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Valgfrie Språkformer I Nynorsk Rettskriving
Valgfrie språkformer i nynorsk rettskriving En undersøkelse av grunnskoleelevers kunnskaper og bruk av valgfrie språkformer i nynorsk rettskriving, samt lærerens påvirkning på elevenes innsikt og formvalg. SERINE BAKKEN VEILEDER Elin Gunleifsen Universitetet i Agder, våren 2018 Fakultet for humaniora og pedagogikk Institutt for nordisk og mediefag Institutt for nordisk og mediefagIn 1 Forord Arbeidet med masteroppgava har vært givende. Jeg har tilegna meg ny faglig kunnskap, og har reflektert rundt flere didaktiske situasjoner i skolen. Prosessen har også gitt meg et større perspektiv på egen skriving og læring. Jeg vil gjerne takke veilederen min Elin Gunleifsen som har gitt gode faglige råd gjennom positiv og grundig veiledning. Etter våre møter har jeg alltid hatt et smil om munnen og vært motivert for å arbeide videre. Jeg vil også rette en stor takk til informantene i studien. Takk til lærerne som ville ta seg tid til undersøkelsen, og som delte oppfatninger og synspunkter på egen praksis. Og takk til alle elevene som stilte i undersøkelsen med å svare på spørreskjema og som ville dele elevtekstene sine med meg. Dette ville ikke vært mulig uten dere. Familien min fortjener også ros for at de alltid stiller opp og genuint interesserer seg for arbeidet mitt. Spesielt takk til Gunn Marit Bakken Koldal som har hjulpet med korrekturlesing. Heilt til slutt vil jeg også trekke fram at jeg har satt stor pris på faglige diskusjoner, trivelige pauser og godt samhold blant medstudenter det siste semesteret. Dere har motivert meg og gjort skrivedagene mer innholdsrike. Takk for meg, Universitetet i Agder – det har vært flotte og lærerike år! Kristiansand, mai 2018. -
Consonantal Variables Correlated with Ethnicity
3 Consonantal variables correlated with ethnicity Consonants are readily associated with interference and substrate effects. That is, ethnic varieties, or ethnolects (Clyne 2000), commonly adopt consonantal variants that are the same as or similar to those of their ethnicity’s heritage language and thus differ in perceptually distinctive ways from forms found in the mainstream variety spoken around them. Such deviation makes intuitive sense when one considers the challenges facing learners of the majority language. Language learners often have difficulty with new (L2) consonants not found in their native (L1) languages, contributing to an interlanguage (Tarone 1979) in which L2 consonants are produced in ways that directly or indirectly reflect the speaker’s L1. While a fuller explication of this phenomenon was presented in Chapter 1, here we briefly discuss the particulars again with specific reference to consonantal variation. Consonantal inventories of a speaker’s L1 and L2 quite often are not identical. Well- known examples include the English consonants /r/ and /l/, which pose problems for Japanese learners of English because Japanese lacks a similar contrast (e.g., Goto 1971; Miyawaki et al. 1975), and the English interdental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ for learners from Japanese, Russian, and French (see Brannen 2011) and many other language backgrounds that lack interdental fricatives. In their attempts to produce these consonants accurately, learners commonly substitute L1 phones (e.g., [t] and [d] or [s] and [z] for the interdental fricatives) or otherwise approximate the L2 consonants as best they can. In other cases, the learner’s L1 and the L2 share comparable consonants, yet these analogues may differ subtly in articulatory details. -
Grammatical Gender in the German Multiethnolect Peter Auer & Vanessa Siegel
1 Grammatical gender in the German multiethnolect Peter Auer & Vanessa Siegel Contact: Deutsches Seminar, Universität Freiburg, D-79089 Freiburg [email protected], [email protected] Abstract While major restructurations and simplifications have been reported for gender systems of other Germanic languages in multiethnolectal speech, the article demonstrates that the three-fold gender distinction of German is relatively stable among young speakers of immigrant background. We inves- tigate gender in a German multiethnolect, based on a corpus of appr. 17 hours of spontaneous speech by 28 young speakers in Stuttgart (mainly of Turkish and Balkan backgrounds). German is not their second language, but (one of) their first language(s), which they have fully acquired from child- hood. We show that the gender system does not show signs of reduction in the direction of a two gender system, nor of wholesale loss. We also argue that the position of gender in the grammar is weakened by independent processes, such as the frequent use of bare nouns determiners in grammatical contexts where German requires it. Another phenomenon that weakens the position of gender is the simplification of adjective/noun agreement and the emergence of a generalized, gender-neutral suffix for pre-nominal adjectives (i.e. schwa). The disappearance of gender/case marking in the adjective means that the grammatical cat- egory of gender is lost in A + N phrases (without determiner). 1. Introduction Modern German differs from most other Germanic languages -
Ethnolect, Dialect, and Linguistic Repertoire in New York City Kara Becker
Ethnolect, dialect, and linguistic repertoire in New York City Kara Becker Introduction One way to conceptualize the ethnolect is to look beyond the fixed category when considering the role of ethnicity in speaker production. This paper adopts a linguistic repertoire approach (Gumperz 1964, Benor 2010) to investigate the identity construction of one speaker who utilizes a diverse set of linguistic resources on the Lower East Side of New York City. Highlighting features that are commonly bounded as ethnolectal (copula absence as a feature of African American English (AAE)), dialectal (BOUGHT-raising as a feature of New York City English (NYCE)), or potentially either (non-rhoticity in the syllable coda, a feature associate with both AAE and NYCE) demonstrates the limitations of bounded categories like ethnolect and dialect in capturing the complexities of speaker practice. The traditional sociolinguistic approach to descriptions of African American speakers in New York City (c.f. Labov 1972a) and elsewhere in North America has been either to consider them primarily as speakers of an ethnolect (AAE), or to investigate the extent to which they assimilate to the local white norm (NYCE). A linguistic repertoire approach, in contrast, does not take a position on a speaker’s underlying linguistic variety, but allows for more fluidity between bounded –lects. The present analysis draws heavily from Benor’s (2010) notion of the ethnolinguistic repertoire, and expands on this approach by looking at how a speaker constructs not only ethnic identity but other aspects of a multivalent identity (Mendoza Denton 2002). Two aspects of speaker identity – ethnicity and locality – are highlighted here to demonstrate how a repertoire approach can reinforce efforts towards a more nuanced analysis of ethnolects and dialects in sociolinguistic research (Yeager-Dror and Thomas 2010). -
NWAV 46 Booklet-Oct29
1 PROGRAM BOOKLET October 29, 2017 CONTENTS • The venue and the town • The program • Welcome to NWAV 46 • The team and the reviewers • Sponsors and Book Exhibitors • Student Travel Awards https://english.wisc.edu/nwav46/ • Abstracts o Plenaries Workshops o nwav46 o Panels o Posters and oral presentations • Best student paper and poster @nwav46 • NWAV sexual harassment policy • Participant email addresses Look, folks, this is an electronic booklet. This Table of Contents gives you clues for what to search for and we trust that’s all you need. 2 We’ll have buttons with sets of pronouns … and some with a blank space to write in your own set. 3 The venue and the town We’re assuming you’ll navigate using electronic devices, but here’s some basic info. Here’s a good campus map: http://map.wisc.edu/. The conference will be in Union South, in red below, except for Saturday talks, which will be in the Brogden Psychology Building, just across Johnson Street to the northeast on the map. There are a few places to grab a bite or a drink near Union South and the big concentration of places is on and near State Street, a pedestrian zone that runs east from Memorial Library (top right). 4 The program 5 NWAV 46 2017 Madison, WI Thursday, November 2nd, 2017 12:00 Registration – 5th Quarter Room, Union South pm-6:00 pm Industry Landmark Northwoods Agriculture 1:00- Progress in regression: Discourse analysis for Sociolinguistics and Texts as data 3:00 Statistical and practical variationists forensic speech sources for improvements to Rbrul science: Knowledge- -
Problematizing Ethnolects: Naming Linguistic Practices in an Antwerp Secondary School Jürgen Jaspers University of Antwerp
‘International Journal of Bilingualism’ • Volume 12 • ProblematizingNumber 1 &2• 2008, ethnolects 85–103|| 85 Problematizing ethnolects: Naming linguistic practices in an Antwerp secondary school Jürgen Jaspers University of Antwerp Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Michael Meeuwis, Frank Brisard and two anonymous referees for their useful comments. Abstract Key words This article argues that naming linguistic practices “ethnolectal” is a adolescents praxis with ideological consequences that sociolinguists fail sufficiently to address. It suggests that a transformation of linguistic differences Belgium into ethnolect-codes quickly falls prey to homogenizing groups and their language use, obscures speakers’ styling practices as well as the rela- Dutch tions between “ethnolect” and standard language speakers. Furthermore, “ethnolect” as an analytical concept buttresses the idea that linguistic practices are caused by ethnicity, when it is more likely to assume language ethnolect use is shaped by how speakers interpret prevailing representations of ethnicity and style their language use in relation to that. As an alternative, identity I argue that ethnolects be viewed as representations of particular ways of speaking that do not necessarily correspond to systematic linguistic representation practices. Sociolinguists therefore need to investigate how local and general perceptions of ways of speaking lead to specific styling practices, and styling integrate these into their descriptions. In addition, they need to be aware that their own work is social action as well, which requires taking into account the concerns of who gets labeled. This is illustrated with data from a case study showing how Belgian adolescents of Moroccan background resist an ethnolectal categorization of their routine Dutch. 1Introduction Inner-city ethnic minority youth in western societies have in recent decades drawn increasing attention as a problematic and somewhat dangerous group. -
Language Variation and Ethnicity in a Multicultural East London Secondary School
Language Variation and Ethnicity in a Multicultural East London Secondary School Shivonne Marie Gates Queen Mary, University of London April 2019 Abstract Multicultural London English (MLE) has been described as a new multiethnolect borne out of indirect language contact among ethnically-diverse adolescent friendship groups (Cheshire et al. 2011). Evidence of ethnic stratification was also found: for example, “non-Anglo” boys were more likely to use innovative MLE diphthong variants than other (male and female) participants. However, the data analysed by Cheshire and colleagues has limited ethnographic information and as such the role that ethnicity plays in language change and variation in London remains unclear. This is not dissimilar to other work on multiethnolects, which presents an orientation to a multiethnic identity as more salient than different ethnic identities (e.g. Freywald et al. 2011). This thesis therefore examines language variation in a different MLE-speaking adolescent community to shed light on the dynamics of ethnicity in a multicultural context. Data were gathered through a 12-month ethnography of a Year Ten (14-15 years old) cohort at Riverton, a multi-ethnic secondary school in Newham, East London, and include field notes and interviews with 27 students (19 girls, 8 boys). A full multivariate analysis of the face and price vowels alongside a quantitative description of individual linguistic repertoires sheds light on MLE’s status as the new London vernacular. Building on the findings of Cheshire et al. (2011), the present study suggests that language variation by ethnicity can have social meaning in multi-ethnic communities. There are apparent ethnolinguistic repertoires: ethnic minority boys use more advanced vowel realisations alongside high rates of DH-stopping, and the more innovative was/were levelling system. -
Chapter 1. Introduction
1 Chapter 1. Introduction Once an English-speaking population was established in South Africa in the 19 th century, new unique dialects of English began to emerge in the colony, particularly in the Eastern Cape, as a result of dialect levelling and contact with indigenous groups and the L1 Dutch speaking population already present in the country (Lanham 1996). Recognition of South African English as a variety in its own right came only later in the next century. South African English, however, is not a homogenous dialect; there are many different strata present under this designation, which have been recognised and identified in terms of geographic location and social factors such as first language, ethnicity, social class and gender (Hooper 1944a; Lanham 1964, 1966, 1967b, 1978b, 1982, 1990, 1996; Bughwan 1970; Lanham & MacDonald 1979; Barnes 1986; Lass 1987b, 1995; Wood 1987; McCormick 1989; Chick 1991; Mesthrie 1992, 1993a; Branford 1994; Douglas 1994; Buthelezi 1995; Dagut 1995; Van Rooy 1995; Wade 1995, 1997; Gough 1996; Malan 1996; Smit 1996a, 1996b; Görlach 1998c; Van der Walt 2000; Van Rooy & Van Huyssteen 2000; de Klerk & Gough 2002; Van der Walt & Van Rooy 2002; Wissing 2002). English has taken different social roles throughout South Africa’s turbulent history and has presented many faces – as a language of oppression, a language of opportunity, a language of separation or exclusivity, and also as a language of unification. From any chosen theoretical perspective, the presence of English has always been a point of contention in South Africa, a combination of both threat and promise (Mawasha 1984; Alexander 1990, 2000; de Kadt 1993, 1993b; de Klerk & Bosch 1993, 1994; Mesthrie & McCormick 1993; Schmied 1995; Wade 1995, 1997; de Klerk 1996b, 2000; Granville et al. -
THE ANALYSIS of LANGUAGE VARIATION USED in FAST and FURIOUS 8 MOVIE a Sociolinguistics Study By: Arkin Haris, S.Pd., M.Hum
THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE VARIATION USED IN FAST AND FURIOUS 8 MOVIE A Sociolinguistics Study By: Arkin Haris, S.Pd., M.Hum. Email: [email protected] Website: arkinharis.com A. Background of Study As human beings, people can not be separated from the process of communication. In their lives, people need to interact with others since they can’t live by themselves. Through communication process, people can change their minds, ideas, thoughts, and intentions. They can also deliver messages to others. In conducting communication, people need a medium to express their intentions and messages. The most appropriate medium is language since language can carry a message by symbols. This is in line with what has been suggested by Wardaugh (1992: 8) who states that ―Language allows people to say things to each other and expresses communicate needs‖. In short, language is constantly used by humans in their daily life as a means of communication. Language is very important in social interaction. In interlace good relation, people will use appropriate language that can be understood by others in particular event. Some communities have their own language that is used in daily activity which different with other communities. Every community have different characteristic from their culture which determined the variety of language that they use. Some of them make uncommon languages that only can be understood by the member of communities in order to keeping their attribute or keeping a secret. Family relation, work place, friendship, and social class also can be causes of language varieties. Beside language varieties, changed or mix a language to another can be the way to establish a communication depend on who is the partner and the context. -
Olga O'toole Ethnolect and Attitudes in Chicagoland: an Analysis Of
Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ Nauki Humanistyczne, Numer 22 (3/2018), s. 43–61 e-ISSN 2082-9469 | p-ISSN 2299-1638 www.doktoranci.uj.edu.pl/zeszyty/nauki-humanistyczne DOI: 10.26361/ZNTDH.09.2018.22.04 Olga O’Toole Jagiellonian University in Kraków Faculty of Philology Chair in English Linguistics e-mail: [email protected] Ethnolect and Attitudes in Chicagoland: An Analysis of African American Chicagoan Attitudes to AAVE Abstract In the field of ethnolect study, African American Vernacular English and Chicano English are known for their great significance in indexing and building identities. The Chicago and Chicago Northwest Suburb communities in particular, however, have seen little methodological linguistic study with concern to language attitudes. The following work is an analysis of interviews that took place in the Chicago area with members of the African American community. Although research1 on language attitudes in minority communities has already been carried out, not much has been done as far as language attitude research within the African American community in Chicago. The interviews regarded the attitudes of in-group members to their respec- tive ethnolects and provides an analysis of aspects of their perceptions concerning the varieties associated with their ethnic group. The interviews followed2 the direct approach to language attitude studies and consisted of open questions. In order to elicit responses from each speaker concerning the varieties they speak, questions of discrimination, attitudes, and perception, especially in the context of employment, were touched upon in the conversations with each participant. Mock Ebonics: Linguistic Racism in Parodies of Ebonics on the Internet1 Investigating language and Space:M. -
Dialect (Non-)Acquisition and Use by Young People of Migrant Background in Germany
1 Dialect (Non-)Acquisition and Use by Young People of Migrant Background in Germany Peter Auera,b aHermann Paul Centre of Linguistics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany bSection of German Linguistics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany [email protected] German Linguistics Universität Freiburg D-79085 Freiburg 2 Dialect (Non-)Acquisition and Use by Young People of Migrant Background in Germany* This article reports on a study investigating the use of regional language features by young people of (mostly Turkish or Balkan) background who were born, or raised from an early age on, in Stuttgart/Germany. The results of the Stuttgart study show that most young speakers from migrant families do not accommodate the local or regional dialect, but rather speak their own (multiethnolectal) variety of German. Existing evidence on dialect (non-)acquisition and (non-)use by speakers with similar social, linguistic and cultural backgrounds in other parts of Germany suggests that this finding reflects a general tendency. Some possible explanations for the non-acquisition and non-use of dialectal features are discussed. 1. Introduction Most of the sociolinguistic discussion on the language of second and third generation Europeans with ‘migration background’ has focused on these speakers’ multilingual behaviour as well as the emergence and use of multiethnolectal registers among them (see the references in the introduction of this special issue). Multiethnolects1 are by definition variants of the language of the receiving society. Their emergence among speakers who speak this language well (and often as their dominant language) cannot be explained by second language acquisition; rather, it testifies to their needs to position themselves by linguistic means that neither correspond with those of their families, nor that of the linguistic majority. -
Sounding Southern: Identities Expressed Through Language1
FEATURED ARTICLE Sounding Southern: Identities Expressed Through Language1 Irina Shport and Wendy Herd 2 “Where are you from?” is the question one often hears in innovations necessary to understand them, and the inter- the United States. Many English speakers from the South- play of sociolinguistic variables in identity expression ern United States can hardly avoid this question (similar through language. Elements typical to Southern speech to speakers of English as a second language) unless they are used selectively and creatively by individual Southern become bidialectal and learn to switch between a Southern speakers rather than as a stereotypical bundle that some accent and a more mainstream, Standard American accent, are accustomed to see in descriptions of Southern speech. as many Southerners nowadays do (to compare South- ern and Standard pronunciation of a bidialectal speaker, The Stabilized Representation of listen to Multimedia1 at acousticstoday.org/shportmm). Southern United States English Southern US English stands out among North American Comprehensive overviews and synthesis of acoustic English dialects as being talked about and stigmatized the research on Southern US English can be found in works most, similar to English spoken in New York City (Pres- such as the Atlas of North American English (ANAE; Labov ton, 1988). It is often portrayed in the media and public as et al., 2006) and the special issue on Southern US English having a Southern drawl, twang, nasal, or sing-song qual- of The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Shport ity to it. These labels serve to stereotype Southern speech and Herd, 2020; Thomas, 2020).