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Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
418338 1 En Bookbackmatter 205..225
Glossary Abhayamudra A style of keeping hands while sitting Abhidhama The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or enumerated lists. The other two collections are the Sutta Pitaka and the Vinaya Pitaka Abhog It is the fourth part of a composition. The last movement gradually goes back to the sthayi after completion of the paraphrasing and improvisation of the composition, which can cover even three octaves in the recital of a master performer Acharya A teacher or a tutor who is the symbol of wisdom Addhayoga One of seven kinds of lodgings where monks are allowed to live. Addhayoga is a building with a roof sloping on either one side or both. It is shaped like wings of the Garuda Agganna-sutta AggannaSutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection. The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Buddha to two Brahmins, Bharadvaja, and Vasettha, who left their family and caste to become monks Ahankar Haughtiness, self-importance A-hlu-khan mandap Burmese term, a temporary pavilion to receive donation Akshamala A japa mala or mala (meaning garland) which is a string of prayer beads commonly used by Hindus, Buddhists, and some Sikhs for the spiritual practice known in Sanskrit as japa. It is usually made from 108 beads, though other numbers may also be used Amulets An ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or disease. Clay tablets have also been used as amulets. -
Intelligence System for Tamil Vattezhuttuoptical
Mr R.Vinoth et al. / International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Technology (IJCSET) INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM FOR TAMIL VATTEZHUTTUOPTICAL CHARACTER RCOGNITION Mr R.Vinoth Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Rajesh R. UG Student, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Yoganandhan P. UG Student, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Abstract--A system that involves character recognition and information retrieval of Palm Leaf Manuscript. The conversion of ancient Tamil to the present Tamil digital text format. Various algorithms were used to find the OCR for different languages, Ancient letter conversion still possess a big challenge. Because Image recognition technology has reached near-perfection when it comes to scanning Tamil text. The proposed system overcomes such a situation by converting all the palm manuscripts into Tamil digital text format. Though the Tamil scripts are difficult to understand. We are using this approach to solve the existing problems and convert it to Tamil digital text. Keyword - Vatteluttu Tamil (VT); Data set; Character recognition; Neural Network. I. INTRODUCTION Tamil language is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. Tamilnadu is a place, where the Palm Leaf Manuscript has been preserved. There are some difficulties to preserve the Palm Leaf Manuscript. So, we need to preserve the Palm Leaf Manuscript by converting to the form of digital text format. Computers and Smart devices are used by mostof them now a day. So, this system helps to convert and preserve in a fine manner. -
Proposal to Encode Tamil Fractions and Symbols §1. Thanks §2
Proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols Shriramana Sharma, jamadagni-at-gmail-dot-com, India 2012-Jul-17 §1. Thanks I owe much to everyone who helped with this proposal. G Balachandran of Sri Lanka heavily contributed to this proposal by sharing the attestations and data which he had collected over five years back in researching this very same topic. Dr Jean-Luc Chevillard of France and Dr Elmar Kniprath of Germany provided the second majority of attestations. Dr Kalyanasundaram (Switzerland), Dr Jayabarathi (Malaysia), K Ramanraj (Chennai), Vijayaraghavan Vanbakkam (Germany), Dr Rajam (US), Dr Vijayavenugopal (Pondicherry), Mani Manivannan (Chennai/US) and A E Elangovan (Chennai) also helped with attestations. Various members of the CTamil list also contributed to related discussions. Vinodh Rajan of Chennai is my personal sounding board for all my proposals and he contributes in too many ways for me to specify. Deborah Anderson continuously helped out with encouragement and enthusiasm-bolstering :-). I express my sincere thanks to all these people and to anyone else not mentioned (my apologies!). Preparing this has been a lengthy journey, and you all helped me through! §2. Introduction Compared to other Indic scripts/regions, the Tamil-speaking region has employed a larger set of symbols for fractions and abbreviations. These symbols, especially the fractions, have been referred to in various documents already submitted to the UTC, including my Grantha proposal L2/09-372 (p 6). A comprehensive proposal has been desirable for quite some time for the addition of characters to Unicode to enable the textual representation of these rare heritage written forms which are to be found in old Tamil manuscripts and books. -
Computers and the Thai Language
[3B2-6] man2009010046.3d 12/2/09 13:47 Page 46 Computers and the Thai Language Hugh Thaweesak Koanantakool National Science and Technology Development Agency Theppitak Karoonboonyanan Thai Linux Working Group Chai Wutiwiwatchai National Electronics and Computer Technology Center This article explains the history of Thai language development for computers, examining such factors as the language, script, and writing system, among others. The article also analyzes characteristics of Thai characters and I/O methods, and addresses key issues involved in Thai text processing. Finally, the article reports on language processing research and provides detailed information on Thai language resources. Thai is the official language of Thailand. Certain vowels, all tone marks, and diacritics The Thai script system has been used are written above and below the main for Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages in Bud- character. dhist texts all over the country. Standard Pronunciation of Thai words does not Thai is used in all schools in Thailand, and change with their usage, as each word has a most dialects of Thai use the same script. fixed tone. Changing the tone of a syllable Thai is the language of 65 million people, may lead to a totally different meaning. and has a number of regional dialects, such Thai verbs do not change their forms as as Northeastern Thai (or Isan; 15 million with tense, gender, and singular or plural people), Northern Thai (or Kam Meuang or form,asisthecaseinEuropeanlanguages.In- Lanna; 6 million people), Southern Thai stead, there are other additional words to help (5 million people), Khorat Thai (400,000 with the meaning for tense, gender, and sin- people), and many more variations (http:// gular or plural. -
Comment on L2/13-065: Grantha Characters from Other Indic Blocks Such As Devanagari, Tamil, Bengali Are NOT the Solution
Comment on L2/13-065: Grantha characters from other Indic blocks such as Devanagari, Tamil, Bengali are NOT the solution Dr. Naga Ganesan ([email protected]) Here is a brief comment on L2/13-065 which suggests Devanagari block for Grantha characters to write both Aryan and Dravidian languages. From L2/13-065, which suggests Devanagari block for writing Sanskrit and Dravidian languages, we read: “Similar dedicated characters were provided to cater different fonts as URUDU MARATHI SINDHI MARWARI KASHMERE etc for special conditions and needs within the shared DEVANAGARI range. There are provisions made to suit Dravidian specials also as short E short O LLLA RRA NNNA with new created glyptic forms in rhythm with DEVANAGARI glyphs (with suitable combining ortho-graphic features inside DEVANAGARI) for same special functions. These will help some aspirant proposers as a fall out who want to write every Indian language contents in Grantham when it is unified with DEVANAGARI because those features were already taken care of by the presence in that DEVANAGARI. Even few objections seen in some docs claim them as Tamil characters to induce a bug inside Grantham like letters from GoTN and others become tangential because it is going to use the existing Sanskrit properties inside shared DEVANAGARI and also with entirely new different glyph forms nothing connected with Tamil. In my doc I have shown rhythmic non-confusable glyphs for Grantham LLLA RRA NNNA for which I believe there cannot be any varied opinions even by GoTN etc which is very much as Grantham and not like Tamil form at all to confuse (as provided in proposals).” Grantha in Devanagari block to write Sanskrit and Dravidian languages will not work. -
Development of the Sinhalese Script from 8Th Century A.D. to 15Th Century A.D~
Development of the Sinhalese Script from 8th Century A.D. to 15th Century A.D~ HE clti:f factor that ~ed to the, a~pearance in ~eylon of what may be descnbed as the Sinhalese Scnpt was the influence of the Pallava T Grantha Script of South India on the Brahmi Script which was prevalent in Ceylon upto almost tile seventh century. In my paper on the Palaeographical Development 0, the Brahmi Script in Ceylon from the jrd century B.C. to the seventh century A.DJ an attempt was made to indicate the circumstances that led to the contact between the Pallavas and the Sinha- lese. Table I attached to this paper shows the extent to which the Pallava Script has brought about the transformation of the later Brfihmi Script of Ceylon into what came to be called the Sinhalese Script. This table has been compiled from the characters m the following inscriptious« :- -, A. 1. Nagirikanda inscription of Kumilradasa, (c. 570-579 A.D.). 2. Inscriptions near Burrow's Pavilion, (c. 7th century), 3, Nilagama inscription of ~roggallana II, (c. 6°3-(22), -.-.·.·.-.lj.' -- 1. Uniuersity of Ceylon ltccicio, \'01. YII, No, 4-. :;~ 2. The alphabet used in each of the records of the period covered is not represented in Table II, which is intended to gi\'c in broad outline the clcvclopmcnt of the script during the period 8th to r yth century. The Tables I and II and Fig. I were drawn by Mr. L. Prcrnat ilaka., an undergradu- ate member of the Sinhalese Department of the l:nivcrsity. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0--Online Edition
This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, issued by the Unicode Consor- tium and published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this online edi- tion, however the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The Unicode® Consortium is a registered trademark, and Unicode™ is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. The Unicode logo is a trademark of Unicode, Inc., and may be registered in some jurisdictions. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. -
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
An Introduction to Indic Scripts Richard Ishida W3C [email protected] HTML version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html PDF version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.pdf Introduction This paper provides an introduction to the major Indic scripts used on the Indian mainland. Those addressed in this paper include specifically Bengali, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. I have used XHTML encoded in UTF-8 for the base version of this paper. Most of the XHTML file can be viewed if you are running Windows XP with all associated Indic font and rendering support, and the Arial Unicode MS font. For examples that require complex rendering in scripts not yet supported by this configuration, such as Bengali, Oriya, and Malayalam, I have used non- Unicode fonts supplied with Gamma's Unitype. To view all fonts as intended without the above you can view the PDF file whose URL is given above. Although the Indic scripts are often described as similar, there is a large amount of variation at the detailed implementation level. To provide a detailed account of how each Indic script implements particular features on a letter by letter basis would require too much time and space for the task at hand. Nevertheless, despite the detail variations, the basic mechanisms are to a large extent the same, and at the general level there is a great deal of similarity between these scripts. It is certainly possible to structure a discussion of the relevant features along the same lines for each of the scripts in the set. -
Dravidian Letters in Tamil Grantha Script Some Notes in Their History of Use
Dravidian Letters in Tamil Grantha Script Some Notes in Their History of Use Dr. Naga Ganesan ([email protected]) 1.0 Introduction Earlier, in L2/11-011 with the title, Diacritic Marks for Short e & o Vowels (Dravidian and Vedic) in Devanagari (North India) and Grantha (South India), Vedic vowels, short e & o in Devanagari are recommended to be transcribed into Grantha in Unicode using the corresponding letters as in Govt. of India (GoI) proposal. The archaic Dravidian short /e/ & /o/ typically use a “dot” (puLLi) diacritic on long /e/ & /o/ vowels in south India, and this was originally proposed in the Grantha proposal after consultations with epigraphists and Tamil Grantha scholars. Reference: the Table of Dravidian letters in Grantha proposal by Dr. Swaran Lata, Govt. of India letter, pg. 8, L2/11-011 is given: This document is to add some further inputs about the history of Tamil written in Grantha script. Grantha Tamil or Tamil Grantha, by definition, can handle writing both Indo- Aryan (Sanskrit and its derived languages) and Dravidian such as Tamil language. Both Tamil script with explicit virama, and Tamil Grantha script with implicit virama grew up together in their history, that is the reason about 30 letters are very similar between the two scripts. For example, page 37, A. C. Burnell, Elements of South Indian Paleography, 1874. “The origin of this Tamil alphabet is apparent at first sight; it is a brahmanical adaptation of the Grantha letters corresponding to the old VaTTezuttu, from which, however, the last four signs (LLL, LL, RR and NNN) have been retained.” For the co-development of Tamil and Grantha scripts exchanging letter forms is dealt in B. -
(RSEP) Request October 16, 2017 Registry Operator INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED 9Th Floor
Registry Services Evaluation Policy (RSEP) Request October 16, 2017 Registry Operator INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED 9th Floor, A-Wing Gopal Palace, NehruNagar Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380015 Request Details Case Number: 00874461 This service request should be used to submit a Registry Services Evaluation Policy (RSEP) request. An RSEP is required to add, modify or remove Registry Services for a TLD. More information about the process is available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/rsep-2014- 02-19-en Complete the information requested below. All answers marked with a red asterisk are required. Click the Save button to save your work and click the Submit button to submit to ICANN. PROPOSED SERVICE 1. Name of Proposed Service Removal of IDN Languages for .OOO 2. Technical description of Proposed Service. If additional information needs to be considered, attach one PDF file Infibeam Incorporation Limited (“infibeam”) the Registry Operator for the .OOO TLD, intends to change its Registry Service Provider for the .OOO TLD to CentralNic Limited. Accordingly, Infibeam seeks to remove the following IDN languages from Exhibit A of the .OOO New gTLD Registry Agreement: - Armenian script - Avestan script - Azerbaijani language - Balinese script - Bamum script - Batak script - Belarusian language - Bengali script - Bopomofo script - Brahmi script - Buginese script - Buhid script - Bulgarian language - Canadian Aboriginal script - Carian script - Cham script - Cherokee script - Coptic script - Croatian language - Cuneiform script - Devanagari script -
Proposal to Encode Characters for Extended Tamil §1. Introduction
Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil Shriramana Sharma, jamadagni-at-gmail-dot-com, India 2010-Jul-10 This document requests the encoding of characters which are required to enable the Tamil script to support the writing of Sanskrit. It repeats some relevant sections from my Grantha proposal L2/09-372 and my feedback document L2/10-085. It also contains some more information and citations and is a formal proposal for the encoding of those characters. §1. Introduction It is well known that the Tamil script has an insufficient character repertoire to represent the Sanskrit language. Sanskrit can be and is written and printed quite naturally in most other (major and some minor) Indian scripts, which have the required number of characters. However, it cannot be written in plain Tamil script without some contrived extensions acting in the capacity of diacritical marks, just as it cannot be written in the Latin script without the usage of diacritical marks (as prescribed by ISO 15919 or IAST). Another option is to import written forms from another script (to be specific, Grantha, Tamil’s closest Sanskrit-capable relative) to cover the remaining unsupported sounds. We call this version of Tamil that has been extended to support Sanskrit as Extended Tamil. It should be noted that this is neither a distinct script from Tamil nor can it be considered a mixture of two scripts (Tamil and Grantha), because the ‘grammar’ of the script (i.e. the orthographic rules, such as those of forming consonant clusters) is still that of Tamil. Thus Extended Tamil may be likened to the IPA extensions to the Latin script to denote sounds that the Latin script does not natively denote or differentiate.