pro­ two major difficulties arise when using above, is redundant in a bubble sort gram by the USR function. such a program on the C1P. First, the routine. In O.S.I. BASIC every string number of swaps required to sort a ran­ array element has a 4-byte pointer that Bubble Sort domly distributed list of N strings is ap­ contains information on the length of proximately proportional to N squared the string and the address in RAM at The bubble sort compares adjacent so that, as the number of strings is in­ which the string is stored. Thus, pairs of strings and swaps pairs in the creased, the time required to make the whenever two strings require swapping wrong order. The first and second sort may become inconveniently long. all you need to do is swap their two strings are compared and swapped if Second, and more important, everytime a 4-byte pointers. While such a swap necessary, followed by the second and string swap is made the three assign- routine could be written in BASIC, the 58 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 high-speed nature of machine-code operation makes the latter mode of pro­ Array Sort at $2CB to $2DB. If the incremented gramming a better idea. Listing 1 requires: count is not equal to N the program shows the machine code bubble sort branches in two steps back to $24B routine, which easily fits into the OSI-CIP with BASIC in ROM where the swap flag is cleared and the unused page 2 area of RAM in the CIP. main loop is re-entered. The routine is called within a BASIC program by the statement String Comparisons S = USR(N), where N is the variable $AE,$AF - contains number of standing for the number of strings to be strings, N, in fixed-point Whether or not two strings require sorted, and S returns the number of format swapping is, of course, determined by passes through the list for the sort to First, the value of N is transferred to comparison of correspondingly posi­ be completed. $AE, $AF by the INVAR subroutine tioned characters in each string - start­ To keep the routine as short as poss­ called at $240. At addresses $243 to ing from the left-hand end. If, however, ible its use is limited to sorting one array $254 the pass count and string count two strings are identical up to and in­ in any one BASIC program. This array is are set to unity and the swap flag is cluding the right-hand end character of identified by inserting an appropriate cleared. $255 to $260 takes the Variable the shorter of the two strings, then it is DIM statement ahead of any other End Pointer ($7D $7E), adds ten to it generally agreed that the longer string is array reference in the BASIC program. and stores the resulting address in placed after the shorter one in an The strings to be sorted must have $28,$29- (high byte in $29). alphabetical list. Thus, for example subscripts 1 to N inclusively. The Provided the array to be sorted is the "CA T1' comes ahead of "CATWALK.” machine code is position independent. first encountered in the BASIC program At $261 to $26A the two current the address in $28 $29 at this point will string pointers are transferred to $31-37 How It Works be one less than the address of the (One byte in each pointer is a null and string pointer for A$( 1] - the first string one of these is not transferred). The The routine bears a close analogy to to be examined. After string com­ length of the shorter string is trans­ the BASIC program in listing 2. parison and swapping, this address is ferred to the X-Register at $26B to $272. The zero-page locations used in the increased by four at $29D to $2A7 to Comparison of the string character routine are: point to one less than the string pointer pairs is made at $273 to $278. The $24,$25 - pass count, analogous to I in for A$(2) and etc. swapping of the two pointers is made at listing 2. At $2A8 to $2BE the value of N-I-J is $279 to $28E together with the setting $26,$27- string count, corresponds to J calculated. When this value is found to of the swap flag. After swapping, the $28,$29- contains the address minus be zero, i.e. J = N -I, the main loop is program branches to $29D again for the one of the current string exited by a branch to $2C7. next string pair. pointer At $2C7 the swap flag is checked If it is necessary to move on to the $2E - swap flag. 00 = no swaps, FF and, if no swaps were made, the current next character-pair comparison the = swap made in last pass value of the pass count, I, is transferred BNE's at $28F to $292 are ignored and $31 to $37 - the pointers for the current back to BASIC via the OUTVAR sub­ at $293 to $296 the character index [Y) pair of strings being com­ routine ($2DC to $2E2). If the swap flag is incremented. If the end of a string pared are stored in these is set, the string count, J, is incre­ has not been reached, the program locations mented and then compared with N branches back to $273 for the next character-pair check. Finally, if all characters agree in Figure 1: A comparison between direct and indirect sorting of string arrays. pairs, the string lengths are compared at $297 to $29C. If the longer one is the ORIGINAL SORTED first one, a branch is made to the STRING ARRAY ARRAY swap routine. A$(t)~ SMITH DIRECT A$(1}= BROWN Using this routine I have found that A$(2) = BROWN A$(2)= MARTIN 250 randomly-ordered strings can be A$(3) - MARTIN A$(3) = PETERSON sorted into alphabetical order in a time A$(4) = PETERSON SORTING A$(4) = SMITH of the order of five to ten seconds; but if your list has two dozen ANDERSONS, 15 HIGGENBOTTOMS and 30 CHRISTENSONS randomly distributed throughout, then, perhaps the times may not be so impressive!

POINTER SORTED ARRAY John Rippon is head of mathematics and ARRAY - VIA POINTERS physics at Taita College, New Zealand, where he uses a CIP to introduce students P(1) = 2 INDIRECT A$(P(1)) = BROWN to microcomputing. You may contact him P(2) = 3 A$(P(2))= MARTIN at 32 Tilbury Street, Lower Hutt, New P(3) = 4 A$(P(3))= PETERSON Zealand. P(4) = 1 SORTING A$(P(4)) = SMITH (Listings appear on next page)

No. 63 ■ August 1983 MICRO 59 Listing 1 7E54 CM DE-'! Listing 2 DO DC BNE L 3 Hi© 1000 REM ARRAY BUBBLE SORT ,’hUU 20 MS RF T';ir T I 7E57 R5 35 LDR 212 1010 F0RI=1T0N-1:S=0 ~ E 0 R9 00 LDfl = 00 7E59 C5 31 CMP Z11 1020 F0RJ=1T0N-I . ’ E. li c-j 24 STR 2 i 7E5B 30 DR BMI L9 1030 IFA* 3 IR 2 7E5D IS L7 CL-C 1040 REM SWAP STRINGS Ci-:. 2*? me 7E5E R9 04 LDR =04 1050 A$ (0 )=A$ =A$(0) :’EuD i'E ST ' -- 2S STR 7E62 85 27 1070 REM SET SWAP FLAG ,Tnr :m .-I'.'. 7E64 90 02 BCC L 1 0 1 0 8 0 S = - l tt; !. i P? 7E66 E6 IHC 1090 NEXTJ 7E13 E6 27 INC Z5 7E6S 38 L10 SEC HOC IFSTHENNEXTI 7E15 IS CLC TE69 R5 RF LDR 217 1110 REM ARRAY SORTED 7E16 0H R9 LDR ~0R 7E6B E5 25 SBC 22 OK 7E18 65 7D RDC 26 7E6D RS TRV 7EJR S3 2S STR Z7 7E6E R5 RE L.Dh 21 S 7E1 C Sh TXR 7 Ei! 70 E5 24 SBC 21 7E1FJ 65 7E RDC Z8 7 £72. RR TRX Listing 3 7E1F 85 29 STR Z9 7E73 9S TVR 7E21 R0 07 L 1 3 LDV =07 7E74 E5 27 SBC Z5 7E23 28 L 2 LDR < Z ? ’z ,V 60 REK IIISTRIXS BUBBLE SORT - CALL P=USRIN)»t ei 7E76 RS T RY 7E25 99 30 00 STR Z10.. V 70 REH MIN ; I STRINGS, P * I OF PASSES TO SORTttt SR TXR 7E2S SS DEV BO REA IIIDINENSION STRING TO BE SORTED AT TOP OF PROGRAMS! 7E7S E5 26 SBC 24 7E29 Du FS L2 90 REN IttPOSlTION-IHDEPENOENT COBEIM BHE 7E7R DO 03 BHEi LI 1 7E2B 100 MTAJ2.5,174,169,0,133,36,133,37,230,37,162,0,134,46 R6 31 LDX 211 7E7C TVR 7E2D E4 35 CF'X Z12 110 MTA134,38,134,39,230,39,24,169,10,101,J25,133,40,136,101 7E7D F0 08 BEQ L. 12 120 MTA126,133,41,160,7,177,40,153,48,0,136,206,248,166,49 7E2F 90 02 BCC: L3 7E7F E6 27 LI 1 IHC 130 MTA228,53,144,2,166,53,177,54,209,50,16,22,160,7,185 7E31 R6 35 LDX Z12 7 ESI D0 9E BHE L13 140 MTA44,0,145,40,136,192,3,206,246,185,52,0,145,40,136 7E33 El 36 L3 LDR •::Z13> , V 7 ESS E6 26 IHC 24 150 MTA16,248,132,46,208,12,208,184,200,202,208,220,165,53,197 7E35 D1 32 CMP 2 14 > V 7ES5 D0 9R BNE L 1 3 1*0 MTA49f4ef216,24,169,4,101,40,133,40, 144,2,230,41,56 7E37 10 16 L9 BPL L4 7ES7 R5 2E L12 LDR 23 170 DATAI63,175,229,37,160,165,174,229,36,170,152,229,39,168,138 7E39 H0 07 LDV =07 7ES9 F0 1 1 BEQ L14 180 MTA229,38,208,3,152,240,8,230,39,208,158,230,38,208,154 7E3B E:9 20 00 L5 LDR 215, V 7'FSB E6 IHC 190 MTA165,46,240,17,230,37,200,2,230,34,162,2,181,35,213 7E3E 91 23 STR i' p V ,Ti3D D0 02 IE L L5 200 MTA173,206, 184,202,208,247, 165,36,164,37,76, 193, 175 7E40 SS DEV E6 24 J HC r i 210 F0S1 =57iT073fl J KM J: POKE I, J ,*UEJT 7E41 C 0 03 =03 CPV 7E9 :L R2 0 2 LI 5 LDX 220 POKE11I64:POKE12,2 7E43 D0 F6 BHE L5 7E 93 B5 L. 1 7 LDR r 9 7E45 B9 34 00 L6 LDR Z1 6 , V D5 RD CMP 220 7E4S 91 28 STR <27 * , V 7B 97 D0 BO BNE L. :L 6 7E4H SS DEV 7E99 r.H dex 7E4B 10 FS BPL 1-6 7L3R D0 F7 BHE L 3 7 7E4D 84 2E STV 7E9C R5 24 1.. 1.4 LDR 2;| 7E4F D0 tiC L4 BHE L7 7E9E R4 L DV z;--' 7E51 Du E:S LI 6 BHE LS 7ER0 4C Cl RF ■ TMP J1S 7E53 CS IN7 JMCftO

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SUPER-10” A B C D E F G H I JKLMNOPQR8TUVMXVZ ABCDEFGH 1JKLMMQPQRBTUVWX Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 0 No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 61 PRODUCTS from MICRO

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Volume 1 allows you to — FOR EASY ORDERING Round and format numbers accurately, get CALL TOLL FREE lower-case letters and punctuation into 1-800 -345-8112 Applesoft strings or play the hit game (IN PA 1-800-662-2444) 11 Spelunker' ’ MasterCard and VISA Accepted Volume 2 lets you — Speed up machine-language programming using five powerful machine-language AND now the "MICRO on the APPLE" aids, add additional editing and 1/O series is available as a boxed set. features, or play the intriguing game "GalactiCube" All three voumes are packaged Volume 3 gives you more — in an attractive box with the 110 Machine-language aids, 1/O programs on one diskette. enhancements, graphics and games The set is available at a20% Each volume comes complete with diskette to save savings off the individual price. you the time of typing hundreds of lines of code. Retail p rice...... $59.95 If you use to an APPLE computer you should own these books. Retail price...... $24.95 Learn how to master VIC BASIC programming Order your copy of the with MICRO'S newest book... Best of MICRO “Mastering Your VIC-20” before they are sold out! Now you can do more with your VIC-20. This new book and the 8 projects and 20 programs that it contains can teach you If you're looking for excellent how to master VIC BASIC programming. Each chapter concen­ software at a very low price these trates on a particular aspect of VIC BASIC.. .and each books are for you! program is accompanied by discovery-oriented, Here are some of the things that you tutorial text — clear directions that will quickly will receive: have you writing programs, modifying them and adding features all on your own. And to help you Volume 1 - SOLD OUT! master your VIC-20 even faster, all 8 programs are Volume 2 contains 55 articles and programs that already keyed in on the accompanying cassette. appeared in MICRO magazine from October 1978 through May 1979. These programs are for the Some of the programs you'll find in this book are: Apple, AIM 65, KIM-1, PET, OSI, and SYM-1. This 224-page book is paper bound 8 Vi x 11. • MICRO Calc — a minature spread sheet Retail price...... $8.00 program that makes complex, repetitive Volume 3 contains 88 programs and articles from calculations a breeze. June 1979 through May 1980 issues of MICRO • Master — a guessing game that teaches magazine. These programs are for use on Apple, programming with random numbers and flags. AIM 65, KIM-1, PET, OSI, and SYM-1 computers. This 320-page book is x 11 and is paperbound. • VIC Clock — to teach you ON...GOSUB Retail p rice...... $10.00 functions and character graphics.

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ROUTINES^for the C o lo r

C o m p u te r ■■1 by John Steiner I m I

A nyone who has written a letter, term paper, GET A KEY Routine or article by hand, can truly appreciate the invention of the typewriter. It made a Listing 1 is a BASIC loader that will load a self- tedious job easier. Now we have word processors contained, relocatable machine-language keyboard — an improvement over the typewriter. A couple polling routine. In addition, it reserves string space of years ago when my Color Computer was new, I and a small space in upper memory to hold the started to write an electronics book. After typing machine-language routine. The routine uses a call the introduction and its six revisions on a to the POLCAT routine in BASIC ROM and is typewriter, I was ready for a word processor. mostly unchanged from the Color BASIC manual. At the time, the Color Computer was “just a I've used it in many of my programs. toy" with little workable software and n o word In addition to disabling the BREAK key, the processors. The manuals that came with the routine allows the use of special function keys in IP computer suggested text editing as a useful the form of control keys. Control keys can be application and even had some simple text editing defined by the BASIC program for your own use, routines. These were just what I needed to assist as will be seen in the main program routine. To me in completing my task. In the process of use the control function, just press the “DOWN expanding the routines, I learned most of what I ARROW" key, then press the control key desired. know about BASIC. This article will teach you If you are in lower-case mode, you will have to about the powers of string handling in BASIC. press “SHIFT", while pressing the key. For The routines included here can be used by any example, in the word processor, pressing “DOWN program that manipulates text. They are the heart ARROW” "E " will invoke the editor function. of the homebrew word processor. You can write It is recommended that you load this routine your own menu functions and recreate a word by a pre-loader as shown, so that the BASIC code ■ processor, reorganize the text entry and edit that POKEs it into memory will not take up routines to create assembler files, use the file memory space. In disk BASIC, line 120 will cause s routines for a disk or tape-based filing system, use the main processor program to be loaded and run. ■ the search routine to find variables in program In tape BASIC, change line 120 to CLOAD. Keep listings, or use the print routine to format any the main program on tape immediately following line-oriented text. this routine. When the OK prompt appears I have stripped the routines down to their indicating a good load, just type RUN. essentials, and will make comments on how they If you are using a disk system, issue a PCLEAR lip can be expanded into more powerful functions. 1 in one of the first lines of this program. You Each routine is stand-alone and can be edited to could store the routine in page one of graphics fit your individual requirements. Since the routines memory, starting at $0E00 normally. Just change are written in Microsoft Extended Color BASIC the DEFUSR in the edit to point to the correct they may be easily modified to run on many start address. On a tape system, before loading the Microsoft interpreters. routine, enter a POKE 25,6 ■ NFW This line will No 63 - August 1983 MICRO cause the processor to load at $600, effectively a LINE EDITOR Routine PCLEAR 0, providing you with more available memory space for string storage. Listing 4 contains a line editor routine. Each line of text is displayed, one at a time. As in the TEXT INPUT Routine input routine, text is contained in the array A$(). The editor will scroll through text one line at a The main program input routine in listing 2 time by using the up and down arrows. Entering a uses control characters to provide various B or E will move the editor to the beginning or functions. Line 50 defines where the machine- end of the array respectively. A help routine can language "get a key" routine is located. Line 70 be stored starting at 2400. To invoke the edit calls the routine, and the main keyboard loop is function, enter a "Y " to the prompt "REWRITE entered. The variable A$ is used to contain the SENTENCE?". text as it is input from the keyboard. The To edit the line, type in the text you want machine-language routine uses variable A to return removed and press ENTER. Next, just type in the the ASCII value of the key just pressed. If A is corrected text and the newly corrected text will be over 32, it is a valid text character and will be displayed. If the editor cannot find the phrase or assigned to A$. If not, it is a control character, and word to be changed, it will prompt you. The the subroutine at 140 is called. This routine will process is easier to perform than describe. The determine the function of the control character. editor will delete the line being displayed if you For example, the backspace key is ASCII code enter a left arrow (shift-up arrow) at the "PHRASE number 8, so lines 160 and 170 handle backspace TO DELETE” prompt. Entering an up arrow will functions, both erasing the previously typed letter open a space and allow you to enter a sentence. from the screen and deleting it from the string. The ENTER key (code number 13) is flagged and FILE LOAD and SAVE Routines converted to a value of 92, the reverse backslash. This code can be used by a print routine to sense Listings 5 and 6 are simple BASIC file input the end of a paragraph. and output routines. Error trapping is used to Control E is used to exit this routine and send make sure the filename is in proper format. In the control back to the main menu v ia the RETURN load routine the variable R is a record counter and in line 110. Line 120 looks for a question mark, will increment as each array item is read from the period, or exclamation point to check for the end disk or tape buffer. The EOF function checks for of a sentence. If either of these is found, the the last item in the file and sends control to the sentence counter, X, is incremented, and the value CLOSE statement. The save routine uses variable I of A$, which contains the new sentence, is as an item counter. The routines as configured assigned to array A$ (]. Other control keys could will write to disk. To allow access for tape files, be defined to display a help menu, search for just change the buffer numbers in the OPEN, EOF, special commands, or any other special purpose. INPUT, PRINT, and CLOSE statements to # - I . To use the editor routine, just type. There is no reason to press ENTER, except when you GLOBAL SEARCH and REPLACE Routine change paragraphs. After each sentence, or 190 characters, the sentence counter is incremented. If The global search routine in listing 7 was you make a typing error, just backspace and added to the program just because I wanted to retype. You could backspace all the way to the have the power of more professional word beginning of text. If you notice an error more than processors. The routine uses the powerful INSTR a few characters away, leave it for the edit routine. function to search each item in the array for a target string. Line 4130 searches the A$ (J array for PRINT Routine the phrase located in D$. If found, the variable F will contain the number representing the first Listing 3 contains a general purpose print character position in A$() that D$ occurs. As an routine. The routine will take lines of any length example, if A$ (S) contains "John Smith" and D$ and format them into constant length lines. The contains "Sm ith", upon completion F will main loop reads in each array item (A$) and contain the number 6, the first character position searches for spaces between words. Each word is of the search string. If F contains the value zero, added to B$ until its length is just under the the search string was not found. variable CL (characters per line] or the backslash If a match is found, you are shown the first is found. Either of these conditions will cause B$ sentence that contains the search string. You are to be sent to the printer. The routine could then prompted to enter a "C " to change only this increment a line and page counter, print a special occurrence, an "A " to change all occurrences, or header or footer string and page number, and do a form feed to the top of the next sheet when the "ENTER" to let the occurrence stand. If "C " were line counter exceeds a certain number. A margin chosen, global search calls the edit routine variable could be added to the print line that described earlier, and automatically edits the line. would allow the setting of a left margin. If “A" were chosen, the routine will continue 68 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 to increment the sentence counter and complete served me fine as a 16K word processor, then a any editing throughout the array. Once "A " is 32K processor. For the occasional letter or term chosen, there will be no way to edit the text paper, it is more than adequate. There are both selectively at that point. This option would only disk and tape versions, and a version to right- and be used, for example, when you have incorrectly left-justify text automatically when using a Radio misspelled a word or name throughout an entire Shack Line Printer VIII. An Epson driver has been installed to run an MX-80, and soon there might text. In another application, this routine could be be an automatic right justify routine for the new used to change PRINT to PRINT # — 2, in a BASIC Gemini printer. In addition, the disk version program, allowing hard copy output in the contains a routine that will check for the presence modified program. of a file before trying to load it. The complete program is available for anyone Conclusion who would like it. The following versions are Now, a couple of hints that will help to protect available on disk or tape: Epson/Gemini or Line your files. I have written the processor text entry Printer VIII; 16K or 32K. Because of the individual routine to GOSUB automatically to the file save module construction, you need only to specify the routine in many programs before returning to the version you would like. I will put the modules main menu. This option allows the file to be together and include them on a single tape. Send saved before any editing function occurs, and is a a $10 check and a return envelope with two safety against power outages or other nasty stamps to: occurences. John Steiner The lack of an ON ERROR GOTO statement 508 Fourth Ave NW could cause problems; for example I/O errors Riverside, ND 58078 could cause you to lose a lot of data. To protect These routines have taught me a lot about yourself, note the first line of the menu on the BASIC programming. Write me if you have any disk or tape label. If the program should crash, questions about the routines (include a stamped enter GOTO In, where In is the first line of the return envelope, please), or call at (701) 282-0293. menu. The program will return to the menu with I will be glad to assist you in any way I can. all data intact. It can then be saved correctly, printed, etc..Do n o t type RUN or RUN In, which will reset all variables and strings to zero and null. John Steiner is a contributing editor for Though the program is not as attractive as MICRO, and our CoCo Bits columnist. commercial word processors, it has written an You may contact him at 508 Fourth Ave., N.W., Riverside, ND 58078. entire book and several magazine articles, and

Listing 1 Listing 2 (continued) 10 REM-- GET A KEY ROUTINE LOADER 150 IF A=5 THEN A$(X)=A$:A$="":RETURN 20 REM-- V. 1.6--- JOHN STEINER---3/31/83 155 REM BACKSPACE ROUTINE 30 CLS:PRINT"LOADING WORD PROCESSOR" 160 IF A=S AND A$="" AND X > 1 THEN X=X-1:A$=A$(X) ELSE 40 CLEAR15000,32684 Text Editor IF X*1 AND A=8 AND A$=,,,r THEN RETURN 50 FOR 1=1 TO 28:READ B:P0KE32734+I,B:NEXT 170 IF A=8 AND LEN(A$)>0 THEN A$=LEFT${A$,LEN(A$)-l) 60 DATA173,159,160,0 requires: 180 RETURN 70 DATA39,250,129,10,38,12 185 REM NEW SENTENCE ROUTINE 80 DATA173,159,160,0,39,250 Color Computer vw 190 A$(X)=A$:A$="":X=X+1:RETURN 90 DATA129,65,45,2 extended BASIC 100 DATA128,64,31,137,79 110 DATA126,180,244 120 LOAD "W0RDPR0C/PR0",R Listing 3 1000 REM---PRINT ROUTINE---VER 1.6---APR, 1983---JOHN STEINER 1010 CLS:PRINT:PRINT "PRINTING ";N$ Listing 2 1020 B$=" ":I=0 10 REM- -W0RDPR0C/BAS---VERSION 3-0---APR, 1983---JOHN STEINER 1030 SP=0 20 REM- ---INPUT ROUTINE----- 1040 1=1+1 30 X=0:Y=0 1050 IF I > X THEN G0T01200 40 CLS 1055 REM PRINT LAST LINE AND START NEW PARAGRAPH 45 REM DEFINE GET A KEY ROUTINE . 1060 IF LEFT$(A$(I),1)="" GOSUB 1210:B$="";SP=0:GOTO 1190 50 DEFUSR0=32735 1070 SQ=1 60 X=X+1 1075 REM LOOK FOR SPACE BETWEEN WORDS 65 REM CALL GET A KEY 1080 SP=INSTR(SP+l,A$(l)," ") 70 A=USR(0) 1090 IF SP=0 THEN SP=LEN(A$(l))+l 75 REM IF CTRL, GO CHECK, ELSE ADD TO LINE 1100 IF LEN(B$)+SP-SQ > CL THEN 1180 80 IF A <3 2 GOSUB 140 ELSE A$=A$+CHR$(A) 1110 C$=MID$(A$(I),SQ,SP-SQ) 85 REM PRINT BACKSPACE, PRINT NEW CHARACTER, PRINT CURSOR 1120 IF C$*""THEN C$=”» 90 PRINT CHR?(8) CHR$(A) CHR$(255); 1130 B$=B$+C$ 95 REM GO IF SENTENCE TOO LONG 1140 SQ=SP 100 IF LEN(A$)>190 GOSUB 190 1150 IF S P > =LEN(A$(I)) THEN 1030 105 REM GO BACK TO MAIN MENU 1160 GOTO 1080 110 IF A=5 THEN RETURN 1170 GOSUB 1210 115 REM NEW SENTENCE ON ., !, OR ? 1180 B$=,MI 120 IF A=46 OR A=63 OR A=33 THEN A$(X)=A$:A$="":G0T0 60 1190 GOTO 1110 130 GOTO 70 1200 RETURN 135 REM CHANGE RETURN KEY TO BACKSLASH 1205 REM PRINT THE CURRENT LINE 140 IF A=13 THEN A=92: A$=A$+CHR$(92} 1210 print#-2,B$; chr$(13); •*return (Continued on next page)

No 63 - August 1983 MICRO 6? Listing 4 (continued) 2360 X=X-1:RETURN 2000 REM EDIT ROUTINE---VER 1.0---APR, 1983---JOHN STEINER 2370 REM INSERT ROUTINE 2010 Y=1 2380 F0RI=X TO S STEP-1:A$(I+1)=A$(I):NEXT 2020 CLS:PRINT:PRINT Y;:PRINT A$(Y) 2390 X=X+1:LINE INPUT"SENTENCE TO INSERT? ";A$(S):RETURN 2030 IF LEN(A$(Y)) > 191 THEN PRINT "PLEASE REEDIT 2400 REM LOCATE HELP ROUTINE HERE TO SHORTEN LONG SENTENCE ":SOUND 50,1 2040 PRINT"EEWRITE SENTENCE?" 2050 PRINT"PRESS < H > FOR HELP" 2060 REM GET COMMAND AND EXECUTE Listing 5 2070 S$=INKEY$:IF S$="" THEN 2070 2080 IF S$="H" OR S$="h" GOSUB 2400 3000 REM LOAD A FILE---V 1.0---FEB, 1982---JOHN STEINER 2090 IF S$=CHR$(94) AND Y > 1 THEN Y=Y-1 3010 CLS:PRINT:PRINT "":PRINT"T0 LOAD A FILE PRESS ANY KEY" 2100 IF S$="B" OR S$="b" THEN Y=1 3020 PRINT "PRESS < M > TO RETURN TO MENU" 2110 IF S$=CHR$(10) AND Y < X THEN Y=Y+1 3030 ME$=INKEY$:IFME$=""THEN3030 2120 IF S$="E" OR S$="e" THEN Y=X 3040 IF ME$="M" OR ME$="m" THEN CI^:RETURN 2130 IF S$="Y" OR S$="y" THEN S=Y:G0SUB 2150 3050 X=0:R=0 2140 IF S$=CHR$(13) THEN RETURN ELSE 2020 3060 PRINT"T0 RETURN TO MENU, ENTER < M E N U > " 2150 PRINT "TO REMOVE SENTENCE, ENTER < —> " 3070 INPUT"FILE NAME";N$ 2160 PRINT"TO INSERT SENTENCE, ENTER < t > " 3080 IF LEN(N$) < 1 OR LEN(N$)>8 THEN PRINT 2170 LINE INPUT"PHRASE TO DELETE?";D$ "IMPROPER FILE NAME, ONE TO EIGHT LETTERS ONLY":GOTO 3070 2180 IFD$="—" GOSUB 2350:RETURN 3090 IF N$="MENU"THEN RETURN 2190 IFD$="t" GOSUB 2380:RETURN 3100 OPEN"I",# 1,N$ 2200 REM LOOK FOR PHRASE 3110 PRINT"LOADING FILE ";N$ 2210 F=INSTR(A$(S),D$) 3120 R=R+1 2220 REM CAN'T FIND PHRASE 3130 IF E0F(1) THEN 3160 2230 IF F < 1 THEN PRINT D$” -IS NOT IN YOUR SENTENCE.": 3140 LINEINPUT#1,A?(R) FOR 1=1 TO1000:NEXT:RETURN 3150 GOTO 3120 2240 LINEINPUT"PHRASE TO INSERT? ";I$ 3160 CLOSE#l 2250 L=LEN(D$) 3170 X=R:R=0:RETURN 2260 FOR Z=1 TO LEN(A$(S)) 2270 IF MID$(A$(S),Z,L)=D$ THEN 2290 2280 NEXT Listing 6 2290 E=Z-1+LEN(D$) 4000 REM SAVE A FILE---VER 1.0---FEB, 1982---JOHN STEINER 2300 REM REPLACE PHRASE 4010 CLS:PRINT:PRINT "":PRINT"T0 SAVE A FILE PRESS ANY KEY" 2310 A?(S)=LEFT$(A$(S),Z-1)+I$+RIGHT$(A$(S),LEN(A$(S))-E) 4020 PRINT "PRESS < M > TO RETURN TO MENU" 2320 IF X < R - 1 THEN X=X+1 4030 ME$=INKEY$:IFME$=""THEN4030 2330 RETURN 4040 IF ME$="M"0R ME$="m"THEN CLS:RETURN 2340 REM DELETE ROUTINE 4050 PRINT"TO RETURN TO MENU, ENTER < M E N U > " 2350 F0RI=1T0X:A$(S)=A$(S+1):S=S+1:NEXT 4060 INPUT"NEW FILE NAME";PA$ 4070 IF PA$="MENU"THEN RETURN 4080 IF P A $ < > " ” THEN N$=PA$ 4090 IF LEN(N$)<1 OR LEN(N?)>8 THEN PRINT "IMPROPER FILE NAME, ONE TO EIGHT LETTERS ONLY":GOT04060 4100 IF A$(X)="" THEN X=X-l:GOTO4lOO 4110 CLS:PRINT "SAVING FILE ";N? OHIO COMPUTER CAMP 4120 0PEN"0",#1,N? 4130 FOR 1=1 TO X 4140 PRINT #1,A$(I) 'GIVE YOUR CHILD A BETTER CHANCE 4150 NEXT 4160 CL0SE#1 IN A CHANGING WORLD!” 4170 RETURN

Listing 7 5000 REM---GLOBAL SEARCH---V.2.2---SEPT, 1982 5010 CLS: PRINT"GLOBAL SEARCH ROUTINE" 5020 PRINT”PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE 5030 PRINT"PRESS < M > TO RETURN TO MENU 5040 B$=INKEY$:IF B$="" THEN 5040 5050 IF B$="M" THEN RETURN 5060 CLS:PRINT"" 5070 LINEINPUT"PHRASE TO DELETE? ";D$ 5080 IF LEN(D$)=0 THEN PRINT"PLEASE ENTER A PHRASE, 0R":G0T0 5030 5090 LINEINPUT"PHRASE TO INSERT? ";I? 5100 IF I$=D$ THEN PRINT "YOU CANNOT ENTER A PHRASE YOU One of the finest computer summer camps in the na­ WANT REPLACED":G0T05090 tion! Now in our third season. Atari Learning Center this 5110 PRINT"SEARCHING" year will offer complete recreational, cultural and social 5120 CTO:FOR S=1 TO X camaraderie in conjunction with Denison University. Full 5130 F=INSTR(A$(S),D$) 5140 IF A$(S)=""THEN5180 motel-resort facilities (swimming, sauna, tennis, etc.) and 5150 IF F > 0 AND B $ <>"A"THEN GOSUB 5230 at least 6 hours every day of hands-on computer learning. 5160 REM THIS GOSUB CALLS THE EDIT ROUTINE Spacious, comfortable rooms and meals at the college 5170 IF F > 0 AND B$="A" THEN GOSUB 2250:F=0:CT=CT+1:S=S-1 dorms. PLUS....mid-course weekend break at Kings Island 5180 NEXT and the fabulous Kings Island Resort Inn! 5190 CLS COMPARE OUR LOWER COST FEE structure before you 5200 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE..." send your child to any other camp. Reservations accepted 5210 IF INKEY?=""THEN5210 now for two and four week sessions June 13 through 5220 RETURN 5230 CLS:PRINT:PRINT S, ,A?(S) :PRINT " CHANGE";CHR?( 13); August 5. Restricted to 40 co-ed students, ages 9-18, " < C > CHANGE ALL"; CHR$(13); " < ENTER > LEAVE" per session. 5240 B$=INKEY$:IF B?="" THEN 5240 For Free information packet call: 5250 REM THIS GOSUB CALLS THE EDIT ROUTINE 614-454-6408 or 349-8448 5260 IF B$="C" THEN GOSUB 2250:F=0:CT=CT+1:S=S-1:RETURN or write to: 5270 IF B$=CHR$(13) OR B?="A"THEN RETURN Mitey Byte Corporation 5280 SOUND 100,1:GOTO 5240 1325 Maple Ave., Zanesville, Ohio 43701 JMCftO (714) 735-2250 T SiT COMPUTIN& U*t 99.95 69.95 I 9 .0 Box 2 0 2 5 Magic Window 149.95 99.95 I Magic Window! 69.95 64.95 I CORONA, CA 91 720 Bank Street Writer 149.95 109.951 69.95 1 pie W r it e r 99.95 119.951 SPECIALS Easywritef 175.00 o 79.95 1 Pro E a s y w r i t e r 129.95 C f i List ARK Screenwriter 199.00 134.951 Axlon RAM Disk 320 1395.001099.00 BOOKS List ARK Word Handler Wizard LISA 16K BPO 179.00 119.95 Apple Graphics Beagle Bros. 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CALL FOR NEW FREE CATALOG (714) 735-2250 No. 63 - August MICRO CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research 3*11! S f li s t s Photos taken from AMDEK Color I Monitor. L ast month, part 1 (MICRO 62:66) contained If you want to save to cassette, when it comes operating instructions and the listing of the time to save the screen, enter C: when asked for a program. If you downloaded it from a bulletin file spec. Enter C: to load the picture back from board service, check to be sure no lines were tape, also. For disk storage precede the filename altered. The services listed in last month's issue with D:, D l:, D2:, etc., as required. placed them in the download files under the Pay attention to the screen instructions when name MODEIO. making a change like this, also. You may want to eliminate the "ON DISK'' and "FROM DISK" The bulk of this month's installment is a portions of the screen displays from lines 3060, description of the program, so you should have 3070, 3200, and 3300. last month's MICRO handy. You may want to make some changes to add two new features: Vertical FIJI cassette capability and vertical fill. It may be useful to have the program fill in a vertical direction as well as horizontal. Since there are now four different fill directions, the directions will be selected with the four arrow keys Since many Atari computers still have no (unshifted and w it h o u t the control key). disks, a save/load to disk doesn't help too much. To implement this change, start with the A very simple change can make the program write keyboard interpret routine in lines 3000 to 3030. out the file to any peripheral. That change is in The new version of the routine is listed below. the subroutine that opens the file, in lines 10000 Note that lines 3002 and 3004 and new variable through 10050, as listed below. Note that line VFILL have been added. 10040 has been deleted. 3000 N = PEEK(KB):POKE KB,255: IF N = 7 THEN 10000 ? “ENTER FILE SPEC - MAX. 8 VFILL = 0:FILLFLAG = 1:GOTO BEGIN CHARACTERS:” 3002 IF N = 14 THEM FILLFLAG = 0:VFILL = - 1: 10010 INPUT FILES GOTO BEGIN 10020 IF LEN(FILE$)<2 THEN 11000 3004 IF N = 15 THEM FILLFLAG = 0:VFILL = 1: 10030 TRAP 11000 GOTO BEGIN 10050 OPEN #3,DIRECTION,0,FILE$:RETURN 3010 IF N = 6 THEN VFILL = 0:FILLFLAG - 1 :GOTO BEGIN M O D E 10 3012 IF N = 31 OR N = 30 THEN GOTO 8000 requires: 3020 IF N = 18 THEN FILLFLAG = 0:VFILL = 0: Atari 400/800/1200 GOTO BEGIN 3030 IF N < > 58 THEN GOTO BEGIN 72 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 for the screen in HELPSC$ and SELDL$ is the display list for the screen SELSC$. The display lists are defined in the statements at lines 160 through 200. The "Help" screen is a 6-line mode 0 screen. In the display list, the lower case "P " is ASCII code 112 ($70), which blanks 8 scan lines for each command. The upper case B (ASCII 66 = $42) is a "load memory scan" instruction. It will display a mode 0 line ("instruction mode" 2 is operating system mode 0) starting the memory scan at the address in the two bytes that follow it. The memory scan contains the address of the screen memory that is to be displayed. The address for the memory scan is zero in the next two bytes, but it will be filled in later. The Also you should add: five bytes that follow the address are one-byte 932 VFILL = 0: FILLFLAG = 0 commands that display the five remaining mode 0 1002 IF FILLFLAG = 0 AND VFILL = 0 THEN 1040 lines. For this mode, the memory scan is increased 1170 CURSORFLAG = 0:CURSORCOUNT = 4:IF by 40 for each line. The upper case "A " that ends (FILLFLAG = 0 AND VFILL = 0) OR this list is a "jump on vertical blank" instruction STRIG(O) = 1 THEN GOTO BEGIN (decimal 65 = $41), which causes a wait until the 1180 X1 = X:Y1 = Y:COLOR SELCOLOR television frame is complete, followed by a branch 1192 Y1 =Y1 + VFILL*INCREMENT:IFY1 > 191 OR to the address in the two bytes that follow it. This Y1 <0 THEN GOTO BEGIN address is also filled in later on in the 1200 LOCATE X1.Y1.TESTEND: IF TESTEND = initialization. SELCOLOR THEN GOTO BEGIN The second display list is for the color 1210 PLOT X1,Y1:GOTO 1190 selection screens. It is basically the same as the MODEIO Program Description — Initialization "Help” screen display list except that it will display IR mode $F (= decimal 15) lines, w hich is Initialization begins with reading the joystick the mode for operating system modes 8 through read table at lines 50 through 70. These constants 11. Another location in memory determines which form a look-up table that makes reading the of these modes will be displayed, and that will be joystick a little faster. BASIC is a rather slow used later in the program. language, so as many ways to pick up some speed One significant difference in this second as possible should be implemented. The array JOY display list is the inverse video lower case "p” is set up as a two-dimensional array using the first just before the "jump on vertical blank" dimension as the reading, which is in the range of instruction. This is a "blank 8 lines” instruction 1 to 15. Several elements are unused, so these are with the display list interrupt enabled. A display filled in with zeroes. list interrupt will be used later in the program to The next section, at line 100, sets up the string change colors on the select screens. If you do not assignment location on an even IK boundary. get the arrow on the color selection screens, check Players and missiles, display lists, and screens all the last lower case "p" in this display list. It must have restrictions relative to memory boundaries. be inverse video in order to implement the display Starting the strings on a IK boundary makes it list interrupt. possible to adhere to these restrictions. Display ADRSETUP is a subroutine that takes an lists may not cross a IK boundary, so these are address stored in the variable A and converts it to defined next. the two-byte format required for insertion into the There are three display lists used in the main display lists, returned as the variable A$. Lines part of the program. One is the standard operating 190 and 200 show how this subroutine is used by system display list, which will be established and placing the addresses of the display lists in the maintained by the operating system so that the "jump on vertical” blank instructions. POSITION, PLOT, and other BASIC commands The screens stored in the strings must be will work on it. GRAPHICS 10 automatically sets initialized. The operating system is not this up and reserves memory for it. There will also maintaining these screens, so the BASIC program be a "Help” screen and a general selection screen must maintain them. The "Help" screen is set to used to select the colors, both of which are all spaces, which will be altered later. The color maintained in strings. HELPDL$ is the display list selection screen is set up for 16 different colored Mo 63 - August 1983 M I C R O 73 ------„------

Most of the initialization time is spent in this conversion loop, which occupies lines 390 and 392. First, the inverse video bit is stripped off and stored in N l. Then all codes between 32 and 95 are decreased by 32, all codes between 0 and 31 are increased by 64, and all codes between 96 and 127 are left as they are. The inverse video bit is then restored and the converted code is stored back into the string. The "Help” screen could be set up in the converted format, eliminating the time required for that loop, but it would be very hard to read in the listing. The GRAPHICS 10 screen is declared and a set boxes. The GTIA modes (operating system modes of colors is inserted into the color registers next. 9, 10, and 11) all require four bits per pixel, so the Although initialization is not yet complete, bytes must be set up with two pixels each. The altering the screen here serves as an indication bytes in this string will each hold two pixels of that initialization is almost over and actually one color, which makes initialization a little makes it seem like it is a little shorter than it :Sr easier. All colors will be on the screen. really is. After that, some constants are defined To convert a particular color number to the that will be used in the other sections of code required for two pixels in each byte, just the program. multiply the color times 17. The first "box" is The display list interrupt is read into memory color zero, so line 230 starts the string with ASCII by lines 610 and 620 and line 630 initializes the zeroes. The loop in lines 240 through 250 prepare proper vector to point to it. The alternate screen four dots in each color by setting pairs of bytes set up next is the one that uses only nine boxes equal to all of the numbers from 17 to 255 that are instead of the 16. It will be displayed by altering divisible by 17. Line 260 copies this one screen one byte of the display list in SELDL$. BUFF$ and line to the rest of SELSC$ so that there are six RCOL are used to store the colors and screen lines altogether, forming the rectangular images so that they may be stored on disk and colored boxes. read from disk more easily. The other variables The subroutine ADRSETUP is used again in DIMed in line 910 are used to store machine the next section (lines 280 and 290). These lines language, file names, and other miscellaneous insert the screen starting locations into the display information. list "load memory scan” instructions. Lines 930 through 982 set up the program for The single player used as the arrow in the color the cursor being near the center and set the initial selection routines is set up next. The string area values of flags and counters. was set on a IK boundary and then several items were DIMensioned after that. An easy addition The Main Program shows that the pointer used to locate the strings is now 640 bytes after the IK boundary. This is After all that initialization, the main program exactly where the second player starts when two- text is relatively short. There is one main loop, line resolution is used. The 128 bytes needed for which reads and interprets the operator input, and this are set aside at line 310 and the string used a series of routines that carry out the various for the player, PL2$, is initialized to all zeroes. commands. That loop starts by reading the Anyone familiar with using players and missiles joystick at line 1000. will note that the system equates refer to this as The cursor must flash so that it can be seen. player 1 because the players start with player 0, This flashing cursor is maintained at a rate set by but only one player is to be used, so confusion counting using the variable CURSORCOUNT. If is not likely. It may be more proper to call the fill is on, a tone is also sent out, which is done this PL1$. in lines 1002 through 1030. Line 1040 and line The text is added to the "Help” screen at lines 1050 reverse the color of the pixel when 340 through 380. The screen, HELPSC$, is now CURSORCOUNT reaches four, then resets set up in ATASCII, but that isn't going to work. CURSORCOUNT to zero. The cursor color is The screens are interpreted using a slightly flashed by alternating it between the proper color different order for the characters. This is done so for that spot and the next sequential color register. that the colors for modes 1 and 2 work out a little UNDERCURSOR contains the number of the color better, but it causes one slight problem here. The that is plotted at that location and CURSORFLAG codes must be turned around to agree with the keeps track of whether that color, or an alternate screen codes. one, is there. MICRO No 63 - August 1983 P.O. Box 4364 ZANIM Flint, Michigan 48504 (313) 233-5731 (313) 233-3125 SYSTEMS

HOME CONTROL AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

The ZCM -1 is the Master Control module that provides the interlace between your computer and our line of Zanim Application Modules. Up to 15 Application Modules can be piggy-backed to the ZCM -1 Master Control module. The ZCM -1 is compatable with any standard RS-232 (serial) interface. A special Master Control module, the ZCM -1V is available for the VIC-20 and Commodore-64 computers.

'The ZCM -1V is available for VIC-20 and C-64 users.

| ZAM -1 is the home control interface module that provides a fully versatile computer controlled en- I vironment. ZAM -1 can control up to 256 different lamps and appliances in your home or business pro- V viding you with an effective and easy to implement energy management and electric control system. ' No K l A special modifications are necessary to your building asa I Aall M Acontrol A f 4 a IfA l Ka signals Afs AI I fsi m mare a J jh sent A r A iover s a a A Ayour l t a p if/Mex­ i p A ti isting wiring. ZAM -1 can be programmed in BASIC or optional home control software is available. ZAM-1 requires one ZCM-1 Master Control module.

*The ZCM-1/ZCM-1V Master Control module is required to use the ZAM-1 Home Control module.

TheZAM -2 allows your computer to continuously monitor up to 15 different doors or windows around your home or business. ZAM -2 is a basic building block in a complete computer controlled home securi­ ty system. With our ZAM -1 Home Control module, you can have a fully integrated security and en­ vironment control system. Upon an intrusion, your computer can take the action most appropriate, whether that is to ring an alarm bell, flash all the lights around your home, or dial the police.

'The ZCM-1/ZCM-1V Master Control module is required to use the ZAM-2 Security module.

The ZAM -3 is a complete telephone answering and dialing system. It is capable of taking the phone off-hook and dialing a number under computer control or of answering the phone when it rings. With the ZAM-1 Home Control module and the ZAM-2 Security module, the ZAM-3 Phone Dialer module can be integrated into a complete home or business security/monitoring system. Applications include security, auto phone dialing, and computer-answering systems.

'Pulse dialing option is available as ZAM -3P.

'TheZCM -1/ZCM -1V Master Control module is required to use theZAM-3/ZAM-3P Phone Dialer module.

SERIAL OR PARALLEL P.O. BOX 4364 (CENTRONICS) PORT SWITCHER Flint, Michigan 48504 (313) 233-5731 (313) 233-3125 DOES YOUR COMPUTER □ Please send me more information or catalogue! ^ L O O K LIKE THIS?

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C ity S ta te . Zip. Device A Common What Make/Model Computer do you own? Device B

APPLE 11 IS TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTERS, INC. TRS - 80 IS REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP. CRM IS REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH, INC. VIC - 20 AND COMMODORE • 64 ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF COMMODORE. INC No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 75 To keep the drawing and cursor move routine which is code 58. Execution falls through line loops as short as possible, the joystick and trigger 3030 on that code. That routine first saves the values are checked next. If either indicate an screen into the buffer BLTFF$ (the GOSUB 2000), action, line 1050 branches out to the routine that then clears the screen to a selector of functions. performs the action; otherwise, the function keys This uses the keyboard handler by opening, and keyboard are checked. If neither of those reading, and closing the keyboard (line 3100), so inputs indicates any actions, line 1074 restarts the ATASCII values of the keys are actually read. the loop. Reading using a GET statement is possible here Line 1080 begins the cursor movement and because the "action” is stopped anyway. In the draw functions. First, if the joystick is moved or loop used for drawing, if GET were used, hitting the trigger is pushed, line 1080 turns off the the CAPS/LOWR or Atari keys would freeze the attract mode so that the screen will not start action while the keyboard handler waits for a rotating colors. Normally this is done by pressing decodable key. a keyboard key, but no key is pressed while Load and save are both handled by using a drawing with the joystick. subroutine at line 10000. This subroutine gets the Lines 1110 and 1120 plot the UNDERCURSOR file name and opens the file. On return, the two color at the current cursor location to guarantee routines that load and save do the PRINTing and that the alternate color is not there if the cursor is INPUTting as required. Notice that INPUT is used moved. If the trigger is down, then the selected to retrieve the information from disk. The only color (SELCOLOR) is put there instead. codes that are critical are 155, which is the The move cursor routine increments the RETURN character ($9B), and 44, which is the positions of the cursor according to the joystick comma ($2C). Neither of those codes can be position. With the lookup table in the JOY array, generated by correct mode 10 colors. Knowing this can all be done on one line. INCREMENT is that the RETURN code and the code for comma either one or two and it is line 1140 that controls will not be in the data allows use of PRINT which columns and rows the dots will display and INPUT. when an increment of two is in force. Selection 3 effects a return to the current Line 1150 keeps the cursor on the screen. It picture. Lines 3400 to 3420 read the picture that is sets X and Y to the remainder of dividing each by currently in the buffer BUFF$ back into the their upper limits, which causes the cursor to screen area, sets all of the colors, and defines wrap if directed off the screen. Lines 1160 and UNDERCURSOR to the color under the 1170 take care of the bookkeeping work required cursor position. for the new position. Setting CURSORCOUNT to Function keys are also used as input and are four when the cursor moves causes it to flash interpreted at lines 4000 and 4010. The more frequently to make it more visible. FOR/NEXT loop at line 4000 ends only when the If the fill flag is on for a right or left fill, the function key is released, allowing PEEK(CONSOL) routine at lines 1180 through 1210 perform the fill to equal seven. Line 5020 stores the location of operation. The temporary horizontal position the display list for the operating system mode 10 during the fill is kept in the variable XI, which is screen so that it may be restored later. Line 4010 incremented for a right fill or decremented for a branches according to which switch is pressed. left fill until either the same color is hit or the The "Help” screen is displayed in response to edge of the screen is encountered. INCREMENT the OPTION key. The routine that handles this controls whether every pixel or every other pixel is starts at line 4100 POKEing a zero into the GTIA checked. FILLFLAG is + 1 for a right fill, - 1 for a location (PRIOR in the manuals) turns off the left fill, or zero for no fill. GTIA mode allowing the text to display normally. Various keys are also defined for specific That line continues by taking the address of the functions and are interpreted in lines 3000 through display list out of the display list itself, setting the 3030. That routine reads the keyboard code, so it operating system's display list pointer to point to is not checking the ATASCII value of the reading. the HELP screen display list. Left fill is implemented by the letter L, for Line 4102 makes sure that there are no example, and the key code for that is zero. Line function keys pressed. This looks redundant, but 3010 sets FILLFLAG to - 1 if the code is zero, it eliminates possible key bounce, which would then restarts the loop. Line 3012 checks for one cause the "Help” screen to flash on and off the (code 31) or two (code 30) and goes to line 8000 to screen very quickly. Once that is done, line 4110 reset the increment if either of those keys is checks for any operator input. If any keyboard or pressed. Line 3020 checks for C (cancel fill) and function key is pressed, the trigger is pressed, or sets FILLFLAG accordingly. The R for right fill is the joystick is moved, line 4120 restores the mode set at line 3000 just after the keyboard reading. 10 drawing and goes back to the interpretation To access the disk commands, a D is pressed, routines to execute the command indicated. Lines

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No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 77 4130 through 4150 are not used in the program but 7000 comprise the display list interrupt. This is are the remains of an earlier version. They may be POKEd into page 6. To save time if there are removed without affecting program operation. My changes in this interrupt routine, the DATA apologies for this oversight to all who entered this statement ends with a 256, which is not a valid program v ia the keyboard. code to POKE. The routine that reads this into Line 4200 begins the routine that changes the page 6 reads until it gets to a value of 256. Adding colors in the color registers. It uses similar screens to the routine then does not require counting in different GTIA modes to select the color and the entries. luminance. MAXSEL indicates the maximum Line 8000 is a little out of place, numerically. number of selections to be displayed, MSG is the It belongs with the other routines in the main part line number of a DATA statement containing the of the program. This routine sets the increment to message for the arrow, and line 5040 is the 1 or 2. The keyboard codes for 1 and 2 are 31 and subroutine that allows selection. The location 30, respectively, so subtracting the code from 32 identified as GTIA in this program causes the results in the correct number, once it is checked screen to be mode 9 if it contains 64, mode 10 if it that the code is either 30 or 31. contains 128, or mode 11 if it contains 192. Line 10000 begins the subroutine that gets the COLUSED is the variable used to assemble the file name and opens the file. In the main part of color selected and COLNO is the register number the program, DIRECTION is set at 4 for reading selected for the change. COLSAV restores one from the disk or 8 for writing to the disk so that color register borrowed for the background. only one OPEN statement is required. It uses line The routine starting at line 4300 functions 11000 for any errors detected in the file name. Add similarly but is simpler in that all it selects is the TRAP 40000 between the OPEN statement and the color for the “paintbrush,” so it goes through only RETURN statement to avoid possible problems one screen of selection. Both of these last two from the TRAP 11000 statement. routines borrow the last part of the '‘Help” screen The final subroutine uses a machine-language display routine to restore everything and go back program to move data from the screen area to the to the main loop. buffer and vice versa. The machine-language routine moves 256 bytes at a time, so it must be Subroutines used repeatedly to move all 8K bytes. Line 20010 finds the location of the screen by locating the The subroutines and other miscellaneous operating system display list and looking at the supportive statements start at line 5000 with the two bytes in its load memory scan instruction. routine that changes an address stored in the Line 20020 is the loop that moves the screen and variable A to the two-byte format needed for line 20030 reads the colors directly from the display lists. Line 5020 is a subroutine that reads shadow registers. Once this subroutine is the pointer to the operating system screen and completed, the mode screen used for the disk stores it in SHI and SLO. Line 5030 is the inverse, functions selector can be declared without losing used to restore the pointer. the mode 10 screen data. Also, this subroutine Line 5040 begins a subroutine that sets up the defines Q$ with the machine language that will player for the SELECT and START functions and also be used at line 3410 to restore the mode reads the operator's choice. MSG is the line 10 screen. number containing the text to display in the Adding Functions player and that is read into the variable F$. Line 5050 sets the arrow head into the player, then In making changes to the program, the general lines 5070 through 5080 read the character formats structure should make it easier to locate places to for each letter into the player area. Lines 5090 and tap and to find places in the line numbering to add 5100 contain all of the POKEs required to more routines. There are also a few “insurance” implement two-line resolution player/missiles and statements left in the code, like line 3989. If you line 5110 sets the horizontal position under add a routine at line 3500, for example, and leave box zero. off the return to the loop, this GOTO BEGIN will Line 5120 checks the joystick and trigger and do it for you. There is also a STOP at line 4990 to line 5130 makes the selection and returns if the prevent an omission in the main portion of the trigger is pressed. Lines 5140 and 5150 keep track program from running into the first subroutine. of the arrow's position and move it according to That does it for this month. Next month we the joystick. If the arrow is moved, line 5160 add line, rectangle, and circle-drawing features. produces a tone for a short time and this small loop is repeated. Note the DATA statements You may contact Mr. Swanson at 97 Jackson St., containing the text at lines 6000 through 6030. Cambridge, MA 02140. JMCRO The numbers in the DATA statement at line 78 • MICRO No 63 - August 1983 The new AMPLOT-II. on computer command, can automatically produce hard-copy. 6-color business or engineering graphics in minutes. Designed for the end- Analytic;)! data display • Mathematical functions • Geo­ user and OEM applications, its high pen speed, auto­ metric patterns • System/component characteristic matic pen retrieval and high resolution assure fast, display • Statistical charts • Workflow diagrams • Per­ accurate 10" x 14" plots. Compatible with most per­ formance graphs • Organization charts • Creative sonal computers, the AMPLOT-II is economically graphics • Personal achievement charts • Instruc­ priced at only $1 299.00 retail. Just circle the reader tional/reference diagrams service number for complete engineering details

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______A d d r e s s F il e r f o r THE A p p l e

by Phil Daley

This article presents a short, concise but useful file program that demonstrates random-access techniques on the Apple.

T his program creates and maintains a random- Address Filer access file of names, addresses, and phone requires: Apple II with disk drive 80-column card optional numbers and includes an option for rip sorting and hardcopy printout for mailing-list purposes. If you have a mailing-list/word processor that accepts file (even if you specify a record number) and random-access files, you can use this file maker as a write at the beginning of the file (ruining your file) database for form-letter mailings without issuing any error messages! (I discovered The major difference between random and this the hard way.) sequential files is the ability to read or write each I wrote the program to allow an 80-column record individually, without having to read or card in slot 1-7 so that upper/lower-case fields can write the whole file. The syntax 'PRINT CHR$(4J be entered. If you don't have an 80-column card, a "OPEN ,Lnn” and PRINT CHR$(4) "0 " to the "What slot?" question will suffice; or "READ (or WRITE) < file name> ,Rn'' ' is the you could delete those lines altogether. correct method for accessing such a file. Note that Lnn is the LENGTH parameter and m u s t be Notes on Program Operation specified when OPENing the file. Lnn can be any number within reason, but if it is much longer 1. Telephone numbers should be entered as ten than each actual record length, you will waste a digits. The hyphens will be inserted on lot of unnecessary space on the disk. The best printout. method for determining the length to use is to 2. Use the two-digit state codes. The zip-sort count the number of bytes necessary for storing routine assumes the zip code starts in byte 4 of your information (including a carriage return after the state field. each field) and add a few extra bytes in case you 3. While the sort is not fast, it rewrites the file in decide to change anything as you develop your sorted order so that printouts will be sorted program. It is not necessary for the fields to be the without re-sorting every time. same length in each record, but the total record 4. During edit mode, a < return > signifies that length must not be exceeded or DOS will write current information is correct. records on top of each other. The record length 5. The zip sort arranges the record numbers into must be the same every time the file is opened, as zip-code order in an array that is used to index DOS uses that parameter to calculate where the the rewriting of the file. different record numbers are stored. I hope this relatively easy program increases W a r n in g: Never WRITE to a random file your use of random files. They are the most without specifying the length parameter when efficient way to manage lengthy files. OPENing it. DOS will assume it is a sequential (Listing appears on next page) No 63 ■ August 1983 ; 7 * MIOPO 81 Listing 1: Address Filer Listing 130 PRINT : PRINT D$j "READ "V$", : PRINT S$", "T$: PRINT "(" LEFT$ *,1) = "Y" THEN X = X + 1: R"V: IF V = 0 THEN INPUT V: (P*,3)") " MID* (P$,4,3)"-" RIGHT* GOTO 280 10 D$ = CHR$ (4): HOME : VTAB 10 GOTO 150 (P$,4):PRINT:PRINT:NEXT:PRINT 390 RETURN : PRINT "80 COLUMN CARD IN S 140 INPUT A$: INPUT Z$: INPUT S$ D*"PR#"AA: RETURN 400 GOSUB 130: PRINT "Y o u have LOT : INPUT AA$:AA = VAL : INPUT T$: INPUT P$ GOSUB 410: PRINT D$"0PEN "W$ "V" Addresses and the last (AA$): PRINT D$"PR#"AA: PRINT 150 PRINT D$: RETURN ", L100" : PRINT D$"READ "W$", one Is": PRINT : PRINT A$: PRINT : GOSUB 500: GOSUB 500: GOTO 160 X$ = "a********************** R0": INPUT V: PRINT D$: GOSUB Z$: PRINT S$", "T$: GOTO 30 160 ****************":XX$ = "* 500:N = V: INPUT "ADD(A), CH 410 IF W$ < > "" THEN RETURN 20 GOSUB 90: GOSUB 500 ANGE(C), OR QUIT(Q) ";F?: IF 420 GOSUB 500: VTAB 5 30 VTAB 1: PRINT "IF DONE, ENTER IF AA < > 0 THEN LEFT? (F$,l) = "A" THEN 400 430 PRINT "What Is the name of": 'DONE'": POKE 34,1 X* = X$ + X$:XX$ = LEFT$ (X 250 IF LEFT$ (F$,l) = "Q" THEN PRINT "File you wish to wor 40 V = V + 1: IF V > 1226 THEN RETURN X$,38) + " " + RIGHT? (XX* RETURN k with?": PRINT " If you nee 50 VTAB 10: PRINT "Input Name ,38) 260 PRINT "YOU HAVE "V" ADDRESSE d CATALOG, Hit Return": INPUT * ]": VTAB 170 PRINT X$: FOR X = 1 TO 20: PRINT S.": PRINT "If you wish to e W$: IF W$ < > "" THEN RETURN 10: HTAB 11: INPUT "»;A$: IF XX$: NEXT : PRINT X$:BB = 8: dlt a specific address, Type 440 PRINT D$"CATAL0G": GOTO 430 A$ = ’’DO N E " OR A$ = "done” THEN BC = 27: IF AA = 0 THEN BC = In 'N' and": PRINT "hit RET 450 R = 0: GOSUB 500: VTAB 10: GOSUB GOSUB 120: RETURN 12 URN, and enter the Number of 410: GOSUB 80:V = 0: GOSUB 1 60 PRINT "Input Street Address 180 VTAB BB: HTAB BC + 3: PRINT the Address.": PRINT "To RE 30: DIM B(V) ,C(V): PRINT "RE ]": VTAB "ADDRESSER1': VTAB BB + 2: HTAB TYPE, type 'Y' , If DONE, ty ADING" :QQ = V: FOR V = 1 TO ■ 11: HTAB 21: INPUT "";Z$: PRINT BC + 1: PRINT "(C) Copyright pe ' D'.": PRINT "To run thro QQ: GOSUB 130:B(V) = VAL ’Il n p u t City ": PRINT : HTAB BC : PRINT "B ugh addresses In order, hit ( RIGHT$ (T$,5)): NEXT :I = 1: ]": VTAB 12: HTAB 11 y M I C R 0 INK'1: FOR X = 1 TO RETURN." PRINT "SORT ING": D1 = 0 : INPUT "" ;S$: PRINT "Input 500: NEXT 270 FOR X = 1 TO N 460 M = 0:N = 0:D = 100000: FOR J State and ZIP]": VTAB 190 GOSUB 500: VTAB 8: PRINT "Do 280 V = X: GOSUB 130: PRINT A$: PRINT = 1 TO QQ: IF M AND B(J) = ... 13: HTAB 20: INPUT "";T$: PRINT you want to:": PRINT : PRINT Z$: PRINT sr , "T$: PRINT : INPUT B(E) THEN N = N + 1 "Input Phone #]": VTAB TAB( 10)"1 Make an address "Retype (Y/N/D) ";Q$: IF Q$ = 470 IF B(J) < D AND B(J) > = D1 l4: HTAB 13: INPUT "";P$: GOSUB file": PRINT TAB( 10)"2 C "N" THEN INPUT V: GOTO 320 THEN D = B (J):E = J:M = 1:N 500: GOSUB 110: GOTO 40 hange an address file": PRINT 290 IF Q$ = "Y" THEN 330 = 1 70 PRINT D$"0PEN"W$: PRINT D$"DE TAB( 10)"3 Print an addres 300 IF Q$ = "D" THEN X = N 480 NEXT :D1 = D + 1: FOR K = 1 TO LETE"W$ s file": PRINT TAB( 10)"4 310 NEXT : PRINT D$"CLOSE": RETURN N:C(I) = E:I = I + 1: NEXT : 80 PRINT D$"0PEN "W$,,,L100": PRINT Sort by Zip": PRINT TAB( 10 320 GOSUB 130 IF I < = QQ THEN 460 D$: RETURN )"5 Qult":VZ = 0 330 PRINT "("A*")": INPUT Q$: IF 490 PRINT "WRITING":A$ = ".SORTE 90 GOSUB 500: VTAB 5: PRINT "WHA 200 HTAB 10: GET SS$: IF VAL (S Q$ < > "" THEN A$ = Q$ D" :A1$ = U$:A2$ = Al$ + A$:U T NAME FOR THE FILE": INPUT S$) > 5 THEN 200 340 PRINT "("Z$")": INPUT Q$: IF * = A2$: GOSUB 80: FOR I = 1 U$: IF LEN (W$) = 0 THEN POP 210 PRINT : ON VAL (SS*) GOSUB Q$ < > "" THEN Z$ = Q$ TO QQ:V = C(I) :W$ = Al$: GOSUB : RETURN 20,240,230,450,220: GOTO 190 350 PRINT "("S$")": INPUT Q$: IF 130:W$ = A2$: VZ = VZ + 1:V = 100 GOSUB 70: RETURN 220 GOSUB 500: END Q* < > "" THEN S$ - Q$ VZ: GOSUB 110: NEXT : PRINT 110 PRINT : PRINT D$; "WRITE "W$" 230 W = 1: GOSUB 410: PRINT D$"OP 360 PRINT "("T$")": INPUT Q$: IF D$"WRITE"A2$" ,R0": PRINT QQ: ,R"V: PRINT A$: PRINT Z$: PRINT EN "W$",L100": PRINT D$: GOSUB Q$ < > "" THEN T$ = Q$ PRINT D$"CL0SE": RETURN S$: PRINT T$ : PRINT P$: PRINT 500: PRINT "EVERYTHING OK": GET 370 PRINT "("P$")": INPUT Q$: IF 500 IF AA > 0 THEN PRINT CHR$ D$: RETURN J$: PRINT : PRINT D$"READ "W Q$ < > "" THEN P$ = Q$ (12): RETURN 120 PRINT D$"WRITE"W$",R0: PRINT $",R0": INPUT X: FOR V = 1 TO 380 GOSUB 110: PRINT "CHANGE ANO 510 HOME : RETURN V - 1: PRINT D$"CLOSE": RETURN X: GOSUB 130: PRINT D$"PR#1" THER? ": INPUT Q$: IF LEFT* JMCftO

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No. 63 ■ August 1983 MICRO 83 i - S M m e Capturing Network Com

character is available, it is loaded into Utilization of network information sources is improved the accumulator and masked to seven bits. (You cannot receive OSI graphics by allowing the user to save the entire dialogue on disk characters with this program.) The pro­ gram accepts all ASCII characters ex­ so that the information can be thoroughly reviewed at a cept one. In lines 90-110, the double quote [") time. is replaced by a single quote [’]. Something in the operating system causes the computer to hang if the first character in a character string is a T he availability of vast amounts of MODEM. The third program is called double quote. (This has no effect on information v ia the large com­ QUICK and is the program to output any of the programs in my article. I puter networks provides signifi­ information saved on disk. The have been experimenting with programs cant benefits to even the computer hob­ machine-code portion will be discussed to manipulate and edit the information byists. I have used the networks for in­ first, since it provides the heart of the on disk, but they are incomplete.) formation sources, shopping, news, communications system. In line 120, PRINT is a JSR to the electronic mail, etc. output routine in the operating system One of the first things I learned is kernel. This routine allows you not that a "dumb" terminal places signifi­ Machine-Code Program only to display the received character cant restrictions on 'effective utiliza­ on the CRT but to store it in memory tion of computer telecommunications. The machine-code program is not also. This decision is made during ex­ This article details a program I very complex (see listing 1). In fact, the ecution of the BASIC program. developed to capture communications heart of the program is included in the The file housekeeping routine at with a second computer and to generate a first 25 lines. In simple terms, the pro­ line 280 simply reminds you how copy of the information while off-line, gram does the following: much memory has been used by com­ which helps minimize connect-time 1. It checks for a character input from munications storage. The routine charges. The only restriction is that the the modem prints the memory page number in hex­ computer you are talking to must echo 2. If there is a character, it outputs the adecimal on the right side of the screen your input, and the other computer character each time the page number changes. must not require an echo of its output. 3. It does the file housekeeping The function of this display is ex­ My system is an OSI C4P-MF with 4. It checks the keyboard for a char­ plained later. If the save-to-disk option 32K RAM. I use a Radio Shack Modem I acter input is not selected, this routine is not and an Epson MX-80 printer. The pro­ 5. If there is a character input, it sends called by the program. grams are written for use on the OS- the character The keyboard routine at line 520 65D Version 3.3 operating system, but The program then repeats this sequence. returns either an ASCII code or a zero. Version 3.2 will work as well. The assembly listing of the The routine I use was developed by Three programs are required to machine-code program is almost self- Don VanSyckel and was published in utilize this system effectively. The explanatory, but a few of the operations the December 1981 issue of the Aaxd- main program, called MODEM, is the need more explanation. The modem in­ vaik Journal. (Permission to use this operational part of the program and is put sequence is straightforward. If the copyrighted material was received.) I written in BASIC. The second program status register is empty, the program chose this routine over several others is the machine-code portion of branches to the JSFILE location. If a because it provides both upper and 84 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 by Robert F. Soloman

lower case and all ASCII control codes. bit 4. An advantage is that these code program. The selection of a keyboard routine is devices can be enabled at the same time The two disk commands in line 66 not critical, except that it must be a so that each character is both displayed set up the memory output. The com­ non-waiting type of routine; it must and stored in memory. mand "MEM F000,4800” sets the first check for a key to be pressed but not The memory output routine does all memory storage location for memory wait for the key. (This is the reason the the housekeeping such as incrementing storage to $4800. ($F000 is the memory keyboard routine in the monitor cannot memory pointers, etc. The kemal out­ input pointer, which is not used.) The be used.) put routine is called from line 120 of command "IO, 12" sets the output If no character is returned from the the Assembly program. The program dispatch word to select both CRT and keyboard routine, the program jumps requires the use of a buffer disk — a memory output. back to the beginning. If a character is disk that has been initialized but has no After you exit the machine-code returned, it is transmitted to the directory or established files. program, line 85 retrieves the pass modem and then jumps to the begin­ The constant PA is the pass number number and sets the keyboard and CRT ning. The remote computer echoes the and is POKED to decimal location as the only input and output devices. character you sent and this echo 15336 (constant PD). It keeps track of Line 1000 checks for dumb terminal ar­ character is what you see on the screen. how many times the machine-code pro­ rangement, the program branches to You are now operating in a full duplex gram has been called. It also deter­ the decision routine at line 4800. mode. The only exception is the mines on which tracks of the disk the If the program is in the disk-save Control-B code. This key combination current data will be saved. mode, the program asks if the file is causes the program to return to the Since my computer has been set up complete. This routine selects end-of- BASIC program. with a selector switch to use the file strings to be appended to the file. modem or printer from the same ACIA, These are used to indicate when you MODEM Program GOSUB 6000 gives a reminder to select have output all the useful information the modem. from a file. The MODEM program is the BASIC Line 12 eliminates string delimiters. As long as the file is not complete, program that does all the housekeeping GOSUB 5000 allows you to select be­ the program will return to the and saving on disk. It calls the tween a dumb terminal, which gives machine-code routine after saving the machine-code program as a USR(X) display only, or a terminal that allows information on the proper tracks. If the routine (see listing 2). Saving com­ you to save to memory. Decimal loca­ buffer disk becomes filled, the program munications to disk is actually a two- tion 15337 (constant SD) is used as a will instruct you to use a second buffer stage process: the machine-code pro­ disk-save flag. It is set to zero for dumb disk. If you do not change buffer disks, gram stores the communications data terminal use and to 99 to indicate disk you will write over the previously in reserved upper memory then, in the save. Line 5030 sets line 130 in the saved information. BASIC program, this memory is assembly listing to enable the file Should you respond "YES" to the transferred to disk. routine for the disk save function. Line file complete prompt, the program will This approach uses the operating 5050 sets assembly line 130 to NOPs branch to the decision routine at line system kernel to dispatch the output to for dumb terminal use. 4800 after saving on disk. You can still more than one device. The CRT screen Line 15 saves PA and resets the up­ continue with modem communica­ display is called as device 2 and memory per memory limits. Line 40 sets the tions from this point without over­ storage as device 5. These devices also USR(X) location ($3A7E) and sets the writing previously stored information. can be selected by setting a status bit to ACIA protocol. Line 65 checks the save One of the exit options (option 3) is 1 at decimal location 8994 in the flag. If it is zero [dumb terminal), to run the program called QUICK, kernel. The CRT is bit 1 and memory is it jumps directly to the machine- which outputs the disk information. No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 85 QUICK the new page number (in hex) is described in detail. displayed on the right side of the CRT The instructions are for a system This program takes the com­ screen. You must remain aware of this running the OSI OS-65D operating munications information from disk and value so the page location does not ex­ system Version 3.3. Instructions for outputs it to the CRT and/or the ceed the boundary of your memory. If other memory limits and for Version printer as you request. You are asked to you exceed the limits, the computer 3.2 are given later. specify the first and last tracks to be places the information in a non­ First, initialize a disk and copy the output (see listing 3). existent memory location. The highest operating system and BEXEC* only. You can stop at any time by hitting value for the memory page is 7F for a Then create two files with each file be­ the ESC key, which causes a jump to machine with 32K of memory. ing two tracks long. The first program the exit menu. You have the option of When you approach the end-of- is titled MODEM and the second is going to the next track, restarting the memory storage, type Control-S to stop titled QUICK. Since the QUICK program program, or quitting. the network and then type Control-B. is easiest to implement, I will create that The QUICK program functions by This returns you to the BASIC part of one first. Using option 7 in BEXEC*, calling each track into the disk buffer. the program. You will then see the create a single disk buffer. Then enter Each location in the buffer is PEEKed prompt "IS FILE COMPLETE” . If you the program as listed and type: sequentially and that character is out­ want to stop saving to disk, answer put to the printer. < YES > or < Y > to this prompt. If you answer < NO >, you will automatically DISK! “PUT QUICK” < CR > Usage return to the machine-code program and get a "Modem Ready" prompt. For the MODEM program, type After boot-up, open the system and If you answered yes to the file com­ NEW and then type in the following: then type < RUN1'MODEM” > . From plete prompt, you will go to the exit this point, the program prompts you all menu. You should select option 1, 10 REM MACHINE CODE the way through. As written, you must return to modem. 20 END answer < YES > or < Y > to the modem After you have returned to the switch prompt before you can continue. machine-code program, type a Control- Then type The next prompt will ask if you Q and you are back in business. Each wish to save to disk. If you answer time your memory is almost full, DISK! “PUT MODEM” CR < NO> , the program will function as a repeat this sequence. The program will dumb terminal. If you answer < Y ES>, tell you when the disk is almost full Remove the disk and reboot using you will be instructed to insert the buf­ and that you should use a second Tutorial Disk Two. Then type fer disk into the drive. After you get the buffer disk. message "Modem Ready", you can go When you want to log-off the net­ RUN“BUFFER” online. If you are in the disk-save work, use the following sequence: Log­ mode, a "4 8 " will be visible on the off; after log-off is verified, type Answer E to the Enable prompt. right side of the screen. Control-B then hang up; answer the Remove the Tutorial disk and put the At this point you can dial up the exit prompts as they come up. (Answer MODEM disk in the drive. Type the network and proceed with your log-on < YES > to the file complete prompt.) following sequence: and other communications. There is To get a hard copy of the com­ only one important restriction in the munications select exit option 3. You DISK!“LOAD MODEM” < C R > use of this program: the network or will be instructed and the QUICK pro­ BYTE 370 bulletin board you access must have gram will run. All the information on DISK!“PUT MODEM” provision for suppressing output under the buffer disk will be printed on the your control. (The network I use ac­ CRT and/or printer. After you see Reboot your MODEM disk and type: cepts Control-S as a stop code and ‘ ‘ temporary End of File’ ’, hit the Escape Control-Q as a start code. These button. All the information after this DISK!“LOAD MODEM” are the normal ASCII DC3 and DC1 message is garbage. You can restart on codes, respectively.) the next batch of information from the Now type in the machine-code in­ There are only two situations in next pass number (the first track stallation program (listing 4) and which you would need to suppress out­ numbers for each pass are 1, 8, 15, 22, type RUN. put. One, is when your memory storage 29, and 36). If the message was "End of This sequence does the following: area ( in the disk save mode) is almost File" there is no more information on the first it creates buffer space ahead of the full. The other is when you wish to exit disk that relates to this communication. program for the machine-code routine; to change to or from the disk-save mode. then it POKEs the machine-code An example of changing save modes routine into the buffer and saves it on would be when you want to save only a Installation disk. To put the actual MODEM pro­ portion of your network communica­ gram on disk, type tion. Things such as stock market data, The installation of the program can news stories, or reference information be accomplished by more than one DISK!“LOAD MODEM” may need more study; so you would method, the most efficient being NEW < C R > want to have a hard copy. Assembler. However, a lot of computer The program keeps track of where users are not familiar with assembly- Now type in the MODEM program and you are in the memory storage area. language programming, so another then type Each time a page in memory changes, method of installing the program is (Continued on page 88)

86 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 D&N MICRO PRODUCTS, INC. Fort Wayne, Ind. 46808 5 (219)484-6414 TERMS $3.00 shipping, Foreign orders add 15%, Indiana residents add 5% sales tax.

COMPUTER MICRO-80 COMPUTER PRINTERS Z-80A CPU with 4Mhz clock and Okidata STANDARD CP/M 2.2 operating system. 64K ML82A, 120 cps, 10” .$409 low power static memory. Cen­ ML83A, 120cps, 15” .$895 CP/M FOR OSI tronics parallel printer port. 3 serial ML84 Parallel, 200 caps, 15” . $1150 ports. 4” cooling fan. Two8” single C. loth D&N-80 CPU CARD or double sided floppy disk drives. 8510APProwriter,parallel ...$419 The D&N-80 CPU allows the owner IBM single density 3740 format for 120 cps, correspondence quality of an OSI static memory computer 243K or storage, double density 8510APD Prowriter, serial ___$585 to convert to Industrial Standard format for604K of storage. Double F10-40PUStarwriter, parallel $1319 IBM 3740 single density disk for­ sided drives allow 1.2 meg on Letter quality daisy wheel mat and CP/M operating system. each drive. Satin finish extruded F10-40RUStarwriter,serial. .$1319 Double density disk operation is aluminum with vinyl woodgrain F10-55PU Printmaster...... $1610 also supported for 608K of storage decorative finish. 8 slot backplane, parallel, Letter quality daisy on an 8” diskette. When used with 48 pin buss compatible with OSI wheel a 51/t” disk system 200K of storage boards. F10-55RU Printmaster, serial $1610 is provided. Optional parallel MODEL 80-1200 $2995 DISK DRIVES AND CABLES printer and real time clock. Also 2 8” Single sided drives 8” ShugartSA801 ...... $385 available for polled keyboard and MODEL 80-2400 $3495 single sided video systems. Compatible with 2 8” Double sided drives 8” ShugartSA851 $585 C2, C3, C4 and 200 series OSI com­ double sided puters. MICRO-65 COMPUTER FLC-66 ft cable from D&N ___$69 INCLUDES CP/M 2.2 6502 CPU with 2Mhz clock and or OSI disk controller to 8” drive D&N-80-1 Serial 8” disk $595 DOS-65 operating system. 48K of 51/4hMPI B51 diskdrive with. .$450 D&N-80-2 Video 5'A" disk $595 low power static memory. 2 serial cable, power supply and D&N-80-3 Video 8” disk $595 ports and 1 Centronics parallel cabinet. Specify computer type. Option 001 $ 60 port. 2 8” single or double sided FLC-5V4 cable for connection .$75 Parallel printer and drives. Satin finish extruded to 51/4 drive and D&N or OSI real time clock. aluminum with vinyl woodgrain controller, with data separator finish. 8 slot backplane, 48 pin buss and disk switch. Specify HARD DISK DRIVER $140 compatible with OSI. Will run OSI computer type Allows D&N-80 CPU board to con­ 65D and 65U software. Includes trol OSI 40 or80 meg hard disk unit. Basic E/65 a compiled BASIC for HARDWARE Will not destroy OSI files. Will also 6502 CPU. OSI COMPATIBLE allow for a true 56K CP/M system. MODEL 65-1 $2995 IO-CA1 OX Serial Printer Port. .$125 Specify 40 or 80 meg drive. 2 8” Single sided drives Specify Device #3 or #8 BUSS TRANSFER $135 MODEL 65-2 $3495 IO-CA9 Parallel Printer Port ..$150 Allows for D&N-80 and OSI CPU to 2 8” Double sided drives CMOS-MEM be in the computer at the same 64K CMOS static memory board, time. Toggle switch provides for BP-580 8 Slot Backplane ...... $ 47 uses 6116 chips, 3 16K, 1 8K and 2 alternate CPU operation. OSI 48 pin Buss compatible 4K blocks, Partitionable for multi­ DISK TRANSFER $100 MEM-CM9 MEMORY/ user, OSI type disk controller, 2 IO Utility program to transfer OSI FLOPPY CONTROLLER mapped serial ports for use with CP/M format disk to IBM 3740 24K memory/floppy controller card D&N-80 CPU. Ideal way to upgrade single density format. Will also uses 2114 memory chips, 1 8K and from cassette to disk. transfer IBM to OSI format. 1 16K partition. Supports OSI type 64K CMOS-MEM...... $500 SYSTEM HARDWARE disk interface 48K CMOS-MEM ...... $405 REQUIREMENTS 24MEM-CM9...... $325 D&N-80 CPU, D&N FL470 or OSI 16MEM-CM9...... $260 24K CMOS-MEM...... $260 16K CMOS-MEM...... $210 470 controller, 48K memory at 8MEM-CM9...... $180 0000-BFFF, 4K memory at D000-- BAREMEM-CM9 ...... $ 50 BARE CMOS-MEM...... $ 50 Controller add.$ 90 DFFF, two disk drive cables. Controller on assembled unit FORMATTRANSFER $15 add...... $ 90 2 IO mapped serial ports add. $125 on assembled memory board You supply software on 8” diskette BIO-1600 Bare IO card...... $ 50 Z80-I02 IO mapped serial... .$160 D&N will transfer OSI CP/M format Supports 8K of memory, 2 16 bit ports for use with D&N-80 CPU to IBM 3740 CP/M format. Can also parallel ports, 5 serial ports, card transfer IBM 3740 CP/M format to with manual and Molex FL470 Disk Controller ...... $155 OSI CP/M format. Original diskette connectors. 5Vi or 8" drive returned. No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 87 DISK!“ PUT MODEM” < CR > this program for the CIP at a later date. I have, however, translated these Accounts Payable Your program is now complete and programs for use with an OSI C4P run­ & ready for checkout. The only other ning OS-65D Version 3.2 in 24K and Receivable thing you will need is one or more buf­ present those changes here. Because of Program fer disks. To create these, open the the numerous combinations of system and place a blank disk in the memory size and operating system, I drive. Type EXIT after a BASIC will not attempt to generalize. Those Business or Home owner, keep "O K " prompt. Then type "IN IT" users who want to adapt to their track of your accounts payable and system can learn enough from studying receivables < CR > and respond Y to the ' 'Are you • 300 entries per disk sure" question. The computer will do these programs to implement their • 75 entries per cassette the rest. own configuration. • Printer option The changes required to adapt to the • Automatic Sort 3.2 version encompass all three pro­ Testing grams. Listing 5 shows those data lines Requires 8K or 16K Expander that must be changed in the machine- Testing the program can be done code installation program. For those Disk - $35.95 Cassette - $29.95 off-line. Assuming that all the instruc­ who would rather work in the tions up to this point have been fol­ Assembler, the only change required is lowed, you can commence testing. to make the starting address $327E. To ...... SEIMSEi:.'1 Disconnect the DB-25 connector establish the buffer space for the from your modem and connect pins 2 machine-code program, you will need and 3 together temporarily. This con­ to use the CHANGE program to nects the computer's output to the allocate 370 bytes before the modem to the input from the modem, workspace. All other installation in­ TO ORDER: P.O. BOX 768 so whatever you transmit is im­ structions are the same. WICHITA, KS 67201 (316)263-1095 mediately received. Then bootup and The MODEM program for use on run the MODEM program without sav­ 3.2 is listed in its entirety in listing 6. Handling charges $3.00 C O D (Add $2.00) ing to disk. After you get the "Modem Because of the extensive changes Personal checks allow 3 week delivery VIC-20® is a registered trademark of Commodore Ready" prompt, you can type whatever necessitated by the reduction in Prices subject to change you want. It should be correctly memory available, a complete listing is displayed on the CRT. I suggest typing more readable than a list of corrections. all characters in both upper and lower The QUICK program requires only case to verify all is well. two changes. They are If this works properly, all is well. If it does not, then check carefully over 510 DISK!“ CA 327E = ” +T S $+ “ ,1” your work — especially the machine 520 FORAD = OT02047:CH = PEEK code. If all works, type Control-B and (12926 + AD):CH = CHAND127: A pple^ & T tee you should come back to the exit IFCH <10THENCH = 20 menu. Now try saving on disk by E lectron ics following the prompts. After you have Conclusion PROWRITER PRINTER something in there, type Control-B and The electronic transfer of informa­ answer yes to the file-end question. tion is now within reach of computer $ 3 9 5 You should now hear the computer hobbyists. Using this development can HARDWARE dump to disk. Run the QUICK program be valuable in both personal and profes­ FRANKLIN to see how it works. Providing sional environments. These programs ACE everything is okay you are now ready to were developed to make it easier for the The Professional Personal Computer go on-line. user to gain the advantages of elec­ INTRODUCTORY PACKAGE * Franklin Ace tronic communications. 1000 Use on Other Systems * 1-Disk Drive * Green Monitor The basic approach of this series of Robert Solomon is an operations engineer j $ 1 5 9 5 programs can probably be used by a at NASA Lewis Research Center where number of other systems. However, he is responsible for altitude testing of QUICK BROWN FOX jet engines. Most of his computer since I am not familiar with the in­ programming is done in assembler and $5525 tricacies of other operating systems I BASIC, but he has worked with FOCAL CALL FOR THIS MONTH'S SPECIAL suggest that this series of programs be and is trying to understand FORTH. used as a guide only. Bob's most unusual hardware/software 1-800-835-2246 EXT. 211 accomplishment is interfacing the OR Similarly, the various configura­ ______702-459-4114 ______computer to a Wurlitzer organ and tions of OSI machines are also quite ex­ developing the software for it. You can 5130 East Charleston Blvd. tensive and beyond the scope of this ar­ contact him via SOURCE network ID S u ite 4M €5 Las Vegas, Nevada 89122 ticle. It should be possible to use this ST1117 or by writing to 5868 Joanne Add $3.00 for shipping, handling and insurance. program on a CIP, but special attention Court, North Ridgeville, OH 44039. Nevada residents add 5.75% sales tax. Please include phone number. Equipment subject to price change must be given to the variations in the ^^^an^availability^al^^writ^o^pric^isl^^^^y keyboard. It is my intention to develop {Listings begin on page 90)

MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Blessed are the big

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No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 89 OHIO SCIENTIFIC Listing 1

NEW PROGRAMS! 5 s LISTING I 10 ; MODEM CODE FOR SOURCE USE ONLY 20 3 A 7 E * = * 3 A 7 E SCOUT —Full color, machine 30 3A7E 204426 OPEN JSR * 2 6 4 4 4 0 3 A 8 1 ADOOFCAGAIN L D A ♦ F C O O CHECK FOR MODEM INPUT language, fast action and 5 0 3 A 8 4 4 A L 5 R A 6 0 3 A 8 5 9 0 0 E BCCJSFILE NO THEN LEAVE ROUTINE graphics! After a year of 7 0 3 A 8 7 ADOIFC L D A ♦ F C O l GET MODEM CHARACTER development, comes the all 8 0 3 A 8 A 2 9 7 F AND M 7 F M A SK I T 9 0 3 A 8 C C 9 2 2 CMP # <22 CHECK FOR DOUBLE QUOTE machine language SCOUT. 100 3 A 8 E D 0 0 2 BNE PRINT IF NOT SO PRINT IT 110 3 A 9 0 A 9 2 7 L D A # ♦ 2 7 MAKE IT A SINGLE QUOTE Patrol the planet surface pro­ 120 3 A 9 2 2 0 4 3 2 3 PRINT JSR *2343 GO TO OUTPUT ROUTINE 1 3 0 3 A 9 5 2 0 B 4 3 A JSFILEJSRFILE DO FILE HOUSEKEEPING tecting and saving the human 1 4 0 3 A 9 8 2 0 F 2 3 A JSKEYJSR KEY GO CHECK KEYBOARD 1 5 0 3 A 9 B F 0 E 4 ZERO BEQ AGAIN NO INPUT START OVER population from abductors. 1 6 0 3 A 9 D C 9 0 2 CMP # *0 2 CHECK FOR CTRL B 1 7 0 3 A 9 F F O O F BEQ OUT IF SO THEN EXIT Turn your OSI into a real ar­ 1 8 0 3 A A 1 4 8 SPLITPHA SAVE KEYBOARD CHARACTE cade! 1 9 0 3 A A 2 ADOOFC CLRSND LDA ♦FCOO MAKE SURE XMIT BUFFER 200 3 A A 5 4 A LSRA EMPTY $24.95 C4PMF, C8PDF. 2 10 3 A A 6 4 A L 5 R A 220 3 A A 7 9 0 F 9 BCC CLRSND 2 3 0 3 A A 9 6B PLA WHEN EMPTY SET KEYBOAR 2 4 0 3 A A A 8 D 0 I F C STA *FC01 AND SEND IT Send for our FREE catalog. 2 5 0 3 A A D 4 C 8 1 3 A JMPAGAIN S T A R T O V E R 2 6 0 3 A B 0 4 C 4 4 2 6 O U T JMP *2644 RETURN TO BASIC We have what you want for 2 7 0 3 A B 3 E A ADTEMPNOP TEMPORARY STORASE FOR 2 8 0 3 A B 4 A D 9 2 2 3 FILE L D A * 2 3 9 2 GET CURRENT PAGE NUMBE less: S-FORTH $39, FULL 290 3AB7 CDB33A CMP ADTEMP SEE IF IT CHANGED SCREEN EDITOR $19, 3 0 0 3 A B A F O I E BEQDONE IF NO CHANGE THEN RETU 3 1 0 3 A B C B D B 3 3 A STAADTEMP SAVE PAGE NUMBER ADVENTURE $19, SKYHAWK 3 2 0 3 A B F 4 A LSRA CONVERT PAGE NUMBER 3 3 0 3 A C 0 4 A LSRA TO TWO ASCII CHARS $8, TOUCH TYPING $19, IN­ 3 4 0 3 A C 1 4 A LSRA AND DISPLAY ON CRT 3 5 0 3 A C 2 4 A LSRA TELLIGENT TERMINAL $24, 360 3 AC 3 20DB3A JSRHEXOUT 3 7 0 3 AC 6 8 D F E D 1 STA ♦ D 1 F E THE WIZARD’S CITY $12, 3 8 0 3 A C 9 A D B 3 3 A LDAADTEMP 3 9 0 3 A C C 2 0 D B 3 A JSRHEXOUT UTILITIES, and much more for 4 0 0 3 A C F B D F F D 1 S T A ♦ D 1 F F the C1P to the C8PDF. 4 1 0 3 AD 2 A 9 2 0 LDA # *20 4 2 0 3 A D 4 8 D B E D 1 S T A « D 1 B E 4 3 0 3 A D 7 8 D B F D 1 S T A « D 1 B F 4 4 0 3 A D A 6 0 DONE RTS (312) 259-3150 4 5 0 3 A D B 2 9 0 F HEXOUT A ND # * 0 F 4 6 0 3 A D D C 9 0 A CMP • ♦ O A AURORA SOFTWARE 4 7 0 3 A D F 1 8 CLC 4 8 0 3 A E 0 3 0 0 2 B M I H E X 1 g 37 S. Mitchell g 490 3AE2 6907 A D C # * 0 7 5 0 0 3 A E 4 6 9 3 0 H E X 1 A D C # * 3 0 " Arlington Heights, 5 1 0 3 A E 6 6 0 RTS 520DFOO= KYBD = * D F O O Illinois 60005 5 3 0 0 2 1 3 - C H R 2 = * 0 2 1 3 5 4 0 0 2 1 4 - TEMP = CHR2+1 5 5 0 0 2 1 5 = C H R 1 = T E M P + 1 5 6 0 0 2 1 6 - C N T == C H R 1 + 1 5 7 0 3 A E 7 2 0 A 1 3 B K Y A A J S R R D 0 1 5 8 0 3 A E A 2 9 0 7 AND # * 0 7 “CARD/?” 5 9 0 3 A E C Q 0 6 E B N £ _ K Y 0 6 (CARD PRINT) 600 3AEE A020 LDY # *20 610 3AF0 D06A BNE K Y 0 6 ********** 6 2 0 3 A F 2 8A KEY TXA ; START OF ROUTINE TO UNIVERSAL CENTRONICS 6 3 0 3 A F 3 4 8 PHA j GET ASCII VALUE FROM TYA ; KEYBOARD OR RETURN PARALLEL PRINTER 6 4 0 3 A F 4 9 8 6 5 0 3 A F 5 4 8 PHA • A ZERO INTERFACE FOR THE VIC-20'*' 6 6 0 3 A F 6 2 0 A 1 3 B K Y 0 1 J S R R D 0 1 AND # *20 Now you can use any parallel printer 670 3AF9 2920 680 3AFB F018 BEQ K Y 0 2 with your VIC-20 \ And you don't have 6 9 0 3 A F D A 9 1 B LDA # * 1 B to give up the use of your user port 7 0 0 3 A F F D 0 7 8 B N E K Y 1 0 (MODEM), or change to special printer 710 3B01 8D1502 KYBB STACHR 720 3B04 A902 LDA # *02 commands, or load any special soft­ 7 3 0 3 B 0 6 8 D 1 6 0 2 STACNT ware driver programs to do it. 740 3B09 A005 KYCC LD Y # 5 7 5 0 3 B 0 B A 2 C 8 KYDD LDX #«C 8 • Outputs standard ASCII codes to 7 6 0 3 B 0 D CA KYEE DEX the printer. 770 3B0E DOFD BNEKYEE • Plugs in the V \C-20"J printer serial 7 8 0 3 B 1 0 88 DEY 7 9 0 3 6 1 1 D 0 F 8 BNE KYDD i / o p o rt. 800 3B13 F0E1 B E Q K Y 0 1 • Understands all standard VIC-20®' 8 1 0 3 B 1 5 A 2 0 1 K Y 0 2 LDX #*0 1 TXA print commands. 8 2 0 3 B 1 7 8 A K Y 0 3 8 3 0 3 B 1 8 OA ASLA • No modification to your VIC-20rs. 8 4 0 3 B 1 9 AA TAX • No special programs required. 850 3B1A D005 BNE K Y 0 4 STA C H R 1 • Includes all necessary cables to 860 3B1C 8D1502 870 3B1F F062 BEQ K Y I 1 hook up a standard printer using 880 3B21 20A33B K Y 0 4 JSRRD centronics parallel input. 890 3B24 F0F1 BEQ K Y 0 3 JSR CONV • MADE IN THE U.S.A. 9 0 0 3 B 2 6 2 0 9 A 3 B 910 3B29 8C1402 STYTEMP The CARD/'7 is a product of CARDCO, Inc 9 2 0 3 B 2 C 8A TXA $76.00 930 3B2D 209A3B JSR CONV 9 4 0 3 B 3 0 9 8 TYA 9 5 0 3 B 3 1 OA ASLA 9 6 0 3 B 3 2 O A ASLA ...... S E N S E ' : / 9 7 0 3 B 3 3 OA ASLA 980 3B34 6D1402 ADC TEMP 9 9 0 3 B 3 7 A8 TAY 1000 3 B 3 8 B 9 A E 3 B LDA TABLE,Y 10 10 3 B 3 B A 0 0 5 L D Y # 5 TO ORDER: 1020 3 B 3 D D 9 C 0 3 B K Y 0 5 C M P E X C - 1 , Y P.O. BOX 768 1 0 3 0 3 B 4 0 F 0 1 F BEQ K Y 0 7 WICHITA, KS 67201 1 0 4 0 3 B 4 2 88 DEY (316) 263-1095 1 0 5 0 3 B 4 3 D 0 F 8 B N E K Y 0 5 1060 3B45 8D1402 STA TEMP 1 0 7 0 3 B 4 8 A A TAX Handling charges $3.00 1080 3B49 109C BPL KYAA C O D. (Add $ 2.0 0) 1 0 9 0 3 B 4 B A 0 8 0 LDY # * 8 0 Personal checks allow 3 110 0 3 B 4 D 2 0 A 1 3 B J S R R D 0 1 VIC-20^ is a registered trademark of Commodore 1110 3 B 5 0 2 9 0 6 AND # * 0 6 Prices subject to change (Continued)

90 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 THE NEWEST RELEASE FROM ARTISAN SYSTEMS CORP.

D P -0 9 2MHZ DUAL 68B09E OPERATION PROCESSORS

256K DRAM FLOPPY CONTROLLER

6 R S -232 WINCHESTER SERIAL PORTS INTERFACE

8 28-P IN 4 LAYER SOCKETS PC BOARD

6809 BASED SINGLE BOARD SYSTEM 1 2 ' X 9 '

5 V , 4 A FEATURES: i 12V, . 2 A

6 8 B 0 9 E ADVA N CED 8 / 1 6 BIT S Y S T E M P R O C E S S O R WITH 9 INDEPENDENT 68B09E SUBSYSTEM FOR DISK CONTROL

MEMORY MANAGEMENT HARDWARE ALLOWS FOR 1-4 FLOPPYS 5' OR 8' SS DS SD DD

ONE MEGABYTE ADDRESS SPACE SASI INTERFACE ALLOWS 5-45MBYTE WINCHESTERS

9 6 4 K - 256KBYTE DRAM TO BE CONNECTED USING EXTERNAL CONTROLLER

$ 8 EACH 28-PIN SOCKETS FOR UP TO 128KBYTE EPROM THE SUBSYSTEM USES A PROPRIETARY DMA TECHNIQUE

E P R O M S CAN BE 2 7 3 2, 2 7 64 OR 2 7 1 2 8 FOR HIGH SPEED OPERATION

IN ADDITION 2 K X 8 OR 8KXB STATIC RAMS MAY BE USED ® FLEX OPERATING SYSTEM IS AVAILABLE

O SIX RS- 2 3 2 SERIAL PORTS WITH FULL MODEM HANDSHAKE PRICES: ADVANCED 6551A ACIAS WITH SOFTWARE BAUD RATE

SELECT OF 110 TO 19 2KBAUD D P - 0 9 A&T 6 4 K 4 SERIAL PORTS $ 8 9 5

O 6 5 2 2 A INTERFACE CHIP PROVIDES TWO 16-BIT TIMERS FLEX FOR DP-09 $ 1 5 0

P LU S TWO 8-BIT PARALLEL PORTS (UNBUFFERED) OS-09 LEVEL ONE 4 TWO CALL

8 AUTO-VECTORED INTERRUPTS FOR HIGH SPEED I/O HANDLING FORTH CALL ■*S

50-PIN EXPANSION SOCKET ARTISAN SYSTEMS CORP. TERMS: 410 CROSS ST.

ALL ORDERS PREPAID, VISA, OR MASTERCARD WINCHESTER, MA 01890

ALLOW 3 TO 4 WEEKS FOR DELIVERY (6 17) 721-2109

ADD 2 WEEKS FOR PERSONAL CHECKS

No. 63 * August 1983 MICRO 91 1 6 2 0 3 B A B EA NOP Listing 1 (Continued) 1 6 3 0 3 B A C E A NOP 1 6 4 0 3 B A D 6 0 RTS 1 6 5 0 3 B A E B 1 TABLE .BYTE *B1,*B2,*B3,*B4,*B5,*B 6 , * B 7 , O BEQ K Y 0 6 112 0 3 B 5 2 F 0 0 8 1 6 5 0 3 B A F B 2 A 0 9 0 L D Y # * 9 0 1 1 3 0 3 B 5 4 1 6 5 0 3 B B 0 B 3 CPX # * B 0 1140 3B56 EOBO 1 6 5 0 3 B B 1 B 4 3 B 5 8 3 0 0 2 B u i K Y 0 6 1 1 5 0 1 6 5 0 3 B B 2 B 5 3 B 5 A A 0 7 0 LDY # ♦ 7 0 1 1 6 0 1 6 5 0 3 B B 3 B6 K Y 0 6 CLC 1 1 7 0 3 B 5 C 1 8 1 6 5 0 3 B B 4 B 7 TYA 1 1 8 0 3 B 5 D 9 8 1 6 5 0 3 B B 5 00 1 1 9 0 3 B 5 E 6 D 1 4 0 2 ADCTEMP 1 6 6 0 3 B B 6 B 8 .BYTE *B 8,*B 9,*30 ,*3A +*80,*2D +*80,*7F,O,O K Y 0 7 TAY 1200 3 B 6 1 A8 1 6 6 0 3 B B 7 B 9 JSR R D 0 1 12 10 3 B 6 2 2 0 A 1 3 B 1 6 6 0 3 B B 8 3 0 TAX 12 20 3 B 6 5 AA 1 6 6 0 3 B B 9 BA AND # * 8 0 1 2 3 0 3 B 6 6 2 9 8 0 1 6 6 0 3 B B A A D BEQ K Y 0 8 1 2 4 0 3 B 6 8 F 0 0 5 1 6 6 0 3 B B B 7 F CLC 1 2 5 0 3 B 6 A 1 8 1 6 6 0 3 B B C 00 1 2 6 0 3 B 6 B 9 8 TYA 1 6 6 0 3 B B D 00 1270 3B6C 6910 ADC # * 10 1 6 7 0 3 B B E A E .BYTE *2E + *80,’L0’ 1 2 8 0 3 B 6 E A8 TAY 1 6 7 0 3 B B F 4 C 1 2 9 0 3 B 6 F 8 A K Y 0 8 TXA 1 6 7 0 3 B C 0 4 F 1300 3B70 2940 AN D # ♦ 4 0 1 6 8 0 3 B C 1 OA EXC .BYTE *0A ,*0D ,*20,*30,*7F 1310 3B72 F004 BEQ K Y 0 9 1 6 8 0 3 B C 2 O D 1 3 2 0 3 B 7 4 9 8 TYA 1 6 8 0 3 B C 3 20 1 3 3 0 3 B 7 5 2 9 I F AN D # * 1 F 1 6 8 0 3 B C 4 3 0 1 3 4 0 3 B 7 7 A8 TAY 1 6 8 0 3 B C 5 7 F 1 3 5 0 3 B 7 8 9 8 K Y 0 9 T Y A 1 6 9 0 3 B C 6 5 7 .BYTE 'WERTYUI' , O 1360 3B79 CD1502 KY10 CW>CHR1 1 6 9 0 3 B C 7 4 5 1370 3B7C 0083 BNEKYBB 1 6 9 0 3 B C 8 5 2 1380 3B7E CE1602 DEC CNT 1 6 9 0 3 B C 9 5 4 1390 3B81 0086 BNE KYCC 1 6 9 0 3 B C A 5 9 1 4 0 0 3 B 8 3 A 2 9 6 K Y I 1 LD X # ♦ 9 6 1 6 9 0 3 B C B 5 5 1410 3B85 CD1302 CMP C H R 2 1 6 9 0 3 BC C 4 9 1420 3B88 D002 BNE K Y 1 2 1 6 9 0 3 B C D 00 1430 3B8A A214 LDX # ♦ 1 4 1700 3 BCE 53 .BYTE 'SDFGHJK’ ,O 1 4 4 0 3 B S C 8 E 1 6 0 2 K Y I 2 STXCNT 1 7 0 0 3 B C F 4 4 1 4 5 0 3 B 8 F 8 D 1 3 0 2 S T A C H R 2 1 7 0 0 3 B D O 4 6 1 4 6 0 3 B 9 2 68 PLA 1 7 0 0 3 B D 1 4 7 1 4 7 0 3 B 9 3 A 8 TAY 1 7 0 0 3 B D 2 4 8 1 4 8 0 3 B 9 4 68 PLA 1 7 0 0 3 B D 3 4 A 1 4 9 0 3 B 9 5 AA TAX 1 7 0 0 3 B D 4 4 B 1500 3B96 AD1502 LDA CHR! 1 7 0 0 3 B D 5 00 1 5 1 0 3 B 9 9 6 0 R T S 1 7 1 0 3 B D 6 5 8 .BYTE ’XCVBNM’,*2C + *80,0 1 5 2 0 3 B 9 A AOFFCONVLDY • ♦ F F 1 7 1 0 3 B D 7 4 3 1 5 3 0 3 B 9 C c a C 0 0 1 I N Y 1 7 1 0 3 B D 8 5 6 1 5 4 0 3 B 9 D OA ASLA 1 7 1 0 3 B D 9 4 2 1 5 5 0 3 B 9 E 9 0 F C BCC C 0 0 1 1 7 1 0 3 B D A 4 E 1 5 6 0 3 B A 0 6 0 RTS 1 7 1 0 3 B D B 4 D 1 5 7 0 3 B A 1 A 9 0 1 R D 01 LDA #♦01 1 7 1 0 3 B D C A C 1580 3BA3EA RD NOP 1 7 1 0 3 B D D 00 1 5 9 0 3 B A 4 E A NOP 1 7 2 0 3 B D E 5 1 •BYTE 'QAZ ',*2F+ *80,*3B + *80,'P' 1 6 0 0 3 B A 5 8 D 0 0 D F STAKYBD 1 7 2 0 3 B D F 4 1 1 6 1 0 3 B A 8 ADOODF LDAKYBD 1 7 2 0 3 B E 0 5 A 1 7 2 0 3 B E 1 20 1 7 2 0 3 B E 2 AF 1 7 2 0 3 B E 3 B B Just Released 1 7 2 0 3 B E 4 5 0 Font DownLoader Listing 2 Expand the capacity of your printer hundreds of times 1 REM LISTING 2 5 REM SOURCE MODEM FOR VERSION 3.3 AND 32K Load custom fonts into your Apple® Matrix Printer, /•' 10 PA=0:PD=15336 s SD=15337; JF= 14997 s G0SUB6000 12 P0KE2888, 0:P0KE8722,0s P0KE2972,13:P0KE2976,13 Prowritei4® 851 OA, OKI® Microline 92, 93* and j i r . a 13 GQSUB5000 15 POKEPD,PA: POKE133,71s POKE 132,255s PRINT Epson® FX* and use them with virtually every / ^ 40 POKES955,126sP0KE8956,58sP0KE63235,52:P0KE64512,22 word processor to turn your printer into a DD 60 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"MODEM READY" /' 65 IFPEEK $100 REWARD*- 2400 DISK! "SA 1=4800/8" :DISK!"SA 23 1=5000/8* 2410 DISK! "SA 24 1=5800/8" •.DISK! "SA 25 1=6000/8' Submit the best or most unique font using the above 2420 DISK !"SA 26 1=6800/8“s DISK!"SA 27 1=7000/8* software and we will make you $100 richer. Other 2430 DISK! "SA 28 1=7800/8" s G0T02850 2500 DISK! "SA 29 1=4800/8" :DISK!"SA 30 1=5000/8' prizes for the first 25 runners up. 2510 DISK!" SA 31 1=5800/8" ;DISK!"SA 32 1=6000/8' 2520 DISK! "SA 33 1=5800/8" :DISK!"SA 34 1=7000/8' 2530 DISK! "SA 35 1=7800/8“: GOTO 2850 Dealer and Distributor 2600 DISK! "SA 36 1=4800/8" s DISK!"SA 37 1=5000/8' Inquiries Invited micro 2610 DISK! "SA 38 1=5800/8" :DISK!"SA 39 1=6000/8' Designed by RAK-Ware 2630 GOT02850 SUIArE! 2720 PRINT!(28):PRINT 1342 B Rt. 23, Butler, NJ 07405 2730 PRINT"*** WARNING IS FULL %%%“•.PRINT 201-838-9027 (Continued)

92 MICRO No. 63 * August 1983 Listing 2 (Continued) Listing 3 fContinued j 2740 INPUT"INSTALL BUFFER DISK TWO THEN TYPE ";ZZ* 160 DISK!“10 , 01":G0T0500 2850 IF PA=5ANDFE=99 G0T02910 180 DISK!"10 ,02":G0T0500 200 DISK!"10 ,03” 2860 PRINTs PRINT"PASS";PA; " COMPLETE" s PRINT 500 FORTT=FTTOLT:G0SUB800 2870 IF PA=6THENPA=0 5 1 0 D I S K ! 11 CA 3A 7E=',+TS* + ', t 1" 2875 IFFE=0G0T04810 511 REM FOR VERSION 3 .2 CHANGE CALL ADDRESS IN 510 2880 GOTO15 512 REM TO 327E 2910 PRINT 520 F0RAD=0T02047j CH=PEEK( 14974+A O ):CH=CHAND127:IFCH<10THENCH=20 521 REM FOR VERSION 3 .2 CHANGE PEEK LOCATION IN 520 2920 PRINT"*** WARNING - NEXT BLOCK MUST END BEFORE 522 REM TO 12926+AD 67":PRINT:PRINT 530 G0SUB900 540 PRINTCHR* TO CONTINUE";11% 5 5 0 N E X T A D 2940 G0T015 560 PRINT#2:PRINT#2, *****************” 4800 PRINT1(28):PRINT 570 PRINTW 2:PRINT#2, "TRACK ‘^T S *;" COMPLETE" : PRINT#2 4810 PRINT"SELECT":PRINTS PRINT" 1 > RETURN TO 580 PRINT#2, PRINT#2 MODEM"sPRINT 590 NEXTTT 595 GOT02000 4820 PRINT" 2 > QUIT":PRINT:PRINT" 3 > RUN 800 T*=STR*(TT):IFTT>9G0T0820 QUICK"sPRINT 810 T*=s"0"+RIGHT* (STR* (TT> , 1 ) 4825 PRINT" 4 > CHANGE MEMORY SAVE"sPRINT 820 TS*=RIGHT*(T*,2 ): RETURN 900 CL=PEEK(57100) 4830 INPUTQQ:IFQQ<10RQQ>4G0T04800 910 IFCL=330RCL-32G0T03000 4850 0NQQG0T015,8000,4870,7000 9 2 0 R E T U R N 4870 PRINT:INPUT"INSERT MODEM DISK THEN HIT ";ZZ* 2000 P0KE2S88,27:P0K E8722,27:P0KE2972,58:P0KE2976,44 :RUN"QUICK" 2010 DISK!"10 ,02":END 3000 OP=PEEK(8994):DISK!"10 ,02":PRINT:PRINT'SELECT :“:PRINT 5000 PRINT 3010 PRINT" 1 > NEXT TRACK":PRINT 5010 PRINT:INPUT"DO YOU WANT TO SAVE TO DISK ";QQ* 3020 PRINT" 2 > RESTART":PRINT 5020 PRINT:IFLEFT*(QQ*,1)<>“YMG0T05050 3030 PRINT" 3 > QUIT’*:PRINT 5030 POKESD,99s POKEJF,32s POKEJF+1,180:P0KEJF+2,58 3040 INPUT"SELECTION :';XX 5035 PRINT!(28):PRINT 3050 IFXX<10RXX>3G0T03000 3060 ONXXGOT03070,30,2000 5040 INPUT"INSERT BUFFER DISK THEN HIT ";ZZ* 3070 P0KE8994,OP:AD=2047:RETURN 5045 RETURN 5050 POKESD,0:POKEJF,234s POKEJF+1,234:POKEJF+2,234 5060 RETURN 6000 PRINT!(28)sPRINT Listing 4 6020 INPUT"IS OUTPUT SWITCH IN MODEM POSITION”;QZ* 5 REM LISTING 4 6030 IFLEFT*(QZ*,1)<>"Y"G0T06020 10 REM MODEM MACHINE CODE GENERATOR 6040 RETURN 20 F0RX=14974T015332 7000 G0SUB5000 30 READC:POKEX,C;NEXTX 7010 G0T015 40 DISK!“PU MODMMC" 8000 P0KE63235,0:P0KE64512,17 50 END 8020 X=PEEK(8960)sP0KE133,X:END 100 DATA32,68,30,173,0,252,74,144,14,173 110 DAT A1,252,41,127,201,34,208,2,169,39 120 DATA32,67,35,32,1BO,5B,32,242,58,240 Listing 3 130 DATA228,201,2,240,15,72,173,0,252, 74 140 DATA74,144,249,104,141,1,252,76,129,58 150 DATA76,68,38,234,173,146,35,205,179,58 5 REM LISTING 3 10 REM QUICK OUTPUT 160 DATA240,30,141,179,58,74,74,74,74,32 15 POKE133,127:POKE132,255 170 DATA219,58,141,254,209,173,179,58,32,219 20 P0K E2888, 0:P0K E8722,O :P0K E2972, 13:P0KE297d>, 13 180 DATA58,141,255,209,169,32,141,190,209,141 25 P0KE63235,OsP0K E64512,17 190 DATA191,209,96,41,15,201,10,24,48,2 30 PR IN T!(2 8 )sPRINTsPRINT"QUICK OUPUT PROGRAM":PRINT 200 DATA105,7,105,48,96,32,161,59,41,7 40 PRINT:INPUT"UHAT IS THE FIRST TRACK TO BE OUTPUT ";FT 50 PRINT:INPUT”WHAT IS THE LAST TRACK TO BE OUTPUT ";LT 210 DATA208,110,160,32,208,106,138,72,152,72 60 PRINT:PRINT"SELECT THE OUTPUT OPTION :"sPRINT 220 DATA32,161,59,41,32,240,24,169,27,208 70 PRINT'* 1 > PRINTER ONLY": PRINT 230 DATA120,141,21,2,169,2,141,22,2,160 80 PRINT" 2 > CRT ONLY":PRINT 240 DATA5,162,200,202,208,253,136,208,248,240 90 PRINT" 3 > CRT AND PRINTER":PRINT 100 PRINT" 4 > QUlT":PRINT 250 DATA225,162,1,138,10,170,208,5,141,21 105 PRINT:PRINT”* * * NOTE > HIT TO END PROGRAM EARLY"sPRINT 260 DATA2,240,98,32,163,59,240,241,32,154 110 INPUT"SELECTION”;X 270 DATA59,140,20,2,138,32,154,59,152,10 115 PRINT: INPUT" INSERT BUFFER DISK THEN HIT CCRV'jZZ* 280 DATA10,10,109,20,2,168,185,174,59,160 120 IFX4G0T060 290 DATA5,217,192,59,240,31,136,208,248,141 130 IF X =4G 0T02000 140 IFX >2GOT0200 (Continued on next page) 150 IFX=2G0T0180

Please send my Microscneens program A t t e n t io n P r o g r a m m e r s ! so I can begin to get quick and easy professional quality monitor screens. At last! Microscreens, a screen generator package lets you Only $119.00. produce clear, uncluttered, professional quality monitor screen formats ... for only $119.00. Just a few lines of code in your BASIC is Name ______all it takes. Develop selection menus, data-entry, inquiiy display I Address and more ... quickly and easily ... because Microscreens: I City, State, Zip I Phone _____ • provides configuration routines for ning of any data input field. I monitor control characters. Remits use on • provides six different escape codes for | MC/VlSA Exp. date. any monitor. help, emergency step or any other Circle one • presides a "DRAW" program. Enables abnormal complication of input. CB^SIC Compiler MEiASIC Compiler programmer to create any screen format • can be INCLUDE'd in CP/M® BASIC CB80 Compiler MBASIC Interpreter on a blank screen. com piled programs or MERGE'd w ith the Basic-80 Compiler Apple CP/M • provides protected, unprotected and MICROSOFT* I3ASIC Interpreter for Apple II ®£ppte H™cf Apple Computer, Inc.. Mfcjc 60fl: MB*SC™cf variable use fields. with Softcaid®. MfcrasDft, Inc.; CP/M™cf Digital Research, Inc. • provides editing of input to data-entry • 3 K memory for screen handling routines; screens and full data validity checking. frequency less than your avn code for PMI, In c a p a a te d • provides highlighting and reverse video monitor input/output. P.O. Box 87 features usage (\Aiien available on your • is a maximum flexibility screen generator. Buckfiefd, ME. 04220 monitor). Reduces your programming time as much (207) 336-2500 • lets you position the cursor at the begin­ as 40%. ORDER NCW. $119.00 I - - L ______DEALER INQUIRIES INVTTED______J No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 93 Listing 4 (Continued) Listing 5

300 DATA20,2,170,16,156,160,128,32,161,59 310 DATA41,6,240,8,160,144,224,176,48,2 5 REM LISTING 320 DATA160,112,24,152,109,20,2,168,32,161 10 REM MACHINE CODE CHANGES FOR VERSION 3.2 330 DATA59,170,41,128,240,5,24,152,105,16 20 F0RX=12926T013284 340 DATA168,138,41,64,240,4,152,41,31,168 120 DATA32,67,35,32,180,50,32,242,50,240 350 DATA152,205,21,2,208,131,206,22,2,208 140 DATA74,144,249,104,141,1,252,76,129,50 360 DATA134,162,150,205,19,2,208,2,162,20 150 DATA76,68,38,234,173,146,35,205,179,50 370 DATA 142,22,2,141,19,2,104,168,104,170 160 DATA240,30,141,179,50,74,74,74,74,32 380 DATA173,21,2,96,160,255,200,10,144,252 170 DATA219,50,141,254,209,173,179,50,32,219 390 DATA96,169,1,234,234,141,0,223,173,0 ISO DATA50,141,255,209,169,32,141,190,209,141 400 DATA223,234,234,96,177,178,179,180,181,182 200 DATA105,7,105,48,96,32,161,51,41,7 410 DATA183,0,184,185,48,186,173,127,0,0 220 DATA32,161,51,41,32,240,24,169,27,208 420 DATA174,76,79,10,13,32,48,127,87,69 260 DATA2,240,98,32,163,51,240,241,32,154 430 DATA82,84,89,85,73,0,83,68,70,71 270 DATA51,140,20,2,138,32,154,51,152,10 440 DATA72,74,75,0,88,67,86,66,78,77 280 DATA10,10,109,20,2,168,185,174,51,160 450 DATA172,0,81,65,90,32,175,187,80 290 DATA5,217,192,51,240,31,136,208,248,141 300 DATA20,2,170,16,156,160,128,32.161.51 330 DATA51,170,41,128,240,5,24,152,105,16

Listing 6

1 REM LISTING 2375 IFFE=0G0T04B10 5 REM SOURCE MODEM FOR VERSION 3 .2 WITH 24K 2900 DISK!"SA 33,1=4000/8":DISK!"SA 34,1=4800/8" 1 o PA=0:PD=13280:SD=13289:JF= 112949:G0SUB6000 2910 DISK ! "SA 35, 1 =5000/8’*: DISK ! "SA 36,1=5800/8" 12 P0KE288B,0:P0K E8722,0:P0K E2972,13:P0K E2976,13 2920 G0T03850 13 GOSUBSOOO 3000 DISK!"SA 37.1=4000/8":DISK!"SA 38.1=4800/8" 15 POKEPD,PA:POKE 133,63:POKE 132,255:PRINT 3010 DISK!"SA 39,1=500018" 40 POKE0955,126:P0K E8956,50sP0K E63235,52:P0KE64512,22 3020 G0T03850 60 PR I NT:PRINT:PRINT"MODEM READY" F'R INT: PR I NT 65 IFPEEK(SD)=0GOT070 3730 PRINT"*** WARNING - DISK IS FULL ***":PRINT 66 DISK!"MEM FOOO,4000":DISK!”10 , 1 2 ” 3740 INPUT"INSTALL BUFFER DISK TWO THEN TYPE ";Z2* 70 X=USR(X) 3850 IF PA=10ANDFE=99 G0T03910 85 PA=PEEK(PD>:DISK!"10 02,02":GOTOIOOO 3860 PR INT:PRINT-PASS”;PA;" COMPLETE":PRINT 3870 IF PA=11THENPA=0 1000 IF PEEK(SD)=060T048C0 3880 GOTO 15 2000 PA=PA+1:B*="TEMPORARY END OF FILE":PRINT 3910 PRINT 2020 INPUT"IS FILE COMPLETE" 5 ZZ* 3920 PRINT"*** WARNING - NEXT BLOCK MUST END BEFORE 57":PR I NT:PRINT 2030 IFLEFT< TO CONTINUE";ZZ* 2040 PR INT#5;PR INT#5, B*:FE=99:G0T02070 3940 GOTO15 2060 PR INT#5:PRINT#5, "FILE END":FE=0 4800 PRINT:PRINT 2070 QNPAG0T02100,2200,2300,2400,2500,2600,2700,2800,2900,3000 4810 F'R I NT "SELECT" PRINTsPRINT" 1 > RETURN TO MODEM":PR I NT 2100 DISK!"SA 01, 1=4000/8":DISK! "SA 02, 1=4800/8" 4820 PRINT" 2 > QUIT"sPRINT:PRINT" 3 - RUN QUICK":PR I NT 2110 DISK!"SA 03, 1=5000/8”:DISK!"SA 04, 1=5800/8" 4825 PRINT" 4 CHANGE MEMORY SAVE":PR I NT 2120 G0T03850 2200 DISK!"SA 05, 1=4000/8”:DISK!"SA 06, 1=4800/8" 4830 INPUTQQ: I FQQ< 10RQQ.--4G0T04B00 2210 DISK!"SA 07, 1 =5000/8”: DISK.!"BA OR, 1=5800/8” 4850 ONQQGOTO15,8000,4870,7000 2220 G0T03850 4870 PRINT:INPUT"INSERT MODEM DISK THEN HIT <.CR!i " ; ZZ*:RUN"QUICK’ 2300 DISK'"SA 09, 1=4000/8":DISK! "SA 10, 1=4800/8" 5000 PRINT 2310 DISK!"SA 11. 1=5000/8" : DI SK "SA 12, 1=5800/8" 5010 PRINT:INPUT"DO YOU WANT TO SAVE TO DISK ";QQ* 2320 G0T03850 PRINT: IFLEFT* (QQ*, IX >"Y"G0T05050 2400 DISK!"SA 13, 1=4000/8":DISK! "SA 14. 1=4800/8" 5030 POKESD,99:POKEJF,32:POKEJF+l,180:POKEJF+2,50 2410 DISK!"SA 15, 1=5000/8":DISK! "SA 16, 1=5800/8" 5035 PR INT:PR I NT 2420 G0T03850 5040 INPUT"INSERT BUFFER DISK THEN HIT ";ZZ* 2500 DISK!"SA 17, 1=4000/8":DISK!"SA 18, 1=4800/8" 5045 RETURN 251 0 DISK!"SA 19, 1=5000/8”:DISK!"SA 20, 1=5800/8" 5050 POKESD,0:POKEJF,234:POKEJF+1,234:POKEJF+2,234 2520 G0T03850 5060 RETURN 2600 DISK!"SA 21, 1=4000/8":DISK!"SA 22, 1=4800/8" 6000 PR INT:PR I NT 2610 DISK!"SA 23, 1=5000/8":DISK! "SA 24, 1=5800/8" 6020 INPUT"IS OUTPUT SWITCH IN MODEM POSITION";QZ* 2620 60T03850 6030 IFLEFT*(QZ*,1)<>”Y"G0T06020 2^00 DISK!"SA 25, 1=4000/8":DISK!"SA 26. 1=4600/8" 6040 RETURN 2710 DISK!"SA 27, 1=5000/8":DISK! "SA 28, 1=5000/8“ 7000 GOSUBSOOO 2720 G0T03S50 7010 GOTO15 2000 DISK!"SA 29. 1=4000/8":DISK!"SA 30, 1=4800/8" 8000 P0KE63235,O:P0KE64512,17 2810 DISK'"SA 31, 1=5000/8":DISK! "SA 32, 1=5800/8" 8020 X=PEEK(8960):P0KE133,X:END 2820 G0T03350 AMCftO

IS THERE LIFE AFTER BASIC ? YES I WITH. TM COLORFORTH MOVE UP FROM BASIC! Forth is a new, high level language available now for the TRS-80® Color Com­ puter. COLORFORTH, a version of fig FORTH, has an execution time as much as IO to 2 0 times faster than Basic, and can be programmed faster than Basic, COLORFORTH is highly modular which make testing and debugging much simpler. COLORFORTH has been specially customized for the color com puter and requires only 16K. It does not require Extended Basic. When you purchase COLORFORTH, you receive both cassette and RS/DISK versions, the standard fig EDITOR and an extensive instruction manual. Both versions and 75 page m a n u a l...... $49.95

Add $2.00 shipping Texas residents add 5 percent DEALER AND AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED ARMADILLO INT’L SOFTWARE P. O. Box 7661 Austin, Texas 78712 Phone (512) 459-7325

94 MICRO No. 63 ■ August 1983 "■•■'CQiBPU SENSEi:/ CS1 QUICK BROWN FOX $55.00 The Word Processor of this decade! For the VIC-20 and C-64.

C o m m o do re 6 4 W rite for VIC- 2 0 FREE *7 5 °° * 3 1 0 00 Catalog! Plus you receive a free QBF When you buy our 6 Game Word Processor valued at Pac or 6 Finance Pack $43.00 $55.00

C-64 Software VIC-1210 VIC 3K Memory VIC-1213 VICMON Machine Language Expander Cart. 34.95 Monitor $48.99 Pet Emulator $27.95 P lugs d ire ctly in to the V lC 's e xpansion port. E xpands to Helps machine code programmers write tast, efficient 6502 Editor Pac 67.00 8K RAM total. assembly language programs. Includes one line assembler/ File Pac 32.36 VIC-1110 VIC 8K Memory disassembler Account Pac 57.00 Expander Cart. 52.50 Farm Management I 8K RAM expansion cartridge plugs directly into the V! VIC-20 Software (Agricultural Software) 47.25 CM 102 24K Memory Home Budget 29.95 Expander Cart. 119.95 for Business & Home Applications Stock Investments 76.95 VIC-1011A RS232C Terminal 6502 Professional Development Calc Result 1 40.00 Interface 39.95 System $25.00 6502 Professional Development Provides interface between the VIC-20 and RS232 tele­ Vic Forth (Advance Computer System 27.95 communications modems. Connects to VlC's user port Language) 49.95 Mail List 34.95 PETSPEED — Hess Mon (Machine Language Basic Compiler for Commodore 140.00 Vic Easy Lesson & Easy Quiz 35.97 Monitor) 34.95 Vic Rabbit Cartridge 35.00 Loan Calculator 1 5.95 Hess Writer (Word Processor) 34.95 CBM 64 Rabbit 35.00 Data Files 14.95 Turtle Graphics 34.95 Star G-10 Printer 299.00 Research Assistant 2.0 28.00 Total Label 2.1 Tape 17.95 Mura Modem 120.00 Disk 22.00 Total Label 2.6 (Mailing Smith Corona TP-1 Printer 650.00 Lables) Tape 19.95 Total Time Manager 2.1 Tape 28.00 Disk 22.00 Disk 32.00 Research Assistant 2.0 Tape 28.00 Total Time Manager 2.6 37.00 CARDCO HARDWARE Total Text (Word Processor) 2.6 40.00 Disk 32.00 CARDBOARD 6 $87.50 Total Text 2.5 Tape 30.00 C-64 Games An expansion interface for the VIC-20 Allows expansion to Encoder 34.95 40K or accepts up to six games. May be daisy-chained tor Acct. Payable 8. Receivable Tape 29.00 more versatility. Flight 64 (Flight Simulator) Tape $13.95 Disk 35.00 Disk 1 5.95 CARDBOARD 3 $35.95 Gunslinger 13.95 Economy expansion interface for the VlC-20 Spellathon 16.95 CARD “?” CARD/PRINT $76.00 VIC-20 Games Universal Centronics Parallel Printer Interface for the Motor Mania 25.95 VIC-20 or CBM-64. Use an Epson MX-80 or OKIDATA or Exterminator Plus (Excellent) $17.95 Renassance 25.95 TANDY or just about any other Anti Matter Splatter (Disaster) 1 7.95 Vic Clowns 25.00 CARDETTE $30.95 Rescue From Nufon (Great) 12.95 Radar Rat Race 25.00 Use any standard cassette player/recorder with your Tank Wars (War Game) 15.95 Jupiter Lander 20.00 VIC-20 or CBM-64. Simon (Great for kids) 13.45 Temple of Apshai 37.00 LIGHT PEN $29.95 Dam Bomber (Avoid the enemy) 13.45 A light pen with six good programs to use with your VIC-20 Upper Reaches of Apshai 1 6.95 or CBM -64 Breakout 7.95 Curse of Ra 20.00 16K Memory Expander $50.50 Snack Man (Pac Man) 1 4.9 5 Sword of Fargoal 19.95 All CARDCO Products have a lifetime warranty Defender on Tri 17.95 Jump Man 26.95 Amok Cart. 23.95 Cassette 19.94 COMMODORE SOFTWARE Starfighter 1 7,95 VIC-20 & C-64 Hardware Torg 15.95 VIC-1211A VIC-20 Super Expander $55.00 Gridrunner VIC-1541 Disk Drive 299.00 34.95 Everything Commodore could pack into one cartridge — Invasion Orion VIC-1530 Datasette 67.50 3K RAM memory expansion, high resolution graphics plot­ 20.95 ting, color, paint and sound commands. Graphic, text, mul­ 8K Backgammon 19 95 VIC-1515 Printer 334.95 ticolor and music modes. 1024x1024 dot screen plotting VIC-1010 Expansion Module 139.95 All commands may be typed as new BASIC commands or VIC-131 1 Joystick 9.95 accessed by hitting one of the VlC's special function keys Includes tutorial instruction book Excellent for all pro­ TO ORDER: Wico Joystick 28.00 gramming levels P.O. BOX 768 VIC-1312 Game Paddles 19.95 VIC-1212 Programmer's Aid WICHITA, KS 67201 Telephone Modem 99 95 Cartridge $45.99 (316) 263-1095 Terminal More than 20 new BASIC commands help new and exper­ Emulator (64) Tape 9.95 ienced programmers renumber, trace and edit BASIC pro­ Handling charges $3.00 Disk 15.95 grams. Trace any program line-by-line as it executes, pause C O D. (Add $2.00) to edit Special KEY command lets programmers redefine Personal checks allow 3 week delivery 40x25 Terminal function keys as BASIC commands, subroutines or new VIC-201* is a registered trademark of Commodore Emulator VIC 40.95 com m ands Prices subject to change

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 95 A Product Catalog for Commodore, Color Computer, and Texas Instruments Last month we provided descrip­ tions, comparisons, and pictures of the most popular low-cost computers. This month and next month we will offer a catalog of peripherals and software available for these machines. Please note that this list is not meant to be comprehensive. Commodore V = VIC P = PET 64 = C64 Hardware EPROM Programmers V, Promqueen, Arbutus, $99.00 V, EPROM Programmer, MWS, $79.95 P, Branding Iron, Eastern House, $75 Video Boards Cassette Interfaces Serial Interfaces P, 40/80-column Board, Execom V,64,P, Univ. Tape Interface & Dupl., V,64, Serial printer interface, Data 20, V, 40/80 Video Cartridge, Quantum, MicroWare, $49.50 $69.95 $159.95 V,64,P, UCA-20 Cassette Cable, World P, Portmaker, CGRS/Microtech, V, 40/80 Video Cartridge w/ 16K, Elec., $19.95 $69.95 Quantum, $259.95 V,64,P, VIAC, Integ. Controls, $24.95 P, RS-232 serial adaptor, CMC, V, Video Pak, Data 20, $299.95 V,64,P, Rabbit (high-speed), Eastern $149.00 64, Video Pak 80, Data 20, $179.95 House, $39.95 IEEE and Multiple Interfaces 64, Z-80 Video Pak, Data 20, $299.95 V,64, CB-2 Tape backup, Dig. Interf. V, V-Link|avail. with RAM), Richvale, P, Color Chart, CGRS/Microtech, Sys., $89.95 $149.00 $139.95 V,64, Cardette 1, Cardco, $39.95 64, C64-Link, Comp. Mark., $169.00 P, Visible Memory, MTU, $495.00 P, ARROW, DataCap, $60.00 V, VIE, Micro-Systems, $99.95 Parallel Printer Interfaces Light Pens 64, CIE, Micro-Systems, $99.95 V,64, Cardriter-1, Cardco, $39.95 V,64, Tymac Parallel Cable, P, SADI communications adaptor, V,64, Edumate Light Pen, Prog. Inst., MicroWare, $19.95 CMC, $295.00 $29.95 V,64, Parallel Printer Driver Cartr., MicroWare, $29.95 RAM Expansions and Expander Boards Alternate Processors V,64, Tymac Connection, MicroWare, V, Expand-O-RAM, MicroWare, P, Z-RAM, Comp. Mark., ? $119.95 $119.00 64, Z-80 Video Pak, Data 20, $299.95 V,64, Smart ASCII, Midwest, $59.95 V, 16K RAM/ROM board, World Elec., Multi-user Systems V,64, Card?, Cardco, $79.95 $24.95 up P, Superbus 4.0, Cyberia V,64, UPA-20 cable, World Elec., V, 4-slot expander board, BAZ, $44.00 P, Arbiter 1.4, Batt. Incl., $150.00 $19.95 64, 7-slot expander board, BAZ, $69.00 P, MUPET, CMD, $550.00 V,64, MW-302 interface, Micro World, V, 8K, Century Micro, $47.70 P, MUPET H, CMD, $995.00 $119.95 V, 16K, Century Micro, $69.90 P, Diskshare, Questar, $749.00 P, 36-pin parallel interface, CMC, V, Cardboard-3, Cardco, $39.95 V,64, Interpod, Comp. Workshops, $129.00 V, Cardboard-6, Cardco, $99.95 $ 200.00 P, 40-pin parallel interface, CMC, V, 24K Golden RAM Expansion Other $129.00 Chassis, Voice World, $149.24 V,64, Auto Clock, Micro World, P, Epson MX-70 interface, CMC, V, DataSpan (5-slot expansion), Dig. $129.95 $129.00 Interf. Sys., $84.95 64, Ten Key Pad, Qual. Comp., $69.95 P, PIE-C, LemData, $119.95 V, 16K, Data 20, $79.95

96 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 V, 4-slot chassis, Data 20, $49.95 Graphics V, Rapidwriter, HD Mfg., $39.95 V,64, Soft-A ware Box, Soft-Aware, 64, Screen-Graphics-64, Abacus, P(80|, Wordcraft Ultra, Comp. Mark. $149.00 $24.95 8096, Silicon Office, Comp. Mark. V, Game Prog. Dev. System, French P, Copywriter, IDPC, $159.00 Speech Synthesizers Silk, $49.95 V, Wordcraft 20, United Microware V, Voice Synthesizer, Protecto, V, SuperExpander Cartridge, Com­ 64, EasyWriter, Commodore $79.00 modore, $70.00 P,V,64, PaperMate, AB, $40.00 P, PICCHIP, Skyles, $75.00 Printers (specially for VIC] Spelling/Dictionary Programs P, Supergraphics, AB Computers, V, Alphacom VP42 Printer Set, P,64, Spellmaster, Spellmaster, $89.00 $40.00 Alphacom, $209.95 P(80], SpellPro, Pro-Line, $179.95 P, VIGIL, Abacus, $35.00 Disk Drive V, HESPLOT, HES, $17.95 Mailing List P, PEDISK (IBM compatible), V,64, Mailing List, Micro Spec, $99.95 CGRS/Microtech, $595.00 up Sound Editors & Composers V, Mailing List, World Elec., $14.95 64, Sound Shaper/regular, Quality, Software 64, The Mailer, Susie, $38.00 $9.95 Terminal Software and Hardware V,64, TOTL Label, TOTL, $20.00 64, Sound Shaper/deluxe, Quality, P, The Communicator, Amplify, Spreadsheets $14.95 $200.00 64, Calc Result, Comp. Mark. 64, The Staff, Prof.Micro.Serv., V,64, SuperTerm, Midwest, $99.95 V, BusiCalc, Skyles, $49.00 $22.95 V, Terminal-40, Midwest, $29.95 V, The Staff, Prof.Micro.Serv., 64, BusiCalc, Skyles, $69.00 64, '64 Terminal, Midwest, $29.95 $17.95 P(40), BusiCalc, Skyles, $79.00 V,64, 300 baud Modem/Term. 64, Synthy-64, Abacus, $29.95 P(80J, BusiCalc, Skyles, $89.00 Emulator, BAZ, $89.00 V, PractiCalc, Comp. Softw., $39.95 Programming Utilities P,64, Standard Term. Comm. P, VisiCalc, VisiCorp P, POWER, Professional, $89.00 Package, Eastern House, $129.95 V, Vl-Calc, United Microw. 64, POWER64, Pro-Line, $99.95 P, Compack, CGRS/Microtech, P, Versacalc (VisiCalc add-on), V,64, VicTree, Skyles, $89.95 $129.95 Anthro-Digital, $125.00 64, PTD-6510 Debugger, Ptero­ Languages dactyl, $65.10 Data Base Managers 64, C64-FORTH, Performance, 64, DisKit 64, Pterodactyl, $75.00 P, finsam, Jini Micro, $150.00 up $99.95 P, FlexFile, AB, $110.00 P, SYSRES, Solidus, $75.00 P, FORTH for PET, AB Computers, P, SM-KIT, AB Computers, $40.00 V, VI-Data, United Microw. $50.00 P, Programmer's Toolkit PAICS, 64, C64 File, RAK, $9.95 V, VIC FORTH, HES, $59.95 $40.00 P, The Manager, CMD, $250.00 P, fullFORTH, CGRS/Microtech, P, Subsort, AB,Eastern House, V,64, Data Base Manager, Micro Spec $75.00 $35.00 64, The Manager, Commodore, $49.95 P,64, KMMM Pascal, Wilserv, P,64, The Tool, CMD, $65.00 8096, Silicon Office, Comp. Mark., $85.00 P,64, Master, CMD, $65.00 $999.00 V,64, Tiny FORTH, Abacus, $19.95 P(80), ASERT, CFI, $450.00 BASIC Compilers V, Tiny Pilot, Abacus, $17.95 P, InfoPro, Professional 64,P, PETSpeed, Small Syst. Eng., P, Tiny Pascal Plus, Abacus, $39.95 P, KRAM, Comp. Factory, $100.00 $150.00 P,64, COMAL, Instrutek, $495.00 P(80), The Wiz, Tamarack, $495.00 P, Integer BASIC Compiler, Small Development Software Syst. Eng., $150.00 Monitors P, Tiny BASIC Compiler, Abacus, Commodore Addresses 64, 64MON, Commodore, $45.00 $19.95 V, VICMON, Commodore, $45.00 P, DTL BASIC Compiler, CMD, AB Computers $350.00 252 Bethlehem Pike 64,V, HESMON, HES, $39.95 Colmar, PA Word Processors 18915 Assembler Packages V, Word Wizard, MicroWare, $34.95 P,64, MAE, Eastern House, $99.95 64, Script 64, Comp. Mark., $99.95 Abacus Software P, EARL for PET, AB Computers, P.O. Box 7211 64, Quick Brown Fox, Quick Bm. Grand Rapids, Ml $65.00 Fox, $65.00 49510 V,64, Assembly/Devel. Syst & Book, V, Wordwiz, World Elec., $14.95 Abacus, $29.95 64, V, The Editor, Powerbyte, $34.95 Academy Software P.O. Box 9403 P,64, PAL, Pro-Line, $99.95 V, TOTL Text 2.0, TOTL, $25.00 San Raphael, CA V, TOTL Text 2.5, TOTL, $35.00 94912 Sprite Editors (64 only) 64, TOTL Text 2.6, TOTL, $40.00 Spryte Byter, FoxSoft, $34.95 64, Busiwriter 64, Skyles, $99.00 Access Software Inc. Sprite Shaper/regular, Quality, P, Superscript, Precision 925 East 900 South St. Salt Lake City, UT $19.95 P,64, Paper Clip, Batt. Incl., $125.00 84105 Sprite Shaper/deluxe, Quality, P(80), WordPro 4, Professional $24.95 P(40), WordPro 3, Professional Alphacom Spritewriter, Pixell, $29.95 64, WordPro 3/64, Professional, $89.95 2323 South Bascom Av. Sprite Designer, Academy, $16.95 V, Un-word Processor, Midwest, Campbell, CA 95008 Sprite-Aid, Abacus, $14.95 $19.95 Spritemaster, Access, $34.95 V, VIC-Nic, Type Thrift, $19.50 (Continued on next page) No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 97 Commodore Addresses Canadian Micro Distributors Cyberia, Inc. Instrutek (continued) 500 Steeles Avenue 2330 Lincoln Way Christiansholmsgade Milton, Ontario Ames, IA DK-8700 Horsens Canada 50010 Denmark Arbutus Total Soft, Inc. L9T 3P7 4202 Meridian, Suite 214 Data 20 Corporation Integrated Controls Bellingham, WA Connecticut microcomputer, Inc. 23011 Moulton Parkway Ste. B10 1240-L Logan Av. Costa Mesa, CA 98226 Instrument Division Laguna Hills, CA 36 Del Mar Drive 92653 92626 Batteries Included Brookfield, CT 71 McCaul Street 06804 DataCap Jini Micro Systems Toronto, Ontario 73 rue du Village P.O. Box 274 Canada Commodore Business Machines 4545 Feneur Riverdale, NY M 5T 2X1 1200 Wilson Drive Belgium 62558 10463 West Chester, PA BAZ Electronics 19380 Digital Interface Systems LemData Products P.O. Box 4895 Rainbow Computer Corp. P.O. Box 1080 Federal Way, WA Computer Factory 490 Lancaster Av. Columbia, MD 21044 98003 483 Lexington Avenue Frazer, PA New York, NY 19355 Micro Spec Cardco, Inc. 10017 313 Mathewson Eastern House 2905 Ports O'Call Court Plano, TX Wichita, KS Computer Marketing Services, 3239 Linda Drive 67214 300 W. Marlton Pike Winston-Salem, NC 75075 Cherry Hill, NJ 27106 Century Micro 08002 Micro-Systems 7881 La Riera Drive St. 131 Execom Corporation 11105 Shady Trail 103 1901 Polaris Avenue Dallas, TX Sacramento, CA Computer Software Associates 95826 Racine, WI 75229 Micro Software International 53404 50 Teed Drive MicroWare Distributing Inc. CFI Computer Solutions Randolph, MA 1342 B Route 23 875 West End Avenue FoxSoft 02368 P.O. Box 507 Butler, NJ New York, NY 07405 10025 Deer Park, TX 77536 Computer Workshops Micro World Electronix CGRS/Microtech 465 Kings Street E., Unit #9 Human Engineered Software 3333 South Wadsworth Bd. C105 P.O. Box 102 Toronto 71 Park Lane Lakewood, CO Langhorne, PA Canada Brisbane, CA 80227 19047 M5A 1L6 94005 (continued on page 112)

Color Computer Hardware and Software Modem Hayes Smart Modem II, Computer Plus, $235.00 Hayes Smart Modem 1200, Computer Plus, $565.00 Disk Drive SS DD drive w/ Controller, Data- Comp, $499.95 DS DD drive w/ Controller, Data- Comp, $599.95 40 Track drive w/ Controller, Cer Comp, $449.95 80 Track drive w/ Controller, Cer Comp, $549.95 Hardware Cartridge SP-1 Speech Synthesizer, Alford & Associates, $179.95 TC-8C High Speed Tape interface, fPC Products Inc., $129.95 Supports 2 tapes Expansion Interface, General Automa­ tion, Parallel port w/buffered ex­ pansion bus, $199.95 BT-1000 Expansion Interface, Basic Technology, $270.00

98 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Accessories

Light pens, voice, graphics, etc. LCA-47 Lower case adapter Micro Technical Products, $75.00 F-MATE(RS), Data-Comp, Conversion for RS disk controller to FLEX, $79.95 Super-Pro Keyboard, Mark Data Prod­ ucts, $69.95 Wico Control foystick, The Program Store, $29.95 Wico Analog foystick, The Program Store, $49.95 Wico Control Trackball, The Program Store, $69.96 Atari foystick Interface, Micro-Div., $19.95 Flatbed Plotter/Printer, Radio Shack, $995.00 Color Graphics Printer, Radio Shack, $249.95 Graphics Input Tablet, Radio Shack, $349.95 HELLO CENTRAL! Digitizer, Radio Shack, $449.00 The single most important telecommunications program Multi-Pen Plotter, Radio Shack, available today ... $1995.00 ‘‘The most satisfying feature of HELLO CENTRAL! is its Custom printers and interfaces user-friendliness. . . offers some features that have been Parallel Printer Interface, Botek In­ longed for in a terminal program. . .HELLO CENTRAL! is a struments, $69.00 great terminal program. . .consider this one.” —SOFTALK (December, 1982) Operating System FLEX9, Data-Comp, includes editor & “The manual is relatively easy to read. . .Most directions, assembler, $150.00 choices, and commands are either easy to remember or are FHL Color Flex, Frank Hogg displayed on the screen.. .In my opinion, the best feature.. .is Laboratory, $99.00 the text editor. It allows you to write, insert, delete, and copy Star DOS, Star-Kits, $49.95 blocks of text in a very efficient manner. . .can receive and store text files written in Integer.. .Applesoft® BASIC and in M/L Debugger Binary Code. . .” Super Sleuth Disassembler, Computer —DESKTOP COMPUTING (December, 1982) Systems Consultants, $99.00 Humbug, Star-Kits, TAPE or DISK Here are a few of the features standard with HELLO CENTRAL! $39.95 ROM $69.95 • 18,000 character buffer to store an unlimited number of lines, regardless TSC Debug Package, Frank Hogg of length Laboratory, $75.00 • No need for 80-column hardware, because internal wordwrap eliminates split words • Auto dial/answer and take-a-message M/L Monitor • Accepts any ASCII file • Upper and lower case input and output Color Monitor, Computerware, TAPE, • Multiple user-defined directories $24.95, DISK, $29.95 • Powerful text editor lets you modify incoming and outgoing information Color Monitor, Tom Mix Software, • Not copy-protected, allowing for easy back-up $24.95 • Completely menu-driven • Program updates (when available) via modem Bugout, Applied Microsystems, Inc., $16.95 Ask for No. 2 6 0 8 1 ...... only $ 9 9 . 0 0 Editor Only HELLO CENTRAL! has all of these features for $99.00! Call 800-428-3696 ED, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $50.00 or 317-298-5566 and ask for Operator 402.

Assembler Available for Apple II® series computers, including the new lie®. Apple II, ll-PLUS, lie, and Applesoft are registered trademarks, of Apple Computer, Inc. fBUG Assembler/Debugger, fPC Prod­ ucts Co., EPROM, $34.95 TAPE, $29.95 SAMS BOOKS & SOFTWARE ED/ASM, Frank Hogg Laboratory, HOWARD W. SAMS & CO., INC. $100.00 4300 West 62nd Street P.O. Box 7092 68000 Cross Assembler, Frank Hogg Indianapolis, IN 46206 Laboratory, $250.00 (continued on page 102)

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 99 computer mail order

PRINTERS SaGLE EPSON MX0O. M X 60 FT. M X 1 0 0 ...... CALL R X 8 0 ...... CALL FX0O. F X tO O ...... CAL'L NCC3HBOPRINTKR... *1799 □ K I O A T A 92. 93. 84 ...... CALL PERCOM/TANOOM 92. 9 3 ...... CALL ORIVE STAR S'/4 32 0K F lo p p y ...... $ 2 7 9 .0 0 G em ini 1 0 X ...... 9 2 9 9 .0 0 10 Mag Hard ...... $ 1 4 9 5 00 G e m in i I S ...... 9 4 7 9 .0 0 AMOEK S e ria l B o a rd ...... 9 7 5 .0 0 31 OA A m be r M o n ito r __ $ 1 6 9 .0 0 SMITH CORONA EAGLE OKV P to » « <...... * 5 9 9 0 0 TP-1 $ 4 9 9 00 Call (or Price & Inform ation on ME 1 S I 369 00 C o lo r I I ...... $3 9 9 .0 0 TP 2 ...... C A LL Franklin 1000. 1100. 1200 and IIE -2 ...... S 1 64 9.00 AST Tractor Feed ...... $ 1 2 9 .0 0 other NEW Franklin Hardware & HE-3...... $ 2 39 9 00 Combo Plus .CALL C.ITOH MBC 5 5 5 ...... $ 7 9 5 .0 0 Software & Special System Pricing ME-4...... $ 3 19 9 00 Mega P l u s ...... CALL G o rilla ...... $ 2 0 9 0 0 M B C -1000 ...... $1 59 9 00 M ega Pa ck...... CALL P ro w n te r 8 S I OP ...... $ 3 7 9 00 M BC -160 O riva...... $5 39 00 P C -E ...... $ 1 57 9 00 I/O P lu s ...... CALL Prowriter 1 5S0P $689 00 PC -1...... $ 2 39 9 00 PRS900 Letter Quality Pnnter 1699.00 MICRO-SCI PROFESSIONAL Starwnter F10-40P $1149.00 P C -2...... $ 2 79 9 00 Apple & Franklin Printmaster F10-55P ... $1599 00 S O F T W A R E PC-XL ...... $ 3599 00 MOOEMG A 2 ...... $ 2 4 9 00 PC Plus W ord P roce ssing $ 3 1 9 00 Tractor Feed ...... $ 1 0 9 .0 0 A 4 0 ...... $ 3 4 9 00 HAVES O AI8 V W RITER 1620 ...... $3 59 9 00 M I C R O P R O A70 $459 00 Sm an $ 2 1 9 00 2000 Letter Quality $1149.00 Word Star/Mail Merge __$31 9 .0 0 C2 Controller $79 00 1630 $5499 00 Smart 1 200 11 200 Baud) $51 9 00 2S00 "NEW" CALL In fo S ta r ...... $ 2 9 9 .0 0 C47 Controller ...... $ 8 9.00 1640 ...... $ 6 49 9 00 Chronograpn $ 1 9 9 00 S p e ll S t a r ...... $ 1 5 9 .0 0 Tractor Feed ...... $ 1 0 9 .0 0 Micromodem 100 $ 3 0 9 00 C a llS ta r...... $ 1 5 9 0 0 RANA DIABLO $ 2 7 9 00 Elite I (Appie/Frenklin) ____ $ 2 7 9 .0 0 620 ...... $ 9 4 9 .0 0 MICROSTUF Micromodem II (with term) $2 99 00 MONITORS Crosstalk ...... $ 1 3 9 0 0 Elite II (Apple/Franklin) ...... CALL 630 *1769.00 S m art Com II $9 9 00 Elite III (Apple/Franklin) ...... CALU AMOEK MICROSOFT S m an 1200B $ 4 6 9 00 1 0 8 300G . . $149 00 M u ltip ia n ...... $ 1 99 00 1000 (Atari)...... CALL Call tor ALL Configurations on NOVATION 3 0 0 A ...... $1 59 00 IDS PRISM PRINTERS ABHTON-TATE J-Cat $1 1 9 00 3 1 0 A ...... $1 69 0 0 □-B ase I I ...... $ 4 4 9 0 0 Cat $ 1 44 00 MEMORY NEC C o lo r I $2 79 00 IUB O-Cai $1 5 9 00 8 0 2 3 ...... $3 99 00 C o lo r I plus $299 00 MPC EasyWriter II ...... $ 2 0 9 0 0 103 Smart Cat $1 8 9 00 7 7 1 0 /7 7 3 0 ...... $ 2 1 4 9 0 0 C o lo r II $ 3 9 9 .0 0 8ubdish(128KNonVolitare) .$649.00 3 5 1 0 /3 5 3 0 ...... * 1 5 4 9 .0 0 EasySpeller ...... $ 1 2 9 0 0 Apple Cat 11 $2 7 9 0 0 C o lo r III...... $3 49 00 A X L O N E a s y F ile r...... $ 1 2 9 0 0 103 212 Smart Cat $ 4 3 9 00 C o lo r IV...... $ 9 9 9 00 Apple/Franklin 1 28K Ram $299.00 212 A p ple Cat II $ 6 0 9 0 0 CONTINENTAL Apple, franklin Ram Oisk $729 00 USI Apple Cat 11212 Upgrade $3 09 00 CAILIS A CONNECTIONS S O F T W A R E Pi 1 . 9 G ...... $9 9 00 1stCtassMaii/FormLetter . 989 00 A N C H O R Mark I (RS-232) $7 9 00 Pi 2. 12 C ...... $1 19 0 0 The Home Accountant Plus .. $109 00 Atari lo Parallel ...... 9 2 9 .0 0 INFOCOM Pi 3. 12 A ...... $ 1 5 9 .0 0 M ark II |Atar

TIMEX SINCLAIR 1000 ■ __£ 39 FLOPPY DISKS TERMINALS 91 0 ...... $5 5 9 .0 0 maxell, 9 1 2 ...... $ 6 6 9 .0 0 MO-1 (Boa o f to ) ...... $32 00 H P 4 1 C V . .. 9 2 0 9 . 0 0 P C -1 B O O 9 2 0 ...... $ 7 3 9 .0 0 MD-2(BoioM0| ...... $ 4 4 00 H P 7 S ...... B 7 4 S . O O POCKET COMPUTER 9 2 5 ...... $7 1 9 .0 0 FD-1 |8 " ) ...... $4 0 00 HP 41 C ...... $ 1 4 6 0 0 9 5 0 ...... $ 9 2 9 .0 0 $169. FO-2 (8 001 ...... 9 5 0 .0 0 HP IO C ...... $ 5 2 .0 0 9 7 0 ...... CALL ELEPHANT HP 11 C ...... 9 8 9 .0 0 16K Memory $4 4 95 P C I 2 6 0 . . . . 9 8 9 . 0 0 COMPUTERS . 5'/. SSSO ...... $ 1 8 95 HP 1 2C ...... $ 9 2 .0 0 2040 Ptiniaf $9 9 95 8 0 0 A ...... $ 1 2 5 9 .0 0 S'/4 SS 0 0 ...... $2 4 .9 5 HP 1 S C ...... 9 9 2 .0 0 Vu-Calc $1 7 9 5 CE-150 Printer. Plotter A Cessette 8 0 2 ...... 9 2 1 9 9 .0 0 S'/4 OS 0 0 ...... $ 2 9 95 HP 16C ...... 9 9 2 .0 0 Chech Booh Manager $1 3 95 Interfece lor 1 50 0 ...... 917 2 .0 0 8 0 3 ...... $ 1 9 4 9 .0 0 For HP41/41C* O r g a m ie r ...... $ 1 4 95 CE 125 Printer/Micro Cassette 8 0 2 H ...... $ 4 6 9 5 .0 0 VERBATUM HPIL M odule ...... 9 9 9 .0 0 B u d g e t*' ...... 91 3 93 For 1 2 5 0 ...... 9 1 2 9 .0 0 8 0 6 / 2 0 ...... $ 4 9 4 9 .0 0 5 '/. SS 0 0 ...... $2 6 0 0 HPIL Cassette or Pnntar ___$ 3 5 9 .0 0 Stock Option $1 4 95 CE 152 Cassette Recorder. .982.00 9 1 6 /4 0 ...... $ 8 9 9 9 .0 0 5V«' OS 0 0 ...... $3 6 00 Caid Reeder...... $1 4 4 00 Loan 4 Mortage fcm oniut $12 95 CE 15 5 6 K Ram ...... 9 9 4 .0 0 18 02 ...... 9 3 3 9 9 .0 0 HEAO Eitended Functions Module 964.00 Mindwai* Printer $ 1 0 9 .0 0 CE 158 8K Ram Battery ...9129.00 1 6 0 3 ...... CALL Disk Head Cleaner $14.95 Time M odule ...... * 6 4 00 computer mail order west wsr 800-648-331 1 In NV call [702)588-5654, Dept;. 815, P.O. Box 6683, Statelino, NV B94- No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Pre paid orders receive free shipping within the UPS Continental United States with no waiting period for ce checks or money orders. Add 3% (minimum S3.00) shipping and handling on all C.O.D. and credit card orders. Larger shipments may require add charges. NV and PA residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change, n o t e : We stock manufacturer'sand third party softw most all computers on the market. Call today for our new catalog. computer mail order commodore ATARI "1 HOME COMPUTERS

C B M 8 0 3 8

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600XL (16K Ram) BOOXL (64K Ram) 1SOOXL [G4K Ram) 1 4 0 0 X L [B4K Ram] CBM 64 1 450XL (64K Ram)

1010 Program Recorder ...... 1 7 4 .0 0 LJ.K. 102040Col. PrinterfPtatter ..*249 00 SYNAPSI Letter Perfect 40 0 0 Col. MMt... *100.00 1025 80 Col. Printer ...... * 4 4 9 .0 0 File M anas*' 800 plus ...... M 9 .0 0 Letter Perfect 40Col. ROM ... *179.00 1027 L e tte r Qu ality P rin te r. ■. * 2 9 9 .0 0 Chicken (ROM) ...... * 3 4 .0 0 Letter Perfect BOCoi. ROM .. .9179.00 1050 Oisk Orive ...... * 3 7 9 00 Picnic Paranoia (ROM) ...... * 3 4 .0 0 Data Perfect 4O/BOC0I. Dfak... *90 .00 850 interface ...... * 1 0 9 .0 0 Claim Jumper {ROM} ...... * 3 4 .0 0 M a il M e r g e ...... * 2 1 .9 9 1030 O ire c tC o n n e c t M o d e m ... CALL VIC SO S lim e (R O M )...... * 3 4 .0 0 CALL FOR APPLE/UK PRODUCTS CX 30 P a d d le s ...... *1 2 .0 0 Shamus (ROM) ...... * 3 4 .0 0 SPINNAKER CX40 Joystick ...... * 8 .0 0 P ro te c to r (R O M )...... * 3 4 .0 0 Snooper Troops * 1 ...... * 3 4 .0 0 CX42 Remote Joystick ...... CALL D od ge R acer ( C / 0 ) ...... * 2 6 .0 0 Snooper Troops a 2 . *34.00 CX77 Touch Tablet ...... * 6 9 .0 0 N ew tllue ( C / 0 | ...... * 2 6 .0 0 Face Maker *24.00 1 520 Color Prmter/Ploflei *1 6 9 00 CxeO Trak B a li...... * 4 9 .0 0 S h a d o w W o rld ( C /D ) ...... * 2 6 .0 0 Story M achine ...... * 2 4 .0 0 1525 80 Column Pnnfe' * 2 1 9 0 0 EXECUTIVE 64 CX85 Keypad ...... * 1 0 5 .0 0 S u rvivo r ( C /O ) ...... * 9 6 .0 0 Delia Drawing . . *4 5 .0 0 1S26 8 0 C ol. P rin te r ...... *3 1 9 .0 0 CX418 Home Manager ...... *6 9 .0 0 O relb e ( C /O )...... * 2 6 .0 0 PORTABLE Rhymes and R iddles ...... *2 1 0 0 1530 Datasette ...... * 6 9 .0 0 CX4SS Communicator II ____ *2 2 9 .0 0 Necromancar (C /0) ...... * 2 6 .0 0 K in d e r c o m p ...... *2 1 0 0 1541 Single Disk Drive *249.00 KX7098 Atari Accountant. . *209.00 P h aroh 's C u r t* (C /0 )...... * 2 8 .0 0 1600 VIC Modem . S59 0 0 KX7101 Entertainer...... * 6 9 .0 0 ROKLAN Pel 6 4 ...... *5 6 9 .0 0 Fort Apocalypee (C /0 ) ...... * 2 6 .0 0 1650 AD/AA Modem KX7102 Arcade Champ ...... *7 5 .0 0 W iza rd o f W er (ROM) *3 4 .0 0 * 8 9 00 Pet 4 0 3 2 ...... * 5 9 9 .0 0 A a ae m toler ...... * 3 0 .0 0 1701 14 Color Monitor Deluxe ln«ader (ROM) *29.00 S 2 49 00 CBM 8 0 3 2 ...... * 5 9 9 .0 0 DATASOFT PROFESSIONAL G o rf (R O M )...... * 3 4 0 0 S uper P e t ...... * 9 9 9 .0 0 P a cm a n ...... *3 3 .0 0 Pacific Coast Highway ...... * 1 7 .0 0 SOFTWARE 6 1 2 8 -8 0 ...... 5 7 6 9 .0 0 C e n tip e d e ...... $ 3 3 .0 0 Canyon Clim ber ...... * 1 7 .0 0 Word Pro 64 *6 9 95 ■ P Y X . 6X 25 8 80 *9 6 9 .0 0 D e fe n d e r ...... > 3 3 .0 0 Tumble Buga ...... * 1 9 .0 0 Crush Crumble * Chomp *2 4 .0 0 2031 ...... *2 9 9 .0 0 G a la x ia n ...... *3 3 .0 0 S h o o tin g A rc a d e ...... * 1 9 .0 0 CARDCO C rypt o f th e U n d e e d ...... *2 4 0 0 4 0 4 0 . . . *699.00 Missile Command C low na and B a lto o n a ...... *1 7 .00 Lig ht Pen ...... * 2 9 .0 0 *3 2 .0 0 C urse o f Ha .... * 1 6 .0 0 80 50 .* 9 4 9 .0 0 S tar R a id e rs ...... * 3 3 .0 0 Graphic M atter ...... *2 4 .0 0 Cassette Interface *2 9 0 0 D aie ato ne s * R y n ...... *1 6 .0 0 02 50 * 1 1 9 9 0 0 Caverns of Mars ...... * 3 2 .0 0 G ra p h ic G e n e ra to r...... * 1 3 .0 0 Parallel Printer Interface . *6 9 .0 0 Invasion Orton ...... * 1 9 .0 0 9 0 6 0 . * 1 9 9 9 0 0 Dig D u g ...... * 3 3 .0 0 M ic ro P a in ta r ...... * 2 4 .0 0 3SlotEipans Interlace(20) *3 2 00 King Arthur's H e ir ...... * 2 4 .0 0 90 90 * 2 1 9 9 0 0 Donkey Kong ...... * 3 9 .0 0 Text W izard ...... * 3 4 .0 0 6Slot Expans lntertace(20| * 7 9 00 Morloc i Tower ...... *1 6 .0 0 40 23 * 3 7 9 0 0 Donkey Kong. Jr ...... * 3 9 .0 0 S p a ll W iz a rd ...... * 3 4 .0 0 R escue e t R ig e i...... 6 4 0 0 S I 3 9 9 0 0 E.T. Phone Hom e ...... * 3 9 .0 0 Blehop's Square ...... * 2 5 .0 0 *2 4 .0 0 PROFESSIONAL R ic o c h e t ...... 64K Upgrade K>t * 2 6 9 00 EaMem Front ...... $ 3 9 .0 0 S ande o t'E g y p t ...... * 1 9 .0 0 * 1 6 .0 0 Ster Warrior . .... SOFTWARE Spell Master * 1 4 9 0 0 Q lX ...... * 3 3 .0 0 M o o n S h u ttle ...... * 2 5 .0 0 * 2 9 .0 0 W ord Pro 2 Plus S1 59 00 Temple of Apshai Z Ram * 5 4 9 0 0 Superman ll ...... * 3 9 .0 0 Basic Compiler ...... *5 4 .0 0 * 2 9 .0 0 Word Pro 3 Plus Upper Reaches of Apshai S 199 00 S'licon Oftice * 7 4 9 QO S tar T r u * ...... * 3 3 .0 0 T e le -ta lk ...... * 3 4 .0 0 * 1 6 0 0 Word Pro 4 Plus *2 9 9 .0 0 The Manager * 2 0 9 00 A s te ro id s ...... *2 9 .0 0 CSS Word Pro 5 Plus * 2 9 9 00 S o ft Rom ALIEN * 1 2 9 0 0 Basfcetbell...... * 2 9 .0 0 K -razy S h o o t O u t ...... * 2 9 0 0 InfoPro . S199 00 Jinsam Atari Voice B o x ...... *1 1 9 .0 0 CALL C o m p u te r C h e * * ...... * 2 9 .0 0 K-raiy Kntters ...... * 2 9 .0 0 Administrator $ 3 7 9 00 AOA 1 45 0 (S erial) A p p le V o ice B o x ...... * 1 4 9 0 0 * 9 9 00 J u g g le s H o u s e ...... *2 3 .0 0 K -raiy A n tics ...... * 2 9 .0 0 Power S79 0 0 AOA 1 60 0 (P arallel! * 8 9 00 My First Alphabet ...... *2 9 .0 0 K-star Patrol ...... * 2 9 .0 0 MEMORY Stick Stand ...... * 3 99 Axlon 32K Ram ...... * 6 5 .0 0 Axion 48K R am ...... *1 0 9 .0 0 Axlon 128K Ram ...... * 2 9 9 .0 0 Intec 32K Board ...... * 7 4 .0 0 C.M .O . TO P 1 OO * 9 9 .0 0 In te c 64 K B o a rd ...... Intec64K Board (400only] *149.00 APPLE/FRANKLIN C B M 8 4 1 Word Pro 6 4 ...... * 6 9 .9 5 I D on key K o n g ...... 9 3 9 0 0 1. Chophfter. *27 00 26 Three Little Pigs . . *2 5 0 0 2 Kickman (20/64) ...... * 1 4 .9 5 2. Z a x x o n ...... *2 9 .0 0 2 Beer Ruo. *24 00 27. Upper Reachesol Apshai *1 6 0 0 3. G orf ( 2 0 /6 4 } ...... * 1 4 .9 5 3 E.T. Phone Hom e ...... JOYSTICKS 3 PFS File. *89 00 . * 3 9 .0 0 *2 4 95 28 Starbowl Football Wico Joystick ...... * 2 4 .9 5 4 M ic ro s p e c D ata B ase 64 . . .* 6 9 .0 0 4. Miner 2049er ...... * 3 5 .0 0 4 V isica lc S T 79 00 29 D relbs * 2 6 0 0 Famous Red Ball ...... * 2 6 .9 5 5 Lo g o 6 4 ...... * 3 9 0 0 5 Dig O u g ...... * 3 3 .0 0 5. H om e A c c o u n ta n t * 4 5 00 30 Protector * 3 4 0 0 Apple Trackball ...... * 5 9 0 0 6. Microspec Gen. Ledger 64 . *7 9 .0 0 6 P re p p ia ...... * 2 4 0 0 6 Arcade Machine S34 00 31 F rogg er *3 1 0 0 Atari/VIC Trackball *5 5 .0 0 7. Z o rk ...... - * 2 4 .9 $ 7 Donkey Kong Jr ...... * 3 9 0 0 7 Bandits *28 00 32 Jawbreaker * 2 7 0 0 A p p le A d a p to r...... * 1 6 .0 0 8 Frogger (64| ...... * 2 3 .0 0 8. Canyon Climber *1 7 .0 0 8 V is ib le S I 89 .0 0 33 Wizatd of Wor * 3 4 0 0 9. Q u ick B row n F o x(2 0 /6 4 ) . .* 4 9 0 0 9. Snooper Troops « 2 .. *3 4 0 0 Kraft Apple Joystick ...... * 4 4 .0 0 9 Apple Panic S2J00 34 Kindercomp *21 00 10. S h a m u s ...... * 2 9 .0 0 10. Teat W izard ...... * 3 4 .0 0 10 D ea dlioe * 3 5 00 35. Moon Shuttle . . * 2 5 0 0 \ 1 D e a d lin e ...... * 3 5 .0 0 II Picnic Paranoia ...... * 3 4 0 0 1 I Free Fail *24 00 36 747 Simulator.. * 1 6 50 12. A sse m b le r 64 ...... * 1 4 .9 5 12. Eastern Front * 3 9 00 12 PFS Report S89 00 37 Temple of Apshai * 2 9 0 0 13- Z o rk I ...... * 1 9 .0 0 13 S h a m u s ...... * 3 4 0 0 13 Z ork III * 2 9 .0 0 38. Spell Witard * > 4 0 0 14. R adarR at R a c e (2 0 /6 4 ). 14. Letter Perfect . *1 0 9 0 0 14. Frogg er * 3 I 00 *12.00 39 Nautilus * 2 6 .0 0 15 P r o te c to r ...... * 3 2 0 0 t5 File Manager 800 * 6 9 0 0 15 Lai Pak S31 0 0 40 Krazy Antics ...... * 2 9 00 16 G a la clic A lta c k * 2 4 00 16. Starcross ...... * 2 9 .0 0 16. C hoplifter ...... *2 7 00 41. SoH Porn ...... * 2 7 .0 0 OISK DRIVES FOR ATARI I 7 Snooper Troops ■ 1 *24 00 17 Easy M ail 6 4 ...... * 1 4 95 1 7. A s tro C h a s e ...... * 2 5 0 0 42. Q i* ...... * 3 3 -0 0 A T 8 8 -S 1 ...... * 3 6 9 .0 0 18. K in d e rco m p *2 1 00 18 Grave R o b b e r ...... *11 00 18. K-razy Shoot O ut. * 2 9 .0 0 43. Wizard 4 Phncesa ...... * 2 9 .0 0 A T 8 8 -A 1 ...... * 2 9 9 0 0 19 Wavy Navy *2 1 00 19 W all S t r e e t ...... * 1 9 .0 0 19. Pac M a n ...... *3 3 00 44. Centipede ...... * 3 3 .0 0 A T 8 8 -S 2 ...... * 5 6 9 0 0 20 V is ile r m ...... S89 00 20 Trash Man ...... * 3 2 .0 0 20 Baja Buggies * 2 5 00 45. Strip Poker ...... * 2 4 .9 5 ATB8-S1 PO . *4 1 9 .0 0 21. Mission Asteroid ...... * 1 6 .0 0 21. HES W riter ...... * 3 5 .0 0 21. Crush. Crumble • Chomp. *2 4 0 0 46. Jugglea House ...... * 2 3 .0 0 A T88-S 2 P D ...... *6 6 9 .0 0 22. Lunar Leeper...... *2 7 .0 0 22. HES M on ...... * 2 9 .0 0 22 Hell Fire W arrior ...... l * 1 9 .0 0 47. Jumpman ...... * 2 4 .0 0 A T 8 B -D D A ...... * 1 3 9 00 23. Facemaker...... *2 8 .0 0 23 Z o rk II ...... *2 9 0 0 23. Road Toed ...... * 2 4 .0 0 4 8 . S lim e ...... * 2 6 .0 0 AT44-S1 ...... *5 7 9 .0 0 24. Crossfire ...... * 2 7 .0 0 24. Easy Script ...... * 7 9 .0 0 24 V is ic a lc ...... *1 5 9 0 0 49. G o rf ...... * 3 2 .0 0 A T 4 4 -S 2 ...... * 9 6 9 .0 0 25. Pool 1 . 5 ...... * 2 7 .0 0 29. Gridrunner ...... * 2 9 .0 0 25 Atari W riter...... * 7 9 0 0 50. Juggles Rainbow ...... * 2 3 .0 0 Texas instruments Drive __ * 3 6 9 .0 0 computer mail order east 800-233-8950 In PA call [71 7)327-9575, Dept;. 81 5, 477 E. 3rd St., Williamsport;, PA 1 7701 in te rn a tio n a l OROER8: All shipments outside the Continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only.Include 3% (minimum S3.00) shipping and handling, educational discounts: Additional discounts a re available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified Educational Institutions, a p o & FPO: Add minimum $5.00 shipping and handling. Color Computer (continued) Word Processor Address Factory, Computerware, CRASMB, Frank Hogg Laboratory, Super Color Writer II, Micro Technical TAPE, $17.95, DISK, $22.95 $139.95 Products, Inc., ROM $74.95, DISK Mail List, Tom Mix Software, $17.95 (each module-6800,6801,6502,1802, $99.95 Communications Package Z-80,Z-8J, $25.00 Stylograph 2.0, Great Plains Computer CoCo External Terminal Program, OSM Macro Assembler Frank Hogg Co., $195.00 Data-Comp, $19.95 Laboratory, $125.00 CoCo Stylograph, Data-Comp, $195.00 REMOTERM, Star-Kits, use CRT ter­ ASM, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $50.00 Dynastar, Frank Hogg Laboratory, minal w/ CoCo, $19.95 MACE, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $98.00 $149.95 Super Color Terminal, Nelson Software Macro Assembler, Dugger's Growing Dynaform, Frank Hogg Laboratory, Systems, TAPE, $39.95, ROM, Systems, $49.95 $149.95 $49.95, DISK, $69.95 Editor/Assembler/Debugger, Eigen Scribe Editor, Dugger's Growing Colorcom/E, Eigen Systems, $49.95 Systems, (in BASIC), $6.95 Systems, $49.95 Microtext, The Micro Works, ROM, Color Assembler, Computerware, Telewriter-64, Cognitec, TAPE $49.95, $59.95 $29.95 DISK, $59.95 The Color Connection, Computer- Macro-80C, The Micro Works, $99.95 Color Editor, Computerware, $29.95 ware, TAPE, $29.95 DISK, $39.95 SDS80C, The Micro Works, ROM, Text Pro II, Cer Comp, $79.95 Colorterm 1.1, Martin Consulting, $89.95 Wordmaster, Pyramid Distributors, $34.95 Co-Res9, Cer Comp, $29.95 TAPE, $9.95, DISK, $14.95 Color Term Plus, Double Density Soft­ RS ED/ASM, Cer Comp, $49.95 Color Disk Scripsit, Radio Shack, ware, $29.95 Ultra 80 CC, Applied Microsystems, $59.95 Datapak, Cer Comp, TAPE, $24.95 Inc., $42.50 Spelling Checker DISK, $49.95 Languages Spell 'N Fix, Star-Kits, $89.29 Business Package FORTH, Hoyt Steams Electronics, Spell Check, Great Plains Computer Check Ledger, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $58.95 Co., $145.00 $195.00 MUMPS, Eclectic Systems Corp., Dynaspell, Frank Hogg Laboratory, General Accounts Receivable, Frank $800.00 $199.95 Hogg Laboratory, $149.00 DBASIC, Frank Hogg Laboratory, Spell-Rite, Eigen Systems, $59.95 Accounts Payable, Frank Hogg $40.00 Data Base Laboratory, $195.00 TRS-80 COLORFORTH, Talbot Data Base Manager, Universal Data Payroll Processing, Frank Hogg Microsystems, ROM, $110.00 Research, Inc., $150.00 Laboratory, $295.00 TSC BASIC, Frank Hogg Laboratory, Full Screen Inventory, Computer Disk Double Entry, Custom Software $75.00 Systems Consultants, $100.00 Engineering, $44.95 TSC extended BASIC Frank Hogg Infomag, Frank Hogg Laboratory, Accounts Payable &. Receivable, K & K Laboratory, $100.00 $250.00 Computorware, $59.95 TSC Pascal, Frank Hogg Laboratory, RMS, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $200.00 Small Business Accounting Phg., Color $200.00 Disk Data Handler, Custom Software Software Services, $149.95 TSC Fortran '77, Frank Hogg Engineering, 32K, $44.95 Laboratory, $275.00 64K, $54.95 A/BASIC Compiler, Frank Hogg DBLS, Star-Kits, $29.95 Laboratory, $150.00 Pro-Color-File, Derringer Software, Color Computer Addresses X-Forth, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $59.95 $149.95 Color Data Organizer, Computerware, CC-Forth, Frank Hogg Laboratory, TAPE, $19.95, DISK, $29.95 Micro Technical Products, Inc. $99.95 TIMS, Sugar Software, $24.95 123 N. Sirrine, Suite 106-J PL/9, Frank Hogg Laboratory, $198.00 Super Color Database, Nelson Software Mesa, AZ 85201 TRS DOS C, Dugger's Growing Systems, $79.95 Systems, $49.95 Homebase, Homebase Computer Data-Comp P.O. Box 794 Dynasoft Pascal, Computerware, TAPE Systems, $75.00 Hixson, TN 37343 $49.95, DISK, $59.95 Personafile, Radio Shack, $59.95 Tiny Turtle (Logo|,SDS Computers, Mailing List Great Plains Computer Co. $39.95 P.O.Box 916 Mail Merge, Great Plains Computer Color Logo, Radio Shack, ROM, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 Co., $125.00 $49.95, DISK, $99.00 Full Screen Mailing List, Computer Universal Data Research, Inc. Color Pilot, Radio Shack, TAPE, Systems Consultants, $100.00 2457 Wehrle Drive, D-l $59.95, DISK, $79.95 Buffalo, NY 14221 Mailing List, Frank Hogg Laboratory, Spread Sheet $99.00 Hoyt Stearns Electronics DYNACALC, Computer Systems Correspondence System, Frank Hogg 4131 E. Cannon Dr. Center, $200.00 Laboratory, $149.95 Phoenix, AZ 85028 Tabula Rasa Spreadsheet, Computer Super Color Mailer, Nelson Software JPC Products Co. Systems Consultants, $100.00 Systems, TAPE, $39.95, DISK, 12021 Paisano Ct. NE Super Color Calc, Nelson Software $59.95 Albuquerque, NM 87112 Systems, ROM $89.95, DISK $99.95 All In One, Star-Kits, includes editor, Spectaculator, Radio Shack, $59.95 $50.00 (Continued on next page) 102 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Texas Instruments TI 99/4A Hardware and Software

There are no second-source Original Equipment Manufacturers of hardware for the TI 99/4A. All hardware available is produced by Texas Instruments. Assembler Editor/Assembler, Texas Instruments Languages Mailing List Pascal Development System, Texas Mailing List, International 99/4 Users- Microcomputers Corporation Instruments Group Inc. 34 Maple Ave. Box 8 TI Pilot, Texas Instruments Tl-Count Mail List, Texas Instruments Armonk, NY 10504 Spread Sheet Mail List, Yean Systems, Inc. Extended Software Company Microsoft Multiplan, Texas Communications Package 11987 Cedarcreek Drive Instruments Terminal Emulator II, Texas Cincinnati, OH 45240 Word Processing Instruments Anthistle Systems & Programming, Ltd. TI Writer, Texas Instruments 563 Patricia Drive TI-Text Writer, Microcomputers Corp. Texas Instruments Addresses Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6K 1M4 Ty-priter, Extended Software Company Word Processing, Anthistle Systems &. Texas Instruments Yean Systems, Inc. P.O.Box 10508 4037 Johnson Drive Programming, Ltd. Lubbock, TX 79408 Oceanside, CA 92056 Word Processing, International 99/4 Users-Group, Inc. International 99/4 Users-Group, Inc. Futura Software Futura Word Processing, Futura P.O. Box 67 P.O. Box 5581 Software Bethany, OK 73008 Fort Worth, TX 76108 iSMCRO

Color Computer Addresses Custom Software Engineering, Inc The Micro Works The Program Store 4200 Wisconsin Ave. NW (continued) 807 Minuteman Causeway |D-6) P.O. Box 1110 Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 Del Mar, CA 92014 Washington, DC 20016

Alford & Associates Nelson Software Systems SDS Computers Applied Microsystems, Inc. P.O.Box 6683 9072 Lyndale Ave. S P.O. Box 450 612 Washington Richmond, VA 23230 Minneapolis, MN 55420 Bogota, NJ 07603 Denver, CO 80203

General Automation Dugger's Growing Systems Martin Consulting Homebase Computer Systems 9600 Roosevelt Blvd. Suite 100-LL P.O. Box 305 94 Macalester Bay P.O. Box 3448 Philadelphia, PA 19115 Solana Beach, CA 92075 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Durham, NC 27702

Computer Systems Center Basic Technology Double Density Software Computer Plus 13461 Olive Blvd. P.O. Box 511 920 Baldwin St. 480 King Street Chesterfield, MO 63017 Ortonville, MI 48462 Denton, TX 76201 Littleton, MA 04160

Eclectic Systems Corp. Botek Instruments Sugar Software Micro-Div. 16260 Midway Rd. 4949 Hampshire 2153 Leah Lane 450 W. Laskey Addison, TX 75001 Utica, MI 48087 Reynoldsburg, OH 43068 Toledo, OH 43612

Computer Systems Consultants Derringer Software K & K Computorware Color Software Services 1454 Latta Lane P.O. Box 5300 37326 Gregory Drive Business Software Div. Conyers, GA 30207 Florence, SC 29501 Sterling Heights, MI 48077 P.O. Box 1708, Dept. R Greenville, TX 75401 Star-Kits Cognitec Cer Comp P.O.Box 209 704 Nob St. 5566 Ricochet Ave. Pyramid Distributors Mt. Kisco, NY 10549 Del Mar, CA 92014 Las Vegas, NV 89110 527 Hill St. Santa Monica, CA 90405 Frank Hogg Laboratory Eigen Systems Tom Mix Software 770 James St. Suite 215 P.O. Box 180006 3424 College NE Radio Shack Syracuse, NY 13203 Austin, TX 78718 Grand Rapids, MI 49505 300 One Tandy Center Forth Worth, TX 76102 Talbot Microsystems Computerware Mark Data Products 1927 Curtis Ave. Box 668 24001 Alicia Pkwy., No. 226 Redondo Beach, CA 90278 Encinitas, CA 92024 Mission Viejo, CA 92691 iSMCRO

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 103 T he sixth and final part of MICRO'S series on using relative files on Commodore disk drives features the machine-language code It’s that makes the mail list safe for new users and fast enough for large lists. Since so many MICRO readers have Commodore 64's now, and no other good mail lists have yet appeared for All that model, the source listing this time is for the 64. However, the same source code should work on any other disk- compatible Commodore model. Simply tell the assembler which model you have. (Those without Eastern House Relative Software's MAE assembler might have to make some changes, but all variables are in the listing.) Due to the size of the listing, I'll not say much at this time. However, three Part 6 items need attention. First, a bug. If you've tried [and failed) to open a relative file on the 1541 using com­ mands in part two of this series (MICRO 56, page 53), you'll be glad to know that it isn't your fault. As printed, an ‘1 ell'' became a "one" and a by Jim Strasm a comma was omitted. Here is the cor­ rect form. Be sure to jot it down, as I've not seen this published correctly anywhere before.

1260 OPEN 1 ,UN,2,STR$(DD) + + F$ + “,L,” + CHR$(RL)

If you are missing parts of this series (MICRO 55:37, 56:52, 57:33, 58:85, The final article 60:61), you can order back issues from in a 6-part series MICRO. If you have a Commodore 64 or a PET/CBM with BASIC 4.0, you on relative files for can obtain a working copy of the pro­ Commodore computers. gram, its source code, and instructions from the author at the address below. Included is Please enclose $15.00 and mention the "mail disk.'' Specify 1541/4040 format the source code or 8050/8250 format. Commodore 64 for the machine-language owners are especially urged to get the disk as the changes needed on the 64 part of a popular were numerous and difficult. Some of you may never have used public-domain mail list. source code before. For the most part it's like a BASIC program; you type it in and it works. Unlike BASIC, however, there are two ways to type in source listings. First, if you have a good assembler, such as MAE, Commodore's, or PAL, type in all the information on each line, beginning with the line numbers halfway across the rage- ^ you do not have an assembler use the second method to type in a copy for the 64. Using a machine-language monitor, type the left part of each line up to, but not including, the line number. 104 MICRO No. 63 • August 1983 Various users' groups have Micro- allowed: Upper and lower-case letters, from PETSCII to ASCII characters, m on and Supermon for the 64. Both are AND numbers, AND decimal points, usually so they can be printed on non- excellent for this work and free except and plus and minus signs. Commodore printers. Its syntax is: for copying charges. Instructions for Before calling this routine, define using a simple monitor are in the PET the string variable and move it to upper SYS SM,n1,$ Personal Computer Guide from memory as described in part 2 of this Osborne/McGraw-Hill and in the series. Once in the routine, entry is where n l is a 1 when converting and 2 August/September issue of the Midnite ended by pressing RETURN. SHIFTED- when the result is to be forced to upper /PAPER, both available from Com­ RETURN empties the field and starts case. may be any string variable. modore dealers or the author. over. The DELETE key works as usual I would like to add a few words ROM Utility's source code includes but not the cursor controls. about using the assembler. First, this four main options: an improved INPUT The second command is to INSERT file is large. You will need to use the command, an INSERT/DELETE option or DELETE an array element. Its syn­ SET command within MAE to reserve a for adding or deleting an element tax is: file buffer about twice the usual size, anywhere in an array, a PETSCII to say from $1000 to $4FFC. Second, ASCII converter for non-Commodore SYS DL,n1,n2,n3,v(0),w(0),zz wherever possible I used Commodore's printers, and a [STOP] key disable official labels for locations in ROM and routine that works even during pro­ where nl is 0 for insert and 1 for delete, low memory. Finally, ROM Utility gram loads. Bennett's original version n2 is the place of the element within may be burned into an EPROM; it for the PET/CBM included two other the array, n3 is the total number of ar­ doesn't need to change itself. commands, but these were not used in ray elements (plus 1 on insert), V(0) In closing, let me thank you for your the mail list and have been omitted to and W(0) are names of arrays, and ZZ patience through this long series. We save space. ends the list of arrays to be handled. both know more about relative files Each command uses a small trick to Two-dimensional arrays are not allowed, than when we started last December, transfer its information from BASIC to and the name ZZ must come last. and an excellent Public Domain machine language. Just as the cursor The next three commands disable business program is now better keeps track of where you are on the the STOP key. Use SYS DI to kill the understood. I hope you find its secrets screen, a program pointer keeps track STOP key but preserve the clock during useful in your own work. of where the next statement is in a a program. Then use SYS EL to keep it BASIC program. Normally it would killed during a program load. When the choke on non-BASIC information program ends, use SYS EN to fix the You may contact Jim Strasma at 1238 Richland Ave., Lincoln, IL 62656. following a SYS command. Bennett STOP key again. avoids this by having the machine- The last command converts strings language program move the program pointer past added information before returning to BASIC. Thus, BASIC never ROM Utility for Bennett’s Mail List sees the additions. 0818 The first command in the listing is 8820 UNIVERSAL ROM UTILITY VI.0 8838 BASED CM CHRIS BQINETT'S ORIGINAL INPUT. Its syntax is: 8848 AS OF HAY 38, 1983 JFS t BAA 0850 8068 0070 ;ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES SYS IN,n1 ,n2,$ ;DO STORE OBJECT CODE 8090 0100 ;GET INFO FOR CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY where nl is a number defining options, 0110 • PR "IMTER ROM 2=2001, 4-8032 i 4032, 6-C64, 8= 0120 ROM .IN ROM n2 is the length of the input field (1-255], 0130 0148 ; ROM-DEPENDENT VARIABLES and $ is the string variable that is to be 01S0 0168 IIP R0M-6 filled by the routine. The possible 0110 ?IP FOR VIC-20 OR CChMCCORE 64 0180 .DE $14 numbers for n l and their meanings are: 8198 VARTAB .DE $2D 0200 STOEND .DE $31 0210 VARNAM .DE $45 0220 VARPNT .DE $47 0 = Anything goes 0230 F0UR6 .DE $53 ;NEXT 16 LOCATIONS SWAPPED 0240 PLEN .DE $60 ;LENGTH OF STRING 1 = Numbers only 0250 FSTR .DE $61 ?POINTER TO LINKBACK 2 = . and + and - allowed 0260 STKEY .DE $91 0270 CHRIS .DE $92 4 = Upper and lower-case 0280 CINV .DE $0314 0290 alphabet allowed 0300 0310 IFE ROM-8 8 = Force alphabet to upper case 8328 ;IF FOR VIC-20 (REQUIRES 24K ADDED RAM) 8330 START .DE $6C00 16 = Space allowed 0340 CHKCOM .DE $CEFD ; CHECK C O W 8358 FRMEVL .DE $CD9E ; INP_EVAL 32 = Allow Y or N — 0360 GETADR .DE $D7F7 >FLTJFIXED 8370 KEY .DE $EABF ;0frJ HARDWARE IRQ make them upper case 8380 0398 64 = Disallow null field 8400 IFE ROM-6 8418 ;IP FOR COfMCOORE 64 256 = Change null to 0 0428 START .DE $C000 8430 CHKCOM .DE $AEFD ;CHECK_C0MM 512 = Change null to Y 8440 FRMEVL .DE $ADA4 ; INP__EVAL 1024 = Change null to N 0458 GETADR .DE $B7F7 ;FLT_FIXED 0460 KEY •DE $EA31 ;ON HAREWARE IRQ 2048 = Change null to space 0470 0490 IfM ROM-5 These may be combined. Thus, a value 0500 ;IF FOR CBM OR PET (continued) of 7 for nl means the following are No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 105 ROM U tility (continued) 0510 START .DE $7B00 C596- 1060 PCNT • DS 2 0520 POKER .DE $11 C598- 1070 ECNT .DS 2 0530 BENNETT .DE $0F C59A- 1080 ZP 0F • DS 1 0540 VARTAB .DE $2A C59B- 1090 ZP 50 •DS 17 0550 STREND .DE $2E C5AC- 1100 SWITCH • DS 1 0560 VARNAM .DE $42 1110 0570 VARPNT .DE $44 1120 .BA START 0580 F0UR6 .DE $50 NEXT 16 LOCATIONS SWAPPED 1130 .MC $7B00 DON'T OVERWRITE ASSEMBLER 0590 FLEN .DE $5D LENGTH OF STRING 1140 0600 FSTR •DE $5E POINTER TO LINKBACK 1150 ; JUMP TABLE OF COWANDS 0610 STKEY .DE $9B C000- 4C 14 C0 1160 JMP INPUT RTN GOTO INPUT ROUTINE 0620 CHRIS .DE $8F C003- 4C 04 C2 1170 JMP INS DEL GOTO INSERT/DELETE ROUTIN 0630 CINV .DE $90 ;IRQ VECTOR C006- 4C 23 C3 1180 JMP DISABLE GOTO DISABLE STOP KEY ROU 0640 *** C009- 4C 30 C3 1190 JMP ENABLE GOTO ENABLE STOP KEY ROUT 0650 C00C- 4C 3F C3 1200 JMP EN LOAD GOTO ENABLE LOAD ROUTINE 0660 IFE ROM-4 C00F- 4C 7D C3 1210 JMP STRJKID GOTO STRING MODIFICATION 0670 ;IF FOR CBM/PET BASIC 4.0 1220 0680 CHKCOM .DE $BEF5 CHECK COMM C012- 31 EA 1230 VEC_SAVE •SI KEY VECTOR INTERRUPT 0690 FRMEVL .DE $BD98 INP EVAL 1240 0700 GETADR .DE $C92D FLT FIXED 1250 ;GENERAL PURPOSE INPUT ROUTINE 0710 KEY .DE SE455 ON HAREWARE IRQ C014- 20 E7 C3 1260 INPUT_RTN JSR SAVE ZP 0720 *** C017- 20 0F C3 1270 JSR INPUT 0730 C01A- A5 14 1280 LDA *P0KER 0743 IFE RCM-2 C01C- 85 57 1290 STA *ED 0750 ;IF FOR CBM/PET BASIC 2.0 C01E- A5 15 1300 LDA *P0KER+1 0760 CHKCOM .DE $CDF8 CHECK COMM C020- 85 58 1310 STA *ED2 0770 FRMEVL .DE $CC9F INP EVAL C022- 20 0FC3 1320 JSR INPUT READ EDIT LENGTH 0780 GETADR .DE SD6D2 FLT~FIXED C025- A5 14 1330 LDA *POKER 0790 KEY .DE $E62E ON HAREWARE IRQ C027- 85 59 1340 STA *MX 0800 *** C029- D0 04 1350 BNE A2 0810 C02B- 20 F3 C3 1360 Al JSR REST ZP 0820 ;RELATIVE b RCM-INDEPENDENT VARIABLES C02E- 60 1370 RTS 0830 RCNT .DI FOUR6+4 TEMPLF 1380 0340 MCNT .DI RCNT+2 C02F- C9 95 1390 A2 Cf*> *149 0850 PNTl .DI MCNT+2 C031- B0 F8 1400 BCS Al 0860 PNT2 .DI PNT1+2 C033- 20 0F C3 1410 JSR INPUT GET STRING ADDRESS 0870 LENGTH .DI RCNT+8 C036- A5 47 1420 LDA *VARPNT 0830 ED .DI FOUR6+4 C038- 85 5A 1430 STA *HADR 0890 ED2 .DI ED+1 C03A- A5 48 1440 LDA *VARPNT+1 0900 MX .DI ED2+1 C03C- 85 5B 1450 STA *HADR+1 0910 HADR .DI MX+1 HIGHTR C03E- 20 51 C3 1460 JSR NULL STR 0920 LLENGTH .DI FOUR6+9 TEMPF2 C041- A9 20 1470 ISTART LDA *32 BLANK OLTT BUFFER 0930 CURSOR .DI LLENGTH+1 DECCNT C043- A0 94 1480 LDY *148 0940 CLOCK .DI LLENGTH+2 TENEXP C045- 99 00 C5 1490 Bl STA BUFFER,Y 0950 SADR .DI LLDGTH+3 GRBTOP C048- 88 1500 DEY 0960 ABS .DE START+$0500 ABSOLUTE VARIABLES C049- 10 FA 1510 BPL Bl 0970 HARD_INT .DI KEY+3 IGNORES STOP KEY & CLOCK C04B- A9 00 1520 LDA *0 0930 BSOUT .DE $FFD2 OUTPUT TO CHANNEL C04D- 85 5C 1530 STA *LLENGTH 0990 GETIN .DE $FFE4 GET CHAR. FROM QEUE C04F- A5 92 1540 LDA *CHRIS SAVE TI 1000 CLOCK UPDT .DE $FFEA INCREMENT CLOCK C051- 18 1550 CLC 1010 C052- 69 04 1560 ADC *4 1020 .BA ABS C054- 85 5E 1570 STA *CL0CK 1030 C056- A9 2A 1580 LDA *’* PUT OUT MX *'S 1040 ;ABSOLUTE VARIABLE STORAGE C058- 85 5D 1590 STA ‘CURSOR C500- 1050 BUFFER .DS 150 (continued)

EVER WONDER HOW YOUR APPLE I I WORKS?

QUICKTRACE will show you! And it can show you W H Y when it d o e s n ’t!

This relocatable program traces and displays the actual machine operations, while it is running and without interfering with those operations. Look at theseFEATURES:

Single-Step mode displays the last instruction, QUICKTRACE allows changes to the stack, QUICKTRACE is refocatab/e to any free part of next instruction, registers, flags, stack contents, registers, stopping conditions, addresses to be memory. Its output can be sent to any slot or to and six user-definable memory locations. displayed, and output destinations tor all this the screen. T ra c e mode gives a running display ot the Single- information. All this can be done in Single-Step Q U IC K T R A C E is completely compatible with Step information and can be made to stop upon mode while running. programs using Applesoft and Integer BASICs, encountering any of nine user-definable T w o optional d la p la y fo rm a ts can show a sequence graphics, and DOS. ( Time dependent 0 0 $ conditions. ot operations at once. Usuelly, the information operations can be bypassed.) It will display the Background mode permits tracing with no display is given in tour lines at the bottom ot the screen. graphics on the screen while QUICKTRACE is until it is desired. Debugged routines run at near Q UICKTRACE is completely transparent to the alive. normal speed until one ot the stopping cond­ program being traced. It.w ill not interfere with Q U IC K T R A C E is a beautiful way to show the itions is met, which causes the program to return the stack, program, or I/O. incredibly complex sequence ot operations that to Single-Step. a computer goes through in executing a program

P r i c e s $ 5 0 QUICKTRACE requires 3546 (SEOO) bytes (14 pages) ot memory and some knowledge of machine language programming. QUICKTRACE was written by John Rogers. It will run on any Apple II or Apple II Plus computer and can be loaded from disk or tape. It is supplied on disk with DOS 3.3. QUICKTRACE is a tradem ark of Anthro-D igital, Inc.

QUICKTRACE DEBUGGER

La»t address Disassembly Last Inttructlon F F 6 9 “ A 9 A A LDA #$AA

Top eeven bytes ot stack Processor codas Uaer defined location A Contents Slack ST=7C Ai 32 D5 43 D4 Cl NV-BDIZC 0000=4C

Accumulator X reg. Y reg. Stack pointer Processor status Content ot referenced addrest content* ft=AA X==9S Y=25 SP=F2 PS= 1011'0001 [J =DD

j_. T_ , . r. _ r D , . a ^ mb,y ^ Anthro-Digital, Inc. Next Instruction fab STH $. j> j PO BOX 1385 Pittsfield, MA 01202 413^48-8278

106 MICRO No. 63 ■ August 1983 ROM U tility (continued) C126- 4C 2B C0 2750 EXIT JMP Al 2760 C05A- A4 59 1600 LDY *MX Cl29- C9 14 2770 B6 CMP *20 C05C- 20 D2 FF 1610 B2 JSR BSOUT C12B- D0 IB 2780 BNE B8 C05F- 88 1620 DEY C12D- AS 5C 2790 LDA *LLEMGTH ;DELETE CHARACTER ROUTINE C060- D0 FA 1630 BNE B2 C12F- D0 03 2800 BNE DEL CHAR C062- A9 9D 1640 LDA #157 /BACKSPACE MX TIMES C131- 4C 6C C0 2810 JMP GET CHAR C064- A4 59 1650 LDY *MX 2820 C066- 20 D2 FF 1660 B3 JSR BSOUT Cl 34- 20 F9 Cl 2830 DEL CHAR JSR AST BKSP C069- 88 1670 DEY C137- C6 5C 2840 DEL2 DEC *LLENGTH C06A- D0 FA 1680 BNE B3 C l 3 9 - a9 9D 28S0 LDA #157 C06C- 20 A4 Cl 1690 GET CHAR JSR GET1 C13B- 20 D2 FF 2860 JSR BSOUT C06F- A8 1700 TAY C13E- A5 92 2870 LDA *CHRIS C070- A5 57 1710 LDA *ED ;GET EDIT FLPC C140- 18 2880 CLC C072- AA 1720 TAX C141- 69 04 2890 ADC #4 C073- 29 01 1730 Tl AND 11 ;TEST FOR NUMERIC C143- 85 5E 2900 STA *CLQCK C075- F0 0C 1740 BEQ T2 C H S - 4C 6c C0 2910 JMP GET CHAR C077- 98 1750 TYA 2920 C07S- C9 30 1760 CMP #48 C148- C9 8D 2930 B8 O P #141 C07A- 90 07 1770 BCC T2 ;< ZERO C14A- D0 1A 2940 BNE TEST ED C07C- C9 3A 1780 CMP #58 C14C- A5 5C 2950 LDA *LLEifcTH C07E- B0 03 ;SHIFT-RETURN 1790 BCS T2 ;> NINE C14E- D0 03 2960 BNE NULL C080- 4C 6F Cl 1800 J1 JMP ADD_CHAR Cl50- 4C 6C C0 2970 JMP GETCHAR 1810 2980 C083- 8A 1820 T2 TXA C153- 20 F9 Cl 2990 NULL JSR AST BKSP C084- 29 02 1830 AND #2 ;TEST FOR ' ' + ' & C156- a 4 5C 3000 C086- F0 0D LDY *LL£NGTH 1840 BEQ T4 Cl58- A9 9D 3010 B10 LDA #157 C088- 98 1850 TYA C15A- 20 D2 FF 3020 JSR BSOUT C089- C9 2E 1860 CMP #'. C15D- 20 F9 Cl 3030 JSR AST BKSP C08B- F0 F3 1870 BEQ J1 C160- 88 3040 DEY C08D- C9 2B I860 CMP # ’ + C161- D0 FS 3050 BNE B10 C08F- F0 EF 1890 BEQ J1 C163- 4C 41 C0 3060 JMP ISTART C091- C9 2D 1900 CMP I - 3070 C093- F0 EB 1910 BEQ J1 Cl66- 8A 3080 TEST ED TXA C095- 8A 1920 T4 TXA C167- 29 3F 3090 AND #$3F C096- 29 0C 1930 AMD #12 ;TEST FOR BOTH ALPHA FLAGS Cl69- F0 03 3100 BEQ TEST OK C098- F0 1A 1940 BEQ T16 C16B- 4C 6C C0 3110 JMP GET CHAR C09A- 98 1950 TYA 3120 C09B- 29 7F 1960 AND #$7F C16E- 98 3130 TEST OK TYA C09D- C9 41 1970 CMP #65 ;< A C16F- E6 5C 3140 ADD CHAR INC *LLENGTH C09F- 90 13 1980 BCC T16 C171- A4 5C 3150 LDY *LLENGTH C0A1- C9 5B 1990 O P #91 ;> z C173- 99 FF C4 3160 STA BUFFER-1,Y C0A3- B0 0F 2000 BCS T16 Cl76- 20 D2 Ff 3170 JSR BSOUT C0A5- 8A 2010 TXA C179- AS 5C 3180 C0A6- 29 08 LDA *LLENGTH 2020 AND #8 ?TEST FOR FORCE UPPER CASE C17B- C5 59 3190 Cff *MX C0A8- D0 04 2030 BNE FORCE UP C17D- B0 03 3200 BCS GET2 C0AA- 98 ; LEH3TH >= MX 2040 TYA C17F- 4C 6C C0 3210 JMP GET CHAR C0AB- 4C 6F Cl 2050 JMP ADD_CHAR 3220 2060 C182- 20 E4 Ff 3230 GET2 JSR GETIN ;GET A CHARACTER C0AE- 98 2070 FORCE UP TYA C185- C9 00 3240 CMP #0 C0AF- 09 80 2080 ORA #$80 C187- F0 F9 3250 BEQ GET2 C0B1- 4C 6F Cl 2090 J2 JMP ADD_CHAR C189- C9 0D 3260 CMP #13 2100 C10B- D0 03 3270 BNE CC1 C0B4- 8A 2110 T16 TXA C18D- 4C D3 C0 3280 JMP CAR RET C0B5- 29 10 2120 MID #16 jTEST FOR BLANK Cl 90- C9 14 3290 CC1 O P #20 C0B7- F0 05 2130 BEQ T32 C192- F0 A3 3300 BEQ DEL2 C0B9- 98 2140 TYA C194- C9 8D 3310 CfP #141 C0BA- C9 20 2150 CMP #32 C196- D0 EA 3320 BNE GET2 C0BC- F0 F3 2160 BEQ J2 C198- A9 9D 3330 LDA #157 C0BE- 8A 2170 T32 TXA C19A- 20 D2 FF 3340 JSR BSOUT C0BF- 29 20 2180 AND #32 ;TEST FOR Y & N C19D- C6 SC 3350 DEC *LLENGTH C0C1- F0 0B 2190 BEQ T64 C19F- D0 B2 3360 BNE NULL C0C3- 98 2200 TYA ClAl- 4C 41 C0 3370 JMP ISTART C0C4- 09 80 2210 ORA #$80 3380 C0C6- C9 09 2220 O P #217 ;= 'Y' 3390 ;GET ROUTINE WITH CURSOR CONTROL C0C8- F0 E7 2230 BEQ J2 C1A4- 20 E4 FF 3400 GET1 JSR GETIN •GET A CHARACTER C0CA- C9 CE 2240 O P #206 'N' C1A7- C9 00 3410 O P #0 C0CC- F0 E3 2250 BEQ J2 CIA9- F0 21 3420 BEQ G1 C0CE- 98 2260 T64 TYA ClAB- C9 22 3430 O P #34 •DOUBLE QUOTE? C0CF- C9 0D 2270 CMP #13 ClAD- F0 F5 3440 BEQ GETl YES. C0D1- D0 56 2280 BNE B6 ClAF- C9 0D 3450 O P #13 C0D3- A5 6C 2290 CAR_R£T LDA *LLENGTH ;CARRIAGE RETURN ClBl- F0 18 3460 BEQ GET OK CARRIAGE RETURN C0D5- D0 2D 2300 BNE FINI ClB3- C9 14 3470 O P #20“ C0D7- A5 57 2310 LDA *ED C1B5- F0 14 3480 BEQ GET OK DELETE C0D9- 29 40 2320 AND #64 C1B7- C9 8D 3490 O P #14t C0DB- F0 03 2330 BEQ Cl C1B9- F0 10 3500 BEQ GET OK SHIFT RETURN C0DD- 4C 6C C0 2340 JMP GET_CHAR ClBB- C9 20 3510 CMP #32 2350 ClBD- 90 0D 3520 BCC G1 < 32 , REJECT C0E0— A5 58 2360 Cl LDA *ED2 ClBF- C9 60 3530 0 * #96 C0E2- AA 2370 TAX ClCl- 90 08 3540 BCC GET OK < 96 , ACCEPT C0E3- F0 IF 2380 BEQ FINI C1C3- C9 Cl 3S50 O P #193 C0E5- 6A 2390 ROR A C1CS- 90 05 3S60 BCC Gl < 193 , REJECT C0E6- 90 02 2400 BCC C2 C1C7- C9 DB 3570 O P #219 C0E8- A0 30 2410 LDY # ’0 C1C9- B0 01 3S80 BCS Gl >= 219 , REJECT C0EA- 6A 2420 C2 ROR A C1CB- 60 3590 GET OK RTS C0EB- 90 02 2430 BCC C3 3600 C0ED- A0 D9 2440 LDY #217 ;= 'Y' C1CC- 38 3610 G1 SEC C0EF- 6A 2450 C3 ROR A ClCD- A5 5E 3620 LDA *CLOCK C0F0- 90 02 2460 BCC C4 ClCf- E5 92 3630 SBC *CHRIS C0F2- A0 CE 2470 LDY #206 ;= *N' C1D1- B0 DI 3640 BCS GETl C0F4- 6A 2480 C4 ROR A C1D3- AS SD 36S0 LDA *CURSOR C0F5- 90 02 2490 BCC C5 C1D5- C9 2A 3660 CMP #'* C0F7- A0 20 2500 LDY #32 BLANK C1D7- F0 04 3670 BEQ G3 C0F9- 98 2510 C5 TYA C1D9- A9 2A 3680 LDA #'* C0FA- E6 5C 2520 INC *LLQCTH C1DB- D0 02 3690 BNE G4 C0FC- A4 5C 2530 LDY *LLEWGTB CiDD- A9 20 3700 G3 LDA #32 C0FE- 99 FF C4 2540 STA BUFFER-1,Y C1DF- 85 SD 3710 G4 STA ‘CURSOR C101- 20 D2 FF 2550 JSR BSOUT ClEl- 20 D2 FF 3720 JSR BSOUT C104- A0 00 2560 FINI LDY #0 C1E4- A9 9D 3730 LDA #157 C106- A5 5C 2570 LDA *LLEM3TH C1E6- 20 D2 FF 3740 JSR BSOUT C108- 91 5A 2580 STA (HADR),Y C1E9- A5 92 3750 LDA *CHRIS C10A- C8 2590 INY C1EB- 18 3760 CLC C10B- A9 00 2600 LDA #L,BUFFER C1EC- 69 04 3770 ADC #4 C10D- 91 5A 2610 STA (HADR) ,Y ClEE- C9 FF 3780 Off #$FF C10F- C8 2620 INY C1F0- D0 02 3790 BNE GS Cl10- A9 C5 2630 LDA #H,BUFFER C1F2- A9 00 3800 LDA #$00 Cl12- 91 SA 2640 STA (HADR) ,Y C1F4- 85 5E 3810 GS STA *CLOCK C114- 38 2650 SEC C1F6- 4C A4 Cl 3820 JMP GETl C115- A5 59 2660 LDA *MX 3830 C117- E5 5C 2670 SBC *LLQGTH C1F9- A9 9D 3840 AST BKSP LDA #157 C119- C9 00 2680 Cf«> #0 C1FB- 20 D2 FF 3850 JSR BSOUT CllB- F0 09 2690 BEQ EXIT ClFE- A9 2A 3860 LDA #'* ClID- A8 2700 TAY C200- 20 D2 FF 3870 JSR BSOUT C11E- A9 20 2710 B5 LDA #32 Cl 20- 20 D2 FF 2720 JSR SSQUT C123- 88 2730 DEY (continued) C124- D0 F8 2740 BNE B5

No. 63 ■ August 1983 MICRO 107 ROM Utility (continued) C203- 60 3880 RTS C273- A5 5D 4410 LDA *PNT2 3890 ;PNT2 = PNT2 + MCNT*LENGTH C275- 65 59 4420 ADC *MCNT ; (LAST OCCURANCE OF 3900 ;INSERT / DELETE ROUTINE FOR ARRAYS C277- 85 5D 4430 STA *PNT2 E7 ;TABLE PLUS 1}// C204- 20 C3 3910 INS_DEL JSR SAVE ZP C279- A5 5E 4440 LDA *PNT2+1 C207- 20 3920 0F C3 JSR INPUT READ INSERT/DELETE FLK3 C27B- 65 5A 4450 ADC *MCNT+1 C20A- A5 14 3930 LDA *P0KER C27D- 85 5E 4460 STA *PNT2+1 C20C- 8D AC C5 3940 STA SWITCH 0=INSERT, 1=0ELETE C27F- CA 4470 DEX C20F- 20 0F C3 3950 JSR INPUT READ INSERT/DELETE POSITI C280- 10 F0 4480 BPL LOOPl C212- A5 14 3960 LDA *POKER AND SAVE IN C282- 38 4490 L00P2 SEC C214- 8D 96 C5 3970 STA PCNT TEMPORARY AREA (PCNT) C283- A5 5D 4500 LDA *PNT2 ;PNT1 POINTS TO C217- A5 15 3980 LDA *P0KER+1 C285- E5 5F 4510 SBC ‘LENGTH ;PNT2 MINUS LENGTH C219- 8D 97 C5 3990 STA PCNT+1 C287- 85 5B 4520 STA *PNT1 ; (LAST OCCURANCE) C21C- 20 0F C3 4000 JSR INPUT READ END OF ARRAY COUNT C289- A5 5E 4530 LDA *PNT2+1 C21F- A5 14 4010 LDA *POKER AND SAVE IN C28B- E9 00 4540 SBC »0 C221- 8D 98 C5 4020 STA ECNT TEMPORARY AREA (ECNT) C28D- 85 5C 4550 STA *PNT1+1 C224- A5 15 4030 LDA *P0KER+1 C28F- A4 5F 4560 LDY ♦LENGTH ;LOAD ITEM LENGTH MINUS 1 C226- 8D 99 C5 4040 STA ECNT+1 C291- 88 4570 DEY READ ARRAY VARIABLE. C229- 20 0F C3 4050 CHECK JSR INPUT C292- Bl SB 4580 L00P3 LDA (PNT1),Y ;MOVE X OCCURANCE C22C- A5 45 4060 LDA *VARNAM IF THE VARIABLE C294- 91 5D 4590 STA (PNT2) , Y ;TO X+l OCCURANCE C22E- C9 5A 4070 Cf4> f'Z NAME IS ZZ, THEN C296- 88 4600 DEY C230- D0 0A 4080 BNE NOTEND RETURN TO BASIC C297- 10 F9 4610 BPL LOOP 3 C232- A5 46 4090 LDA *VARNAM+1 4620 C234- C9 5A 4100 CMP i'Z 4630 IFE RCM-4 C236- D0 04 4110 BNE NOTEND 4640 JSR FIX sra ;FIX UP LINKBACK POINTER C238- 20 F3 C3 4120 JSR REST ZP 4650 *** C23B- 60 4130 RTS 4660 4140 C299- A5 59 4670 LDA •MCNT {SUBTRACT 1 FROM MCNT C23C- A2 05 4150 NOTEND LDX 15 CALCULATE LENGTH OF C29B- D0 02 4680 BNE NEOT1 C23E- A9 80 4160 LDA f$80 ARRAY ITEM. C29D- C6 5A 4690 DEC *MCNT+1 C240- 24 46 4170 BIT *VARNAM+1 FLOAT = 5 C29F- C6 59 4700 NEJCTl DEC *MCNT BEQ NEXT22 1 = 2 C242- F0 02 4180 C2A1- A5 59 4710 LDA *MCNT ;WHEN MCNT EQUALS RCNT LDX 13 C244- A2 03 4190 $ = 3 C2A3- C5 57 4720 CMP *RCNT ;THEN GO TO CHECK C246- 24 45 4200 NEXT22 BIT *VARNAM C2A5- M 09 4730 BNE SUB3 ;NEXT ARRAY VARIABLE C248- F0 02 4210 BEQ NEXT33 C2A7- A5 SA 4740 LDA *MCNT+1 C24A- A2 02 4220 LDX 12 C2A9- C5 58 4750 CMP ♦RCNT+1 C24C- 86 5F 4230 NEXT33 STX ‘LENGTH AND STORE INTO LENGTH C2AB- D0 03 4760 BNE SUB3 C24E- A5 47 4240 LDA *VARPNT STORE ADDRESS OF ZERO 4770 C250- 85 5D 4250 STA *PNT2 ARRAY POSITION INTO 4780 IFE ROV-4 C252- A5 48 4260 LDA *VARPNT+1 PNT2. 4790 JSR ZERO_LIN C254- 85 5E 4270 STA *PNT2+1 4800 *** C256- AD 96 C5 4280 LDA PCNT RESTORE INSERT/DELETE 4810 C259- 85 57 4290 STA *RCNT POSITION INTO RCNT C2AD- 4C 29 C2 4820 JMP CHECK C25B- AD 97 C5 4300 LDA PCNT+1 4830 C25E- 85 58 4310 STA *RCNT+1 C2B0- 38 4840 SUB3 SEC C260- AD 98 C5 4320 LDA ECNT RESTORE END OF ARRAY C2B1- A5 50 4850 LDA *PNT2 .•SUBTRACT ITEM LENGTH C263- 85 59 4330 STA *MCOT COUNTER INTO MCNT. C2B3- E5 5F 4860 SBC ♦LENGTH ;FROM PNT2 C265- AD 99 C5 4340 LDA ECNT+1 C2B5- 85 5D 4870 STA *PNT2 C268- 85 5A 4350 STA *MCNT+1 C2B7- A5 5E 4880 LDA *PNT2+1 C26A- AD AC C5 4360 LDA SWITCH IF 0 THEN INSERT. C2B9- E9 00 4890 SBC W C26D- D0 51 4370 BNE DELETE IF >0 THEN DELETE. C2BB- 85 5E 4900 STA *PNT2+1 C26F- A6 5F 4380 INSERT LDX ‘LENGTH LOAD ITEM LEM3TH MINUS 1 C271- CA 4390 DEX (Continued on page 110) C272- 18 4400 LOOPl CLC

ROCKWELL Microcomputers from Excert, Inc. • • SPECIALS • • RM 65 SERIES A65-1 (1K R A M )...... $435 Deduct 5% from list if A65-4 (4K R A M )...... $455 ordered with AIM 65® or A65-4B.4F (4K, BASIC or FORTH*) .$495 AIM 65/40. A65-4AB (4K, BASIC & Assembler) . $525 A65/40-5000 (32K RAM)...... $1250 REPAIR SERVICE LANGUAGES for (out of warranty only) AIM-65® & AIM 65/40 $25/hr. plus parts - $25 min. Assembler...... $35 BASIC ROMs ...... $65 SPARE PARTS FORTH* ROMs...... $65 are available ENCLOSURES & POWER SUPPLIES CASH DISCOUNT ■Deduct 5°/o for Prepaid Orders A65-006...... $175 (we pay shipping) E N C 4A ...... $115 E N C 5A ...... $130 TERMS: E N C 6A ...... $140 Net 30 from approved Companies & Institutions — otherwise COD. Shipping will be added to order. Minnesota residents add 6% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice.

Educational Computer Division Authorized Dealers for: ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORP., EXCERTINCORPORATED CUBIT, MTU, FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS, GORDOS, SALES P.O. Box 8600 SEAWELL, DYNATEM, APPLIED BUSINESS COMPUTER SPRVICr White Bear Lake AIM-65 is a registered trademark of Rockwell International Corp. INSTALLATION Minnesota 55110 ’ FORTH is a registered trademark of Forth, Inc. CONSULTING (612) 426-4114

108 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Commodore • 64 „ Word Processors M R

SCRIPT 64 EXECUTIVE W O RD PROCESSOR

Rated best by COMMODORE. This is the finest word processor available. Features include line and paragraph insertion/deletion, indenta­ tion, right and left justification, titles, page numbering, characters per inch, etc. All features are easy to use and understand. With tabs, etc. SCRIPT-64 even includes a dictionary/spelling checker to make sure your spelling is correct. The dictionary is user customizable to any technical words you may use. Furthermore, all paragraphs can be printed in any order so doctors, lawyers, real estate agents, and homeowners will find contract writing and everyday letters a snap. To top things off, there is a 100 page manual and help screens to make learning how to use SCRIPT-64 a snap. This word processor is so complete we can't think of anything it doesn't have. When com­ bined with the complete database you have a powerful mailmerge and label program that lets you customize any mailing list with per­ sonalized letters. List $99.95. Sale $79.00. (plus postage) Disk Only.

COMPLETE DATA BASE

This is a user friendly database that makes any information easy to store and retrieve. The user defines the fields and then can add change, delete and search for any category he wants. When combined with the SCRIPT-64 Executive Word Processor you can search out any category (zip codes, hair color, etc.) and print super personalized letters. List $89.00. Sale $69.00. (plus postage) Disk Only.

TOTAL WORD PROCESSOR PLUS 5 2

This top quality word processor was specially designed for PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES. Features include line and paragraph insert and delete, right and left justification, multiple copies, and tine spacing. Extra functions include mailmerge, embedded footnotes, extra user defined character sets, plus a complete label program. List $69.90. Sale $56.00. (plus postage) Disk add $7.00.

QUICK BROWN FOX WORD PROCESSOR

(Cartridge). Nationally advertised all purpose word processor that uses menu control to let you manipulate your text. Includes the features most often asked for including right and left justification, wordwrap, and more. List $69.00. Sale $59.00. (plus postage).

• LOWEST PRICES • 15 DAY FREE TRIAL • 90 DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY • BEST SERVICE IN U.S.A. • ONE DAY EXPRESS MAIL • OVER 500 PROGRAMS » FREE CATALOGS

WE SHIP C.O.D. HONOR VISA AND MASTER CHARGE ADD $3.00 SHIPPING FOR C.O.D. ADD $2.00 MORE PROTECTO SPECIAL SERVICES: ENTERPRIZES (WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS) One Day — Express Mail add $10.00 BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010 Phon* 312/382-5244 to ordar

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 109 ROM Utility (continued) C2BD- 4C 82 C2 4910 JMP L00P2 4920 C30A- 85 5E 5440 STA *PNT2+1 C2C0- A6 5F 4930 DELETE LDX ‘LENGTH PNT2 POINTS TO DELETE C30C- 4C D3 C2 5450 JMP L00P5 C2C2- CA 4940 DEX 5460 C2C3- 18 4950 LOOP4 CLC 5470 IFE ROM-4 C2C4- A5 5D 4960 LDA *PNT2 PNT2 POINTS TO ITEM 5480 FIX_STR LDA *LENGTO ;BYPASS IF NOT STRING ARRA C2C6- 65 57 4970 ADC *RQJT TO BE DELETED 5490 CMP #3 C2C8- 85 5D 4980 STA *PNT2 5500 BNE FIX EXIT C2CA- A5 5E 4990 LDA *PNT2+1 5510 LDY 10 C2CC- 65 58 5000 ADC *RCNT+1 5520 LDA (PNT2)rY GET LENGTH C2CE- 85 5E 5010 STA *PNT2+1 5530 BEQ FIX EXIT EXIT IF ZERO C2D0- CA 5020 DEX 5540 STA *FLEN SAVE IT C2D1- 10 F0 5030 BPL LOOP4 5550 INY C2D3- 18 5040 LOOP5 CLC 5560 LDA (PNT2),Y C2D4- A5 5D 5050 LDA *PNT2 PNTl POINTS TO 5570 STA *FSTR ;SAVE ADDRESS OF STRING C2D6- 65 5F 5060 ADC ‘LENGTH THE ARRAY ITEM 5580 INY C2D8- 85 5B 5070 STA *PNT1 ONE HIGHER THAN PNT2 5590 LDA (PNT2),Y C2DA- A5 5E 5080 LDA *PNT2+1 5600 STA *FSTR+1 C2DC- 69 00 5090 ADC 10 5610 CW *VARTAB+1 CHECK WITH TOP OF BASIC C2DE- 85 5C 5100 STA *PNT1+1 5620 BCC FIX EXIT STRING WITHIN BASIC C2E0- A4 5F 5110 LDY *LENGTH LOAD ITEM LENGTH MINUS 1 5630 BEO FIX EO C2E2- 88 5120 DEY 5640 BCS FIX NEXT • WITHIN STRING AREA C2E3- Bl 5B 5130 LOOP6 LDA (PNT1), Y MOVE X+l OCCURANCE 5650 FIX EQ LDA *FSTR C2E5- 91 5D 5140 ' STA (PNT2) ,Y TO X OCCURANCE 5660 CM> *VARTAB C2E7- 88 5150 DEY 5670 BCC FIX_EXIT WITHIN BASIC C2E8- 10 F9 5160 BPL LOOP6 5680 5170 5690 FIX_NEXT LDY *FLEN 5180 IFE ROM-4 5700 LDA *PNT2 5190 JSR FIX_STR ;FIX LINKBACK POINTER 5710 STA (FSTO),Y 5200 *** 5720 INY 5210 5730 LDA *PNT2+1 C2EA- E6 57 5220 INC *RCNT ADD 1 TO RCNT 5740 STA (FSTO) ,Y C2EC- D0 02 5230 BNE NEXT2 5750 FIX__EXIT RTS C2EE- E6 58 5240 INC *RCNT+1 5760 C2F0- A5 59 5250 NEXT2 LDA *MCNT WHEN MCNT EQUALS RCNT 5770 ZER0_LINK LDA ♦LENGTH C2F2- C5 57 5260 CMP *RCNT THEN GO TO CHECK 5780 CMP 13 C2F4- 00 09 5270 BNE ADD3 NEXT ARRAY VARIABLE 5790 BHE FIX EXIT C2F6- A5 5A 5280 LDA *MCNT+1 5800 LDY *0 C2F8- C5 58 5290 CMP *RCNT+1 5810 LDA *0 C2FA- D0 03 5300 BNE ADD3 5820 STA (Brrl),Y 5310 5830 INY 5320 IFE ROM-4 5840 STA (WTl) ,Y 5330 JSR ZERO LINK 5850 INY 5340 *** 5860 STA (WTl) ,Y 5350 5870 RTS C2FC- 4C 29 02 5360 JMP CHECK 5880 *** 5370 5890 C2FF- 18 5380 AD03 CLC C30F- 20 FD AE 5900 INPUT JSR CHKCOM CHECK FOR C O W A C300- A5 5D 5390 LDA *PNT2 ADO ITEM LENGTH C312- 20 A4 AD 5910 JSR FRMEVL INPUT & EVALUATE EXPRESSI C302- 65 5F 5400 ADC ‘LENGTH TO PNT2 C315- 20 F7 B7 5920 JSR GETADR CONVERT FLOAT TO FIXED C304- 85 5D 5410 STA *PNT2 C306- A5 5E 5420 LDA *PNT2+1 C308- 69 00 5430 ADC *0 (continued)

SVKT THE SVSTEM fllKT

DUAL ACIA BOARD Essential for telecommunications. Two independent full duplex RS232 channels. Uses EPROM PROGRAMMER 1-4 6551 AClAs. Crystal-driven TTLckxk. Supports jJJ TTL level or RS232C (+/-12v). Supports all Particular combination of hardware and ao standard baud rates to 19,200- Can support software (machine language) used results iO interrupt-driven I/O. Demonstration source ££ code provided. in VERY LOW proyamming overhead. Flexible design; supports future EPROM « COM-1 designs. Will procpam EPROMS up to 256K bits (32K bytes). Programs all these EPROMS: 13 2508, 2516, 2532, 2564, 27S8A, u 27588, 2716, 27C16, 2732, 2732A, 27C32, 2764, 27C64, 27128, 35 MCM68764 > All personality modules INCLUDED. X fiu Menu driven pro^am for easy operation. ± $250 > PRG-l (/) REALTIME o H CLOCK/CALENDAR Demonstration software with source LU I/O EXPANSION BOARD CO and data sheet. Uses the OKI 2 MSM5S32. Provision for user-supplied For microcomputers that use 6522 VlAs for I/O and do 32K CMOS STATIC RAM BOARD u battery backup. not provide full address decoding on board. This board t/) On board crystal for accurate has physical space for four additional 6522 VlAs, and CO timekeeping. provide additional decoding for a total of 16 devices. Models MB-132/32K, $299 D CMOS circuitry - Low power Year, Two versions of this board are available. The l/OX-122 /16K $241 ,/8K $197 (/) month, date, day-of-week, hours, mounts above, and directly plugs into, an on-board 6522 minutes & seconds! 12/24 hour - Leap socket, and relocates the original VIA to the expansion F e a tu re s : Year correction 4 interrupt rates board. Where there are space limitations, the l/OX-222 • 200ns Low Power CMOS. STATIC RAM available. uses a dip header and an S' cable for remote installation. • Extends your expansion connector • Plug compatible with 2716 EPROMS CLK-l $60 j 1/OX-122 $60 l/OX-222 $72 • First 8K are jumper selectable • Entire board may be benk-switched

Dealer and Distributor Inquires Invited. All boards feature G-10 glass/epoxy, solder mask, and gold plated connectors. All boards carry a full 1-year limited warranty. When P.O. Box 1019 • Whittier. CA 90609 ordering specify SYM or AIM version; add S & H in U.S. and Canada $2.50. overseas $4.00 (213) 941-1383 jUS). Calif, residents sdd sales tax.

110 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 ROM Utility (continued) C3CF- F0 FB 6990 BEQ STR_EXIT C3D1- 88 7000 OP2_LOOPl DEY C3D2- C0 FF 7010 C318- 60 5930 RTS CPY f$FF 5940 C3D4- F0 F6 7020 BEQ STO_EXIT C3D6- Bl 5A 5950 ;STOP KEY ENABLE AND DISABLE f 7030 LDA (HADR)fY C3D8- C9 41 7040 C319- 20 EA FF 5960 STOP JSR CLOCK UPDT CMP #65 ;LOWER CASE A C31C- A9 FF C3DA- 90 F5 7050 5970 LDA »$FF BCC 0P2_L00P1 C3DC- C9 SB C31E- 85 91 S990 STA *STKEY 7060 CMP #91 C3DE- B0 Fl 7070 BCS 0P2_L00Pl C320- 4C 34 EA 5990 JMP HARD INT C3E0- 09 80 7080 ORA #$90 6000 — C3E2- 91 5A 7090 C323- 78 STA (HADR) ,Y 6010 DISABLE SEI C3E4- 4C Dl C3 7100 JMP OP2 LOOPl C324- A9 19 6020 LDA #LfSTOP 7110 C326- 8D 14 03 6030 STA CINV 7120 SAVE_ZP 7130 C329- A9 C3 6040 LDA IH.STOP 7140 IFE ROM-4 C32B- 8D 15 03 6050 STA CINV+1 C32E- 58 6060 7150 LDA *BENNETT CLI 7160 C32F- 60 6070 STA ZP 0F RTS 7170 6090 7180 C330- 78 6090 ENABLE SEI C331- AD 12 C0 6100 C3E7- A0 10 7190 LDY 116 LDA VEC SAVE 7200 C334- 8D 14 03 6110 STA CINV C337- AD 13 C0 6120 C3E9- B9 53 00 7210 SVJL00P1 LDA FOUR6,Y LDA VEC SAVE+1 C3EC- 99 9B C5 7220 C33A- 9D 15 03 6130 STA CINV+1 STA ZP_50,Y C3EF- 88 7230 DEY C33D- 58 6140 CLI C3F0- 10 F? 7240 BPL SV_LOOPl C33E- 60 6150 RTS C3F2- 60 7250 RTS 6160 7260 C33F- 78 6170 EN LOAD SEI 7270 REST_ZP C340- AD 12 C0 6180 LDA VEC SAVE 7280 C343- 18 6190 CLC 7290 IFE RCM-4 C344- 69 03 6200 ADC #3 7300 LDA ZP_0F C346- 8D 14 03 6210 STA CINV 7310 STA ‘BENNETT C349- AD 13 C0 6220 LDA VEC SAVE+1 7320 C34C- 80 15 03 6230 STA CINV+1 7330 C34F- 58 6240 CLI C3F3- A0 10 7340 LDY #16 C3S0- 60 6250 RTS C3F5- B9 9B C5 7350 RS_L00P1 LDA ZP_50,Y 6260 C3F8- 99 53 00 7360 STA FOUR6,Y 6270 ;NULL THE STRING BEING USED C3FB- 88 7370 DEY C351- A0 00 6290 NULL STR LDY 10 C3FC- 10 F7 73B0 BPL RS_LOOPl C353- Bl 5A 6290 LDA (HADR),Y C3FE- 60 7390 RTS C35S- 85 SC 6300 STA *LLENGTH 7400 C357- F0 23 6310 BEQ NULL EXIT 7410 .EN C359- C8 6320 INY END OF MAE PASS! C3SA- Bl 5A 6330 LDA (HADR),Y C3SC- 95 SF 6340 STA *SADR C35E- C8 6350 INY C35F- Bl 5A 6360 LDA (HADR),Y C361- 85 60 6370 STA *SADR+1 C363- C5 32 6380 CMP *STRENIH-1 JMCftO C365- 90 15 6390 BCC NULL EXIT C367- F0 02 6400 BEQ NULL EQ C369- B0 06 6410 BCS NULL OK C36B- AS SF 6420 NULL EQ LDA *SADR C36D- CS 31 6430 CMP *STREND C36F- 90 0B 6440 BCC NULL EXIT C371- A4 5C 64S0 NULL OK LDY *LLENGTH C373- AS 5C 6460 LDA *LLENGTH C37S- 91 SF 6470 STA (SADR),Y C377- C9 6480 INY Commodore 64 & Apple II C378- A9 FF 6490 LDA #$FF C37A- 91 SF 6500 STA (SADR) ,Y C37C- 60 6S10 NULL EXIT RTS 6520 Assembly Language 6530 .-ROUTINE TO MODIFY STRING DATA C37D- 20 0F C3 6S40 STR MOD JSR INPUT C390- A5 14 6S50 LDA ‘POKER Debugger C382- 48 6560 PHA C383- D0 01 6570 BNE ST2 C39S- 60 6580 ST1 RTS If you are developing ^ C386- C9 03 6590 ST2 CMP #3 software for the C388- B0 FB 6600 BCS ST1 ;> 2 C38A- 20 0F C3 6610 JSR INPUT Commodore 64 or C39D- A0 00 6620 LDY >0 C39F- Bl 47 6630 LDA (VARPNT) ,Y Apple II or are interested C391- 85 5C 6640 STA *LLENGTH in assembly language programming, you needed this C393- C9 6650 INY C394- Bl 47 6660 LDA (VARPNT),Y finely-crafted aid “yesterday!’ All the features you'd C396- 85 SA 6670 STA *HADR expect in an advanced debugger are included - step, C398- C8 6680 INY C399- Bl 47 6690 LDA (VARPNT) ,Y breakpoints, windowing, super-complex conditional C39B- 85 SB 6700 STA *HADR+1 breaks, symbolic debugging, patch, show prior 128 C39D- 68 6710 PLA C39E- C9 02 6720 CMP #2 steps, and compiled BASIC-like language. Supplied C3A0- F0 2B 6730 BEQ OPTION 2 ;CONVERT TO UPPER CASE complete with a detailed instruction manual. A new C3A2- A4 SC 6740 OPTION 1 LDY *LLENGTH ;ASCII PRINTER CONVERSION C3A4- F0 26 6750 BEQ STO EXIT data sheet is available on request. C3A6- 88 6760 0P1 LOOPl DEY C3A7- C0 FF 6770 CPY #$FF PTD-6510 Debugger for Commodore 6 4 ...... $65.10 C3A9- F0 21 6790 BEQ STR EXIT C3AB- Bl SA 6790 LDA (HADR),Y PTD-6502 Debugger for Apple II and lie ...... $49.95 C3AD- C9 41 6900 CMP #65 Manual (only) for above, e ach ...... $10.00 C3AF- 90 0C 6910 BCC OP1 NEXT1 C3B1- C9 5B 6820 CMP #91 ;> Z DisKit 64 Fast single disk copy C3B3- B0 08 6930 BCS OP1 NEXT1 C3B5- 18 6840 CLC (+utilities) for Commodore 6 4 ...... $75.00 C3B6- 69 20 6850 ADC #$20 C3B9- 91 SA 6960 STA (HADR),Y 'PTD-6510 (Commodore) requires 1541 disk drive. C3BA- 4C A6 C3 6870 JMP 0P1_L00P1 PTD-6502 (Apple) requires DOS 3.3, 48K. 6980 C3BD- C9 Cl 6890 OP1 NEXT1 CMP #193 ;NOT LOWER CASE C3BF- 90 ES 6900 BCC 0P1 LOOPl C3C1- C9 DB 6910 CMP #219 C3C3- B0 El 6920 BCS OPi LOOPl PTERODACTYL C3C5- 29 7F 6930 AND #$7F C3C7- 91 SA 6940 STA (HADR),Y C3C9- 4C A6 C3 6950 JMP OPI LOOPl SOFTWARfi C3CC- 60 6960 STR EXIT RTS 6970 200 Bolinas Road #27, P.O. Box 538 C3CD- A4 SC 6980 OPTION 2 LDY *LLENGTH Fairfax, CA 94930 (415)485-0714

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 111 Commodore Addresses (corn) GRANITE COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midwest Micro Associates Quick Brown Fox THE DISASSEMBLER FAMILY P.O. Box 6148 548 Broadway Source listings identical with TSC 6809 EDITOR - User symbol Kansas City, MO New York, NY tables - Local and global labels and expressions ■ Occurance 64110 10012 numbered local labels - Easy Identification of Data Areas - FCB - FDB - FCC - Step (optional) disassembly one program or data Micro Technology Unlimited Richvale Telecommunications statement at a time - Source code disc or tape for TSC EDITOR P.O. Box 12106 10610 Bayview Avenue input - Run TSC ASSEMBLER with no or minimal editing Monitor Richmond Hill, Ontario and FLEXTM references are named - Equate table for all external 2806 Hillsborough references • Problem codes flagged (6800 & 6502) Raleigh, NC Canada 27605 L4C 3N8 Convenient menu driven options carry out tedious error prone disassembly operations - rapidly and accurately. MWS Electronics Skyles Electric Works 6809 to 6809 DISASSEMBLER $75.00 P.O. Box 418 231G South Whisman Road 6800 to 6809 DISASSEMBLER $75.00 Mountain View, CA 6502 to 6809 DISASSEMBLER $75.00 Pocomoke, MD 21851 94041 TEXTWRITER II - A complete Text Processor to use with the TSC TEXT EDITOR - The two programs run as one - All features you Small Systems Engineering expect in a full text editing and processing system - (For Palo Alto Integrated Circ. Syst 1056 Elwell Court example: Embed print control characters) - Menu driven Nestar Systems, Inc. Disk only $75.00 430 Sherman Avenue Palo Alto, CA Palo Alto, CA 94303 TEXTWRITER I - A basic Text Processor program to use with the 94306 TSC TEXT EDITOR - with most of the features of TEXTWRITER II Soft-Aware Specifically for tape systems Cassette only $50.00 Performance Micro Products P.O. Box 725 770 Dedham Street, S-2 Glendora, CA EPROMMER- Use with theSWTPC MP-R Programmer $40.00 Canton, MA 91740 FILEMANAGER - Use with the JPC TC-3 high speed I/O board - 02021 comprehensive cassette oriented operating system. $40.00 Spellmaster Systems Software All efficient - well documented - and - VERY FRIENDLY Pixell Software 1400 66th St. North Suite 485 Run on any SS50 6809 with No or Minimal changes - Provided 6595 W. Mississippi Rd. St. Petersburg, FL Object (Binary) programs on 5 & 8 FLEXTM discs or KC Lakewood, CO 33710 cassette Inquire about Color Computer availability - Non-FLEX 80226 FLEXTM is a trademark of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. Susie Software GRANITE COMPUTER SYSTEMS Powerbyte Software 709 Wilshire Drive Route 2 Box 445 2 Chipley Run Mt. Prospect, IL Hillsboro, NH 03244 West Berlin, NJ 60056 M/C VISA (603)464-3850 08091 Tamarack Software Precision Software Ltd. (formerly Dr. Daley) 4 Park Terrace Darby, M T Worcester Park 59829 Surrey, England KT4 7JZ TOTL Software Inc. 1555 Third Avenue Precision Technology, Inc. Walnut Creek, CA Computer Products Division 94596 P.O. Box 15454 Salt Lake City, UT Type Thrift 84115 Shelburne, Ontario Canada Professional Software LON ISO 51 Fremont Street Needham, MA United Microware Industries 02194 3503-C Temple Avenue Pomona, CA Professional Micro Service 91768 # ?P0^ c ' 100 W. 22nd St., POB 7268 Baltimore, MD VisiCorp , 5 0 21218 ' S > rV ' cfW 2895 Zanker Road San Jose, CA 00°°°' Programmer’s Institute 3%ec 95134 ^ ® n vOcV- P.O. Box 3470 ■ S < 0 ^ .^e 'N Chapel Hill, NC 27514 Voice World 13055 Via Esperia ______•_'______Pro-Line Del Mar, CA 92014 755 The Queensway East 8 BIBLE MOUNTAIN Mississauga, Ontario A fun and exciting Bible Canada Wilserv Industries educational game! L4Y 4C5 P.O. Box 456 • For 2 to 20 players. Bellmawr, NJ 08031 • Fully documented. Quality Computer SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: 801 S. Victoria Suite 105 Ventura, CA , World Electronics 93003 177 27th Street Brooklyn, NY J & M SOFTWARE 11232 P.O. Box 2132 (Texas residents a d d 5% Sales fa x ) Quantum Data, Inc. (Add $1 50 for shipping and handling charges ) 14252 Culver Dr. Ste. A, 285 Athens. Texas 75751 Programs for 48K APPLE II* a nd D O S 3 3 witti disk drive (214)675-8479 •APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc Irvine, CA 92714 112 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Skyles Electric Works Presents

The VicTree ™ ...L eaves your new Vic (or CBM 64) w ith 42 additional com m ands. ...Branches out to m ost BA SIC4 .0 program s. ... R oots into m ost printers. New from Skyles: the VicTree, a coordinated hardware and software package that allows your Vic to branch out in unbelievable directions and makes it easier than ever to do BASIC programming, debugging and to access your disk. And the new VicTree provides routines to interface the Vic to the powerful CeeNet local network. 8kb of ROM—4kb for the BASIC commands, 4kb for disk commands and interfacing to CeeNet— plus 4kb of RAM for miscellaneous storage. Perfect not only for the new Vic but also for the Commodore 64. Unbelievably simple to use and to install, the VicTree gives you all the additional BASIC 4.0 commands to allow most BASIC 4.0 programs to work on your new Vic or CBM 64.

Now only $89.95.. .or $ 109.95complete with Centronics standard printer cable. (Cable alone $ 2 9 .9 5 .) Available now from your local dealer or order through your Visa or MasterCard toll free: (800) 227-9998 (California, Canada, Alaska, Hawaii: (415) 965-1735) or send check or money order directly to:

pr 2 3 1 E South Whisman Road m - 'ir* Mountain View, CA 94041 Skyles Electric Works ( 4 i 5 ) 965-1735 No, 63 ■ August 1983 MICRO 113 ©VINSANDER EAZY/SCREENS THE MONTHLY JOURNAL FOR FOR THE COMMODORE 64 COMMODORE COMPUTER USERS

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114 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 /AICRO TM CoCo Bits

T his month I have expanded my column to include 1. If you have a 16K computer, remove the shield from information about Rainbowfest, the Color Com­ around the RAM chips. The F board is identified by the puter's first national show. Since the topic for this fact that the shield does not cover the 6809, VDG, PIAs, or month is word processing, I have a few comments on using ROMs. To remove the shield, reach under the computer the CoCo as a word processor, which is something I have circuit board. You will find tabs bent under the board at­ done for over two years. Before getting started with the tached to the shield. Bend the tabs to a vertical position new agenda, however, I have some old business that con­ and lift off the shield. Remove capacitors C58, C60, C62, cerns upgrading to 64 K. C64, C66, C68, C70, and C72. Move two jumpers to the left of U21 and one jumper above U28 down to the 64K 64K Upgrade position. Install a jumper of wire-wrap wire between the two stakes at the left of U17; then install the 64K chips. Last month I described how to convert a 16K D board Many programs are now supporting a check for 64K to 64K. This month I describe how to convert the E and F capacity and more are being introduced daily. You don't boards. The upgrades are easy to do, and with 4164 ICs at need Flex to use the extra RAM anymore. My thanks to less than $1.00 a byte there is little excuse not to upgrade. Bob Rosen of Spectrum Projects for providing upgrade in­ Remember, if you break the seal on the bottom center structions and allowing me to pass them along. Yes, Bob screw you will void your Radio Shack warranty; you may does have 64K RAM chips and installation instructions avail­ want to wait the 90 days before upgrading. The E board able. The latest price I've seen for 4164's is $49.95 each. upgrade is easy compared to the D board modification Next month I will have a program listing that will call since the E board is already designed to accept 4164. If you and use the 64K memory map and provide a simple memory have a 16K computer, remove capacitors C61, C31, test of upper RAM. C64, C35, C67, C45, C70, and C48. Move the jumper be­ tween U8 and U4 to the 32K position. Move the jumper CoCo as a Word Processor near C44 and the ROM port to the 16K/32K position. Next, move the three jumpers located by the keyboard One question I often get asked is "How can you connector to the 32.K position and use a wire-wrap tool to possibly use that cheap keyboard for any serious work?” jumper the stakes next to U29 to be in the LOW position. The answer is "Quite well!" Although the keyboard is Connect the two stakes to the left of C44 together. If you probably the largest objection to CoCo as a word pro­ were to install the 64K chips at this point, you would have cessor, it is easy for me to use. With the short keystroke a standard 32K Radio Shack computer. The 1.1 ROM re­ required, I can type over 70 WPM accurately, something I quired with the D board is already in place on the E board. can't begin to do on an Apple keyboard. If you must have a If you have a 32K computer, you can start the modifica­ 1 'professional'' board, you can install one of several add-on tion at this point. Remove IC U29 and bend pins 4, 5, and replacement boards. Probably the nicest keyboard I've 6 straight up. Do not flex these pins too much as they may seen is from Mark Data Products. It costs $69.95 and has break. Be sure that they are bent straight enough so that the same layout as the original CoCo board. Others, in­ they won't touch the metal RF shield to the left of the IC cluding one from Macrotron Company, have user-definable when it is reinstalled. Connect pin 6 of U29 to pin 8 of function keys. I haven't tried either of these boards. U29. Solder only to the very top of pin 8 as it must be A more difficult problem with using CoCo as a word reinserted in the socket. Be careful not to drip solder onto processor is its relatively small screen display, which the lower part of the IC pin. Reinsert the IC into its socket allows only 32 characters by 16 lines. For occasional work being careful not to bend any pins underneath the IC. it is tolerable, and there are several solutions. In a similar fashion, remove IC U ll and bend pin 5 One advantage of using a word processor is that you straight up. Reinstall it in the socket. Next connect pin 4 can see the text as it might look on the printed page. There of U29 to pin 5 of U ll, and pin 5 of U29 to TP1. This com­ are two ways of implementing this on the commercial pletes the modification. word processors I have seen for Coco. Disk and ROM Install the 4164 ICs in sockets U20-U27. If you have a Scripsit and Nelson's original Color Writer use a window 32K machine it will already have these chips. However, to look at the text. The programs scroll the text past the since Tandy did not expect to use the upper bank of RAM, screen horizontally and vertically. I have never usedColor they bought mediocre 32K chips. You can replace all of Writer, but I have used both Disk and ROM Scripsit. these chips or run a memory diagnostic to test the upper Telewriter and the latest Color Writer use a high- bank. You will need to replace only the chips that indicate resolution graphics screen to provide up to 85 characters bad cells. Most of the conversions I have seen required the by 24 lines on screen. The disadvantages of this method replacement of only two or three ICs. This finishes are that you must use a monitor (and modify CoCo to ac­ the upgrade. cept one), and the extra memory required for a large If you have a new F board, the project is really simple. graphics screen is taken from the available text buffer. The 32K F board will access 64K just by calling MAP type (Continued on next page)

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 115 (continued)

One advantage of the graphics screen is the ability to Scripsit is relatively slow. I don't enjoy using it have actual lower-case letters on the screen display (which because I can type fast enough to fill its 32-character type- overcomes a major objection to CoCo's reverse video ahead buffer. I don't have audio on my monitor so I do not representation of lower-case letters). Disk Scripsit uses a hear the beep in the speaker that warns me the buffer is graphics screen to display lower-case letters but continues full. Consequently I miss characters. This problem is to use the 32 x 16 display window; the memory penalty noticeable only if you are a fast typist. The program slows you pay is approximately 6K of buffer space. even more if you are printing from the spooler or using the While on the subject of graphics display, if you have a graphics display. A disk with Scripsit on it must reside in 32K upgrade that just piggy-backs 4116 RAMs to the top of drive zero whenever you are editing. the existing 16K RAMs, you will not be able to use Disk Scripsit’s graphics display. The computer cannot access Telewriter by Cognitec the upper 16K as graphics memory, which it must do in this program. Adding a lower-case hardware modification I have used Telewriter 2.0 and am currently writing is useful when using Scripsit. The lower-case modification this using Telewriter 64. The processor is document board from Micro-Technical Products is an excellent ac­ oriented, but the newest version contains a page-finder cessory for anyone using Scripsit. With this board you can feature. This allows you to find out where the pages break have upper/lower case and the extra 6K buffer. and change text so that one line of a new paragraph is not Since I got my CoCo, I've used four word processors: a at the bottom of a page or one line of an old paragraph at home brew, Color Scribe, ROM and Disk Scripsit, and the top of a new page. The latest version allows right and Telewriter. Here I discuss some of the things I like and left justification of text and ASCII or binary files. Using dislike about each of the commercial programs. Hopefully the original version with a spelling checker is difficult due you can use the information to make a decision as to to its binary file format. which processor might be best for you. When entering text, you are always in the insert mode. When you type, text is inserted at the cursor. If you are in­ Color Scribe serting in a line, you must realign the text with a control command. The normal 51 x 24 screen display is readable Color Scribe from Computerware has the best and even on a TV. On a monitor it is excellent. I often use the most versatile text formatter. It can handle files larger 64 x 24 mode on the monitor, though it is a little hard to than RAM memory, change print formats from within the read. The 85-character mode could be used for entry but is text, right and left justify, etc. The major reason I don't better used just to check for hyphenation, paragraph for­ use it often is because it has a line-oriented editor. Each matting, and page breaks. line must be no longer than 127 characters and must be The printer routine contains drivers for all types of terminated with a carriage return. The program is disk printers, but the Epson driver is excellent, allowing any oriented and handles files well, but I can't get used to print font, underlining, and selectable baud rates. the editor. Telewriter’s bad points are, to me, just picky an­ noyances. The page-numbering routine doesn't reset after Disk and ROM Scripsit a print, and I often find multiple prints having large page numbers. The disk version I/O routines must always be Disk and ROM Scripsit from Tandy are similar, but the accessed through a BASIC program, which seems to take disk version is more powerful. The program is document unnecessary time. Formatting is excellent, but headers oriented with text entry a continuous process. Formatting always print on the top of the page following the last page is its weakest point. Text cannot be reformatted from of text, causing wasted paper. You cannot move a block of within a print; left and right justify at the same time are text in one step; instead, you must copy the block to its not allowed. The disk version does allow some simple for­ new position and then delete the block in the first posi­ matting codes such as underline commands and font com­ tion. My last gripe is that you cannot have a light character mands to the printer. on a dark screen. Letters are displayed black on a white (or A powerful printing capacity in the disk version is the green) background. built-in software spooler. You have the option of printing a file to the disk and then sending the file from disk to As you can probably tell, my favorite is Telewriter 64. printer. The printer will receive data from the disk and you It does a good job, even with its faults. When coupled with can continue editing, saving or loading another file, or an Epson printer, its power is surprising for a word pro­ working on a new file. cessor that costs well under $100.00. Editing with Scripsit is easy. Characters are deleted by All in all, for the occasional word-processing task, typing over them. If you want to insert characters in a line, don't sell CoCo short. Yes, there may be better word- you must specify an insert mode. The screen display lets processing computers on the market, and better software, you see the entire page, but you have to use the arrow keys but I'll bet that they don't sell for $299.00. All three of the to move around the page. software processors above sell for less than $70.00 each.

116 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Rainbowfest xon video game. I was interested to learn that the Zaxxon ROM is over 960K in the arcade version. The CoCo ver­ The weekend of April 22 through 24 I attended Rain­ sion is amazingly like the original and arcade enthusiasts bowfest, a national Color Computer show sponsored by will have trouble finding a more realistic representation. Rainbow magazine, at the Hyatt Regency Woodfield in Steve's presentation included many comments about Schaumberg, Illinois. Judging from the crowds, Rain­ graphics programming on different types of computers. bowfest will probably become an annual event. Rumors abound that Radio Shack will be coming out I don't know of many people associated with CoCo with two new Color Computers sometime this month. who weren’t there. The exhibits and seminars were top The Color II will be a smaller version of the CoCo with notch and the major complaint was that there was not 64K RAM and Standard BASIC selling for $239. The se­ enough room for people to view the exhibits. As I cannot cond will be the 64K CoCo with a new deluxe typewriter begin to describe everything that went on, I will limit the keyboard selling for $399. Both will contain the new discussion to newly introduced products and to topics ROMs previously mentioned in this column. There will covered in the seminars. Addresses of the companies men­ probably be some disk imcompatability for older CoCos tioned can be found at the end of the column. with the 1.0 Disk ROM; replacing it with the 1.1 ROM I saw (and heard] several voice synthesizers designed to will require replacing the BASIC and Extended BASIC interface with the ROM port. All of them use the popular ROMs as well. It is also rumored that the expansion port Vo-Trax synthesis chip. One that particularly caught my will be removed from the side and replaced with a slot in attention was Colorspeak by Bumblebee Software. the bottom for an expansion chassis. OS9 availability is J&M Systems displayed a new disk controller for still a question mark because of the disagreement with CoCo. This controller, totally compatible with RS DOS, Microware over calling the new DOS “RS9” . contains no pots or alignment adjustments. It comes with The Color Computer also has a "m ouse” that plugs gold-plated edge connectors standard. J&M sells several into the joystick port. The mouse is primarily for games compatible drive units in attractive light-colored cases. and will sell for $49.95. While on the topic of disk systems, Amdek had their Addresses of companies mentioned in this column are new 3 1/2” micro disk on display. One disassembled unit listed below. showed the inner workings of the two-drive 624K capacity unit, which uses a standard RS controller card. Amdek Corp. Bumblebee Software 2201 Lively Blvd. Software was everywhere. The days of poor and non- Box 25427 Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 Chicago, IL 60625 existant CoCo software are gone. One item of note that I will have more to say about in future columns is the Cognitec Computerware release of Elite*CALC from Elite Software in Penn­ 704 Nob St. Box 668 sylvania. Elite*CALC is the first CoCo spreadsheet pro­ Del Mar, CA 92014 Encinitas, CA 92024 gram to truly compare with VisiCalc. The program retails Datasoft Elite Software for $44.95 and contains powerful sort, graphic display, and 9421 Winnetka Ave. Box 11224 format capabilities. Chatsworth, CA 91311 Pittsburgh, PA 15238 Frank Hogg Labs demonstrated an upgraded Flex DOS. Frank has added fine scrolling and other niceties to the Frank Hogg Labs J&M Systems 770 James St. 137 Utah NE software. Yes, I have sent my original in to be upgraded. Syracuse, NY 13203 Albuquerque, NM 87108 Peter Stark of Star-Kits demonstrated StaiDOS and DELS, his data-base lookup system. DBLS can read the Macrotron Mark Data Products Spell & Fix dictionary and look up any word in seconds. Box 3257 24001 Alicia Pkwy., No. 226 St Louis, MG 63130 Mission Viejo, CA 92691 Pete also demonstrated Humbug, a powerful CoCo monitor program. Micrologic Micro Technical Products There were several seminars of interest for CoCo users Box 193 123 N. Sirrine, Suite 106-A2 of all skill levels. One of the more interesting Brady, PA 16028 Mesa, AZ 85201 presentations, called "BASIC Faster and Better” by E.R. Nelson Software Spectrum Projects Bailey of Micrologic, Inc., contained a series of tips and 9072 Lyndale Ave. S. 93-15 86th Drive references that allow you to write faster-executing BASIC Minneapolis, MN 55420 Woodhaven, NY 11421 code. Mr. Bailey has a small booklet available that covers the topics of the seminar. Micrologic specializes in Star-Kits Tandy Radio Shack Box 209 - R 300 One Tandy Center utilities for the BASIC programmer including a space Mt, Kisbor NY 15049 Fort Worth, TX 76102 remover, variable and line-number cross references, and LLIST formatter, among others. Probably the most well-attended seminar was a last- You may contact Mr. Steiner at 508 Fourth Ave. NW, minute program with Steve Bjork. Steve works for Riverside, ND 58078. Datasoft, Inc., which has purchased the rights for the Zax- XMCftO

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 117 /AlCftO Apple Slices

by Jules Glider be expanded to 128K by adding an addi­ faster. The only programs that will not We would like to welcome Jules Gilder, tional 64K of RAM on a separate card, enjoy this increase in speed are CP/M- our new Apple columinst. Jules is cur­ the Albert can be expanded to 192K by based programs that run with a Z80 rently editor of MicrocomputerSoftware simply plugging in additional chips in card in the Apple. Newsletter. Previously he served as the empty sockets on the motherboard. To overcome problems that could vice president in charge of computer In addition to this, the Albert also in­ crop up with interface cards that expect software at Children’s Television cludes built-in parallel and RS-232 an Apple operating at 1 MHz, Saturn Workshop (producers of Sesame |serial) printer interfaces as well as an has set up The Accelerator so that Street), editorial director of the software RS-422/423 interface for use with whenever any input or output opera­ division at Hayden Publishing, and Ethernet or other compatible network­ tions are performed, the micropro­ editor of Personal Computing magazine. ing systems. Another nice feature of cessor speed is slowed down to 1 MHz. the Albert is its data security lock. With this card in your Apple, the stan­ I n the past, this column has concen­ With this feature, you can keep the dard 6502 and memory are almost trated on programs and programming computer on and leave it unattended. totally ignored. They are only used to ’1 techniques, which are covered quite Other features of this new Apple drive the video display. Some enterpris­ well by the rest of the magazine. competitor include audio input and ing programmer should be able to find a MICRO has decided to make it more digitizing circuitry for voice recogni­ way to convert this slow 48K of RAM news oriented. I'll be telling you what's tion applications, audio output of real into a RAM disk or use both the new at Apple Computer these days, [digitized) or artificial voices, RGB original processor and memory as a what new products are available for the video graphics interface, clock/calen­ smart printer buffer. Price is $599. Apple and how good they are, and pass dar, high-speed analog electronics for along rumors from well-placed sources fast and accurate joystick control, and a Add the power of a 68000 to your Apple that will be of interest to you. mini graphics tablet. Several 68000 adaptors have been Recently there have been quite a In addition to all these hardware available for the Apple, but this latest few new Apple-related products in­ features, Albert comes with five soft­ one from Analytical Engines, Inc., troduced. This month I'm going to ware packages that include an en­ looks like a winner. Known as the briefly look at three of them. In the hanced spreadsheet, word processor, Saybrook 68000 co-processor, the board coming months, we will be discussing spelling checker, mailing list, and data is capable of running at 10 to 20 times additional new products and taking a manager. With all of these extras, the the speed of the Apple. The standard more in-depth look at some that have Albert sells for only $1595. A com­ Saybrook board comes with an 8 MHz already been mentioned. Among the parably priced Apple //e would cost MC 68000 32/16 bit microprocessor, items recently introduced are a new about $2800. which is the same as the one used in Apple-compatible computer with Apple's Lisa. This is upgradeable to a significantly more power than the Apple Speed up with The Accelerator 12.5 MHz processor if additional speed //e, a plug-in board for the Apple that For those of you who wish that your is needed. can increase its speed by almost four Apple could work faster, take heart. It The board also comes with it's own times, a 68000 microprocessor board can. A new card from Saturn Systems, 128K of RAM. Once 256K RAM chips that will run all Apple BASIC, FOR­ called The Accelerator n, can speed up become widely available, the board can TRAN, and Pascal programs at speeds the operation of your Apple 3.6 times. be upgraded to 512K by simply replac­ up to 20 times faster than the Apple's The card, which uses a 6502B micro­ ing the chips. The price of the Saybrook 6502, and a detachable keyboard for the processor, operates at 3.6 MHz (the 68000 card is $1550. While this may Apple. standard 6502 used in the Apple runs at seem like a lot, remember that along 1 MHz) and can be plugged into any with the board, the user gets a com­ Albert challenges Apple empty slot. plete UCSD p-System with Pascal, With the Apple look-a-like market Along with the faster micropro­ FORTRAN-77 and BASIC compilers. so crowded these days, it's hard to get cessor, the card also contains 64K of This alone normally sells for $1425. In excited about another Apple^compatible 150ns RAM chips. This memory addition, the card comes with an computer, so when I first heard about duplicates the original 48K of Apple Applesoft-compatible 68000 BASIC so Albert, I ignored it. It was only when I memory and adds a fast, built-in that most Applesoft programs can be saw it at a recent computer show that I language card. When the power to the run without modification. Also in­ realized this was not just another Apple is turned on, The Accelerator cluded is a 68000 assembler program. Apple clone. causes the Apple's standard micropro­ In addition to the p-System, two other The Albert is everything the Apple cessor and memory to be disabled and operating systems will soon be avail­ //e should have been, but isn’t. Like The Accelerator takes over. When this able for use: CP/M 68K and UNIX. the //e, it includes upper- and lower­ happens, all programs, including those You may contact Mr. Gilder at REDLIG case capability from the keyboard and written in BASIC, Pascal, Fortran and Systems, Inc., 2068 79th St., Booklyn, 64K of RAM. While the Apple //e can machine language, run about 3.6 times MY 11214. i| y C f t a

118 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Word Processing on Your Apple

(Continued from page 29) ...... iv, ■ ( i r, '' Lte *w-:” have ever seen, including many sugges­

tions for custom patching, using exter­ LD i i ; • -.1 '.'m Mi F (:r ;E L [ML ■ iF- f F- x r F I C] THE FFG ir.NH .'Cj QF THE rl-X ! nal terminals, and modifying printer ~ #A h . 1 -. *nc>j ; : 3' F L 1~E F '! t -(;,'E 1 .Hf-NG t M’J DE (Lh F F i. i tl? codes. The Training Guide is written E B f j i n n i n q f i t ' . : . n e o 1 ■■ L E l E ’ t ^ F< I CURSOR - - C * Change t c- t r.-j i-j ■r J wr.p c i, 1 » i.fj t o i he; f n d g f thf tf x i for a person not aquainted with a com­ - - D L e i e t v t f i ■ ’ ■S XI t- ■, h ,- m . !- ! F -*• 1 1 ! ■ F [rJD H lyiJl’ l' OF FHR,4'-F: G e t t 0 . t .*» -j f..+ 1 ■ :P r ► . 'i '>f-c'v'L rHf-tRA!. TLRS IN FHf- GET t'UF F E. (•' puter and should be good for typists Ff H e lp EC H ME : R ' L TF'f. u> i s Insert EDI !>'• l t ' t * M i n I IMiEiRT TEXT AT I HE CUF/iQR who are learning word processing. One - = .) J u.iip p m r; i; -jr EF > o ( 1 1 V I ■ 11. f** V' M jRWh RD urjH LHh K m C TE R of the most amazing things about t i l l 1 ; ne-r, t ; ^ ■•, ,..;t t.,-> 1 Q,u- F M i l f. L INf: AT' THE CURSOR - FtL List 1ir; w;r-: M jc r ' 1 [ I i l Fhfc CURRENT 1'EXT WordStar is the on-screen help menus, M derins-? Macro tF F r l i ' t e r iTiad'..- -! - nFFfTNE) A P I L E h T THE CURSOR O n g m o-f l i n e rtER* Fead file u - cu-.w r n . E which just about eliminates the need a Clui t program ES casbetts S-vo '.J TOGGLE AUDIO l.LICF ( Gv'ER'F'RIfJT ; for reading the manual, if you are #R Record length EV V:den mode F RAGE ADVANCE -* s S a v e l i n e s EW$ Wr l t e? f l i 0 O - C'UIT familiar with computers. The amount Tale rcacra cmd FX E:. l t t Wr i tfj R - fc.PL ACE A FHRAEE THE TEXT S - SAVE THE TEXT of on-screen help is dictated by the 1 delete insert macr C -T) •31' I i u t / p a s t e 'r - SE T TABS < "help level" function that can be set + O U - SET/CLEAR UPPER CASE FLAG from the beginning'or main menus. R E ^ T (JF C IS T SPACE FOR LIST - CR 10 RETURN TO EDITOR WordStar allows screen editing of documents up to 240 columns with horizontal wrapping of the screen! It allows rejustification of margin set­ scroll the entire screen when scrolling The screen display is a good tings on-screen, and does on-screen quickly through the text, but just the representation of the final printout, left, right, and center justification. The cursor line, reprinting the entire screen unless the document is more than 80 software also implements printer when you stop scrolling. However, the columns wide (it allows up to 240 col­ spooling with no additional hardware. on-screen formatting makes this the umns). The Secretary does rejustifica­ WordStar has hyphen-help, continous most "what you see is what you get" tion, but on the whole, the screen up­ scrolling, block moving — not only word processor around. dating is extremely slow. The editor is horizontal blocks, but vertical columns good at creating a new document and — and a multitude of printer controls. The Executive Secretary — Word Pro­ fair to poor at editing an existing one. It is next to impossible to exit the cessing System The insert mode throws everything system without saving the file. Word­ SOF/SYS, Inc.; 4306 Upton Avenue after the cursor to the bottom of the Star does spelling checking and South; Minneapolis, MN 55410 screen. The ESCape key changes from mail merge with additional programs "type" to "edit”, but not vice-versa. from Micropro. The Executive Secretary is one of "Return” to move the cursor up a line All of this comes at a price. Because only two programs that I could type in a is certainly non-standard. The cursor WordStar is available for so many dif­ letter, save it to disk, and print it on the itself, an inverse up-arrow, covers the ferent computers, the routines, printer without reading the manual. It letter at the current location. There is especially the screen routines, are can be done on WordStar because of the no type-ahead buffer so that the cursor necessarily general. This causes the complete screen menus. It can be done movements, which are slow, cannot be program to be slower in execution on the Secretary because of the speeded up with the repeat key. While a speed than some more specifically simplicity and user friendliness of the full-featured text editor, I wouldn't 80-column Apple oriented. It doesn't program. The program is copy pro­ want to use the Secretary for many long tected; you can receive a backup by documents that needed many changes. returning the registration card. In addi­ tion to the well-written 89-page Magic Window II — Word Processing

M L 1 ! W'-.ir '.J ri_n - .! ; , . r,,: v ■ manual, there is a sketchy reference System card and a lower-case IC for installing ARTSCI, Inc.; 5547 Satsuma Ave.; in the Apple ] [ + keyboard character North Hollywood, CA 91601 V - SI- i'/O .E h F IMF- i F . i-i. m ' j U) WTv I ! E I F •. I H I'U rl I H, ;. jh f I :i jl- t f. F' generator socket. > - L' ’I- i-'J I F M iN ijI F This program operates on standard Magic Window offers several screen v •• u . m j v rh'-. r h:11 f r h - j • / - h '-i CF IF F ! b W text files, can use files from other pro­ modes — 40, 70, or 80 columns. The - • cHm rac ft'k 40/80 mode is for standard character ‘ • S-A'E rhit MAcMj LUF>E. R grams such as Visicalc, and includes " - Kf-L njhk nrtCP' i fcil IF !• F:p utilities for transfers between disks and display with horizontal scrolling for 80 UiJRi) CHUNi s f -v f 1 jE: r m.i’Fi- f_f to and from a modem. It also includes a columns. The 70-coluinn mode uses /. l.'KF I I IE; A M-,1 fvl.j !Jl. I -'CLEAF- fHC F i.'h'l MM CF-F-F. 1-LiU form letter option, conditional print­ the high-resolution graphics screen and * - I N ) 1 ( m L i-:i- Ti-IK l 1 ' i f ing, document indexing, headers and allows 70 columns across. The screen

I UP' f-i C'L l~M [ L E -1 ‘ E ' I r I I1 If'-1 r i ,r J L 'I' h r ; T footers, preprinted forms and a card file display routine is fast for scrolling and L O r - llih iN b , 'I I I- r_ I M m I i. I. i 1 FF . function, which will do mailing lists. It insertion but the characters are dif­ recognizes most 80-column cards and ficult to read. The 80-column mode ap­

■-.FriCi F<;F i i ' j i' - i h- i ‘i f^fivfn ;.'i displays lower case in 40-column pears to recognize standard 80-column mode. The Secretary is the easiest to (Continued on next page) use of the word processors listed. No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 119 Positioning on the screen is with FID -> Easywriter additional coiiwMndj either cursor controls or joystick place­ ment. Typing produces the letters in A D C■ [ T I G M A ! _ : U M M MN L whatever font is currently chosen. A - ALIGN !>1 - NAPG IN GET T INO:\ 1 T Ac' GLTUNL-. Fonts can be switched during composi­ C - CENTER A LINE F - rAC.r zt-r r 1 NGG L - uJOFf, LG.INF H - HMI SETTING'.; F f-TGL' JF I LUFf LF INTFF CF - EXIT Ti' t L11: ijf- tion by returning to the menu and J - JUST IF' >' LIN -'OFF Lhf-iP' H (-iNL) KEF'lAGL 0 - C• L, rGM !;F[r.1 E. f\ loading a new font from disk. The COMMAND: screen display is exactly what you get, --- -+----+----+-----+ --+ - -— +___ ...... + -... +__ or you can choose degree of magnifica­ tion. The 132-page documentation is F i g 4 Form at fra in menu clear, logically organized, and well f lr 'i t l e t t e r of each c a te q o r , -^hcr.ild be n w e r i t i f o n iis i b l f written. The program is user friendly

Select Option : Load Save Replace Delete Gataioque Initialise* Boot and easy to learn. New page Gld page Print. te::t Mailing list Fi:< pages The only point to remember is that moving the hi-res screen around takes a while and the program is as slow as a cards, and presents the clearest on­ Visicalc, or BASIC programs. ARTSCI snail when typing horizontally over the screen display. also publishes Magic Words, a spelling space of several screens. The screen The 164-page documentation is checker, and Magic Mailer, a mailing dumps are much faster than any I have complete and well written, especially list program, that are compatable with used before. The program really pro­ for the novice. In addition to the pro­ Magic Window. This is an easy-to-use duces beautiful documents. Just take a tected program disk, you receive an I/O program, compatible with all types of look at the instruction manual. drivers disk and a color-coded quick hardware, with some limitations on reference card. For $20 you can receive screen display. PoweiText — Word Processing System a backup of the master disk. The pro­ Beaman Porter, Inc.; Pleasent Ridge gram is easy to use and has the function Road; Harrison, NY 10528 keys grouped in sections. The color Additional special packages coding on the card makes finding the This program comes on an un­ keys for the commands easier. There are two other text processors protected disk with a five-year uncon­ The insert command only inserts I have received lately. They are slightly ditional warranty, both items I would one letter at a time and only allows in­ different than a standard word pro­ like to see more often. This is a com­ sertions until the total line length is cessor in that they are designed with plicated, extra-function word- reached, not wrapping additional words special tasks in mind. One operates on processing package that is not simple to to the next line. It is necessary to split special character sets, fonts designed by use. It has very powerful formatting the line to insert words and sentences, the user or special ones supplied on the features enabling you to type com­ and then rejustify the text a line at a program disk. The second is a special plicated charts, movie scripts and other Magic Window also includes a set of purpose text processor designed for col­ special formatted material easily, leav­ commands to work with "unformatted" umnar material, outlines, screenplays, ing the formatting itself to the pro­ files. This includes standard text files scripts, and user-definable formats. gram. The samples included are made with another program such as demonstrative of the power of the pro­ time. The cursor, a blinking covers FONTRIX — Dedicated to the absence gram, including automatic generation the current letter. o f limits of Tables of Contents, page numbering Data Transforms, Inc.; 616 Washington and breaking, up to 14 columns per 132 St., Suite 106; Denver, CO 80203 character line, justification, type-ahead buffer and word wrap. This is the most incredible program Unfortunately, everything has a that I have seen for writing in different price. This sytem is somewhat difficult type styles both on-screen and for hard­ to learn, especially since what you type iiq 7 Apple writer help menu copy printouts. The program has two in on the screen bears no resemblence modes, standard hi-res graphic files and to the final output. It requires setting HELP SCREEN MENU Graffiles, files that can be 16 hi-res up "style files" to identify the par­ ticular formatting information for 1 . Command Summary screens big. You can choose the heighth/ 2. Cursor Movement width relationship and the hi-res screen various document types. It requires a 3 . Upper/Lower Case 4 . Delete/Recover Text scrolls both vertically and horizontally good deal of imagination on your part 5 . T a b s to accomodate your dimensions. to visualize the final product. This is a ib. G l o s s a r y convenient program if you have special 7 ^ Saving F i1es The copyable program disk comes 8. L o a d 1n g F i 1e s complete with 11 different type styles format documents to produce, or work 9 . F i n d / R e p l a c e Te:: t and a font editor to define your own. a lot with charts and tables. 10. Embedded Print Commands Styles include Greek, math, script, and Enter Your Selectio n < 1 — 1 <_ Old English. Also on the disk are many printer drivers for most popular printer/interface combinations. AlCftO No. 63 - August 1983 120 MICRO /AlCftO New Publications

Word Processors and Information Pro­ How to Buy a Business Computer and Mastering VisiCalc, by Douglas cessing, A Basic Manual on What They Get It Right the First Time, by Edward Hergert. Sybex, 2344 Sixth St., Are and How to Buy, by Dan Poynter. M. Cross. Reston Publishing Com­ Berkeley, CA 94710, 1983, 217 pages, Para Publishing, P. O. Box 4232, Santa pany, Inc., A Prentice-Hall Company, paperback. Barbara, CA 93103, 1982, 170 pages, Reston, VA 07632, 1983, 213 pages, ISBN 0-89588-090-3 $11.95 paperback. paperback. plus $1.50 s/h. ISBN 0-915516-31-4 $11,95 ISBN 0-8359-2922-1 $14.95 MICRO on the OSI, Technical Editor: The Complete Book of Word Process­ How to Choose Your Small Business Kerry Lourash. MICRO Ink, P.O. Box ing and Business Graphics, by Walter Computer, by Mark Bimbaum and 6502, Amherst, NH 03031, 1983, 190 Sikonowiz. Micro Text Publications, John Sickman. Addison-Wesley pages, paperback. Inc., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Publishing Company, Reading MA ISBN 0-938222-12-0 $19.95 Cliffs, NJ 07632, 1982, 212 pages 01867, 1983, 150 pages, paperback. paperback. ISBN 0-201-10187-4 $9.95 Microcomputer Controlled Toys and ISBN 0-13-158659-9 $14.95 Games and How They Work, by Van Word Processing Buyer's Guide, by Waterford. Tab Books, Inc., Blue Ridge Word Processing Primer, by Mitchcll Arthur Naiman. BYTE/McGraw-Hill, Summit, PA 17214, 1983, 230 pages, Waite and Julie Area. BYTE/McGraw- 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458, paperback. Hill, 70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 1983, 325 pages, paperback. ISBN 0-8306-1407-9 $9.95 03458, 1982, 188 pages, paperback. ISBN 0-07-045869-3 $15.95 ISBN 0-07-067761-1 $14.95 Microcomputers on the Farm, by Jack Microcomputers for Accountants, by O. Beasley. Howard W. Sams and Co. Word Processing for Small Businesses, Theodore Needleman. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 4300 West 62nd St., Indianapolis, by Steven F. Jong. Howard W. Sams & Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632,1983, IN 46268, 1983, 204 pages, paperback. Co., Inc., 4300 West 62nd St., In­ 183 pages, paperback. ISBN 0-672-22011-3 $14.95 dianapolis, IN 46268, 1983, 190 pages, ISBN 0-13-580688-7 $14.95 paperback. What Do You Do After You Plug It In? A Guide for Selecting Computers and by William Barden, Jr. Howard W. Doing Business with SuperCalc, by Software for Small Businesses, by Paul Sams and Cu Irn., 4 Mu \Vi>i 62 nd St , Stanley R. Trost. Sybex Inc., 2344 G t liuckcnii Reston Publishing Cmn- Indianapolis, [N 4m, 111° pjgc.s, hjidcnUT ISBN (l-fT2-22(HIK- ? SK) K)~> ISBN 0-89588-095-4 $12.95 ISBN 0-8359-2642-7 $19.95 JMCftO

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No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 121 /MCRO TM Interface Clinic

by Ralph Tenny

ow the secret is out! Last numbers used in my circuit are shown allows you to execute a program and month, I revealed my ignorance in figure 1, and listing 1 will help prove examine memory. Note that listing 1 Nby vastly over-estimating how the circuit is working. If it isn't, refer terminates in an RTS; most debuggers fast a BASIC program would run. You to the end of this column fox additional allow a Jump to a user program and will will remember that we studied a circuit hints. If your circuit is working, let's resume control after an RTS command. which would sample up to eight data proceed. The program in listing 1 After you have listing 1 entered into points and input those data points on makes sure that the PIA is properly memory, connect the serial adapter to the serial port. I then promised to pre­ initialized, then measures the period of the serial port and turn it on. Execute sent both BASIC and assembly-language each cycle of the CD IN signal. From the program and examine memory programming to drive the hardware. last month, let's remember that Q1 beginning at $1024. For my particular Well, if you slow the serial adapter by a drives the CD line in a pattern of 12 version of the serial adapter, I found a factor of about 500, it can be read by evenly-spaced pulses, separated by an number of $1D values bracketed be­ BASIC! Since the circuit shown could "off" period approximately twice as tween two $37 values. There are twelve sample eight points repetitively at a long as the period of the clock signal. $lDs, which indicates that the clock rate of 130 complete samples per The program logs 20 samples of the CD "beats” a few times more than necessary second, the version for BASIC would IN drive so we can examine them. to sample eight inputs. Depending on in­ have to slow down enough to take Once the readings are logged, we dividual circuit variations, you might get about 5 seconds per complete cycle. If may have a problem. The easy way to eleven to thirteen clock pulses, so we that would be fast enough for you, handle a program like listing 1 is to use need more information. change C l to 22 uF and C2 to 1 uF and either an Editor/Assembler program to Listing 2 watches the CD input, use it. enter and assemble the program, or else waiting for the long clock period. Note Meanwhile, we shall concentrate the machine-language code can be that the two programs are almost iden­ on the faster version this month, using entered using a debug monitor. It is tical for the first eleven lines, but then assembly-language programs as the possible to enter hexadecimal code listing 2 checks for a count greater than driver. A couple of lessons back we directly into memory with a BASIC $25, looping until the long clock cycle dealt with the concept of worst case program, but other typical functions of shows up. On the next clock cycle, a design, which means doing design the debug monitor program are needed new record of cycle counts is started; calculations using only the most un­ unless the program runs on the first try. this time, the RS-232 port is read and favorable performance parameters If you don't have a debugger, I can the value indexed into a lookup table. shown in the data sheets. In the serial recommend the Radio Shack EDTASM + When the long cycle comes around adapter design presented last month, cartridge for CoCo owners; perhaps again, eight successive values from the anyone who used about 10 volts for a similar packages are available for some lookup table are built into one serial power supply may have had reasonable other computer you may be using. For word and the program stops. performance from the SERIAL IN drive the following discussion, I will assume Now we need to interpret the circuit,- at 5 volts, the circuit is marginal. that you have a debug monitor that results from a sample run of listing 2, Figure 1 shows Q2 and R5 added to give adequate SERIAL IN drive with a 5 volt supply. The problem is with IC T G ; the Figure 1: A replay from last month, with pin numbers added (see text). series impedance of a transmission gate reduces dramatically with increased Vcc, and the SERIAL IN line wasn't be­ ing driven hard enough. Let's review the sampling concept prior to programming. U1 is a se­ quencer that successively enables out-, puts 1 through 8; these outputs in turn gate a maximum of eight logic level in­ puts onto the SERIAL INPUT line via Q2. U2d similarly drives the CD input of the serial port, giving us a timing pip that will signal when to sample the SERIAL INPUT. It can be almost traumatic for anyone to troubleshoot a hardware cir­ cuit if it doesn’t work properly. The pin

122 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 keeping in mind certain things we can from WORD and make use of it however clock pulse. Force a RESET by tem­ deduce from the program and the you like. porarily shorting across Cl with a 100 schematic of figure 1. Let's recap and consider some im­ ohm resistor, then check for Output 0 Connect logic 0 to inputs 1, 2 and 3; portant facts. We have created a circuit to be high. Now, apply successive if you have more inputs, set them to that repeatedly serializes eight bits of clock pulses. Check each output of U1 logic 1. Look at figure 1 and note that logic data and makes this data stream in turn, and note that Q2 changes out­ unless an input of logic 0 is connected available to the computer whenever the put level when it should. If the adapter to the gate of Q2 through one of the program decides to look at it. The soft­ is tied to the computer when the transmission gates, Q2 will be off and ware will read a single complete sample SERIAL IN line goes high, you can enter R5 will pull the SERIAL IN line to in 1/70 of a second (assuming the PRINT PEEK (&HFF20) and verify that ground. Inside the computer, this will worst case timing), and ignore the port enough drive is being applied to change be translated into a logic 1 at the PIA. If until another reading is needed. If this the input line on the PIA. Although this you do not have a schematic of CoCo, approach has seemed to be convoluted method is slow, you can verify the you need to know that the SERIAL IN and somewhat contrived, note that I whole circuit, then return to the line is Bit 0 of the PIA port. If your assumed that only the SERIAL IN and discussion above when you have it debugger has breakpoint capability, set CD lines were available,- that is, the working. Good luck! a breakpoint for $1040; if not, tem­ SERIAL OUT line can be tied up with a (Listings appear on next page) porarily patch location $1040 with $39, dedicated output scheme such as was which is an RTS. (A breakpoint capa­ outlined in session 4. If the output bility allows the debugger to halt the adapter could have spared a single line You may contact Mr. Tenny at P.O. Box program in mid-stride, so that you can to start the sample process, this input 545, Richardson, TX 75080. examine memory to see what the pro­ adapter and the control software could gram has accomplished up to that have been more straightforward. I also point.) Either way, we must examine hoped to illustrate what can be ac­ the lookup table (beginning at label complished with simple, off-the-shelf BUFR, $104DJ. components. It is also possible to use CP/M 9 Let's assume that the following more complex ICs to do the same task; FOR YOUR COMMODORE® C-64 values are recorded in the lookup table: we will tackle this type of project soon. The HELP section: if your circuit 05 05 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05. does not operate and you do not have an oscilloscope to troubleshoot it, here We can see that Bit 0 of all the data is a method requiring only a voltmeter. values is logic 0 except for the 3rd, 4th, Begin by disconnecting R3 from pin 3 and 5th bytes. This tells us that inputs of U2a (leave all other connections) and 1, 2 and 3 were sampled by clock pulses tie R3 to Vcc. Increase C2 to about 1 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Once we uF, and connect a normally open know that, we can patch location pushbutton switch between pin 1 of $103F with $09 |in this case; your cir­ U2a and circuit common. Now, each • Run All CPM® Formated Software cuit could be different and you must time you push the button, U2a will • Supports 5X” or 8 " Disk Drives choose the value that brackets the cor­ generate one clock pulse. With this ar­ • Z-80, Disk and DMA Controller on rect data] instead of the $0B shown. rangement, you can use a voltmeter or Interface Card Now remove the breakpoint or replace a logic probe to check the circuit's con­ • Plugs into the Commodore 64® Expansion the $39 at $1040 with the original value dition after each clock pulse. Port of $64 and run the program again. Put logic 0 on alternate inputs so • Uses Soft Sectored IBM 5'//' and 8" Format Disk Drives The new lookup table values will that Q2's output will change sometime. Interface Card C O O 00 now be: Apply power and use the voltmeter to with 8" Disk D rive ...... O v W determine the logic level of each node Interface Card AOnP® 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 of the circuit. U2a, pin 3 will be low ex­ with 5’/,' Disk D riv e ...... cept when the switch is closed. The Interface Card G /lG ^O without Disk Drive ...... and location $1059 [label WORD) will RESET circuit should reset U1 ® Commodore 64 is a registered trademark of contain $F8, which is (in binary) whenever Output 9 goes high; this Commodore Business Machines, Inc. 111 11000, showing that the three least- operation will be automatic and happen ® CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research, Inc. significant inputs were logic 0. At this too fast for a voltmeter to catch it. In­ To Order point, you can write your own program stead, check Output 0; it will be high Phone (913) 827-0629 or modify listing 2 to capture the data after a RESET and stay until the next 825 N. 5th Street e n g in e e rin g , INC. Salina, Kansas 67401

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 123 Interface Clinic Listings Listing 2 (continued) FF22 P0RTB EQU $FF22 0020 COUNT EQU $20 Count register Listing 1 1000 0RG $1000 * This program will calibrate a Serial Port Adapter 1000 86 34 START LDA #$34 Init control register 1002 B7 FF21 STA CTLR * Equates 1005 8E 0000 LDX #0 Set index FF20 PORT EQU $FF20 SERIAL IN port 1008 B6 FF20 LDA PORTA Clear IRQA FF21 CTLR EQU $FF21 Control register 100B OF 20 STRT1 CLR COUNT Zero counter 0020 COUNT EQU $20 Count register 100D F6 FF21 IN LDB CTLR Test for IRQA set 1000 0RG $1000 1010 OC 20 INC COUNT Record operation 1000 86 34 START LDA #$34 Init control register 1012 C4 80 ANDB #$80 Mask to MSB 1002 B7 FF21 STA CTLR 1014 27 F7 BEQ IN Not set, Try again 1005 8E 0014 LDX #20 Set index 1016 B6 FF20 LDA PORTA Otherwise, Clear IRQA 1008 B6 FF20 LDA PORT Clear IRQA 1019 96 20 LDA COUNT Test for long cycle 100B OF 20 STRT1 CLR COUNT Zero counter 101B 81 25 CMPA #$25 100D F6 FF21 IN LDB CTLR Test for IRQA set 101D 23 EC BLS STRT1 Loop until long cycle 1010 OC 20 INC COUNT Record operation 101F OF 20 STRT2 CLR COUNT New set of numbers 1012 a 80 ANDB #$80 Mask to MSB 1021 F6 FF21 IN2 LDB CTLR Test for IRQA again 1014 27 F7 BEQ IN Not set, Try again 1024 0C 20 INC COUNT Count operations 1016 B6 FF20 LDA PORT Otherwise, Clear IRQA 1026 C4 80 ANDB #$80 Mask to MSB 1019 96 20 LDA COUNT and keep a record 1028 27 F7 BEQ IN2 Loop until new edge 101B A7 89 1024 STA BUFR,X 102A B6 FF20 LDA PORTA and reset IRQA 101F 30 IF LEAX -1,X Decrement index 102D B6 FF22 LDA P0RTB Read RS232 line 1021 26 E8 BNE STRT1 Loop until Index 0= 1030 A7 89 104D STA BUFR,X 1023 39 EXIT RTS Then quit 1034 96 20 LDA COUNT Test count 1024 BUFR RMB 20 List of counts 1036 81 25 CMPA #$25 END START 1038 22 04 BHI BUILD Assemble input word 103A 30 01 LEAX 1,X Increment index 103C 20 El BRA STRT2 Loop until long cycle 103E 86 0B BUILD LDA #11 Set a counter 1040 64 89 104D SHIFT LSR BUFR,X Shift bit into carry 1044 79 1059 R0L WORD Shift bit into word Listing 2 1047 30 IF LEAX -1,X Step back through buffer * This program will input from a Serial Port Adapter 1049 4a DECA Count bits 104a 26 F4 BNE SHIFT Loop until8 bits recovered * Equates 104C 39 EXIT RTS then quit FF20 PORTA EQU $FF20 SERIAL IN port 104D BUFR RMB 12 List of counts FF21 CTLR EQU $FF21 Control register 1059 00 WORD FCB 0 END START JMCRO

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124 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 JLFOR YOUR APPLE II Industry standard products at super saver discount prices

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MEMORY EXPANSION W iz a r d r y ...... 4 9 .9 5 3 4 .9 5 (List: $125) ...... $89 Prometheus 16K RAM Module Night of Diamonds ...... 34.95 26.95 co m p le te ...... $ 16 9 .0 0 $ 6 5 .0 0 S ta r M a z e ...... 3 4 .9 5 2 6 .9 5 PARALLEL PRINTERS 51/4” FLOPPY DISKS P F S ...... 1 2 5 .0 0 8 9 .9 5 Box of 1 0 with hub rings P F S R e p o r t ...... 9 5 .0 0 6 9 .9 5 NEC 8023 or C-ITOH 8510 W ith oth er p u rc h a s e ...... $ 1 9 .9 5 P F S G ra p h ...... 1 2 5 .0 0 8 9 .9 5 (Virtually identical) Specifications: • 100 CPS dot Without other purchase ... 23.00 Data Capture 4 .0 ...... 6 4 .9 5 4 9 .9 5 matrix printer* 80 column print-136 characters Merlin/Assembly Lines ___ 119.95 89.95 per line • Tractor/friction feed • 7 different print fonts included • 2K printer buffer • Proportional All equipment shipped factory fresh. Manufacturers warranties M e r lin ...... 6 4 .9 5 4 9 .9 5 included. California customers add 6 '/ 2% tax. 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With true simultaneous opera­ G P L E ...... 6 4 .9 5 4 9 .9 5 tion. Includes: (1) Serial Input/Output Interface, TG Joystick ...... 59.95 45.00 (2) Parallel Output Interface, (3) Precision Clock/ S e le c t - A - P o r t ...... 5 9 .9 5 4 5 .0 0 Calendar, and (4) BSR Control. All on one card. Fully compatible with CP/M- and Apple Pascal-. W o rd s ta r ...... 3 2 5 .0 0 (List: $249) ...... $169 S p e lls ta r ...... 1 7 5 .0 0 The mail order specialists S u p e rC a lc ...... 1 7 5 .0 0 V isiCa lc ...... 1 7 9 .0 0 I 342 Quartz Circle, Livermore, CA 94550

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 125 /AICRO TM Reviews in Brief

Product Name: Face Maker Minuses: The product is excellent, but I think it may be Equip. Req'd: Apple II with Applesoft or Apple II + slightly overpriced; the market will be the final judge. with 48K RAM, DOS 3.3 Price: $34.95 Documentation: The documentation is as complete as the Manufacturer: Spinnaker Software product. A series of tutorials leads the user through each of 215 First St. many features. It is written professionally and devoid of Cambridge, MA 02142 needless corporate hype. The chapters are categorized cor­ Author: Design Ware rectly and anticipate user questions as they would occur. Copy Protection: Yes Description: Face M akei is an educational program that Skill level required: A prospective buyer should have ex­ helps children ages 4 to 8 learn to use a computer and per­ perience with graphing data. Knowledge of thevalue of the form simple tasks on it. The program also develops features is more important than knowing the program keyboard familiarity and memory concentration. The itself since the tutorials' quality makes the learning pro­ child types in choices to design a face, to animate a face, or cess so easy. to match the animation sequence the computer chooses. Reviewer: Chris Williams Pluses: Face M akei is well written and will interest a young child. The user will practice for hours guessing the Product Name: MM-100 Modem sequences of animation and trying to improve his/her score. Equip. Req’d: Appropriate computer terminal configuration Minuses: The key sequences are somewhat complicated Price: $99.95 for a 4-year old. Manufacturer: Mura Corporation 177 Cantiague Rock Road Skill level required: If the child is not a good reader, close Westbury, NY 11590 supervision will be required in the beginning. Description: The Mura model MM-100 is a manual Reviewer: Phil Daley originate-answer direct-connect modem. The inexpensive FSK interface allows communications via telephone lines. Connection to the terminal is via a standard RS-232 inter­ Product Name: The Prime Plotter face connector. The unit is wired as a data set and must Equip. Req'd: Apple 11+ with 16K RAM card or Apple connect to a data terminal. Other configurations will re­ He, one disk drive quire an adapter cable. Data rates up to 300 baud are sup­ Price: $240.00 ported, and the unit is compatible with Bell 103 standards. Manufacturer: Primesoft Corp. Interface to the phone line is via a modular phone plug. P.O. Box 40 Cabin John, MD 20818 Pluses: The modem provides a spare modular jack for ease (301) 229-4229 of installation. All that is required is to unplug the existing Description: The Prime Plotter is a surprisingly complete phone and plug in the modem. The phone can then be plotting package designed for a variety of applications. plugged into the jack on the modem. Power-on and carrier- Routines to create X-Y plots, 3-D pie charts, bar graphs, detect lights are standard and easy to see. The modem is and figure charts make the product the most powerful plot­ full-duplex, and its small size takes up little room. ting package this reviewer has seen. Extensive statistics routines permit curve fitting and trend analysis. Labeling Minuses: None noted. of axes is permitted with a wide choice of fonts. Area fill routines add appeal to all graphs. The product is superb for Documentation: A seven-page booklet is included that creating "slide-show” presentations of generic data. The describes hookup and operation of the unit. In addition, package is modular and allows extensions (through add-on separate sheets explain connection charges and rules re­ modules, such as 3-D plotting and mapping), as well as garding this type of equipment. customization of statistical modules for users' needs. Also, it interfaces with popular pen plotters, such as HP Skill level required: None required. 7470A, STROBE, HIPL0T, and SWEET-P.

Reviewer: John Steiner Pluses: A feature is provided to permit loading of data in DIF format thereby allowing the user to interface with VisiCalc. The program is entirely menu driven and the Product Name: Spectrum Stick user-input error trapping has no apparent holes. User- Equip. Req’d: TRS-80 Color Computer definable fonts can be employed for labeling. File chaining Price: $39.95 plus shipping for long slide shows is a particularly beneficial inclusion. (Continued on page 128)

126 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 Alspa Computer, Inc.] □ commodore

Price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 8" ds/dd drives, 3 See us for Personal, Business, and Educational serial + 1 parallel port, winchester port, networking. Prices requirements. Educational Discounts available. start below S I 500. D E A LE R / OEM inquiries invited. Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd 10/ 2.20 50/ 2.00 100/ 1.95 SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS PETSCAN I $245 base price Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd 10/ 305 50/ 2.80 100/ 275 6502 745 10/ 6.95 50/ 6.55 100/ 6.15 Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to Scotch (3M) 8“ ss/sd 10/ 2.30 50/2 10 100/ 2 0 6 6502A/6512A 8.40 10/ 7.95 50/ 7.35 100/ 6.90 shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd 10/ 2.85 50/ 2 70 100/ 2 6 5 6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 10 0/4.15 user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con­ 6522 VIA 6.45 10/ 6.10 50/ 5.75 100/ 5.45 figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi­ We stock VERBATIM DISKS 6532 7.90 10/ 7.40 50/ 7.00 100/ 6.60 tional computer hookups $100 each. W rite for Oealer and OEM pricei 2114-L200 2.45 25/ 2.30 100/2.15 2716 EPROM 4.90 5/4.50 10/ 4.00 Sentinal 5" ss/dd 10/1.90 50/1 85 100/ 1 80 2532 EPROM 6.90 5/ 6.75 10/ 6.45 C0MPACK $115 Sentinal 5" ds/dd 10/2 55 50/ 2.50 100/ 245 6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 6.90 5/ 6.75 10/ 6.45 Intelligent Terminal Package for PET. CBM , C64 Wabash 5" ss/sd 10/165 50/160 100/ 1 55 4 1 1 6 RAM 8 tot 14 Includes ACIA Hardware / STCP Software Wabash 5" ss/dd 10/ 1 95 50/1 90 100/ 1 85 Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket jScanbe) 2.00 10/ 2 00 5 0 / 1 9 5 100/ 1 85 VE-2 IEEE to Parallel interface lid Wabash 8" ss/sd Hewlett Packard W /ip% Includes case, power supply, lull 8-bit transmission, and Write or call tor prices. ______^ We stock MAXELL DISKS switch selectable character conversion to ASCII. Write for dealer and OEM prices. Anchor A s ViDE0ENHANCEH for Commodore 64 89 Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for $6 Automation Realize video quality equal or better than composite monitor Disk Library Cases 8"—3 00 5"— 2.25 Signalman using standard color TV Head Cleaning Kits 11 SCREEN M AKER 80 Column Adapter for C64 145 CASSETTE TAPES— AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM Modems Provides big screen capability for business applications. C-10 10/ 61 50/ 58 100/ 50 FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN VIC 20 Products VIC Sargon II Chess 32 C-30 10/ 85 50/ 82 100/ 70 All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables BACKUP V1.0 20 VIC GORF 32 to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman VIC RAM Cards in stock Meteor Run (UMI) 39 OATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 265 Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge and VIC SuperExpander 52 VIC Radar Ratface 24 at less than $100. Oealer and OEM inquiries invited noise filtering. The answer to your power problems VIC 16K RAM 95 A m ok (UM I) 20 Mark 1 RS232 (99) 79 Thorn EMI Software Snakman 15 Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 98 Mark II for Atari 850 (99) 79 H ES Software Rubik's Cube 13 BM C 12A 12" Green Monitor 85 Mark IV for CBM /PET with software (169) 119 VIC Omega Race 32 Programmers Reference 15 VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280 Mark V for Ostxxne (software available) (129) 93 39 25 Spiders of Mars (UMI) FROGGER VOTRAX Type-N-Talk 160 Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer (279| 195 Programmers Aid 45 VIC Adventure Series VO ICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari) Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer (179) 119 VICTORY Software for VIC and C64 CompuServe Subscription (5 hours tree) 32 Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer (399) 319 Street Sweepers (VIC) 12 Kongo Kong (VIC) 16 Brother H H -15 Daisy Wheel Printer 475 OC HAYES Smartmodem 2 19 Night Rider (VIC) 11 Cosmic Oebris (VIC) 12 Prowriter Parallel Printer 379 DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200 545 A nnihilate 16 Adventure Pack I 16 Panasanic 1090 Printer with Correspondence Mode 365 Adventure Pack II 16 Metamorphosis 11 USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39 Educational Pack I 11 Trek 12 Daisywriter 2000 with 48K butter + cable 1150 Strategy Pack I 16 Grave Robbers 12 Many printers available (Gemim-Star. Brother. OKI. etc.) Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16 We Stock AMOEK Monitors MicroChess for C64— 8 levels of play 19 Amdek O XY-1 00 Plotter 590 Computers First Book of PET/CBM 11 A P Products 15% OFF PflOM QUEEN for VIC 170 C64 ir VIC SWITCH 125 W atanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290 Apple Emulator for Commodore 64 89 POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78 BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54 We stock Electrohome Monitors Screenmaker 80 COLUMN CARO lor C64 145 WordPro 3+/64 89 WordPro 4 + - 8032. disk, printer 295 Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer 189 Solid Oak Z Level Stand tor C64 or VIC 29 C64/VIC Switch (networking) 125 SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170 V IS IC A LC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 189 !!!5 ® ® BACKUP VI.0 tape copier for C84 or VIC 20 Panasonic TR-120M1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz) 149 CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC 64 PET-TRAX PET to Epson 6nphics Software 40 Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor 285 CARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VIC 69 SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40 Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35 CARDPRINT Printer Interlace - C64/VIC 64 U SI Video Monitors— Green or A M 8ER 20 MHz hires. CARDBOARD/3s Motherboard - VIC 32 CALC RESULT fer C64 135 Oealer and OEM inquiries invited CARDRITER Lightpen - C64/VIC 32 PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36 CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VIC 64 COPYWRITER Word Processor lor C84 69 Complete C A R 0 C 0 Line in stock 2 Meter PE T to IE E E or IE E E to IE E E Cable 40 data CIE and VIE IEEE Interfaces in stock Dust Cover for PET, CBM , 4040, or 8050 8 systems B A SM kCompiler/Assembler tor C 64 89 CmC Interfaces |ADA1800. ADA) 450. SADI in stock) ZRAM - CBM 64K RAM, Z80, CP/M 550 Z29 Terminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680 Programming the PET/CBM |Compate!| — R. West 20 APPLE— ™ ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 369 KRAFT Apple Joystick 43 Compute! First Book of VIC 11 ZT-10 Intel Terminal with Serial Port 340 I6K RAM Card for Apple 59 HES MOOEM with Software 85 Z100 16-bit/8-bit Systems in stock CALL Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for Apple 29 HES Software aid Hardware in stock We stock entire Zenith line. Serial Card for Apple 99 UM1 products in stock MFC RAM/80 column card lor HE 139 OMNfCALC (HES) Spreadsheet lor C84 79 Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235 RANA Elite I with Controller 389 Fiexfite for PET/CBM/C64 $110 Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 79 Database, Report Writer with calculations. Mailing Lists. Apple Oumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 115 FORTH f*rPET/C64yi FIG model - Cargill/Riley $50 ATARr Apple Oumpling with 16K Btillcr 160 Metacompiler lor FORTH for independent object code _ 30 Grappler + Interface 140 KMMMPAYcArfor"PET7cBili/c‘64 79 SPECIALS Kraft Products tor Apple in stock EARL tor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER __ 65 DC H ayes Micromodem II 299 WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE—write for prices. PFS: File 100 Super Graphics — BASIC Language Extensions 45 Atari 1200 CALL QIX 34 PFS: Report 100 Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM _ Voice Box 100 Anchor Modem— Atari 79 Videx 80 Column Card 209 RAM/ROM for PET/CBM _ _4K$75 8K $90 FROGGER 25 Atari Gnphhs iCompuM) 11 Hayden Software for Apple 2 0 % OFF Thora EM I Software First Book of Atari 11 PIE Writer Word Processor 120 DISK ICII - Recovery System for PET/CBM 40 EduFuo Software APX Software 215-822-7727 WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add $1 50 per order for United Parcel We pay balance of UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders 252 Bethlehem Pike A B Computers (add extra for mail APO;FPO, air) Prices include cash discount Colmar, PA 18915 Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 127 ACORN A T T A C H E D P R O C E S S O R Reviews in Brief (continued)

F O R T H E Manufacturer: Spectrum Projects A P P L E II™ 93-15 86th Drive Woodhaven, NY 11421 $1495 Description: The Spectrum Stick is an analog joystick that HARDWARE v will replace the original equipment Radio Shack joystick. • 68000 Microcomputer with 16 MHZ clock The joystick is in a 3” x 6" blue mini-box. The large han­ • 131,072 Bytes of RAM Memory dle and smooth control action provide a realistic arcade • 32,768 Bytes of ROM Memory • Two RS 232c serial ports up to 9,600 bps feel. A red pushbutton above the joystick is available for • One million bps interface with APPLE'“ fire-when-ready applications. • Seven levels of vectored interrupts • Real time clock and timer Pluses: The smooth action and wide range of the joystick • Separate case and power supply make it superior in operation to the Tandy sticks. A red SOFTWARE • Uses only one peripheral slot in the APPLE'“ LED mounted into the base goes on whenever the com­ • Invisible operation with APPLESOFT or PASCAL puter is powered up. This feature provides a handy power- • Compatible with Compilers and 6502 Assemblies on indication, a feature lacking on the CoCo. The stick • 68000 Assembly Language Development System has no trouble reaching all comers of the graphic screen, Write or call for a free brochure or send $10 for 100 p ag e an ability not shared by the Radio Shack stick. An extra users m anual (refunded with order for ACORN) long cord is provided. ACORN SYSTEMS INC. 4455 TORRANCE BLVD., #108 • TORRANCE, CA 90503 Minuses: The box is light duty and a long drop might Telephone (213) 371-6307 break the posts that hold the assembly screws. The sample unit arrived in that condition. A bit of epoxy corrected the ‘Apple, Apple II and Applesoft are the trademarks of Apple Computer Co. problem. (Editor’s Note: A company representative ex­ plains defective glue caused this problem, which has since been resolved.) SOFTWARE Documentation: None needed. V IC 2 0 / C 6 4 Skill level required: None required. QUALITY SOFTWARE ON TAPE AND DISK Reviewer: John Steiner STATISTICS:TAPE DISK MEAN & STANDARD DEVIATION 8.00 12.00 ONE-WAY ANOVA 8.00 12.00 GAUSIAN DISTRIBUTION 8.00 12.00 SKEWHART DISTRIBUTION* 16K 12.00 17.00 LINEAR REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 Product Name: ABC (Version 1.02) GEOMETRIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 HARMONIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 Equip, req'd: Atari 400/800 w/48K RAM and disk EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 LOGARITHMIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 drive (s) POWER FIT REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 QUADRATIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 Price: $69.95 BEST FIT REGRESSION* 8K 16K 23.00 30.00 Manufacturer: Monarch Data Systems BUSINESS: P.O. Box 207 BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS 8.00 10.00 BUDGET ANALYSIS 8.00 10.00 Cochituate, MA 01778 CASH FLOW 8.00 10.00 DEPRECIATION 8.00 10.00 Description: ABC is a BASIC compiler that converts pro­ EXPECTED VALUE 8.00 10.00 FORCASTING 8.00 10.00 grams written in Atari BASIC into a compact pseudo-code. MOVING AVERAE 8.00 10.00 EXPONENTIAL 8.00 10.00 An included run-time interpreter is appended to the com­ INVENTORY PROJECTION 8.00 10.00 INVENTORY TURNOVER 8.00 10.00 piled code so no cartridge need be installed in the com­ LEASE/BUY 8.00 10.00 PRODUCT COST 8.00 10.00 puter when the compiled program is run. Compiled code PRODUCTION SIZE 8.00 10.00 RATIO 8.00 10.00 runs considerably faster than the equivalent BASIC- RETURN ON INVESTMENT 8.00 10.00 MAILING LIST 8K 12.00 16.00 language program but slightly slower than Assembly HOME: language. ABC uses integer arithmetic only. In addition to AMORTIZATION 8.00 10.00 all the floating-point functions, this compiler does not MORTGAGE 8.00 10.00 MORTGAGE COMPARER 8.00 10.00 support BYE, CLOAD, CONT, CSAVE, DEG, DOS, PHONE DIRECTORY 8.00 10.00 *16K VERSION SUPPORTS PRINTER ENTER, LIST, LOAD, LPRINT, NEW, RAD, RUN, SAVE, To Order: CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE or the exponential operator. 94 Clerk Street Jersey City, N.J. 07305 Pluses: There is a choice of three load addresses. A utility (201)432-0926 program is included that will assist in generating Check, Money Order, and COD (add $3). Handling Charge $2. Send for our catalog. relocatable code. Moderately large programs compile in a few minutes to relatively compact programs, often smaller

128 MICRO No. 63 • August 1983 Boulder Logical Testing, Inc. is now offering a new EPROM Programmer FOR $195.00

than the original BASIC code if one excludes the 4K + run­ time interpreter. The low cost, as compared to similar products, means good value. Minuses: All floating-point operations must be rewritten in integer arithmetic or eliminated. Some compile-time errors abort with no explanation. • Microprocessor based • Programs 2716, 2732, 2732A and 2532 EPROMS Documentation: Documentation for Version 1.0 is pro­ • Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) sockets are standard vided. It satisfactorily explainsABC's use and techniques • 25 or 22 volt programming voltage option • Copy from EPROM to EPROM automatically for modifying one's BASIC programs before compiling. • RS 232 interface with selectable baud rates Suggestions for simulating some unsupported functions • Thorough user documentation includes example are valuable. software drivers for popular computer systems, including Apple*, IBM PC*, and CP/M* • Command set can be used from host computer Skill level required: Beginner/intermediate program­ or terminal mer (minimum). • Comes complete with power supply To order, or for more information write: Reviewer: Tim Kilby Boulder Logical Testing, Inc. PO Box 902 Boulder, C O 80306 Ordering Information: send money order or check only, no Product Name: BASIC Commander CODs. Price includes shipping costs and documentation. Colorado residents include 3% sales tax. Equip, req'd: Atari 400/800/1200XL w/l6K RAM ’ Apple is trademark of Apple, Inc. IBM PC is trademark of Price: $34.95 IBM, CP/M is trademark of Digital Research. Manufacturer: MMG Micro Software P.O Box 131 Marlboro, NJ 07746 Description: BASIC Commandei is a utility program for the Atari BASIC programmer. Built-in commands are ac­ 9 tivated by single keystrokes. Commands are either func­ OS tions or phrases that are printed on the screen. Functions include renumber, automatic line numbering, block APPLICATION delete, and DOS functions. Pre-programmed phrases such as LOAD "D: are printed on the screen with a single key SOFTWARE press. Three keys are available for the user to program ACCOUNTS PAYROLL with up to 36 characters in each phrase. It can be a com­ PAYABLE GENERAL mand, remark, string of characters, or whatever. LEDGER $499 $299 with Pluses: The renumber and block-delete functions are fast CASH SMALL and efficient. Access to DOS through BASIC is convenient. ACCOUNTS JOURNAL BUSINESS RECEIVABLE A Q Q Q INVENTORY Minuses: There is no way to save a user-programmed func­ tion. Also, my review copy did not re-initialize on $299 $299 SYSTEM RESET — a major handicap. MMG says that this latter problem has been corrected in its latest version. COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION $19.95 OS9 & BASIC 09 ARE TRADEMARK OF Documentation: Documentation is quite adequate for MICROWARE. INC. & MOTOROLA CORP. using the utility. SPECIALTY Skill level required: Beginner programmer.

Reviewer: Tim Kilby ELECTRONICS

(405) 233-5564 2110 W. WILLOW - ENID, OK 73701 (Continued on next page)

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 129 I

AWARE ASSaCJflTES, LTD. a / ' era f CJ Reviews in Brief (continued)

CJ era P-cord Product Name: TGS: The Graphic Solution Questionnaire Analysis Software Equip. Req’d: Apple II or Apple 11 +

• Microcomputer based Price: $149.95 Avoid the expense of controct services ■ do everything in-hou&e on your own Apple 11+ microcomputer. Manufacturer: Accent Software, Inc. « Eosy data entry Avoid time consuming keypunching. Uses respondent-m orked cords 3750 Wright Place entered with an O pticol M ark Reader (keyboard entry also possible). Palo Alto, CA 94306 • Comprehensive dota onolysis Sort on ony variable(s), tolly all responses, conduct cross fobs, (415) 856-6505 correlations, linear regression, frequency distributions, ond more.

• Complete editing capabilities Copy Protection: Yes. Back-up provided. Additional back­ W eight items, derive composites, add or delete items, and more. ups cost $10.00 • E o s y -to -u s e Programs are user friendly, menu driven, and interactive. No speciol computer expertise is required. Language: Applesoft with machine-language subroutines Coll or send for more information today. Description: The Graphic Solution is an animation package for the construction of Apple-generated “ movies’' SCJENTJFJC SOFTWARE ASSQCJflTES, LTD. that contain text and graphics. TGS includes a powerful BOX JOB ' KiajSRJ, till. SWJ31 hi-res screen editor that features instant toggling between TELEPHONE: (715) flU5-EQ9,E, the hi-res screen and a magnification of a piece of the display on the lo-res screen.

Apple 11+ is a registered tradem ark af Apple Computer, Inc. Pluses: TGS provides a solution to the problem of develop­ ing animated sequences. The user can create a series of Applesoft shapes using the exploded lo-res screen, instan­ taneously switching to the hi-res to view the results. The C64-FORTH shapes can be assembled into a string of frames that are for the Commodore 64 woven at usei-selectable speeds into a film. The develop­ FORTH SOFTWARE FOR THE COMMODORE 64 ment is aided by the ability to define a Macro, a series C64-FORTH (TM) for the Commodore 64 - $99.95 of TGS commands that can be executed with a single • Fig Forth-79 implementation with extensions key stroke. • Full feature screen editor and macro assembler • Trace feature for easy debugging • 320x200, 2 color bit mapped graphics Minuses: Several hours of study are required to learn to • 16 color sprite and character graphics • Compatible with VIC peripherals including disks, data set, modem, use TGS. This is particularly true because it is not menu printer and cartridges driven. Since the commands must be memorized, a • Extensive 144 page manual with examples and application screens • "SAVETURNKE Y" normally allows application program distribution reference card would be handy. TGS includes a brief without licensing or royalties reference card to remind you how to get from one function

C64-XTEND (TM) FORTH Extension for C64-FORTH - $59.95 to another; however, it would be nice to have a list of op­ (Requires original C64-FORTH copy) tions available within each function. The manual does not • Fully compatible floating point package including arithmetic, relational, logical and transcendental functions include an index. • Floating point range of lE+38 to 2E-39 • String extensions including LEFT$, RIGHT$, and MID$ • BCD functions for 10 digit numbers including multiply, divide, and Documentation: The 175-page manual that accompanies percentage. BCD numbers may by used for DOLLAR.CENTS TGS is well written and serves as a tutorial on the TGS calculations without the round-off error inherent in BASIC real numbers. features. It begins with the basic functions and builds • Special words are provided for inputting and outputting towards more complex operations. The disks that come DOLLAR.CENTS values • Detailed manual with examples and applications screens with the package include example sequences, which can (Commodore 64 is a trademark of Commodore) be used while completing the tutorial. The lessons contain TO ORDER - Specify disk or cassette version exercises with answers at the end of the manual. - Check, money order, bank card, COD's add $1.50 - Add $4.00 postage and handling in USA and Canada - Mass. orders add 5% sales tax Skill level required: No programming knowledge is re­ - Foreign orders add 20% shipping and handling - Dealer inquiries welcome quired. Anyone who spends a few hours going through the PERFORMANCE MICRO PRODUCTS tutorials will be able to create animated sequences. 770 Dedham Street. S-2 Canton, MA 02021 Reviewer: David Morganstein (617) 828-1209

130 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 COMPUTER ACCESSORIES

ERRORS—DOWNTIME—SERVICE A speck of dust, dirt, or magnetic oxide on the read/ write head of your floppy disk can cause data transfer errors, a disk crash, or even a costly disk drive failure. Regular use of Perfectdata head cleaning diskettes can keep your drive heads clean and your system up and running, The Perfectdata system can be used on single or dual-sided floppy disk Product Name: HELLO CENTRAL! drives. (Comes complete with 2 cleaning diskettes, a 4 oz. bottle of CS- 85 cleaning solutioa and full instructions.) Equip, req'd: Apple II or Apple II + , DOS 3.3, 5.25" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit S22.75 communications modem 8" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit S22.75 ORGANIZE AND PROTECT YOUR DISKETTES Price: $99.00 Organize your diskettes with an Innovative Concepts Flip ’N' File from Mercury Micro. Holds up to 50 diskettes in a handsome smoke-colored transparent plastic case. Manufacturer: Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc. Case for 5.25" Diskettes 523.75 4300 West 62nd St. Case for 8" Diskettes S29.75 Indianapolis, IN 46268 WHAT’S YOUR FAVORITE NUMBER? New for spring. Top quality shirts with "64" or "20" printed in large numerals on both front and back 50/50 blend will not shrink. Specify color and size and number choice. Available in red or blue, Description: The HELLO CENTRAL! Apple software S-M-L-XL package has full telecommunications capabilities in­ S7.50 each cluding buffered upload and disk download and a ORDERING INFORMATION character-oriented editor for manipulating the text in the Phone (301) 994-1122 SHIPPING buffer. HELLO CENTRAL! may be used to place calls and Add S1.50 to all orders for shipping. We pay balance for UPS setvice on receive text through its terminal mode; two directories, all orders. Add $2.00 for COD. Maryland residents please add 5% state sales tax computer and voice-call are provided for facility. Disk- WRITE OR CALL FOR FREE COMPUTER ACCESSORY CATALOG: based text files may also be transmitted through the ter­ SURGE PROTECTORS DUST COVERS, BOOKS, DISK MAINTENANCE BLANK minal mode, and communication is interruptable in both MEDIA AND MUCH MORE.______

directions. The HELLO CENTRAL! programs are menu- Mercury Micro Inc. driven and will configure to your system’s hardware and Dept. F Cherry Field Road printer requirements. Merar-y Mcro Drayden, McL 20630

Pluses: HELLO CENTRAL! places calls with automatic dialing and provides a re-dial option. It will also dial for you on voice calls, instructing you to pick up the phone when the connection is made. BASIC programs may be UV EPROM ERASER * Erases over 15 EPROMS - 1 5 minutes erase time transmitted and received as text files — they may be * Element Me 7700 hours restored for use with the EXEC command. The terminal * Intensity: 12Ws V»cm2 at 1” * Erases all UV EPROMS (2716, 2732, 2516, 2532, etc.) buffer holds 18,000 characters that will be saved $49.95 * HOBBY MODEL automatically onto a disk file when the buffer is filled. INDUSTRIAL MODEL Minuses: None noted. QUV-T8/2N $68.95 Documentation: The manual included in the package pro­ WITH TIMER AND SAFETY SWITCH vides an extensive straightforward account of the QUV-T8/2T capabilities of HELLO CENTRAL! In 46 pages it an­ $97.50 ticipates every question the user could ask and every situa­ tion that could arise during the program operation. Ad­ INTELLIGENT denda are also included to keep the manual up to date. PROGRAMMER (Editor's note: The manufacturer states that the documen­ STAND ALONE tation is being re-worked and expanded to be even more RS-232 thorough than before. Updates will be available to all * RELIABLE registered owners. J V EASY COPY (Mo external equipment needed)- * USER FRIENDLY PROGRAMS: 2508, 2516, 2532, 2716, 27C16, 27C32 COMPATIBLE: 2732.2732A, 2758, 8748, 8749H, 8748H ’ Skill level required: The program menus make this IBM PC, TRS-BO, APPLE, CPM, OPTIONAL MODULES: 2564,.2764, 8755A, 8741 FLEX, TEKTRONICS, M0S package easy to use for beginners. No programming * STAND ALONE, CRT, OR COMPUTER CONTROL * UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD IN MOTOROLA OH INTEL HEX FORMAT knowledge required. * MICROPROCESSOR BASED * 4 K INTEHNAL HAM (MCS-48) * 90 DAY FARTS & LAB0H WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS PROGRAMMING PRICE INCLUDES SOON TO BE RELEASED: PERSONALITY MODULE PR0MPR0-8 128K Version $689. Reviewer: John Hedderman MONEY BACK GUARANTEE $489.00 LOGICAL D EVICES INC. 781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE. FL 33311 JfUCftO Phone Orders (305) 974-0967 • TWX : 510-955-9496 k SEE US AT COMDEX SPRING • BOOTH 43019

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 131 /AtCftO Hardware Catalog

New MACH in Joystick for Apple II, Apple lie, and IBM PC

Hayes Products announces its newest addition to their joystick prod­ uct line, the MACH III for the Apple II, Apple lie, and IBM PC. The MACH HI features the typical Hayes Products qualities of extended life cycle (10 times], connector compatibility with Apple II, Apple lie, and IBM PC, and a rugged gimble with spring centering or free floating in any one or all four X,Y quadrants to provide perfect arm align­ ment with 360° movement. The fire control button is located on the end of the joystick for quick action control. Prices are $49.95 for Apple II and $54.95 for Apple lie and IBM PC. Con­ tact Hayes Products, 1558 Osage Street, San Marcos, CA 92069; (714) 744-8546.

Commodore/Atari Automodem Features Parallel Printer Port

The Microperipheral Corp. an­ nounces AutoPrintMicioconnection, a low-cost modem for the VIC-20, Com­ modore 64, and Atari computers. The unit features both an autodial and autoanswer capability. In addition, it has a built-in Centronics-compatible parallel printer port. It operates at 300 baud (Bell 103) in either originate or answer mode and is FCC Type Ac­ THE KEY — Serial Version cepted. The combination modem and printer interface plugs directly into the computer without the need for addi­ STAFF Computer Technology the use of their software. Since THE tional interface devices. Telecom­ Corporation announces a serial ver­ KEY c.m ht nn only one system j i .i munications software is provided in the sion of THE KEY |for the PEC turn., j '■ingle-user license can now, user manual. LSI-11, Apple, and IBM PC), a hard­ in fai t, I'c limited to a single user The printer port permits connecting ware module that protects software License pern hi-, tail be enluiccd In conventional parallel printers such as products from being pirated. THE rei|uirini; the return ol THE KEY the Epson and Oki. With the modem KEY provides the computer with a Demonstration ur evaluation connected to the phone line, the printer unique identification. The inter­ packages, which include THE KEY, will simultaneously provide hard copy actions of the software and THE may be circulated to representatives of whatever appears on the screen. KEY are used to form inqinrv and pmsj'cvtive licen.sces without Word processing software is available, response pairs. The use of many in­ loss of ccmml which routes text to the printer via quiry'response pairs enhances the the modem. security. The serial Key can be used For further information umt.ut The price is $149.95. For additional with any computer system having Mary T. Gibson, STAFF Computer information contact Norene Scott, an RS-232 interface. Technology Corporation, 1045" | Director of Sales, The Microperipheral By requiring the use of THE Roselle Street, San Diego, CA Corp., 2565 152nd Ave. N.E., Red­ KEY, software suppliers can control 92121; |619) 453-0303. mond, WA 98052; (206) 881-7544.

132 MICRO No. 63 • August 1983 Franklin Computer Enters Microcomputer Accessory Market with 80-Column Card

Franklin Computer Corporation in­ troduces the ACE Display Card. The product expands the video display capabilities of Franklin ACE 1000 and Apple II computers to a full 80 columns by 24 lines to provide easier viewing and greater versatility. The new Franklin display card pro­ vides four cursor choices, reverse video SELECT-A-RAM — 64K for the VIC-20 as a standard feature, and accom­ modates the full upper- and lower-case Ad\amed I’riuvsKii **> stems in- the VIC-20 and is powered by the 128-character ASCII set, including line- trodu< c.s the SFLECT-A-KAMfa MK VIC-20 suppU features in­ drawing graphics. Lower-case memory expansion carmdne loi the clude write protection, reset switch, characters have true descenders. Commodore VIC-20. The SELECT- and optional external power. The The Franklin display card operates A-RAM pnmdes two expansion use of high density dynamic RAMs automatically, switching between 40 slots for program and game i.ir- with transparent refit-h iijakt*. rlu. and 80 columns and between text and triil^t* oi additional memory expan­ SELECT-A-RAM the lowest cost- graphics, to suit the program in use. sion up to 192K Decoding circuitry per-bit memory expansion pruJuu The card operates with CP/M and in rlie SL-1K "I -A-RAM allows switch on the market today for the PASCAL programs. in*' nt RAM and Rv >M m Ms. blocks Commodore VIC-20. Suggested retail price is $199.00. bn inputs jrenetnred Irom Lhe The price is $169.00. Contact Additional information may be ob­ lL\linaiJi» h\ vilLwai'.’ inipmand A.haucei.1 I'nv. osar Systems, P O. tained from Franklin Computer Cor­ srr fci'T-A-RAM plugs dirci tl\ Box 43006, Austin, TX 78745-0001; poration, 2128 Route 38, Cherry Hill, into the memory expansion slot on (5121 441-3202. NJ 08002; |609) 482-5900.

3" Micro-Floppy Disk Drive System for Radio Shack Color Computer

Amdek Corporation has introduced the Amdisk HI, a 3" Dual Disk Drive System compatible with the Radio Shack Color Computer. The system provides up to 624K of double-density formatted storage capacity. Interfacing with the computer is simple because the Amdisk III unit is completely com­ patible with the Radio Shack Disk Operating System, TRSDOS. The unit provides faster access time than 514” drives, and utilizes a 3 ” cartridge-type media. The media is con­ structed of hard plastic and includes an automatic shutter mechanism for pro­ tection, which remains closed until it is inserted into the drive. Suggested retail price for the Am­ disk III disk drive system is $599.00. The media is $6.99 each. For further in­ formation contact Amdek Corporation, 2201 Lively Blvd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007; (312) 364-1180. JMCftO

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 133 /AlCftO Software Catalog

Wordcraft 20 Brings Batting Statistics Budget-Priced Word Program for Baseball Processing to VIC-20 Leagues

Owners Rainbow Computing, Inc. announces BAT-STAT, UMI's new Wordcraft a menu-driven program 20 lets the home com­ designed to keep statistics puterist have quality word for a baseball team of up to processing economically. If 20 players. Player statistics you have a TV, adding a are given for both “This VIC-20 at $140 (or less), a Game" and "Season.'1 Team totals for current disk drive ($300), printer game and season are also ($400), and Wordcraft 20 provided on the report. Ten ($149.95) can provide you statistical categories are with complete word pro­ provided: At Bats, Runs, cessing for less than Hits, Batting Average, $1,000. Writing may be stored using the two-tape Doubles, Triples, Home Runs, Sacrifices, Walks, cassette player rather than and Runs Batted In. BAT- the disk drive, lowering the STAT automatically com­ cost by $230. Wordcraft 20 plugs into putes batting averages. the VIC-20 just like any BAT-STAT features game or memory cartridge. easy data entry and editing, The cartridge contains 16K error-handling, blank score of program on ROM chips. sheet printing, and game and season report printing. An additional 8K of RAM Amper-Magic Police Artist memory is in Wordcraft 20 It requires an Apple II Plus, 48K or Apple He, and a Plus, priced at $199.95 — Amper-Magic for the SIR-TECH Software, providing a comprehensive Apple II, Apple II Plus, and single disk drive with Inc. enters the home and DOS 3.3. feature not available in Apple lie lets BASIC pro­ educational software The price is $49.95 on other low-cost word pro­ grammers use machine- market with the publica­ floppy diskette. For further cessors for the VIC. language routines without tion of Police Artist™ for The program is ex­ needing to know anything information write RCI the Apple n, Apple n Plus, Marketing, 19517 Business tremely powerful and about machine language. and Apple lie with 48K and Attach any number of Center Drive, Northridge, capable of creating perfect one disk drive. The player documents, correspon­ CA 91324; (213) 349-0300. routines (we supply 50 and is an eye witness to a crime dence, and personalized you can add relocatable and must remember the form letters. It can create routines from any other culprit's face in order to New Adventure Game and print out mailing lists source) and then call them pick it out of a police lineup and other special-purpose by name. Amper-Magic or reconstruct it from a Sirius is proud to an­ projects — all at less than automatically takes care of catalog of face parts. The nounce an addition to their one third the price of con­ addresses and variables program creates more than line of software. CRITICAL ventional word processing even while you edit the 1,000,000 different faces, MASS is an adventure game programs designed to run BASIC program! Routines each with a unique name. with challenging riddles, a on more sophisticated become a part of your pro­ The disk contains three real-time clock, and fast ac­ office-type personal gram so you never need to separate games at various tion sequences for the computers. BLOAD again. No charge difficulty levels and Apple II, Apple 11 +, and for commercial license. Price is $149.95. For displays best scores. Apple He. Price is $75.00 for more information contact For more information For further information United Microware Indus­ Volum e 1, $35.00 for contact Sir-Tech Software, contact Sirius Software, tries, Inc., 3503-C Temple Volume 2. Contact Anthro- Inc., 6 Main Street, Inc., 10364 Rockingham Ave., Pomona, CA 91768; Digital, Inc., 103 Barlett Ogdensburg, NY 13669; Drive, Sacramento, CA (212) 986-6668. Ave., Pittsfield, MA 01201. (315} 393-6633. 95827; (916) 366-1195. (Continued on page 136)

134 MICRO No. 63 • August 1983 SEWSEi:.'1 A T A R I ADAPTOR Play your 2600 games on your VIC-20*

$ 7 9 fto Q ®

C e o W e d * S /,., . C a [ , e r n At

%a> * e >3// Shipping & Handling Charges: First two (2) items - $2.00 per item. Three (3) or more items - $1.00 per item. For orders over $100 total, surface shipping will be paid by CompuServe. Blue Label or special handling will be paid by Write for the customer. Additional $2.00 C.O.D. fee on all C.O.D. orders. MasterCard and Visa accepted. Give card number and expiration date on order form. FREE Allow three (3) weeks for personal checks. TO ORDER: P.O. Box 18765 Catalog! W ichita. KS 67218 m g y ^ @0 (316) 263-1095 Prices subject to change. VIC-20 or C-64 VIC-20" is a registered trademark of Commodore

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 135 Software Catalog Menu-driven Copy Price is $15.00 ppd. for Genealogical (continued) Utility cassette or $20.00 for diskette. Available from Software System TRS-80 Color Author COLORCOPY is a COCOPRO, P.O. Box for the Apple Color Author allows menu-driven copy utility 37022, St. Louis, MO 63141. educators (without previous for the TRS-80 Color Com­ experience) to create in­ puter that copies data The Family Connection structional materials for files or programs — disk to is a powerful, handy delivery on the TRS-80 tape, tape to disk, or disk Software from Hallie genealogical program that computer. The system is to disk. It also kills files is available from Discovery menu-driven with options or programs. Diet! will make your Software. It will allow you listed to guide the user Many options are pro­ Apple II computer more to create and maintain a through the lesson-creating vided: it copies basic pro­ popular than your series of individual records process. Lessons consist of grams, machine-language refrigerator. Selected about each member on your a series of frames, which programs, or data files; features include: your ideal family tree. The Family may contain tutorial text, allows selection by groups weight and calories needed Connection is designed for questions, and graphics. of filenames or extensions, to maintain that weight, ef­ the Apple II series of com­ Special display features of or individual files by menu fect of exercise on weight puters (or an Apple II work- Color Author include nor­ selection; writes multiple loss, weight charts, insults alike) with 48K of memory mal and double-sized text, copies of files to tape; backs or compliments (your and two disk drives (using reverse video, underlining, up a disk to tape; restores a choice!) about your weight DOS 3.3). A printer is op­ bold-face, and special tape to disk; copies files in change, and more! Visual tional, but recommended. graphics characters. alphabetic sequence, and prompts, anytime review of Price is $99.50. Contact Graphics can be created for much more. directories, and "no Discovery Software, P.O. frames by using a joystick, Written in BASIC with calorie” menus make this Box 68821, Indianapolis, and feedback messages and machine-language subrou­ program especially easy IN 68821 or P.O. Box 9336, hints can be set to appear tines, COLORCOPY re­ to use. Cincinnati, OH 45209; after correct and incorrect quires 32K and DOS. It is Diet! sells for $15.95 (317) 291-1433. responses. supplied on cassette or and is available from Hallie Available from Radio diskette with complete Software, Box 4383, Shack. instructions. Auburn Heights, MI 48057. (Continued on page 138)

TELECOMMUNICATIONS on theVIC and ’6 4 ! “A versatile and exceedingly well-done package.” David Malmberg, MICRO “Simply the best & nicest VIC terminal software I have seen.” Greg Yob, CREATIVE COMPUTING

We created quite a flurry and earned rave reviews with S fc F v Terminal-40, the unique software that transforms the ^ VIC screen into a 40-column smooth-scrolling display. ------And with features like a Receive Buffer and VIC M O O E M L ^ S f c f c ^ : printer dump, Terminal-40 sets a new standard for per- ______sonal modem communications with networks such as CompuServe and Source. Our ’64 Terminal does the same quality job for the ’64. _. ^ jjjfa H P And now there’s even MORE!!! SuperTerm for the VIC and ’64 supports text storage to disk or tape and program UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD. SuperTerm, used with our Smart ASCII interface, also supports popular parallel printers. Choose the one right for you. Call or write today for the “best”, then...

For the VIC- T erm injl 40 n i «• ntai S29.95 R E A C H O U T S u p e rT e rm .r ^ tax «>pi Call For the Commodore 64: ’64 Terminal S29.95 and BYTE SOM EONE! SuperTerm Call

ORDER DESK: (816) 333-7200 MAIL ORDER- Add $t.50 shipping and handling MIDWEST ($3.50 for C O D > VISA/M^ste'C-vd hH 'i it u--<« Send tor a free brochure describing our. and exp. date). Missouri residents include 4 6% M ICRO me safes tax Foreign orders iiA'jfijlr-U i j » >' ' B<*rk 311 W 72nd ST • KAfi • MO •64114 H* ONLY, add $5 shp.hndlf! Dealer Inquiries invited

136 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD 82-018 This is a complete stand alone Video Terminal board. All that is needed besides this board is a parallel ASCII keyboard, standard NTSC monitor, and a power supply. It displays 80 columns by 25 lines of UPPER and lower case characters. Data is transfer­ red by RS232 at rates of 110 baud to 9600 baud — switch selectable. The UART is controlled (parity etc.) by a 5 pos. dip switch.

Complete source listing is included in the documen­ tation. Both the character generator and the CRT pro­ gram are in 2716 EPROMS to allow easy modification to your needs.

This board uses a 6502 Microprocessor and a 6545-1 CRT controller. The 6502 runs during the horz. and vert, blanking (45% of the time). The serial input port is interrupt driven. A 1500 character silo is used to store data until the 6502 can display it.

Features • 6502 Microprocessor • 2K EPROM 2716 • Size 6.2" x 7.2” • 6545-1 CRT controller • RS232 I/O for direct • Output for speaker (bell) • 2716 EPROM char. gen. connection to computer • Power +5 700Ma. • 2716 EPROM program or modem. +12 50Ma. • 4K RAM (6116) • 80 columns x 25 line display -12 50Ma.

BAUD RATE VIDEO TERMINAL GENERATOR 82-018 110-9600

UART \ PARALLEL \ VIDEO KEYBOARD N DISPLAY INPUT CIRCUIT (TTL) SPEAKER (BELL) - y

OUT IN + 5 + 12 -12 GND. RS232 I/O

This board is available assembled and tested, or bare board with the two EPROMS and crystal. Assembled and tested #82-018A $199.95 Bare board with EPROMS and crystal #82-018B $ 89.95 Both versions come with complete documentation.

j l , J o h n B e l l E n g i n e e r i n g , I n c .

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415) 592-8411 j ^ orc^ d WILL CALL HOURS: 9am ■ 4pm AUU * #249

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 137 Software Catalog more expensive programs. includes superior dynamic Apple lie Version of (continued) TIMEWORKS' new graphics, intriguing descrip­ Micro Cookbook Commodore 64 programs tions, and program specifica­ Released Eleven New come with complete and tions to aid in indentif ication Virtual Combinatics an­ Commodore 64 comprehensive, yet easy- of program parameters. nounces the release of the Programs from to-understand manuals, are Prices range from $21.95 Apple lie version of Micro TIMEWORKS simple to operate, and are to $29.95. C o n ta ct Cookbook. Use of "point complete with sound ef­ TIMEWORKS, INC., 405 technology” increases fects and color. They are Lake Cook Road, Building A, Eleven new programs Micro Cookbook's user available on both cassette Deerfield, IL 60015; for the Commodore 64 are friendliness. "Point and and 5 Vi" disk. Each carton (312) 291-9200. being introduced nationally select'' recipes by name, by TIMEWORKS, INC., in­ category, or available ingre­ dependent publisher of per­ dients using a joystick, pad­ sonal computer software. dle, or keyboard cursor con­ The first four of these pro­ trol. Features of the Apple grams now available in­ He version include: multi­ clude WALL STREET, a ple direction screens, index competitive game of finan­ recovery, upper and lower cial speculation; ROBBERS case, full cursor editing of the LOST TOM B, great control, multiple disk drive adventure search for the support, and an expandable Sacred Tablets from a lost shopping list (allowing 100-room Egyptian tomb; non-food related products THE MONEY MANAGER, to be added). Nutrition and home and business budget calorie guides, food buying and cash flow system; and and storage hints, a the DATA MANAGER, a glossary of cooking terms, general information storage and carefully researched and retrieval system with recipes are also included. features usually found in (Continued )

VIC 20 40-80 COLUMN BOARD only s9 9 00

Now you can get 40 or 80 Columns on your T V. or monitor at one time! No more running out of line space for programming and making columns. Just plug in this board and you immediately convert your VIC-20 computer to 40 or 80 columns! PLUS, you get a Word Processor, Mail Merge program, Electronic Spreadsheet (like VISICALC) and Terminal Emulator! These PLUS programs require only 8K RAM memory and comes in an attractive plastic case with instructions. List $ 149 Sale $99

• COMMODORE 64 COMPUTER — “80 COLUMN BOARD” LIST $275 SALE $179

fiO S^ccebbory, "15 DAY FREE TRIAL • We have the lowest VIC-20 prices PROTECTO

• We have over 500 programs ENTERPRIZES ( w e lo v e o u r c u s t o m e r s ) • Visa — M astercharge — C.O.D. BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010 • We love our customers! Phons 312/382-5244 lo order

138 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 eRAM 80 Expands Apple Software Catalog characters to be displayed 63K bytes of memory in ad­ (continued) Memory and Adds per line. With eRAM 80, dition to the 64K already Character Micro Cookbook takes the display screen can be installed on the Apple's full advantage of the Apple eRAM 80 from Quad- programmed for either main logic board. lie’s additional functions ram Corporation is a low- standard 40-column or ex­ Retail price for the (80-column display, 64K cost peripheral card tended 80-column text eRAM 80 card is $159.00. expandable to 128K). designed to double the display and allows the For additional information For more information amount of text that can be Apple He user to switch contact Quadram Corpora­ contact Gerry Fager, Mattie displayed on the Apple lie back and forth between the tion, 4357 Park Drive, Nor- Associates, 84 State Street, and improve its memory. two formats. cross, GA 30039: (404) 923- Boston, MA 02109; eRAM 80 adds 40 extra Depending on which 6666, or TWX 810-766-4915 (617) 227-5075. characters to the Apple lie's text format is being used, (QUADRAM NCRS). regular 40-character for­ eRAM 80 provides the mat, allowing up to 80 Apple lie with either 64K or (Continued on next page) Okidata Introduces Revolutionary Downline Loading Program

Designed for the Okidata Microline 92, 93, and 84 Step 2 printers, Per­ sonal Touch is user- friendly for the Apple 11 + and Apple He computers. It “POWER will soon be available for the IBM personal com­ FAILURE” puter. This major break­ Goodbye valuable data. Unless through in downline you have a Guardian Angel uninter- loading allows all users to ruptable power source on duty. Guardian Angel switches to 150 form new characters by watts of backup power in 1/100 of a creating dot matrix pat­ second or less while alerting you of terns. When the diskette is blackout or brownout conditions. Its inserted into the computer, rugged 12V battery gives you up to six minutes (15 at half-rated power), concise instructions appear enough to save your data and shut on the screen. A large down your system if line power does graphic representation not return. guides the user through Guardian Angel is compatible with virtually every major microcomputer easy dot placement using system, including Apple, IBM , H-P, keyboard commands, and TRS-80, Xerox, Eagle and Osborne. another display shows how Its transient voltage suppressor the formatted characters also prevents system damage from will look when they are power spikes. Guardian Angel simply plugs in printed. The new char­ between your power source and your acters can be stored on the microcomputer. Its compact size diskette and downline permits either desktop use or out of loaded into the Okidata the way placement. Protect your investment: see memory for printing. An your R.H. Electronics added bonus for the user is dealer today about the inclusion of Greek, Guardian Angel superscript/subscript, or contact us at 566 Irelan Street, math, ASCII, and italics Buellton, CA character sets as part of 93427, the program. (805) 688-2047. Manufacturer's list price for Personal Touch is $89.00. The diskette is ac­ companied by an easy-to- follow user's manual. Guardian A n g e l’, w ith LED pcm er status Available from Okidata indicator, autom atically safeguards data Corporation, 111 Gaither from blackouts, brownouts for just $595. Drive, Mt. Laurel, NJ RHELECTRONICS, INC. 08054; (609) 235-2600, 'Patents pending, JL listed, FCC approved, 240V/50 Hz TWX: 710-897-0792. version available. Dealers and C 6M inquiries invited.

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 139 Software Catalog (continued) powerful and low-cost line- memory starting at $0000. control various options oriented word-process­ The text buffer occupies such as wide characters, TEXTWRITER I for 6809 ing system. the next higher contiguous line skipping, etc. This is Tape Systems A variety of MENU- block of memory. TEXT­ not a problem with TEXT­ driven option's are provided WRITER is loaded above WRITER, but it is with You can now use TSC to display or omit line or the buffer. The size of the EDITOR as supplied by TEXT EDITOR with Granite page numbers, output the text buffer is obviously a TSC. EDITOR checks for Computer Systems' TEXT­ entire text file or one or function of available control characters in WRITER. TEXTWRITER + more text segments, multi­ memory. keyboard and disk/tape in­ EDITOR enables you to ple copies, etc. Matrix printers such as put. Detailed instructions produce letters, ads, and TSC EDITOR is nor­ Epson and Okidata use con­ are given for modifications text. This package creates a mally loaded into low trol characters ($00-$lF) to to EDITOR so that control characters can be used in text. The few necessary patches are supplied. Object program on KC cassette is priced at $50.00. Available from Granite Computer System, Route 2, Box 445, Hillsboro, NH 03244; [603) 464-3850.

Super Hi-Res Space Game

Treat that itchy joystick finger to something special with the newest game release from Mark Data Products. GLAXXONS is a super hi-res space game for the Radio Shack Color Computer and TDP-100 that pits your playing skills against squadrons of swooping, diving enemy spacecraft. Your goal in this NO POWER SPIKES fast and furious game is to WITH SUPER FAN II. eliminate as many aliens as possible while avoiding Super Fan ll’s Zener Ray™ Transient built-in suppressor. your own destruction — In addition, Super Fan II cools Voltage Suppressor and Power not easy! Seven selectable Filter squelches spikes up to 6000 your Apple, removing heat buildup amps — even those caused by at a remarkable 17 cubic feet of air skill levels coupled with lightning—while responding up to per minute. Yet it’s the quietest automatic game accelera­ 100 times faster than Apple ll’s fan of its kind on tion provide a challenge for the market. both novice and expert Super Fan II also positions a players. lighted on/off This machine-language computer switch program is available on 16K and two accessory cassette for $24.95 and 32K plugs at your fingertips. It’s warranted for two years and simply dips to disk for $29.95. Available your Apple II, He or monitor stand. at your favorite dealer or See your R.H. Electronics dealer from Mark Data Products, today about Super Fan II* or contact 24001 Alicia Parkway, us at 566 lrelan Street, Buellton, Suite 207, Mission Viejo, CA 93427, (805) 688-2047. CA 92691. RHELECTRONICS. INC.

S u pe r Fan II. in black o r tan: $109. Dealer/OEM inquiries invited. France. callB.IP 1-255-4463 W ithout Z en er Ray. $74.95. 'U.S. Patent #0 2 6 8 2 8 3 Australis, call Imagineering (02)212-1411 Ad ditio na l a ir flow seals. $5. *4 3 8 3 2 6 6 JMCftO Available m 24 0 V /50 Hz

140 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 ■S'. Announcing , s^ T : The best 6502 Assembler in the World

©

Now. The kind of high-level Extensive Macro Libraries The Editor All features are documented support you'd only expect Memory Constant Co-resident screen editor: clearly and extensively Source to find^on a main frame Declarations: o Global search and replace listings for the subroutine ORCA/M (Hayden s Object o Integer o Block move and rrfecro libraries, as well Relocatable Code Assembler Cnaracter o Entry of non-keyboard as the operating System, are for /W/cion lets you develop - Foui-byte Integer characters included sophisticated applications Hexadecmal * • _ Supports lower case * ORCA. If you're serious abont with the speed and ease of a ■- Floating Point high-level language, yet retain auapi6iaaiiu9iHii-ii|yadapters and shift-kgy d^/elopina OeVeiOpinQ 6502< .rlocal disk displays • • Here's what ORCA/M gives Program segmentation: 800-343-1*18 . The System (In MA call ^#-937-0200) you: o Selectively assemble individ­ ual subroutir- Monitor, transparent con­ ORCA/M: 216Q9* "tite.ftS! ’’ . Apple II disk, 48k DOS 3 3 o Global and local scope of trol of system from one Macro language features: Two drives andWK * symbols command level o Conditional assembly of recommended • • source and macro files Extended Disk Commands: The Linker o File copy o Separate source and macro IntroductoryT^rice: files Produce executable binary o File undelete $ 9 9 .9 5 * • o Nestable macros files from relocatable object o Parameter mid-string and modules o Wildcard filenames string search functions Link routines from library Disk ZAP. Built-in disk o Symbolic parameter files sector editor 1 r£ . assignment « Link subroutine Optimized DOS 3.3 compat-' 0 Numeric strng and boolean re-assemblies ible operating system type parameters ” Define a new origin for pre­ Operating system interface: 1 j Parameter subscripting ’ Support* a varictv of ‘ '■ Global communication * viously assembled code configurations ,!_ i between macros Invoke at assembly time or o User-modif lable to allow link­ 1 Macro expansion loopfcontrol by Command age of custom drivers ,for, o Count, length and type ^Subroutine libraries: ptTiufenlL. . ; parameter-attribute functions t Floating pBint and doubfe- precision routines • 64k RAM supported,”' ” Tran§pendentali(jnction% 9 48krequired ^ ! 3 Hi- and lo-res graphics c Multiple-precision integer « This unique qjray of features math • and tiiM>'tions speak0 for . o Input and output itbi'^^tK. fuwf'r ofORCAis* unsurpassed. ‘ ■' ; ) HAYDEN ^ic fa w te 7clec& m M cuU c4£i6H & 10610 BAYVIEW (Bayview Plaza) RICHMOND HILL, ONTARIO, CANADA L4C 3N8 (416) 884-4165 C 6 4 - L I N K The Smart 64 RTC

Call or write payments Serial by VISA, Cartridge Audio I/O MASTERCARD Expansion Slot Switch RF Video Port Cassette Port Users Port or BANK TRANSFER. Mail orders also by certified check, etc. IEEE Disks C64-LIN K (2031) (4040) T ape VIC Modem (8050) (8250) (9090)

IEEE Printers 1541 Drive or VL3 Cable M a n y more 64s And VL16 (4022) (8023) to Parallel 1525 Printer (8300) Printer etc. or 1515 Printer

(future) IE E E to Parallel IEEE to Serial or VL4 Cable Interface Cartridge Interface to Standard Mother Board Parallel True Serial M odem Devices Devices

Give These Expanded

CP/M Capabilities To Your 64

★ The ability to transfer data from any type of device to another (IEEE, Serial, Parallel)

★ BASIC 4.0 which allows you to run more PET BASIC programs and gives you extended disk and I/O commands. POWER A n d ★ The ability to have several 64s on line together - sharing common IEEE PAL® devices such as disks or printers with Spooling C a p a bility.

★ Built-in machine language monitor

★ A built-in terminal or modem program which allows the system to communi­ cate through a modem to many bulletin board systems and other computer Other mainframes. Cartridges ★ Compatibility with CP/ M. Copyrights and Trademarks C64 is a copyright of Commodore Business Machines, Inc. C64-LINK is a copyright of Richvale Tele­ communications. CP/M is a registered trademark of Contact your local Com m odore dealer or RTC. Digital Research. POWER is a trademark of Pro­ fessional Software. PAL is a copyright of Brad Templeton.

MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 September features t t Education t t

Find out: f t ' How you can help establish an effective computer curriculum in your school system

it i t • Who manufacturers educational software

f * What Nathan Schulhof and the people of Silicon Valley Systems do for disabled children

T T • What kinds of programs kids are writing in LOGO

t t * More about Turtle Graphics — an educational language

PLUS: Atari Painting Program Continues Peripherals Catalog for Atari and Color Computer

CSE means OSI 't: Software and Hardware The Cheap Assembler Introducing 5 new disk programs Ini hides vnhmit&l length labels, free tidd profpainnTtng, two pass RAM 'disk based asssembty, ten command text editor, From DMP Systems: interactive operation, tutoxiaF manual and dcmouatralini}..-. Superdefender...... $14.95 tiiu ernes APPLE H +, 48K. IXJS 3 1 required. Srrul JIM M phis U n iv e rs e...... $14.95 S4 OfJ P&H to Thunder Software, P O Box ItStll, Houston, Edit-all...... $19.95 n ’ ’ Mt, 7n ’ ig -w i De-bug...... $12.95 Lunipalihlt. with tvUL Apple Lomputirs Features Kill From Dwo Quong Fok Lok Sow: implovt’es per disk, time cartl uldint; autnm.uii. m em me u s « t WP-6502 Word processor. Available in three ■ h.iTij’i’jhle ia\tablc»( live m isnlla'ic.ous diduc tiuri-. lixcd ar versions. prr^enuRi aiouunts, ups, automat li printing ot ■ hi > k-. W 1 5” d is k ...... $200.00 forms and reports Bill Martin, 64KS Diana Hme I’<»Iand 8" d is k ...... $234.95 OH 415U 216 7V -2in C a s s e tte ...... $39.95 DIQITIZER/ORAPHICS TABLET Training M a n u a l...... $20.00 T ill H H PIN f, HANLi — mnrr than i u - i J di i w i i i k J i v i - t. CSE’s Rom Source Code Listing 100 Pages! . .$15.95 M'Hi1 leisatile than paddles nr in v s t ii ks Drawing hnjrd is K- 1 x. 2 " and iiilIuiIl.s two tunLtum ki-vs I.linnet. t-> co iln1 wr,n NEW! NEW! NEW! game port of VIC-20, C64, Atari, TI etc $44 50 Persimmon ANCHOR SIGNALMAN MODEMS ...... $89.50 Peripherals, Route 2, Box 2306A-MI, Claytin, GA 30525. Please write for more info on new disk programs or Peripherals for the VIC-20 and C64 send $2.00 for catalog. Please include $2.00 shipping Light pen model BR2064, very accurate readings in vertical and ($3.00 for modems). horizontal, push button switch, excellent documentation and software listings included. $26 95 5 IK PLUS expansion memory expands VIC-20 to 56K ram, assembled and tested Excellent documentation $140.00. Miami Valley Micro Systems, 3341 Sheffield Rd , West Carrollton, OH 45449 QIMIX Box 50 • 291 Huntington Ave. Boston 02115 1 MHZ 6809 CPU, 56K, dual 5 1/4 drives double sided, double 617-423-9501 density, DMA controller 3 serial ports, 2 parallel ports Complete with FLEX-09 and MICROWARE OS-9 and utilities. S3800 or best 312-658-5665 day, 658-3102 night.

No. 63 - August 1983 MICRO 143 Advertiser’s Index

AB Computers...... 127 Leading Edge...... Cover IV Access Unlimited...... 43 Logical Devices...... 131 Acorn Software System s...... 128 Loris D ata...... 114 Addmaster...... 89 M anx...... 11 Alternative Energy Products...... 110 Mercury Micro Inc...... 131 Amdek...... 79 Micro Data Supplies...... 12 Amplify...... 19 Micro Spec...... 19 Anthro-Digital Software...... 106 Microware Distributing...... 42,92 Apple Tree Electronics...... 88 Midnite Gazette...... 42 Arbutus Total Soft...... 82 Midwest M icro...... 136 Ark Computing...... 71 MMG Software...... 3 Armadillo Int'l. Software...... 94 Modular Mining Software...... 124 Artisan Software...... 91 Modular System s...... 20 Aurora Software...... 90 Monarch Data System s...... 18 Avant-Garde Creations...... 80 Moore Business Centers...... 89 Boulder Logical Testing Inc...... 129 Ohio Computer Camp...... 70 C heck-M ate...... 83 Omega Sales International...... 46 Commander Magazine...... 114 Performance Micro Products...... 130 Compu$ense...... 10,88,89,90,95,135 Perry Peripherals...... 60 C om puTech...... 89 Pion Inc...... 114 Computer Case Company...... 2 PMI Inc...... 93 Computer Entrepreneur...... 21 Prim esoft...... 49 Computer Mail Order...... 100,101 Professional Business Forms...... 7 Computer M arketing...... 1 Protecto Enterprises...... 61,109,138 Computer Science Engineering...... 143 Pterodactyl Software...... I l l Compu-Way...... 138 R H Electronics...... 139,140 Constellation Software...... 128 Richvale Telecommunications...... 142 Custom Computer System s...... 57 Scientific Software...... 130 D & N M icro...... 87 S G C ...... 125 Datamost, Inc...... 31,66 S J B Distributors...... 77 Eastern House Software...... 53 Skyles Electric W orks...... 113 E P D ...... Cover II, Cover III Software T ' Boot...... 18 Estes Engineering...... 123 Speciality Electronics...... 129 E x cert...... 108 Spectrum Projects...... 20 Foxfire System s...... 11 Star M icronics...... 6 Granite Computer Sales...... 112 Taylormade Software...... 42 Hayden Software...... 141 Thunderhawk...... 13 Hollywood Software...... 121 Unique D ata...... 14 Homebase Computers...... 7 United Computer Corp...... 51 Howard Sams & Co...... 99 Valpar International...... 32 I J G ...... 17 Versa Computing...... 9 Incom m ...... 56 Victory Software...... 35 Inter-A ction...... 40 Winders & Geist Inc...... 15 Interesting Software...... 52 Zanim Systems...... 75 J & M Software...... 112 Z ytrex...... 10 John Bell Engineering...... 137 MICRO INK is not responsible foi claims made by its advertisers. Any com­ plaint should be submitted directly to the advertiser. Please also send writ­ ten notification to MICRO.

National Advertising West Coast: Representatives The R.W. Walker Co., Inc. Gordon Carnie 2716 Ocean Park Boulevard, Suite 1010 Middle Atlantic and Southeastern States: Santa Monica, California 90405 (213) 450-9001 Dick Busch Inc. serving: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Richard V. Busch New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Alaska, and Hawaii 6 Douglass Dr., R.D. #4 (also British Columbia and Alberta, Canada) Princeton, NJ 08540 (201) 329-2424 Mid-West Territory: Dick Busch, Inc. Thomas Knorr & Associates Eleanor M. Angone Thomas H. Knorr, Jr. 74 Brookline, 33 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 403 E. A tlantic Beach, NY 11561 (516) 432-1955 Chicago, Illinois 60601 (312) 726-2633 serving: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, serving: Ohio, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, North Dakota, South West Virginia, Virginia, D.C., North Carolina, South Carolina, Loui- Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, sianna, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

144 MICRO No. 63 - August 1983 WE DIDN’T MAKE IT CUTE,

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