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A 'New' Speech Style Is Born MOUTON EuJAL 2015; 3(1): 47–85 Bente A. Svendsen and Stefania Marzo A ‘new’ speech style is born The omnipresence of structure and agency in the life of semiotic registers in heterogeneous urban spaces Abstract: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the sociolinguistic discussion about the need for a unified sociological theory, by applying realist social theory (RST) (Carter and Sealey, this volume) to the total linguistic fact (TLF) (Silverstein 1985) or to the semiotics of ‘new’ speech styles in heterogeneous urban spaces. We explore, with data from Belgium (Flanders, Limburg) on Citétaal and Norway on so-called kebabnorsk, the ways structure and agency are omnipresent in the enregisterment of these semiotic registers. Through media discourse analyses, we investigate essential parts of this enregisterment process, in particular the inven- tion and diffusion of labels and the assignment of stereotypical indexical values to these speech styles and to their alleged speakers. We demonstrate, in line with other studies, that media in interplay with scholars is a key force in the enregister- ment of these speech styles. In the analysed media discourse, kebabnorsk and Citétaal are constructed as a ‘mixed language’, as a countable and uniform entity, the use of which inevitably results in unemployment. The alleged language users are constructed as a homogeneous group, namely ‘young people with migrant backgrounds’. It is shown that social structure, including asymmetric power relations and language hegemonies, are omnipresent in the valorisation of these registers and that media discourses rely on language ideologies of unity and purity, ideologies central to a monolingual orientation. We advocate a translingual orientation towards language and communication in which communication trans- cends languages and involves negotiation of mobile resources. This orientation captures the ontology of language and communication and has, as such, the potential to empower the language users’ individual agencies. Bente A. Svendsen: Professor of Norwegian as a second language and Scandinavian linguistics and the Deputy Director of MultiLing Centre for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan, a Centre of Excellence at the Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies ˗ at the University of Oslo, E mail: [email protected] Stefania Marzo: Assistant Professor at the Department of Linguistics at the KU Leuven, Belgium, ˗ E mail: [email protected] Brought to you by | University of Oslo Norway Authenticated Download Date | 10/2/17 12:41 PM 48 Bente A. Svendsen and Stefania Marzo MOUTON Keywords: Realist social theory, the total linguistic fact, semiotic registers, media discourse, heterogeneous urban spaces, translingual practice, language ideology, Citétaal, ‘Kebab-Norwegian’ Riassunto: Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di contribuire alla discussione sociolinguis- tica sulla necessità di una teoria sociologica applicando la cosiddetta realist social theory (RST) (Carter e Sealey, questo volume) sul total linguistic fact (TLF) o sulle nuove pratiche di parlato in spazi urbani eterogenei. Saranno utilizzati dati prove- nienti dal Belgio (Fiandre, Limburgo) sulla cosiddetta Citétaal e dalla Norvegia sul cosiddetto kebabnorsk, per analizzare in quale misura ‘structure’ e ‘agency’ siano onnipresenti nell’enregisterment di questi registri. Attraverso un’analisi discorsiva dei media s’indagheranno parti essenziali di questo processo di enregisterment,in particolare l’invenzione e la diffusione delle etichette attribuite a questi registri e l’assegnazione di valori indessicali stereotipati a queste pratiche di parlato e ai loro presunti parlanti. Dimostreremo, in linea con altri studi, che i media in interazione con gli studiosi costituiscono una forza fondamentale nell’enregister- ment di questi stili di discorso. Si rivelerà che kebabnorsk e Citétaal vengono costruiti come ‘linguaggi misti’, come delle entità fisse, calcolabili e invariabili, il cui impiego porterebbe alla disoccupazione. I presunti utenti sono considerati come un unico e omogeneo gruppo, ossia ‘giovani con background migratorio’. Dimostreremo che la struttura sociale tra cui le relazioni di potere asimmetriche ed egemonie linguistiche sono fondamentali nella valorizzazione di questi registri semiotici e che i discorsi dei media partono da ideologie linguistiche di unità e di purezza, centrali dell’orientamento monolingue. Verrà proposta una visione ‘translinguale’ su lingua e comunicazione in cui la comunicazione trascende la lingua. Questa visione cattura meglio l’ontologia di lingua e comunicazione per potenziare le cosiddette ‘agencies’ individuali degli utenti di lingua. Samenvatting: Dit artikel wil een bijdrage leveren aan de sociolinguïstische discussie over de nood aan een sociologische theorie, door de realist social theory (RST) (Carter en Sealey, dit volume) toe te passen op de total linguistic fact (TLF) (Silverstein 1985) en op de zogenaamde ‘nieuwe’ spreekstijlen in heterogene stedelijke contexten. We verkennen, met gegevens over de zogenaamde Citétaal uit België (Vlaanderen, Limburg) en het zogenaamde kebabnorsk uit Noorwegen, hoe ‘structure’ en ‘agency’ alomtegenwoordig zijn in het enregisterment van deze spreekstijlen. Door middel van een analyse van mediadiscours onderzoeken we essentiële onderdelen van dit enregisterment proces, in het bijzonder de uitvind- ing en verspreiding van labels en de toewijzing van stereotiepe indexicale waar- den aan de spreekstijlen en hun vermeende sprekers. Er wordt aangetoond, in lijn met vorige studies, dat de media in samenspel met wetenschappers een belan- Brought to you by | University of Oslo Norway Authenticated Download Date | 10/2/17 12:41 PM MOUTON A ‘new’ speech style is born 49 grijke schakel vormt in het enregisterment van de deze omgangsvormen. Zo blijkt dat kebabnorsk en Citétaal worden geconstrueerd als ‘mengtalen’, als telbare en uniforme entiteiten, waarvan het gebruik onvermijdelijk leidt tot werkloosheid. De vermeende gebruikers van deze registers worden ook beschouwd als een specifieke en homogene groep, namelijk de ‘jongeren met een migratie-achter- grond’. We tonen aan dat de sociale structuur, waaronder asymmetrische machtsverhoudingen en taalhegemonieën, fundamenteel is in de valorisatie van deze taalregisters en dat het media discours gebaseerd is op taalideologieën van eenheid en zuiverheid, die typerend zijn voor een monolinguale visie op taal. Ten slotte pleiten we voor een translinguale visie die de ontologie van taal en communicatie dekt en meer aandacht schenkt aan de agency van taalgeb- ruikers. DOI 10.1515/eujal-2015-0008 1 Introduction Sociolinguistics has often been accused of lacking a unified sociological theory (e.g. Williams 1992) and during the nineties there was an ongoing discussion about the actual need for such a theory (e.g. Coupland 1998). That discussion has somewhat lost its lustre, although sociolinguists are still concerned with the well- known micro-macro gap (e.g. Blommaert and Rampton 2011). An engagement with ontological questions concerning the intrinsic relation between language, people and society is, nonetheless, necessary, as pointed out by Carter and Sealey (this volume), inter alia to avoid ‘failures’ in language planning due to top-down policies and practices. The overarching aim of this paper is to contribute to that discussion by applying realist social theory (hereafter; RST) as developed by Archer (1995, 2013) and Carter and Sealey (2000, this volume) with a view to exploring the ways social structure and agency (see 2 infra) are omnipresent in the life of a semiotic register, that is in the emergence, maintenance and (re)production of repertoires of performable signs assigned with stereotypic in- dexical values (cf. Agha 2007). The semiotic registers in focus are the ‘new’ ways of speaking in linguisti- cally and culturally diverse urban spaces that have been documented during the last three decades across Europe, particularly among adolescents (e.g. Källström and Lindberg 2011; Kern and Selting 2011; Kotsinas 1988; Marzo and Ceuleers 2011; Nortier and Svendsen 2015; Quist 2000; Quist and Svendsen 2010; Ramp- ton 1995, 2009, 2011). These linguistic practices are being/have been enregis- tered (Agha 2007), i.e. “recognized (and regrouped), as belonging to distinct, Brought to you by | University of Oslo Norway Authenticated Download Date | 10/2/17 12:41 PM 50 Bente A. Svendsen and Stefania Marzo MOUTON differentially valorised semiotic registers by a population” (Agha 2007: 81), both by its alleged users and non-users.1 Through media discourse analyses, we will explore essential parts of these enregisterment processes, in particular the invention and diffusion of labels attached to the speech styles and the assign- ment of stereotypical indexical values to these purported ways of speaking (cf. e.g. Androutsopoulos 2010; Cornips, Jaspers and de Rooij 2015; Jaspers 2008; Milani 2010). Semiotic registers are identified by appealing to the reflexive evaluation of speech (Agha 2007:151), mirrored in various (etic and emic, Pike 1954) labels attached to ways of speaking. Labelling is an ideological act wherein certain ways of speaking and certain groups of people are demarcated and divided into linguistic and social categories or groups in relation to certain identities and interests (Canagarajah 2013). As has been critically stated by several scholars in the last years (Cornips et al. 2015; Jaspers 2008; Milani 2007; Rampton 2011), values ascribed
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