The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61669-0 - The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield Index More information

Index

Academy (Plato’s) 293–302 passim, 303–4, Anaximander (of Miletus: ‘Presocratic’ 306, 316, 435, 465, 484, 492, 498, 503–4, philosopher) 48, 49 506, 532, 549, 567, 570 Anaximenes of Lampsacus (historian and Achaean League 458, 464, 465, 471–2 rhetorician; c. 380–320 bc) 393 acropolis 14 ‘ancient/ancestral constitution’ 146, 153, Acton, Lord 258 247, 278, 281, 472 ‘actuality’ / ‘potentiality’ (in Aristotle) 324, ‘ancient’ period (‘Greek and Roman’) 1, 2 329–30 andreia (‘manliness’, cf. virtus; ‘courage’) 13, aediles 478 216–17, 253, 261, 354 aemulatio (‘competition’: cf. Andronicus’ edition of Aristotle 390 competitiveness) 525 Annaeus Novatus = L. Junius Gallio Aeschines (Attic orator) 138–9 Annaeanus 539 Aeschines of Sphettus 155n.2 ‘annalistic tradition’ (of historiography) 522 agathos / kakos (‘noble’, ‘good’ / ‘non-noble’, ‘anthropology’ (see also gods, god / man, ‘bad’: cf. arete¯, aristocracy) 39, 128, 131 divine / human) 275–8 agora (‘place of gathering’) 14, 33, 108, 183, Antigone (Sophocles’) 81–4 404, 419, 420 Antigonus Doson (regent and king of aido¯s (‘respect for others’; shame) 97, 191, Macedon, 229–221 bc) 471 243, 278 Antigonus Gonatas (king of Macedon, Alcibiades (Athenian general and politician) c. 277–239 bc) 432, 447 117, 119–21 Antigonus the One-Eyed (c. 382–301 bc, Alcinous (Platonist, ? 2nd century ad) Macedonian general) 459 559n.1 ‘antinomianism’ 425 Alexander of Aphrodisias 342n.38 Antiochus of Ascalon 303, 394n.15, 484, Alexander ‘the Great’ 1, 299, 303, 304, 316, 666 317, 391, 392, 393–4, 401, 415, 418, 432, Antipater of Tarsus (2nd century bc Stoic 434, 452, 458, 459, 471, 605, 653, 662 philosopher) 450 Alexandria 402, 435, 461, 562, 568, 569 Antiphon (5th century bc ‘sophist’; thought altruism 422, 449, 548, 608 by some to be identical with Antiphon, Amazons 76 Attic orator) 95, 97–8, 98–9, 120, 126, Ambrose, St (d. ad 397) 658–9 207 amicitia (‘friendship’) 503, 504–5 Antisthenes 155n.2, 415–34 passim amicus (‘friend’, as euphemism for ‘client’) Antoninus Pius (Roman emperor, 553 ad 138–161) 612, 613 Ammianus Marcellinus (Roman historian; Antonius, Marcus (i.e. Mark Antony) 504, d. ad 395) 531 505, 513 Amos 54 apeiron (‘unlimited’) 49 anarchy, anarchia (‘breakdown of authority’) ‘apocalyptic’ (Christian position: cf. 77, 82, 431 ‘apologetic’, ‘gnostic’) 641–2 Anaxarchus of Abdera (4th century bc ‘apologetic’ (Christian position: cf. Democritean philosopher) 459 ‘apocalyptic’, ‘gnostic’) 643–50

[729]

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61669-0 - The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield Index More information

730 Index

aporia (‘impasse’) 203, 252, 362–3 ideal of government, 46–7; in early Greek apragmosune¯ (‘inactivity’) 191, 232 society, 58–9; and conceptions of Aquinas, St Thomas 169, 321n.1, 331n.20, excellence, 132, 217; ‘aristocratic’ forms 336n.29, 347n.10 of democracy, 146, 153, 281, 457; ideal Arcesilaus (head of Academy from c. 268 bc) aristocracy in Aristotle, 314, 319, 320, 303, 304n.5, 465, 484 388–9; and virtue, 351, 364; as a ‘correct’ ‘Archaic’ period 2 type of government in Aristotle, 356, arche¯ (‘rule’) 20, 82, 333–4 357–8, 368–71; kingship, aristocracy and Archilochus 27 polity in Aristotle, 371–8; ‘so-called archons 64, 77, 93, 576 aristocracies’ in Aristotle, 384; the Roman Archytas of Tarentum (4th century bc aristocracy, 406–9, 478; aristocracy under Pythagorean philosopher) 299, 568 the Roman emperors, 410–11; Cicero and Areopagus (court/council) 42, 68, 75–8, 146 aristocratic ideals, 477, 516; the Roman arete¯ (‘excellence’; ‘achievement’; ‘virtue’: aristocratic ‘code’, 481–3; Cicero on cf. Lat. virtus) civic, 37; associated with failure of aristocratic elite, 514; aristocrats aristocracy, 39, 109, 132; ‘Choice of and ‘the people’ at Rome, in Cicero, 515; Heracles’, 91; Socrates and, 164–89 distinction between democrats and passim; redeﬁned as successful exercise of aristocrats in Roman political analysis, power/strength, 195, 196; as politike¯ 519; and the Pythagoreans, 569; in techne¯ 97, 243; in Plato’s best city, 216–17; pseudo-Pythagorean literature, 570; in and knowledge, 225, 226, 252–3; (pseudo-)Hippodamus’ Republic, 574; in production of as object of government Josephus, 591–2 and legislation, 152, 195, 226, 251, 252, Aristotle 310–400, and passim 261–2, 286, 310–12, 314, 315–17; Aristoxenus of Tarentum (musical writer, associated with divinity, 254; and philosopher, 4th century bc) 569n.31 distribution of other goods, 318–20, Aspasia (partner of Pericles) 198 360–5, 371–8; di◊erent degrees of, assembly (ekkle¯sia) 6, 42, 62, 64, 73, 130–1, 329–30; connected with institution of 132, 133, 197, 242, 280 polis, 331; in slaves, 335; in women, 338; assembly, assemblies (Roman) 409, 478–9, nature and, 338–42; life of, as best life, 521 344; and wisdom, 349; and ‘universal assembly (Spartan) 45–6 justice’ (in Aristotle), 350–1, 352; and the assimilation to god/God (homoio¯sis theo¯i) community, 353–5; and the ‘virtue’ 572, 578–80 appropriate to a citizen, 355–60; and Athanasius (c. ad 296–373; Christian kingship, 405, 457–76 passim, 530, 565–6, bishop) 657–9 573, 577–9, 581, 592; in Cynicism, 415–34 atheism 182, 290, 411, 644 passim ; in Zeno’s Politeia, 436, 443–6; Athenaeus (2nd–3rd centuries ad, author of encouragement of as point of politics, Deipnosophistai) 293 448; subsumed under piety in Josephus, Athenians compared with Spartans 116, 191, 589; as subservience to law and 261–2 government, 594; and Stoic writers, Athenodorus of Tarsus (1st century bc Stoic 597–615 passim philosopher) 557 Arginusae, (sea-)battle of 183 Atlantis 254–7 Arians (Christian heretics, 4th century ad) Atticus, T. Pomponius (b. 110 bc; friend and 657–60 adviser of Cicero) 484, 485, 498 Aristides (‘the Just’) 191–2 auctoritas (‘moral authority’, ‘inﬂuence’) Aristippus (the elder) 155n.2, 419, 426n.18 409, 482, 515, 518 Aristippus (the younger) 435 augury 501 Aristo of Chios (3rd century bc Stoic Augustine, St 413–14, 495, 658, 659, philosopher) 433, 446 663n.11, 666–71 aristocracy, ‘aristocracy’ and the polis, 15; Augustus 406, 409, 412, 413, 513, 521, 524, decline of in early Greek society, 22, 38–9; 528, 529, 533, 540, 542, 543, 545, 550, 564, Solon’s criticism of, 40, 41; as ancient 650

Index 731

Aurelian (c. ad 215–75; Roman emperor) 411 ‘causes’, Aristotelian 322–5, 327, 340n.34 autochthony 70, 215 censor, o√ce of 482, 492, 501 autonomy (of individual) 72 Chabrias (4th century bc Athenian general) autonomy (of poleis/states) 401–2, 403, 459, 294 582, 617 Charondas (6th century bc lawgiver of Catana/Catania) 569–70 Babylonians 151 charters 78 Bacon, Francis 332 charter myths (see also myths) 215, 218–19, ballot, selection by: see lot 406 ‘barbarians’ (barbaroi, i.e. non-Greeks/non- ‘checks and balances’ 470 Greek-speakers) 16, 51, 98–9, 103–6, 328, chore¯goi (funders of ‘choruses’) 64, 70 346n.7, 384, 413, 422, 523, 647 Christianity 1, 411–14, 416, 596, 635–60 Basil of Caesarea (c. ad 330–79; Christian Christianoi 635 bishop) 659 Chrysippus of Soli 306n.9, 404, 433, 434, basileus (‘head of noble family/families’; 435–56, 498, 537, 556, 599, 600, 624 ‘king’) 29, 33–4, 34–6, 45–6, 56, 58, 104 Church, the: see Christianity ‘behaviourism’ 167 Cicero 259, 404, 407, 408–9, 412, 455n.42, bia (‘violence’; ‘force’) 287–8, 325, 333, 335, 477–516, 518, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 540, 363 545–9, 555, 617, 622, 655, 659, 666, Bible 336, 561, 586, 593 669–71, 671 biography 293 Cimon (5th century bc Athenian general Bion of Borysthenes (philosopher; and politician) 77 c. 335–c. 245 bc) 432, 446 citizen(ship): see polite¯s (and politeia) Blossius of Cumae (Stoic philosopher; ‘city-state’: see polis friend of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus) 519 civil (dis)obedience 18, 82, 184–8 boni (‘good men’) 479, 497, 503 ‘civil society’ (Hegelian) 18, 218 boule¯ (Council) 42, 48, 62, 280 civil war (cf. stasis) 454 Bronze Age (Greek) 22, 27–8 civil war, the (Roman) 502–3 Brutus, L. Junius 478, 483 ‘civilization’ 211 Brutus, M. Junius 406, 453, 537, 545 ‘class struggle’ 19, 136, 320 Byzantine empire 660 ‘Classical’ period 1, 2 Claudius (10 bc–ad 54; Roman emperor) Caesar (as form of address to Roman 520, 533, 540, 544, 550, 562 emperors) 410, 529, 542, 544, 640, 643 Cleanthes of Assos 403, 404, 425, 434, Caesar, C. Julius 406, 453, 454, 486–7, 435–56 passim, 546 502–3, 504, 505, 508, 510, 512, 513, 521, Cleisthenes (Athenian politician and 522, 532, 537, 540, 545 reformer) 47–8 ‘Caesaro-papism’ 653 Cleomenes III (king of Sparta) 447, 472 Caligula (also called Gaius: Roman emperor Cleon (5th century bc Athenian politician ad 37–41) 533, 539, 544, 562, 564, 595 and general) 86 Carneades (head of Academy in 2nd century client kings 529 bc) 303, 494, 666 Clodius, Publius (populist patrician; enemy Cartesians 168n.12 of Cicero) 486 Carthage 401, 409, 464, 474–5, 495, 526–7 colonization 43, 58, 59, 113, 245, 262, 336 Cassander (Macedonian king; d. 297 bc) 392 Colotes of Lampsacus (c. 310–260 bc; Cassius (the tyrannicide) 453 Epicurean philosopher) 420n.8, 438 Cassius Dio 526 comedy 61, 65, 68, 84–7, 423 Catholicism, Roman 259 commentarius (genre of historical writing) Catiline (Roman patrician and politician, 522 1st century bc) 485, 513, 521, 522 commerce 336–7, 408–9 Cato the Elder 408, 409 Commodus (Roman emperor ad 180–92) Cato the Younger 404, 454, 484, 502–3, 513, 614n.62 545 communism: see private / public

732 Index

communitarian values 589 dating of Platonic dialogues 157–60, 193–4, communitarianism 20 199, 263 community: see koino¯nia Davidic lineage 635–6 competitiveness 16, 19, 21, 29, 58, 229, 253, debt bondage 41, 523 317, 402, 467–8, 478, 482–3, 516 debt cancellation 54, 55 concord: see homonoia ‘decent’ people (epieikeis) 363 conscience 125–7 ‘deconstruction’ 213n.35, 219, 221 consent of the governed 244, 465, 468, 469 decrees (Athenian) 132–3, 347, 348–9 conservatism 247 decrees (Roman): see senatus consultum consilium (‘advice on policy’) 491–2, 495, Delphi 43, 172, 182 497, 514, 515 demes 48, 64 Constant, Benjamin 16 Demetrius of Phaleron (Peripatetic Constantine (‘the Great’) 413, 647, 650–7 philosopher; governor of Athens under Constantius (II, Roman emperor ad 337–61) Cassander) 392, 394, 403, 463n.24, 485 657, 661, 664 de¯miourgos (‘demiurge’, ‘craftsman’; ‘public constitutio (imperial) 624–5 o√cial’) 236, 274, 323 ‘constitution’: see politeia democracy (de¯mokratia) and the polis, 15; Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotelian) modern liberal democracy, 20; with 121, 141n.14 oligarchy, most widespread form of ‘Constitution of the Five Thousand’ 121 constitution among Greeks, in Aristotle’s constitutional theory 190–231, 258–92, day, 21; Cleisthenes’ democratic reforms 457–76 and passim at Athens, 47–8; ‘performance culture’ of, consulship 406, 473, 478–9, 521 at Athens, 62; and the theatre, 63, 64–5, ‘contextualism’ 3 70–4; contrasted with tyranny, 83; contract theory (social) 185, 205–6, 207, rationale of, in Plato’s Protagoras, 92, 99, 230, 436, 440–3, 494, 499–500 181, 242–4; and imperialism, 94; pseudo- Coriscus (early member of Academy) 296–7 Xenophon on, 99–100; in the corporations (concept of ), and emergence ‘Constitutional Debate’ in Herodotus, of concept of ‘the state’ 630 109, 110–11; Democritus on, 127–8; and ‘cosmopolitanism’ 391, 423–34, 442n.15, the orators, 130–41 passim; Isocrates and, 446, 451–3, 498, 556, 557, 563, 575n.53, 146, 152–3; ‘aristocratic’ forms of 598, 606–7, 611, 614 democracy, 146, 153, 281, 457; Plato on Council: see boule¯ democratic statesmen, 191–2, 197; courage: see andreia democratic rhetoric, 194, 197; Plato’s Crassus, L. Licinius 483 contempt for, 225; in Plato’s account of Crassus, Marcus Licinius 486, 502 the decline of constitutions, 228–9, 231, Crates (4th–3rd century bc Cynic) 416, 422, 237; rejection of, in Plato’s Politicus, 427, 430, 433 245–51; Athens under ‘ancestral Critias (Plato’s uncle; member of ‘Thirty constitution’ as ‘good democracy’, in Tyrants’) 89, 101 Plato’s Laws, 278–9; democratic elements curia (‘senate-house’) 649, 664 in constitution of Laws, 281, 285; history cursus honorum 478, 485 of, at Athens, in Aristotelian Constitution ‘cycle of constitutions’ 455n.42, 466–7, of the Athenians, 313; Aristotle’s view of, at 472–3 Athens, 316, 317; Aristotle’s suggestions Cynicism 403–4, 412, 415–34, 435, 437, for improvement of, 320, 383–4; 443–6, 597, 598, 599, 604, 615n.63 ‘freedom’ as democrats’ criterion of Cyrenaics 435 merit, 351, 360–2; as ‘deviant’ form of Cyrus ‘the Great’ (6th century Persian king) constitution, in Aristotle, 356, 369–70, 142, 144–5, 593, 653 378–81; as rule by the poor, in Aristotle, 356, 363; and virtue (arete¯), 357–8; two Darwin, Charles 329n.12 forms of, in Plato’s Politicus, 369; and dating of Aristotle’s treatises 157 ‘polity’, in Aristotle, 385; democracy at

Index 733

Athens crushed, 401; redeﬁnition of in Diodorus Cronus (died c. 284 bc; Hellenistic period (loss of distinction ‘dialectician’) 435 between democracy and Diodorus Siculus (1st century bc historian) aristocracy/oligarchy), 457, 464, 465; 408, 458, 462–3, 464, 526 democratic autonomy v. Macedonian Diodotus (Stoic, teacher of Cicero) 484 hegemony, 459; Greek rather than Diogenes of Babylon (Stoic, teacher of Egyptian or Jewish, 462; ‘democracy’ in Panaetius) 450 Achaean League, 464, 471n.40; and the Diogenes the Cynic 299, 404, 415–34 importance of rhetoric, 489; the passim, 548n.62, 605 democratic element in a mixed Diogenes Laertius (?3rd century ad constitution, in Cicero’s Republic, 492–3; biographer and doxographer) 416, 437 populares as ‘democrats’, at Rome, 519; Diogenes of Oenoanda (Epicurean, ?2nd ‘democracy’ in Philo, 564 century ad) 433, 442n.15 Democritus 122–9, 469n.38 Dion (Platonizing Sicilian politician) 294, Demophanes (3rd century follower of 298, 298–9, 301 Arcesilaus) 465 Dionysia, Great 62–5, 68, 85, 88 de¯mos (‘[the] People’: see also poor / rich) 12, Dionysius I of Syracuse (tyrant, 406–367 39–40, 42, 45–6, 47–8, 100, 109, 120, 130, bc) 298, 538 134–41, 146, 153, 197, 247, 317, 594 Dionysius II of Syracuse (tyrant, 367–357 de¯mosion, to (‘the sphere of the Demos’) 12 bc) 298–302 Demosthenes 136–9, 623 Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century bc despote¯s (‘slave-master’: see despotism, historian) 526n.31 slaves) 106 Dioscuri (i.e. Castor and Polydeuces/Pollux) despotism, despotic rule: see despote¯s, 331 tyranny discordia (‘civil discord’: cf. Gk. stasis) 525 ‘deviant’ forms of constitution 343, 356–60, divine / human: see gods 360–5, 368–9, 370, 372, 378–84, 465–70, divinity and kings/emperors 405–6, 462–4, 605n.26 536, 544, 560, 565, 572, 578–9 dialectic, dialogue (Socratic/Platonic) ‘division’, method of (in Plato) 233, 234–5 146–7, 171, 173, 177–8, 181–2, 182, 183, dokimasia (preliminary examination of 188, 194, 238, 252–3, 288–9 magistrates) 282 dialectic (Aristotelian) 295, 345, 363 Domitian (Roman emperor ad 81–96) 410, dialecticians (dialectic as art of disputation) 529, 543, 544, 552n.70, 598, 604, 605, 435, 617 607, 635 dialogue form 158, 194, 306 Donatists (4th/5th century ad Christian sect Dicaearchus of Messana/Messina (pupil of in Roman Africa) 657 Aristotle) 394–5, 403, 454, 458, 569n.31 Dorians 260–2 dictator (o√ce of, at Rome) 406, 503, 520, douleuein (‘to be in the state of a slave’, 534 doulos) 595 dignitas (‘public standing’, ‘worth’) 482, Draco (semi-legendary, 7th century bc 497, 503, 510, 513, 515 Athenian lawgiver) 44 dikaste¯ria: see law-courts ‘dual citizenship’ (Stoic idea) 611, 613 dike¯ (‘justice’; ‘order’; ‘revenge’; ‘law-court’, dunasteia (e.g. ‘power-group’; also ‘law-case’) 36, 40–1, 49, 50, 71, 73, 79–81, ‘lordship’) 526, 586 89, 97 dusnomia (‘bad order’: cf. stasis; eunomia) 41 dikaiosune¯ (‘just dealing’; ‘justice’, q.v.) 107, 199, 204, 205, 243, 440 Ecdemus (3rd century bc follower of Dio Chrysostom (1st/2nd century ad orator Arcesilaus) 465 and philosopher) 410n.18, 416, 431–2, ‘economic city’ 207–13 434, 597–601, 603–7 economics 12, 13, 16, 19, 280, 337 Diocletian (Roman emperor ad 284–305) ‘economic man’ 169 411, 650 economy, concept of an 209–10, 211

734 Index

education: poets as educators, 27, 34; episte¯me¯ (‘knowledge’, ‘expert knowledge’) Socratic contrasted with Platonic, 235 165–71; ‘primary’ education in Plato’s epistolography 293 Republic, 214–17, 226, 230, 231; as equality (isote¯s: see also isonomia): and responsibility of the city, in Plato’s politics ‘in the strong sense’, 11; polis Republic, 219; higher education of ‘inherently egalitarian’, 15, 37; concept of philosopher rulers in Plato’s Republic, equality essentially contested in the polis, 224, 226, 227; education of guards in 15–16; prime political sentiment, both Plato’s Timaeus-Critias, 254; minister of, ancient Greek and modern, 16; in Plato’s Laws, 280, 282, 283–4; educated ambiguity, and ﬂexibility, of concept, 47; citizen-body, in Plato’s Laws, 285; ordinary citizen v. rapacious elite (in ‘education to virtue’, in Plato’s Laws, Demosthenes), 137–8; an ‘inferior kind of 285–6, 286; Aristotle and Plato on equality’, 146; Spartan ‘equality’ v. ‘true legislation as moulding citizens’ democracy’ (in Isocrates), 153; behaviour, 317; lawgiver must ‘follow ‘geometrical’ v. ‘arithmetical’ (oligarchic nature’ in planning citizens’ education v. democratic) equality (or proportion), (Aristotle), 321; education and virtue in 226, 284–5, 351, 360–5, 378–9, 564, Aristotle, 329–30, 332, 338–43; law as 580–1; mixture of the two kinds of instilling virtue in the citizens, in equality proposed in Plato’s Laws, 285; Aristotle, 353–5; in Aristotle’s best city, and ‘political’ rule in Aristotle, 318–20; 387; ‘general education’ useless, natural inequalities, in Aristotle, 332–6; according to Zeno, 443–5; ‘moral and justice in Aristotle, 350–3; polis as a education’ in Zeno and Plato, 444–5; community of equals, in Aristotle, 374, education of children, in Seneca, 539–40; 384–5; Lactantius against inequality in Moses and, in Josephus, 590–1 Greek and Roman society, 414; equality egalitarianism 412 under kingship in Polybius, 468; as ‘egoism’: see self-interest democratic value, 471n.40; Roman Egypt 50–3, 56, 254, 401, 402, 405, 457, equality before the law, 483, 545; equality 458, 461–4 through alternation in Philo, 563–4; and eidos (‘kind’, ‘class’: cf. genos) 234 the ‘Stoic opposition’ under the Roman ekkle¯sia (‘assembly’ and ‘church’) 648 empire, 613n.57; all men equal under ius elenchus (Socratic: ‘examination’, ‘testing’; naturale (as opposed to ius civile), 621; ‘refutation’) 203, 208, 305 Christian notions of ‘equality’, 656–7, Empedocles (‘Presocratic’ philosopher) 660 325 eques, equites (‘horsemen’, ‘knights’, emperor-worship 406, 411, 536, 593, 638 ‘equestrians’: the equester ordo) 478, 519, emperors (Roman) 406, 410, 519 523, 526, 533, 545 empire (Athenian) 63 ‘equity’ (in Cicero) 414 ‘empiricism’ (opposed e.g. to ‘utopianism’, ‘equity’ (in Aristotle: epieikeia, normally e.g. in Aristotle) 313–15, 335, 338, 366–8, ‘forbearance’) 349 377–8, 380–4, 387–9 Erastus (early member of Academy) 296–7 ephebes 62, 63 ergon (‘product’, ‘outcome’; ‘function’) 305, Ephialtes (5th century bc Athenian 306, 329, 330, 333, 361 statesman) 77 es meson (‘in the middle’) 12, 19 Epictetus 404, 410, 416, 433, 446, 453, eschatology 194, 201, 412, 414, 642 532n.1, 597–601, 601, 603n.22, 607, 612 ethics (and politics) 5–6, 11, 18, 60, 124–7, Epicureanism 125, 127, 403, 416, 420, 433, 130, 171–2, 179, 199, 310–12, 338–42, 403, 435–56, 469, 484, 485, 494, 538, 546n.51 404, 433, 435, 577–8 epideictic speeches (see also funeral ethne¯ (‘tribal states) 24 speeches) 134 ethnocentrism 16 Epimenides of Crete (semi-legendary ethnos (‘nation’) 471 religious authority and miracle-worker) e¯thos (‘character’) 83 44 Etruscans 406

Index 735

euboulia (‘good judgment’) 205 rule of reason, in Plato’s Republic, 231; eudaimonia (happiness’): see happiness dependent on submission to law (in Eudorus of Alexandria (1st century bc Plato’s Laws), 279; rule of law as freedom Platonist philosopher) 559, 569 from arbitrary autocratic government (at Eudoxus of Cnidus (4th century bc Athens), 317; and ‘political’ rule in mathematician and astronomer associated Aristotle, 318–20; polis as a community of with Plato) 294 the free and equal, in Aristotle, 384–5; ‘euergetism’ (public liberality) 549, 553 redeﬁned in Hellenistic period, 403; eunomia (‘good order’: cf. nomos) 36, 41, 46, freedom and the idea of the Roman 54, 218, 245, 571 Republic, 406; political freedom as eugenics 201, 219, 220–1, 221–3 possession of select few under Roman Eusebius of Caesarea (c. ad 260–339; Republic, 406–7; loss of, under emperors, Christian bishop, biblical scholar and 409–10, 544–5; Cynic ‘freedom’, 421; church historian) 411, 413, 414, 650–3, social institutions as infringements of 668 individual freedom, in Cynicism, 429; euthunoi (magistrates in charge of accounts free choice in sexual relations, in and audits; ‘auditors’) 280, 281, 283, Cynicism, 430; advocacy of political 284 freedom a distortion of Diogenic exempla (‘precedents’) 517–31 passim Cynicism, 431; Cynic ‘freedom’ in Zeno’s ‘exoteric’ works (Aristotle’s) 390 Republic, 436; freedom under exousia (‘power’, ‘authority’) 586 kingship/monarchy, 468, 613n.57; Cicero on popular freedom under Roman fact / value distinction 166n.4 constitution, 489, 491–2; Cicero on faction: see stasis importance of freedom from tyranny, false consciousness 219 502; political, in Josephus, 594–6; real feminism 221 ‘freedom’ conferred only by virtue or fetials, college of 524 wisdom, as ‘Platonic-Cynic-Stoic’ thesis, ﬁdes (‘trustworthiness’, ‘faithfulness’, ‘good 605; Stoic ‘freedom’, 611, 615 faith’) 509, 510, 522, 524, 525 Freud, Sigmund 200 Flavian dynasty (Roman emperors) 543, 586, friendship (Epicurean) 442 593 Frontinus (1st century ad writer on Florus (?2nd century ad Roman historian) technical and military matters) 522 524–5 Fronto (c. ad 95-c.166; Roman orator) Forms (Platonic) 156, 172n.20, 173, 178, 612n.51 202–3, 224, 226, 237, 238–9, 296, funeral orations (epitaphioi) 130, 132, 197–9, 300n.29, 316, 560 242n.18, 256 fortitudo (‘courage’: cf. magnitudo animi, virtus) 511 Gaius (Roman emperor): see Caligula freedom, ‘freedom’ (see also slaves): prime Gaius (author of Institutiones) 619–20, 622, political sentiment, both ancient Greek 624, 625 and modern,16; antinomy of slavery, 16; Galba (Roman emperor ad 68–9) 601n.11 ancient Greek political freedom di◊erent gender 13–14, 16, 17, 62, 66–7, 69, 76, 78–9, from modern, 16; Solon establishes 106, 111–12, 125, 147–8, 152, 201, 220–4, personal freedom as ‘inalienable right’ of 236, 287, 320, 321, 326, 332–8, 344n.1, Athenian citizens, 41; Greek freedom v. 346n.7, 412, 419, 422, 430, 589, 601–3, Asian servitude, in Herodotus,105–6; 614 democratic principle of, 110, 140, 360–5, generals (strate¯goi) 63 471n.40; and democracy in Democritus, genos (‘kind’, ‘class’: cf. eidos) 234 127–8; ordinary citizen v. rapacious elite gerousia (Spartan council) 45–6 (in Demosthenes), 137–8; rulers as ‘gnostic’ (Christian position: cf. ‘craftsmen of freedom’, in Plato’s ‘apocalyptic’, ‘apologetic’) 642–3 Republic, 217; ‘freedom’ to do what one gods, god, God / man, divine / human (see likes, 229, 278, 380; freedom under the also emperor-worship): gods and the

736 Index

gods, god, God / man, divine / human (cont.) 570–5; divine providence, in Plutarch, polis, 14–15, gods and justice in Greece 577; the sovereign rule of God, in and ancient Near East, 52–7; Euripides, Josephus; 588, God delegating power to or Critias, on the origins of religion, priests, and to rulers, in Josephus, 591, 89–90; 5th century (bc) challenge to 593; 635–60 passim religious belief, 95–6, 126; Herodotus on Gorgias (5th century ‘sophist’) 92, 101, 162, human limits and a divine dimension to 168n.12, 178 human a◊airs, 105–6; gods not ﬁguring Gracchus, Gaius 480, 485, 497, 504, 512, prominently in Thucydides, 111–12; gods 519, 522 and men in Athenian imperial Gracchus, Tiberius 480, 485, 494, 497, 504, rhetoric,113; ancestral gods, 118; Socrates 512, 519 as worshippingother gods than the city’s, Gregory of Nyssa (c. ad 330–395; Christian 163; Socrates and divine authority, 163, theologian) 414 182, 184; values independent of the gods Grotius, Hugo 336n.29 (in Socrates), 174; religion as o◊ering ‘guards’ (phulakes, e.g. in Plato, Republic): avoidance of divine punishment for traditionally ‘guardians’ injustice (in Plato’s Republic), 207; criticism of poetic accounts of the gods, Hadrian (Roman emperor ad 117–38) in Plato’s Republic, 215; similarity and 528–9, 607 di◊erence between divine and human Hannibal 518 reason, in Plato’s Politicus, 241; gods and happiness, ‘happiness’ (eudaimonia: ‘the men in Plato’s Timaeus-Critias, 254–7; god good’, ‘the good life’) 91, 164–89 passim, as foundation of legislation, in Plato’s 190–231 passim, 310–12, 318–20, 327, Laws; 260; cities ‘of men’ and ‘of the gods’ 328, 337, 344, 350, 353–5, 362, 435, in Plato’s Laws, 269, 274–5, 290; law as 441–3, 445, 448, 460, 495, 609–10, embodiment of divine reason, in Plato’s 655, 667 Laws, 271; the ‘demiurge’ or divine Hecataeus (6th–5th century bc geographer craftsman of Plato’s Timaeus, 274; in what and genealogist) 48 respect humans are di◊erent from gods, Hecataeus of Abdera (c.360–290 bc, in Plato’s Laws, 275–8; argument for ethnographer) 462n.22, 591 existence of gods, in Plato’s Laws,290; hedonism 125, 196, 448, 485 Plato’s Laws as theological-political Hegel, G. W. F. 18, 60, 65–7, 73, 218n.41, treatise, 291–2; the gods and the ‘natural’, 258, 269, 287 321n.1; humans, beasts and gods, Heidegger, Martin 66 330n.17; king verging on godhead in he¯liaia (‘court of appeal’) 42 Neopythagoreanism, 405–6; emperors Heliodorus of Prusa (Aristotelian and gods, 411; the gods as moral commentator, of unknown date) 347n.10 standards, in Diogenes, 421; in an ‘Hellenistic’ period 1, 2, 4, 5, 303, 304, 308, argument of Diogenes’, 424; Cynic 391, 401–6, 435, 455, 457–76 attitudes to the gods problematic, 427; helots 45, 146 Epicurus on the gods, 438, 454; Zeus as Heracles (Choice of ) 90–1, 101 source of justice in Chrysippus, 451; Stoic Heraclitus (‘Presocratic’ philosopher) 50 doctrine of providence, 451–3; God and hereditary succession 536, 544 kingship in (pseudo-)Aristeas, 461–2; Hermae, mutilation of 117–18 Roman belief that ﬂourishingof the city Hermarchus (head of Epicurean school after depended on gods’ goodwill, 479; men Epicurus) 438–40, 454 and gods in Cicero, 499; ruler as god’s Herodotus 21, 48, 101–11, 151, 221, 525n.28, deputy, in Seneca, 536–7; divine 528 providence and the social nature of man, Hesiod 22, 27, 34–7, 40–1, 51, 54, 55, 56, 95, in Seneca, 545–6; men and gods as fellow- 96, 215 citizens of the cosmopolis, in Seneca, 556, he¯suchiote¯s (‘quietness’) 191 and in Dio Chrysostom, 606; God and hetaireiai ((aristocratic) ‘clubs’) 39 man in city and world, in Philo, 563–7, Hippias of Elis (5th century bc ‘sophist’) 92, and in pseudo-Pythagorean literature, 101

Index 737

Hippocrates 289 iubeat lex, non disputet 291 Hippodamus of Miletus (5th century bc iurisdictio 628–30 town-planner) 94 ius civile (‘civil law’) 618 Hippolytus (c. ad 170-c. 236; Christian ius civile / gentium / naturale 619–22 bishop) 412 ius publicum / privatum 625–32 Hitler 524 Hobbes, Thomas 185n.43, 332, 441 Jerusalem 412, 414, 586, 588 Hölderlin, Friedrich 66 Jesus Christ 411, 412, 635–60 passim Homer 21, 22, 24n.4, 27–34, 51, 56, 69, 71, Jewish tradition 54, 56, 461–2, 464, 75, 81, 95, 131, 202, 215, 365, 419, 455–6 584 ‘Homeric society’ 26–34 Jewish-Greek tradition 561–7, 585–96 homoioi (‘likes’): cf. equality John Chrysostom 660 homonoia (‘same-mindedness’, ‘concord’) Josephus 585–96 19–20, 140, 154, 218, 306, 393, 588 Judaism 411, 412, 561, 567, 575, 585, 587, homonymy 330 595, 641 homosexuality (male) 39, 91, 445–6 Jugurthine War 528 hoplites (heavy infantry) 22, 28, 47, 100, Julian (2nd century ad jurist, consul) 624, 118, 371, 376, 377, 381n.25, 384, 385–6 626 household: see oikos Julian (Roman emperor ad 361–3) 6n.15, hubris 18, 40, 89, 108–9, 474, 595 416, 661–5 Hume, David 175, 176, 185 jurisdiction, evolution of 33 ‘jurists’ (Roman) 616–34 Iamblichus (c. ad 245–325; Neoplatonist ‘just war’, concept of 510, 524 philosopher) 663 justice (see also dike¯, dikaiosune¯): gods and ‘iconoclastic’ controversy 660 justice in Greece and ancient Near East, ‘idealization’ (Socratic/Platonic: cf. Forms) 52–7; Antiphon on, 97–8; problem for 172–4, 249n.25, 250–1 philosophers to explain why rule of many idion (‘private’; ‘proper to’, ‘peculiar to’) not most just, 141; 190–231 passim; 276n.26 Protagoras on (in Plato’s Protagoras), as idio¯te¯s (‘citizen viewed in an uno√cial necessary for community, 243; ‘one great capacity’) 13n.11 thing’ for rulers to distribute, in Plato’s ignorance, Socratic 172–3, 180 Politicus, 245; ‘the true philosophy’ and impasse: see aporia justice, in the Platonic Seventh Letter, 300; imperialism 94, 107, 113, 117, 119, 145–6, in Cleitophon, 305–6; justice in 196, 211, 317, 394, 408, 409, 434, 494, distribution of political power, in 510 Aristotle, 318–20, 378–80, 383; ‘correct or imperium (‘executive power’) 478, 491, 521, just’ constitutions, in Aristotle, 321, 624–5, 627–30 342–3; justice, nature and education, individual / city (community, state): see 329–30; if natural, also just (in Aristotle), private / public 333; justice as essential to humanity (in individual, conception of the 328–32, Aristotle), 339; 344–65 (in Aristotle); 353–5 absolute v. partisan notions of justice (in individualism 13 Aristotle), 370, 378–80, 383; Aristotle’s ‘intellectualism’ 164, 165–71, 180, 188, 200 good man parasitic, and unjust, 388–9; ‘Ionian Revolt’ 103 Lactantius against injustice in Greek and Ionians 260n.5 Roman society, 414; justice in Irigaray, Luce 66–7 Epicureanism, 440–1; oikeio¯sis as the ‘irrationalism’ 165–71 origin of justice in Stoicism, 449–51; ise¯goria (‘equality/freedom of speech’: see 457–76 passim (in Hellenistic theories); in also parrhe¯sia) 47, 471n.40 Cicero’s Republic, 493–5; in Cicero’s de Isocrates 130, 142–54, 196, 293, 294, 295–6, Legibus, 498–501; ‘queen of the virtues’ in 369n.6, 385n.35, 394, 404, 455, 459 Cicero’s de O√ciis, 507–10, 547; Stoic isonomia (‘equal distribution’: cf. ise¯goria) 15, ideas of political justice in Greek accounts 18, 19, 47, 49, 109 of Roman history, 526–7; two Stoic

738 Index

justice (cont.) laus (‘praise’, ‘true glory’) 512 approaches to justice, 535n.15; justice in law (see also nomos, ius) secondary list of virtues, in Josephus, 589; codiﬁcation of 43, 51, 53–4, 259–60, 498; deﬁnition of justice (iustitia) in juristic international (theory of ), 336n.29; writings, 622–3; Lactantius on, 655–7; in natural, theory of, 259, 321n.1, 336n.29, Augustine, on Cicero, 669–70 345–50, 434, 451, 452, 494, 498–501, 534, Justin Martyr (c. ad 100–165; Christian 537, 545–6, 563, 573–4, 598, 599, 605, apologist) 413, 645 613, 615, 616, 620–2; (other) Justinian (eastern Roman emperor ad notions/concepts of, 236, 244–51, 254–7, 527–65) 617 264, 264–5, 271, 271–2, 277–8, 286–90, 291, 307–8, 313, 436, 439–40, 453, kairos (‘right moment’) 234 459–60, 498, 537, 566, 588; Roman, 498, kakos: see agathos /kakos 500, 616–34; unwritten / written, 15, Kallipolis (the ‘beautiful city’ of Plato’s 43–4, 152, 265, 287, 308, 500, 566 Republic) 232 law-courts (see also Areopagus) 62, 64, 73, kalon / aischron (‘noble’, ‘admirable’ / 130, 132, 133, 197, 280 ‘shameful’) 195 legitimation of power 536, 616 Kant, Immanuel 60, 175, 187 leisure / work 19 kathe¯kon, to (‘the appropriate action’) 505, lex (‘statute’: dist. from ius, ‘law’ in a general 506, 547n.54, 599, 610 sense) 623n.31 king as ‘living law’ 560, 566, 573, 574, 578, Libanius (4th century ad Greek rhetorician) 663–4 661n.2 kingship (see also Gk. basileus, Lat. rex: liberalism 20, 259, 353 ‘king’; kingship, absolute; liberality 509, 510–11, 549 kingship/rulership theory) 146–51, 236, liberty, libertas: see freedom 244–51, 254–7, 308, 325, 334, 356, 357, ‘liturgies’ (public services) 402, 577 368–71, 371–8, 392, 402–3, 404, 405–6, Livy 520n.9, 522–4 431–2, 531, 600 lot (selection of o√cials by) 100, 128, 129, kingship, absolute (esp. Hellenistic) 402–3, 144, 146, 183n.39, 320, 285, 492 405, 406, 457–76 passim, 537n.20 Lucan (the poet, ad 39–65) 502 kingship/rulership theory (see also kingship) Lucian of Samosata (2nd century ad writer) 431–2, 447, 457–76 passim, 532, 535–43, 416 543–5, 549–51, 560, 564–7, 570, 572–5, Lucretius 454–5 577–81, 583, 603, 604–5, 651–3, 661–5 ‘Lyceum’: see Peripatos koinon, to (‘the commonwealth’) 13 Lycurgus (Spartan lawgiver) 45, 151, 153, koino¯nia (‘sharing’, ‘community’: cf. Lat. 307, 315, 395, 458, 470, 472, 581, 590, 661 communitas) 221, 318–20, 325–38, 352, Lycurgus (4th century bc Athenian 370, 374, 425 statesman and orator) 295 kosmiote¯s (‘orderliness in behaviour’) 191 lying 289–90 kosmos (‘government’ (Doric); cosmos; Lysias (5th–4th century Attic orator) 198–9, order) 50n.61, 196, 334n.26 305 kosmoi (chief magistrates) 44 Kronos, age of 211, 239, 240 Macedon 401, 457, 458, 459, 462n.20, 471 Macrobius (4th–5th century Neoplatonist) Labeo (1st century ad Roman jurist) 490 627n.54, 629 Magnesia (the imaginary city of Plato, Laws) labour (attitudes to) 606 256, 262, 263 (and 258–92 passim) labourers, wage 209, 211–12, 320 magnitudo animi (‘greatness of spirit’, Lactantius (c. ad 240-c. 320; Christian ‘courage’) 511, 513 apologist) 414, 650, 653–7, 659 Manichaeism 668 land-ownership 22 Marcian (3rd century ad jurist) 623 language (communication) 73, 79–81, 83, Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor ad 483, 527 161–80) 329n.12, 413, 453, 597–601, Las Casas, Bartoleme de 336 611–15

Index 739

Marius, Gaius (2nd–1st century bc Roman nature (phusis: see also nomos); the ‘natural’ politician) 481, 518, 528 16, 18, 38–9, 49, 113, 318, 321–43, 420–1, Marius Maximus (2nd–3rd century ad; 449–51, 458, 466–8, 472–3, 475, imperial biographer) 531 498–501, 507–8, 534, 537, 545–6, 556, Marx, Karl 269, 660 571n.40, 612n.54, 613n.58 Maximus of Ephesus (4th century ad navy, Athenian 101, 118, 119, 121, 146 Neoplatonist) 663, 665n.14 Nazis 639 ‘medieval’ period 1, 2 Near East 50–7 Megarian Decree 119 Nebuchadnezzar 594 Menedemus (3rd century bc Cynic) 420n.8 ‘necessity’ (in Plato, Timaeus and Laws) 273 Menippus (3rd century bc Cynic) 420n.8 nefas (‘crime’) 525 Messianic claimants 593, 593n.25, 635 Neoplatonism 559, 621, 663 methexis (‘sharing’) 20 Nero (Roman emperor ad 54–68) 410, 520, metic status 17, 388 533, 538, 539, 540, 542, 543, 551n.65, 558, ‘middle class’ 22, 381n.25, 384n.31, 519 598, 601, 607, 651 ‘middle’ constitution 376, 381n.25, 383n.30 Nerva (Roman emperor ad 96–8) 529, 543, ‘Middle Platonism’ 559, 569, 575n.52, 651 544, 552n.70, 604 Mill, John Stuart 259 ‘new men’ 478, 482 millenarianism 411–14, 641, 657 Nietzsche, Friedrich 60, 66 Minos 260, 307–8, 590 Nigidius Figulus (1st century bc ‘mirror of princes’ 455, 458, 565–6, 572–3, Pythagorean enthusiast) 568 579 ‘noble’ (high-born): see agathos ‘mixed’ constitutions 19–20, 110, 121n.107, noble / shameful: see kalon / aischron 258, 259, 261–2, 270, 277, 278, 279, Nocturnal (Dawn) Council/assembly (in 378–84, 391, 394–5, 454, 465, 470, 472, Plato, Laws) 268, 272–3, 280, 282–4 473, 474–5, 476, 490–2, 493, 526, 532, ‘nomocracy’ (i.e. government by law: cf. 570, 574, 581n.73 nomos) 261n.6, 271 mob-rule (as separate category from nomos (‘convention’, ‘custom’, ‘practice’; democracy) 469, 471–2, 475–6, 594 ‘law’) 14–15, 50, 89–90, 103–6, 108–9, models: see ‘paradigms’ 110, 113, 126, 137–8, 271, 307, 318–9, 346, Moderatus of Gades (1st century ad 423–7, 429, 590; contrasted with phusis Neopythagorean) 568 (‘nature’), 97–9, 104, 126–7, 136, 151–2, ‘monarchical theology’ 645, 651–2, 654–5, 333, 335, 345–50 660 nomothete¯s (‘lawgiver’) 15n.21 monarchy (see also kingship, tyranny) ‘noocracy’ (i.e. government by reason: cf. 146–51, 237, 279, 297, 308n.13, 317–18, nous) 20–1, 260–2, 262, 271 406, 409, 459, 457–76 passim, 493, 564, nous (‘intelligence’) 271 575, 580, 644–5 Numa (legendary second king of Rome) monasticism 413 580 ‘monophysite controversy’ 660 Numantine War 525 monotheism 1, 645, 651–2, 654 Numenius of Apamea (2nd century ad Montanists 641, 642–3 Platonist/Pythagorean) 568 ‘moral character’ 169 mos maiorum 481–3, 495, 513, 517, 528 obligation (political/moral) 184–8 Musonius Rufus (ﬁrst century ad Stoic Octavian (future Augustus) 513 philosopher) 532n.1, 597–603, 604, 661, o√cium (‘obligation’: cf. Gk. kathe¯kon, 662 ‘appropriate action’; ‘duty’) 503, 505–6, Mussolini 524 513, 547–8, 622, 627 Mycenaean period 22, 27–8 oikeio¯sis (Stoic notion of ) 449–51, 546, 599, Mysteries 96 602, 608–9, 611, 613–14, 615 myths, (mythic) narratives (see also oikonomia (‘administration’) 392 charter myths) 69–70, 83, 95, 96, 112, oikos (‘household’: see also private / public) 194, 201, 214–15, 228, 233, 239–44, 278, 13–14, 25, 32, 147–8, 325, 326–7, 332–8 290, 406 ‘Old Oligarch’ 99–101

740 Index

oligarchy 15, 21, 120–1, 128, 229, 246, Persaeus of Citium (c. 306-c. 243 bc; Stoic 246–51, 237, 320, 351, 356–7, 357–8, philosopher) 403, 404, 447 360–2, 369–70, 378–81, 406, 457, 488 Persia 51, 101–2, 102–3, 103–6, 108–11, 142, Onesicritus (4th century bc; follower of 144–5, 154, 256, 278, 401, 405, 457, 586 Diogenes the Cynic and Pharisaism, Pharisees 586n.4, 593 historian/encomiast of Alexander the philanthro¯pia (cf. altruism) 422, 431, 538, Great) 431–2, 434 539, 540, 565, 573n.50, 579, 589 Optimates (senatorial nobility, opp. philia (‘friendship’) 39, 335, 609 populares) 520n.9 Philo of Alexandria (‘Judaeus’) 559–67, 575, orators (rhe¯tores): see rhetoric 583–4, 585, 651 Oresteia 74–81 Philo the Dialectician (4th–3rd centuries Origen (2nd–3rd century ad; Christian bc) 435 scholar and theologian) 413 Philo of Larissa (2nd–1st century bc orphans 63 Academic philosopher) 484 Orphics 291–2 Philodemus of Gadara (2nd–1st centuries bc; Epicurean) 416, 443, 454, 455–6 paganism 641, 655 philosophia (‘love of knowledge’, paideia (‘culture’), Greek 402 ‘philosophy’) 224–5, 226, 230–1, 260 Panaetius of Rhodes (c.185–109 bc; Stoic philosophical / non-philosophical 1, 2, philosopher) 406, 433, 450, 454, 506, 513, 60–1, 194–5, 272 618n.10 Phocion, ‘the Good’ (d. 318 bc; Athenian Panathenaea, Great 71, 78 statesman and general) 294, 295 panegyric 405, 430n.43, 543–5, 650–3, 654, Phoenicia 52 664 phthonos (‘envy’) 525n.28 panhellenism 154, 317–18 phusis (‘nature’, q.v.) 321, 322–5 Papinian (2nd–3rd century ad; jurist) 623, Pindar 525n.28 627 Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 650–570 bc; ‘paradigms’ (paradeigmata, ‘models’) 223, lawgiver and sage) 661 226, 228, 235 Plato 155–309 and passim parrhe¯sia (‘free speech’) 128, 140, 471n.40, Platonism, Platonic tradition (cf. Academy) 595 405, 414, 484, 498, 559–74, 645 patria potestas 526, 537 plebs, ‘plebeian’ (opp. ‘patrician’) 479, 523 patrons 407, 482, 551 Pliny (the Younger) 543–4, 551–4 paterfamilias 408, 517 pluralism 20 ‘patrician’ (opp. ‘plebeian’) 523 Plutarch 85, 434, 442, 452, 525–6, 559–60, patriotism 514 575–84, 651 Paul, St 412, 539, 636–7, 640 poetry (see also tragedy, comedy) 176n.24, Paul(us), Julius (3rd century ad; jurist) 627 179, 180, 215 pederasty: see homosexuality, male Polemon (4th head of Academy; teacher of Peisistratus (6th century bc tyrant of Zeno of Citium) 303 Athens) 47 police 18 Peisistratids 520 polis (polis, pl. poleis, traditionally rendered Peloponnesian War 112–21, 163, 198 as ‘city-state’; ‘citizen-state’) 2, 4, 5, people, the, at Rome (populus, ‘the People’: 11–12, 12–13, 15–16, 17–20, 21–2, 23–6, cf. de¯mos, and see assembly (Roman)) 473, 37, 52, 147, 316, 318–20, 321, 325–32, 487, 489, 492–3, 497, 515, 543 353–5, 374, 384–5 Pericles 14, 100, 116, 116–17, 118–19, 132, politeia (mainly ‘constitution’; sometimes 178, 191–2, 196, 197, 198, 242 ‘citizenship’; also ‘polity’, q.v.) 20, 94, perioikoi (dependent cities/people) 45, 146, 108, 199, 228, 231, 232, 241, 263, 264–5, 153 310, 318–19, 342–3, 356, 370, 403, 424, Peripatos (Aristotelian school: also called 467, 587, 589, 590 ‘Lyceum’) 342n.38, 390–5, 403, 404, 435, polite¯s (‘citizen’, member of the polis: see also 458, 484–5, 506, 532, 549, 559, 569n.31, polis, private / public) 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 621 22, 44, 63, 64–5, 69, 137, 355–60

Index 741

‘political’, the: 4–6, 11–16, 47, 52, 61–2, Praetorian Prefects 529 64–5, 75, 182–4, 189, 227, 267–9, 310, praetors 478 313, 315–16 ‘preambles’, legislative (in Plato, Laws) 258, ‘political animals’ 328–30, 449, 546 262, 264, 272, 278, 287–90, 291 political parties 18, 479 Presocratics (‘Presocratic philosophers’) ‘political’ rule (esp. in Aristotle: contrasted 290, 322, 419 e.g. with despotic) 318–20, 325, 334, 338, priests, priesthoods 571 in the Greek city, 14; at Rome, 479 political theory, political philosophy / primitivism 421–3 political thought 1–2, 4, 20–2, 74, 88, 98, princeps (‘ﬁrst citizen’: see Roman 131, 139–41, 258, 267, 517, 534 Principate); pl. principes 409, 410, 521, politike¯ techne¯ (‘art/science of politics’) 5, 534, 537–8, 542 96–7, 192, 196, 204–5, 233–57 passim, ‘principle of rulership’, in Aristotle 333–4, 307–9, 311–15, 315–16, 318, 326n.7, 354, 341n.37 361, 364–5, 375–6, 383–4 priority, di◊erent senses of in Aristotle 331 politikos (‘appertaining to the polis’; ‘expert private / public (individual / community in ruling the polis’) 5, 236 [not to be too hastily identiﬁed with the politikos, the (the ‘politician’; the modern notion of ‘state’: cf. ‘statesman’, i.e. the expert in ruling; see corporations]) modern conception of ‘the also politike¯ techne¯) 6, 233, 236, 244, political’ tending to assign ethics to the 311–15, 326n.7, 334 private sphere (unlike the ancient ‘polity’ (as form of constitution in Aristotle: conception), 5–6; private/public politeia) 356, 357, 357–8, 368–9, 370–1, distinction drawn di◊erently in Greece 371–8, 384–6, 386 and Rome, 12–13; private and public polities (regional, non-polis-type, states) aspects of marriage in Greek cities, 14; 401 Greek liberty ‘subjecting the individual Polybius 259, 395, 403, 406, 454, 455n.41, completely to the authority of the 458, 464–76, 491, 526, 533n.7 community’, 16; absence of distinction in Polycarp (1st–2nd century ad; Christian Greece between ordinary citizens and bishop) 643–4 government or o√cialdom, 17; individual Polycrates (Athenian ‘sophist’, 5th–4th aspirations v. communal obligations in centuries bc) 196 Homeric value system, 30; polis as polytheism 14–15 community of citizens, 46; discrepancy Pompey (‘the Great’) 481, 486–7, 496, between interests of community and 502–3, 524, 530, 626 individual (member of elite leadership) as Pontifex Maximus 522 focus of political concerns in Homer, poor / rich 19, 34, 39–40, 100, 127–8, 137, Hesiod, and Solon, 59; relationship 139, 143–4, 145, 247, 280–1, 319–20, 356, between individual and collective, in 357, 360–2, 363, 371, 379, 479, 481, 482, tragedy, 70–2; autonomous judging 497, 594, 606, 656, 660 individual, democratic ideal scrutinized popular wisdom 135–41 in tragedy, 72; justice, society and the populares (‘democrats’; opp. ‘Optimates’) individual, in tragedy, 79; binding 519, 520n.9 obligation of Athenian citizenship, to Posidonius of Apamea (c. 135–c. 51 bc; Stoic stand by comrades in battle-line, 83; philosopher) 291, 408, 455n.41, 484, political involvement v. private pursuits, 526–7, 618n.10 100–1; individual and community in practical / theoretical (political / Democritus, 125, 128–9; idea of philosophical) lives, etc. (see also individual conscience in Democritus, quietism) 226–7, 272–3, 312, 316, 341–2, 125–6; Socrates and the city, 182–9; 387, 388–9, 394, 404, 412, 414, 435–56 communism, 201, 219, 220, 222, 271, 272, passim, 508–9, 555–8, 564, 576–7, 661–5 274–5, 276, 285, 316–17, 425–6, 436, ‘practical ethics’, types of 600 443–6, 648; interests of whole practical wisdom (in Aristotle) 319, 329, predominating over those of parts, in 339–42, 346, 349, 357, 359, 363–4 Plato’s Republic, 217–18;

742 Index

private / public (cont.) quietism (see also practical / theoretical; institutions/practices ordinarily apragmosune¯) 128–9, 232, 412, 435–6, 442, belonging to family/individual submitted 454, 485, 535, 576–7 to control of city, in Plato’s Republic, 219; Quintilian (1st century ad advocate and end of ‘privatization’ of family feelings, in rhetorical theorist) 535, 552n.70 Plato’s Republic, 222; private ownership, 269, 272, 276, 285, 332–7, 429, 450, 455, rational choice theory 318, 442n.14 509–10, 599; public and private crimes, in rationalism (Socratic: see also Plato’s Laws, 284; law and the ‘private’ ‘intellectualism’) 155 sphere, in Plato’s Laws, 287; polis prior to rationality, notions of 221 individual, in Aristotle, 330–1; moral ‘realism’ (opposed e.g. to ‘utopianism’, in education not to be left to parents or Plato) 234, 270, 285–6, 290 private individuals (Aristotle), 341; Realpolitik 204 happiness of individual interwoven that rector rei publicae as ‘statesman’ 495–6 of his fellow-citizens (Aristotle), 344; redistributionism 430 individuals as citizens, 353–5; just regional leagues (Hellenistic) 457 individuals and just citizens, 355–60; regnum (‘kingship’, ‘kingly rule’) 544 Epicurean and Stoic emphasis on the relativism 345, 393 individual, 403; master–slave relationship religio 645 a private matter, at Rome, 408; individual religion (see also gods) 1, 14–15, 22, 56, 479, happiness and political participation, in 501, 645 Epicureanism and Stoicism, 435–6; republicanism 17, 22, 402–3, 515, 531 emphasis on moral perfection of res publica (‘the People’s matter’, ‘republic’; individual, in Zeno’s Republic, 444; public ‘commonwealth’: cf. politeia) 12, 199, law and private law, at Rome, 625–32 407n.10, 482, 483, 486–7, 489–90, Prodicus of Ceos (5th century bc ‘sophist’) 492–3, 515, 537, 669 91, 92, 95–6, 101 revolution (see also stasis) Greek concept of, propaganda 218–19 12–13; revolution not the answer to bad property classes 42, 280–1, 320 consitutions, for Aristotle, 359; ‘proportional’ equality = ‘geometrical’ hereditary monarchy as leading to equality; see equality revolution, in Polybius, 469; Gracchi seen Protagoras of Abdera (5th century bc as heralding popular revolution, 480; ‘sophist’ and thinker) 92, 93, 95–6, 96–7, ‘Romans did not have “revolutions”’, 521 98, 99, 101n.48, 179–82, 212, 242–4, rex (‘king’: cf. princeps) 410, 537–8, 542 292 rhetoric 90, 91, 92, 93, 98, 115, 116, 130–41, Protestantism 259 149, 168n.12, 178–9, 192–9, 237n.10, 251, protreptic 305 253, 271–2, 289, 295–6, 311, 317, 414, providence, Stoic theory of 451–3, 535 436, 487–9, 515, 518–19, 581, 600 (pseudo-)Archytas 570, 573–4 rhetoric / philosophy; rhetoric and (pseudo-)Aristeas 405, 461–2 philosophy 140–1, 192–9, 488–9, 492 (pseudo-)Diotogenes 405–6, 570, 573–4, 651 rhe¯torikoi (‘teachers of formal rhetoric’) 130, (pseudo-)Ecphantus 405–6, 570, 572–3, 574, 133–4, 162 575n.53 Rhetra, Great 45–6 (pseudo-)Hippodamus 570, 574 rich: see poor / rich pseudo-Pythagoreanism/ rights, ‘rights’ 18, 20, 138, 219n.44, 221, 335, Neopythagoreanism 405, 560, 567–75 355, 545 (pseudo-)Sthenidas 570 Roman constitution (‘constitution’) 473–6, Ptolemies 402, 435, 447, 461, 462, 464 478–9, 521, 526 punishment 258–92 passim, 351–2 Roman Principate (cf. princeps) 406, 409–10, Pythagoras, Pythagoreanism (see also 412, 414, 521, 524, 526, 529–30, 532, pseudo- 541–2, 542–3, 544, 545, 549, 551 Pythagoreanism/Neopythagoreanism) Roman Republic 395, 406, 406–7, 408, 409, 49–50, 193–4, 285, 299, 352, 353, 458, 464, 476, 477–516 passim, 521, 524, 567 532, 540, 542–3, 544–5, 549, 555, 664

Index 743

‘Roman Revolution’ 476 332–6; slaves lacking deliberative faculty Rome (as political power) 401, 464–76, 559 (Aristotle), 338; ‘there could not be a polis Rome, early 406 of slaves’ (Aristotle), 361; nor could there Romulus and Remus 528n.40 be a city without slaves (Aristotle), Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 258, 263, 279 362n.30; slaves in Aristotle’s best city, ruler-cult (cf. emperor-worship) 640 388; king’s friends as ‘slaves’ in ‘rulership ideology’: cf. kingship theory Hellenistic period, 402–3; slaves at Rome, 407–8; slaves freeing masters for political sages (cf. sophos, ‘wise’); the wise 422, 423, slavery under emperors, 410; Pauline 424, 427, 441, 446, 447, 448, 452–3, 461, endorsement of slavery, 412, 639, 640; 463n.25, 549, 550, 552, 556, 557, 560, 563, Diogenes free even when enslaved, 431; 592, 598–9, 600, 603, 608–11, 612, 614 non-Greek empires classiﬁed by Aristotle Sallust 518, 521, 527–8, 529, 555 as rule of master over slaves, 495; Greek satrapies 393 surprise at Roman willingness to grant Scaevola, Q.Mucius (‘the Augur’; 2nd–1st citizenship to manumitted slaves, 526; century bc lawyer) 483, 618n.10 Sicilian slave wars, 527; Nero’s power Scaevola, Q.Mucius (‘the Pontifex’; lawyer compared to absolute power of slave- and Pontifex Maximus, d. 82 bc) 483, 617, owner, 537; Pliny and Seneca and the 618n.10 humane treatment of slaves, 554–5; scepticism 484, 506, 532 political subjection as slavery, in Schelling, Friedrich 66 Josephus, 595; questions raised about Scipio Aemilianus (Africanus Minor: conventional Greek criteria of slavery by c.185–129 bc) 409, 480, 491, 669 Dio Chrysostom, 605; slaves not persons Scipio Africanus (236–183 bc) 409, 454 under Roman ius civile, 621; no one a slave Scipio Nasica, P. Cornelius (consul in 138 in God’s sight (Lactantius), 656; slavery bc) 517 explained by Augustine as a punishment Scythians 18 for sin, 668 Seleucids 402, 586 ‘Social War’ 481, 525 self-interest 115, 125, 126, 165, 166–7, societas (‘fellowship’) 507–9 172n.20, 184, 186–8, 203, 205–7, 269, socio-economic classes, groups 268, 319–20, 276, 449, 462–3, 468–9, 494, 538, 667–8 476 Senate, Roman 408, 409, 473, 478–9, 487, Socrates 4, 6, 15, 60, 95, 96, 101, 125, 140, 489, 501, 521, 542, 626 142, 143–4, 155–89, 289, 291, 300, 403, senatus consultum (decree of Senate) 481, 624 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423, 424, 433, Seneca the Elder (expert on declamation and 601, 610, 662 literary critic) 525 ‘Socratism’ 60 Seneca (the Younger) 329n.12, 404, 405, Solon (7th–6th century bc; Athenian 408, 410, 416, 433, 453, 532–58, 560, 597, lawgiver and poet) 39–42, 55, 56, 254, 603n.22, 611, 612n.49 299, 315, 363n.31, 590, 661 Septuagint 461, 561 sophiste¯s (‘sophist’) 93 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de 336 sophists, ‘sophists’ 91–101, 162, 174–9, 212, Sicilian expedition (Athens’) 68, 107, 116, 244, 247–8, 290, 423, 436, 441, 448–9, 117, 117–18, 119–20 597, 604 Simonides (6th–5th century bc) 22 sophos (‘clever’; ‘skilful’; ‘wise’: cf. sages) slaves, slavery, ‘slavery’: (allegedly) typical 89–90, 91, 107–8, 109 behaviour of slaves, 16; most slaves so¯phrosune¯ (‘moderation’) 191, 196, 216, 243, excluded from theatre, 62; ‘slavery’ under 253, 306 tyranny, 127–8; Xenophon on slaves, 148; sovereignty 18, 20, 281 rule over slaves or ‘naturally slavish’ Sparta (as model) 101, 142, 151–4, 261, 311, people distinguished from ‘political’ rule, 317, 421, 423, 458, 470, 472, 574, 580, 589 in Aristotle, 318; slaves below threshold Spartans compared with Athenians 116, 191, of political discourse proper, for 261–2 Aristotle, 320; master/slave relationship specialization, principle of (in Plato’s as natural, in Aristotle, 16, 321, 326, Republic) 209–10, 217, 218, 221, 227, 318

744 Index

speech-writers (logographoi) 134 theatron (‘place for seeing’, ‘theatre’) 61 Speusippus (Plato’s nephew and successor themis (‘respect for traditional norms of as head of Academy) 303 justice’) 36 Sphaerus of Borysthenes (Stoic philosopher, Themistius (exegete of Aristotle; 4th pupil of Zeno) 403, 404, 447 century ad) 6n.15, 661–5 stasis (‘civil discord’, ‘faction’) 18–20, 38–9, Themistocles (c. 524–459 bc; Athenian 117, 121, 127, 201, 227, 231, 320, 363n.31, politician) 103, 191–2 585, 586, 594 theocracy (theokratia) 14, 260–1, 262, 264, state, concept of the 13, 17–20, 218, 219, 353, 588, 591, 592–3, 655, 664–5 630–2 Theodosius (I, d. 395; Roman emperor) ‘state’, Greek: see polis 658–9 ‘statute’: see lex Theophrastus of Eresus (head of Peripatos Stilpo (‘Megarian’ philosopher; 4th–3rd after Aristotle) 390, 391–2, 394, 403 centuries bc) 435 theo¯ria (‘viewing’, ‘o√cial participation’) 65 Stobaeus, John (?5th century ad Theoric Fund 64 anthologist) 122, 568 Theramenes (5th century Athenian Stoicism 259, 291, 303, 306n.9, 321n.1, politician) 144 390n.1, 391, 403, 404, 405, 414, 416, 433, therapeia (‘service’) 192 435–56, 458, 484–5, 489, 498, 505–7, 526, Thersites 31, 131 532–58 passim, 559, 563, 575, 597–615, Theseus 76 622, 630, 633, 645 Theseus’ ship (example) 631 Strato of Lampsacus (head of Peripatos after ‘Thirty’, the (‘the Thirty Tyrants’) 163, Theophrastus; d. 269 bc) 392, 404 183–4, 191, 300 Suárez, Francisco 336n.29 Thrasea Paetus (1st century ad Stoic) 404, subjectivity (cf. relativism) 348, 349 558, 601n.12, 610 Successor Kingdoms (Hellenistic) 401 Thrasyllus (astrologer to Tiberius; possibly Suetonius (1st–2nd centuries ad; Latin responsible for dividing Plato’s works biographer) 530–1 into ‘tetralogies’) 123, 661, 662 Sulla (138–78 bc; Roman patrician, soldier Thrasymachus of Chalcedon (5th century bc and politician; brieﬂy dictator) 481, 485, ‘sophist’ and rhetorician) 200, 304–5 510, 520, 527, 528, 538 Thucydides 19, 90, 101, 102, 111–21, 196–9, Sulpicius Rufus (1st century bc Roman 467, 518, 527–8, 585, 594 lawyer) 617 Thucydides, son of Melesias (5th century bc sumptuary laws 408, 646 Athenian politician) 191–2 symposia 39, 51, 437 Tiberius (Roman emperor ad 14–37) 529, Syria 401 550 time¯ (‘status’, ‘prestige’, ‘honour’; ‘o√ce’) Tacitus 519, 520, 528–30, 533n.7, 540n.28, 15, 19, 64, 73, 319–20, 350–1, 360–5 551n.65 ‘timocracy’ 229 Tarquin the Proud 406, 478 Titus (Roman emperor ad 79–81) 593, Tarquins (kings) 520, 544 601n.11 techne¯ (‘craft’, ‘art’; ‘science’; ‘knowledge’) Torah 587, 590 96–7, 133, 164–89 passim, 195, 196, 197, ‘totalitarianism’ 217–20, 259, 330 204–5, 263, 264, 318, 322–3, 375–6 tragedy 60–84, 267, 419 teleology (cf. telos) 323–4, 327, 328, 332, Trajan (Roman emperor ad 98–117) 410n.18, 336, 340, 342, 355, 362, 364 529, 543, 552n.70, 597, 604 telos (‘goal’, ‘aim’) 372, 387 tribes (Athenian: phulai) 48, 62, 64 Thales of Miletus (regarded as ﬁrst tribunes 479, 492, 501, 515 ‘Presocratic’ philosopher; 7th–6th trittues (‘thirds’) 48 centuries bc) 43, 48–9 Trojan Women 68 thauma (‘prodigy’; ‘marionette’) 277, 285, turannodidaskalos (‘tyrant-trainer’) 543 286, 290 turannos (‘ruler’; ‘tyrant’) 89, 104n.59 ‘theatocracy’ 278 Twelve Tables, the 488, 529

Index 745

tyranny (‘dictatorship’) 38, 51, 77, 106, virtus (‘manliness’, ‘virtue’: cf. andreia, arete¯) 127–8, 148–9, 150, 205, 229–30, 247, 278, 13, 408–9, 482, 483, 492, 505–14, 517, 288, 325, 356, 357, 358, 363, 382, 384, 385, 535–43, 543–5, 667, 669 502–3, 539 Vitoria, Francisco de 336

Ulpian (2nd–3rd century ad; jurist) 617, war 13, 22, 212–13, 431, 454, 481, 510, 618–19, 620–1, 625, 627 511–12, 517 usury 337 will (concept of ) 165, 175 utilitarianism 442 ‘will of the people’ 168n.12 utopias 188, 207–32, 267–75, 413, 423, wisdom literature 287 424n.15, 428, 442n.15, 560, 583, 588 working class 20 world state, idea of 452–3, 583 Valens (Roman emperor ad 364–78) 659 Xenocrates (head of Academy, 339–314 bc) Valerius Maximus (Roman writer in reign of 303, 304 emperor Tiberius) 522 Xenophanes of Colophon (poet and Varro (116–27 bc; Roman scholar) 626, ‘Presocratic’ philosopher) 23, 49 666–7 Xenophon 142–54, 161, 404, 459 Velleius Paterculus (1st century bc–1st century ad; Roman historian) 525 Zaleucus (?7th century bc lawgiver of Locri Vespasian (Roman emperor ad 69–79) 543, Epizephyrii, in Italy) 569–70, 590 593, 598, 601n.11, 604, 635 Zeno of Citium (335–263 bc; Stoic violence (state) 218–19, 431 philosopher) 303, 404, 416, 433, 434, virtue: see arete¯, virtus 435–56 passim, 498, 599, 600