Appendix: Islamist Terrorist Attacks in the West, 1990–2019

Notes on Data Collection: The list includes Islamist terrorist attacks that took place in the West between January 1990 and January 2019. To be included, the attacks had to have some sort of Islamist motivation. Western countries under analy- sis here include the 28 Member States of the European Union, Norway, Switzerland, the United States, Canada, and Australia. The list excludes ter- rorist plots but does include major bombing attempts that failed. A number of sources served as a starting point for data collection.1 The rest of the data was retrieved through searching open source published articles, news reports, and online reference materials. Name spelling follows the most widely used spelling available for each name and might vary due to the differences among the source languages. ISIS claims or responsibility for attacks is recorded based on the statements ISIS published through Amaq News, al-Bayan news bulletin, and al-Naba.

1Lorenzo Vidino, Francesco Marone, and Eva Enternmann, Fear Thy Neighbor: Radical- ization and Jihadist Attacks in the West (Italy: Ledizioni LediPublishing, 2017); Petter Nesser, “Chronology of Jihadism in Western Europe 1994–2007: Planned, Prepared, and Executed Terrorist Attacks,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31, no. 10 (2008): 924–946; Kyle Orton, Foreign Terrorist Attacks by the Islamic State, 2002–2016 (London: The Henry Jackson Soci- ety, 2017); and National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), Global Terrorism Database (2018), https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive 223 license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 E. Pokalova, Returning Islamist Foreign Fighters, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31478-1 224 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … (continued) Fifth Battalion al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya Afghan Arab Afghan Arab GIA Bosnia Egyptian Ramzi YousefMahmoud Abouhalima AfghanistanAhmed AjajNidal Ayyad Mohammed Liberation Army Salameh Afghanistan Abdul Rahman Yasin Eyad Ismoil Belkacem Mahmud Saad John Fawzan Ali Hassan Abu Kamal New York, United States Paris, France Khaled Kelkal Algeria GIA Paris, France Rachid Ramda Afghan Arab GIA Lyon, France Safe Bourada GIA Paris, France Boualem Bensaid GIA Paris, France Smain Ait Ali Rijeka, Croatia Hassan al-Sharif New York, United States Center car bombing Metro bombing bombing bombing Metro bombing Metro bombing bombing Building shooting Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 1 1993/02/26 World Trade 2 1995/07/25 Saint-Michel 3 1995/08/17 Arc de Triomphe 45 1995/09/03 1995/09/07 Market bombing Jewish school Paris, France Ali Touchent Afghan Arab GIA 6 1995/10/06 Maison Blanche 7 1995/10/17 Orsay Museum 8 1995/10/20 Police station 9 1997/02/23 Empire State 10 2001/09/11 September 11 United States Mohammed Atta Afghanistan Al Qaeda APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … 225 (continued) Afghanistan Afghanistan Chechnya, Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Chechnya, Bosnia Afghan Arab, Bosnia Afghanistan Afghanistan Wail al-ShehriWalid al-ShehriSatam al-Suqami Afghanistan Afghanistan Fayez Afghanistan Banihammad Ahmed al-Ghamdi Hamza al-Ghamdi Marwan al-Shehhi Mohand al-Shehri Hani HanjourNawaf al-Hazmi Afghan Arab Afghan Arab, Salem al-HazmiKhalid Afghanistan al-Mihdhar Majid MuqidSaid al-Ghamdi Afghanistan Chechnya, Ahmad al-Haznawi Ziad Jarrah Afghanistan Abd al-Aziz al-Umari Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation (continued) 226 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … (continued) Ahmad al-Nami Afghanistan Hesham Mohamed Hadayet Jose Emilio Suarez Trashorras Othman el-Gnaoui Sarhane Ben Abdelmajid Fakhet Abdennabi Kounjaa Rachid Oulad Akcha Mohammed Oulad Akcha Jamal Ahmidan Allekema Lamari Asri Rifaat Anouar Mohammed Bouyeri Paris, France Richard Reid Afghanistan Al Qaeda inspired Los Angeles, United States Amsterdam, Netherlands (failed) shooting murder Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 11 2001/12/22 Shoe bombing 12 2002/07/04 LA Airport 13 2004/03/11 Train bombings Madrid, Spain Jamal Zougam14 Al 2004/11/02 Qaeda Theo van Gogh 15 2005/07/07 Metro bombings London, UK Shehzad Tanweer Pakistan Al Qaeda (continued) APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … 227 (continued) Al Qaeda inspired Al Qaeda inspired Pakistan Yemen Al Qaeda Afghanistan, Pakistan Iraq Germaine Morris Lindsay Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar Hasib HussainMohammed Sidique Pakistan Khan Kafeel Ahmed Carlos BledsoeNidal Yemen Malik Hasan Al Qaeda inspired Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab Choudhry (female) Arid Uka Merah Yonathan MelakuTaimour Abdulwahab Al Qaeda inspired El-Boukhari United States Glasgow, UK Bilal Abdullah United States States Amsterdam, Netherlands London, UK Roshonara Germany Sweden United States Brussels, Belgium Rachid bombing bombing (failed) Stephen Timms Mosque arson Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 16 2006/03/0317 2007/06/30 Car attack Glasgow Airport Chapel Hill, 18 2009/06/0119 2009/11/0520 2009/12/25 Shooting Shooting Little Airplane Rock, Ft. Hood, United 21 2010/05/14 Stabbing of MP 24 2011/03/02 Airport shooting Frankfurt, 25 2012/03/11–19 Shootings Toulouse, France Mohammed 23 2010/12/11 Bombing Stockholm, 22 2010/10/17–11/01 Shooting Woodbridge, 26 2012/03/12 Shia Rida (continued) 228 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … (continued) Al Qaeda inspired ISIS inspired ISIS inspired ISIS inspired Syria returnee ISIS directed Louis-Sidney Jeremy Bailly Tamerlan Tsarnaev Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Adebolajo Michael Oluwatobi Adebowale Dhaussy Nemmouche Ali Muhammad Brown Abdul Numan Haider Alton Nolen Couture-Rouleau Zehaf-Bibeau Zale Thompson ISIS inspired Paris, France Jeremie Boston, United States Woolwich, UK Michael Olumide Brussels, Belgium Mehdi Seattle, United States Australia Moore, United States Ottawa, Canada Michael New York, United States bombing bombing murder shooting shooting beheading shooting attack Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 27 2012/09/19 Jewish store 28 2013/04/15 Boston Marathon 29 2013/05/22 Lee Rigby 30 2013/05/2531 2014/05/24 Stabbing Jewish Museum Paris, France Alexandre 32 2014/06/01 Nightclub 33 2014/09/23 Police stabbing Melbourne, 34 2014/09/24 Vaughan Foods 35 2014/10/20 Car attack Quebec, Canada Martin 36 2014/10/22 Parliament 37 2014/10/23 Queens hatchet (continued) APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … 229 (continued) ISIS inspired ISIS inspired ISIS inspired ISIS inspired ISIS directed Syria returnee ISIS directed Monis Justin Nojan Sullivan Nzohabonayo Said Kouachi Yemen Omar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein Ghlam Elton SimpsonNadir Soofi Mohammed Youssef Abdulazeez ISIS claimed Yousef Khazzani Morganton, United States Paris, France Cherif Kouachi Yemen AQAP Paris, France Amedy Coulibaly Nice, France Moussa Coulibaly Denmark Paris, France Sid Ahmed Dallas, United States United States France Ayoub El murder attack hostage crisis Community Center stabbing murder Center shooting attack Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 38 2014/12/15–16 Hostage crisis Sydney, Australia Man Haron 39 2014/12/18 John Bailey Clark 40 2014/12/20 Stabbing Tours, France Bertrand 41 2015/01/07 Charlie Hebdo 42 2015/01/09 Kosher store 43 2015/02/03 Jewish 44 2015/02/14–15 Shootings Copenhagen, 45 2015/04/19 Aurelie Chatelain 46 2015/05/03 Curtis Culwell 4748 2015/06/26 2015/07/1649 2015/08/21 Beheading Shooting Lyon, France Thalys train Chattanooga, Yassin Salhi ISIS inspired 50 2015/09/17 Stabbing Berlin, Germany Rafik Mohamad (continued) 230 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … (continued) ISIS inspired ISIS inspired ISIS inspired Syria returnee ISIS directed Syria returnee Syria returnee Syria returnee Syria Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar* Faisal Mohammad Abaaoud Salah Abdeslam Ismael Omar Mostefai Foued Mohamed-Aggad Sami AmimourChakib Akrouh SyriaIbrahim returnee SyriaAbdeslam returnee Bilal HadfiAhmad al-Mohammed M al-Mahmod Syria returnee Tashfeen Malik (female) Syria Syed Rizwan Farook Australia Merced, United States United States stabbing Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 51 2015/10/02 Shooting Parramatta, 52 2015/11/04 UC Merced 54 2015/12/025556 2015/12/0557 Shooting 2016/01/01 2016/01/07 San Metro Bernardino, stabbing Car attack London, UK Stabbing Muhaydin Mire Valence, France Paris, France Raouf El Ayeb Tarek Belgacem ISIS inspired ISIS inspired 53 2015/11/13 Paris attacks Paris, France Abdelhamid (continued) APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … 231 (continued) ISIS inspired Edward Archer ISIS inspired Mohamed Barry Abdul Kadir Safia S. (female)* ISIS inspired Mohamed AbriniOsama Syria Krayem returnee Ibrahim El SyriaBakraoui returnee Khalid El Bakraoui Mohammad B. Two unidentified individuals Omar Mateen ISIS claimed United States Marseille, France Teenager*United States ISIS inspired Germany Brussels, Belgium Najim Laachraoui Syria returnee ISIS directed Glasgow, UK Tanveer Ahmed Essen, Germany Yusuf T. Puy, France Orlando, United States Paris, France Larossi Abballa ISIS claimed stabbing Brussels airport and Maalbeek Metro station murder bombing shooting stabbing Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 58 2016/01/0759 2016/01/11 Police shooting Philadelphia, Jewish teacher 60 2016/02/11 Machete attack Columbus, 61 2016/02/18 Imam murder Rochdale, UK Mohammed 63 2016/03/22 Attacks at 62 2016/02/26 Police stabbing Hanover, 64 2016/03/24 Asad Shah 65 2016/04/16 Sikh Temple 66 2016/05/2667 2016/06/12 Stabbing Pulse nightclub Saint Julien du 68 2016/06/13 Police officer (continued) 232 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … (continued) ISIS claimed ISIS claimed ISIS claimed ISIS claimed ISIS claimed ISIS claimed Afghanistan Al Qaeda inspired Lahouaiej- Bouhlel Riaz Khan Ahmadzai* Mohammad Daleel Abdel Malik Petitjean Adel Kermiche Khaled BabouriWasil Farooqui Mesa Hodzic ISIS claimed ISIS claimed Ahmad Khan Rahami Dahir Ahmed Adan Unidentified individual Germany Germany Saint-Etienne- du-Rouvray, France Belgium States Denmark Osny, France Bilal Taghi United States St. Cloud, United States Germany attack stabbing stabbing Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 69 2016/07/14 Truck attack Nice, France Mohamed 70 2016/07/18 Train axe attack Wurzburg, 71 2016/07/24 Bombing Ansbach, 72 2016/07/26 Catholic Church 73 2016/08/067475 2016/08/10 2016/08/2076 Police stabbing 2016/08/3177 Charleroi, Bombing 2016/09/04 Stabbing Shooting Strathroy, Canada Aaron Driver Roanoke, Prison United guards Copenhagen, ISIS claimed 80 2016/09/17 Minnesota 7879 2016/09/10 2016/09/17–18 Bombings Stabbing New York, Minto, Australia Ihsas Khan ISIS inspired 8182 2016/10/05 2016/10/16 Stabbing Stabbing Brussels, Belgium Hamburg, Hicham Diop (continued) APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … 233 (continued) ISIS claimed ISIS inspired ISIS inspired Abdul Razak Ali Artan Unidentified individual* Esteban Santiago-Ruiz Joshua Cummings al-Hamamy Belgacem Two teenagers*Rakhmat Akilov ISIS inspired ISIS inspired Columbus, United States Ludwigshafen, Germany Berlin, Germany Anis AmriUnited States States ISIS claimed Paris, France Abdullah Reda Orly, France Ziyed Ben London, UK KhalidAustralia MasoodSweden ISIS claimed Paris, France Karim Cheurfi ISIS claimed Manchester, UK Salman Abedi Libya returnee ISIS claimed London, UK Rachid Redouane Libya returnee ISIS claimed stabbing bombing (failed) truck attack attack shooting Bridge car attack shooting Arena attack car attack Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 83 2016/11/28 Ohio State 84 2016/11/26 Christmas market 85 2016/12/19 Christmas market 86 2017/01/06 Airport shooting Ft. Lauderdale, 87 2017/01/31 Shooting Denver, United 88 2017/02/03 Louvre machete 89 2017/03/18 Orly airport 90 2017/03/22 Westminster 91 2017/04/06 Stabbing Queanbeyan, 92 2017/04/0793 2017/04/20 Truck attack Champs Elysees Stockholm, 9495 2017/05/18 2017/05/22 Stabbing Manchester Milan, Italy Ismail Hosni 96 2017/06/03 London Bridge (continued) 234 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … (continued) ISIS claimed Khuram Shazad Butt Youssef Zaghba Dughmosh (female) Yacqub Khayre Somalia returnee ISIS claimed Amor Ftouhiindividual Ahmad Alhaw Hamou Bachir Benlatreche Abouyaaqoub AlYounes Qaeda inspired Abouyaaqoub Moussa Oukabir* Toronto, Canada Rehab Australia Paris, France Farid Ikken Paris, France Adam Dzaziri Brussels, Belgium Oussama Zariouh States Germany France store golf club attack Cathedral hammer attack car attack bombing Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 97 2017/06/03 Canadian Tire 98 2017/06/0599 2017/06/06 Shooting Notre Dame Melbourne, 100 2017/06/19 Champs Elysees 101 2017/06/20 Train station 102 2017/06/21 Airport stabbing Flint, United 103 2017/06/30104 2017/07/28105 2017/08/09106 Stabbing 2017/08/17 Stabbing Linz, Car Austria attack Hamburg, Van attack Unidentified Levallois-Perret, Barcelona, Spain Houssaine (continued) APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … 235 (continued) ISIS inspired ISIS inspired ISIS claimed Said Aallaa Mohamed Hychami Omar Hychami Abdelbaki Es Satty Bouanane Abdulahi Hasan Sharif Sayfullo Saipov ISIS claimed Saleh Ali Akayed UllahSaeed Noori Momena Shoma (female) ISIS inspired Lakdim London, UK Ahmed HassanCanada ISIS claimed New York, United States Amsterdam, Netherlands New York, United States Australia Australia Metro station bombing attack restaurant attack bombing Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 107 2017/08/18108109 2017/08/25 2017/09/15 Stabbing Stabbing Parsons Green Turku, Finland Abderrahman Brussels, Belgium Haashi Ayaanle ISIS claimed 110 2017/09/30 Car attack Edmonton, 111112 2017/10/01 2017/10/31 Stabbing Manhattan truck Marseille, France Ahmed Hanachi ISIS claimed 113 2017/12/07 HaCarmel 114 2017/12/11 Port Authority 115 2017/12/21116 2018/02/09 Car attack Stabbing Melbourne, Mill Park, 117 2018/03/23 Hostage crisis Trebes, France Redouane 118 2018/05/12 Knife attack Paris, France Khamzat Azimov ISIS claimed (continued) 236 APPENDIX: ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS … ISIS claimed ISIS claimed ISIS claimed Herman individual Jawad S. Hassan Khalif Shire Ali Cherif Chekatt ISIS claimed Toronto, Canada Faisal Hussain ISIS claimed Amsterdam, Netherlands Australia Strasbourg, France shooting stabbing attack Date Attack Place Perpetrator Foreign experience Group affiliation 119 2018/05/29 Stabbing Liege, Belgium Benjamin 120 2018/07/22 Danforth Avenue 121 2018/08/23 Stabbing Trappes, France Unidentified 122 2018/08/31 Train station 123 2018/11/09 Stabbing Melbourne, 124 2018/12/11 Christmas market (continued) *under the age of 18 Index

A Africa US Embassy bombings (1998), Abdelhamid Abaaoud, 1, 2, 7, 89, 90, 67, 73 93–97, 104, 186, 217, 230 aftercare programs, 163 Abdelilah Himich, 98 Air France hijacking (1994), 75 Abdullah Anas, 14, 16, 19 Aissa Messaoudi, 26, 72 Abdullah Azzam, 15–18, 20, 21, 24, Algeria, 5, 12, 15, 25, 26, 31, 33, 66, 25, 27, 51, 73, 173, 174, 197 72, 75, 224 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, 49, 51, 90, 147 al-Khansaa Brigade, 182–184, 194, Abu Ghraib, 34, 47 218 Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, 6, 7, al-Kifah Refugee Center, 15, 27 83–85 Al Qaeda, 13, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, 30, 35 34, 35, 38, 50, 56, 63, 64, 66–68, Abu Qatada, 62, 146, 158 72–75, 79, 83, 85, 108, 147, Aden bombings (1992), 72 150, 155, 162, 163, 168, 169, advance passenger information systems, 171–174, 176, 199, 224, 226, 112 228, 232, 234 Afghan Arabs, 4, 12–16, 19–27, AlQaedainIraq(AQI),30, 32, 35, 29–31, 33, 36, 61–63, 66–68, 70, 37, 39, 49, 50, 56, 176, 177, 199, 71, 83, 135, 219 208 Afghanistan, 4, 9, 12–20, 22, 24–27, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 29–33, 35, 36, 43, 44, 46, 50, (AQIM), 27 60–64, 66–68, 70–76, 81, 98, al-Shabaab, 100, 102, 168, 177, 196 169, 171, 196, 197, 224–227, Amedy Coulibaly, 150, 157, 162, 182, 232 229

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive 237 license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 E. Pokalova, Returning Islamist Foreign Fighters, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31478-1 238 INDEX

Anwar al-Awlaki, 126, 173 Canada, 1, 4, 116, 120, 121, 187, 223, Anwar Shaaban, 27, 63, 69 228, 232, 234–236 Aqsa Mahmood/Umm Layth, 182, Cannes-Torcy jihadist network, 92 183 Charlie Hebdo attack (2015), 112, Arab Spring, 39, 48 150, 229 Armed Islamic Group (GIA), 26, 62, Chechnya, 5, 9, 12, 25, 29, 43, 44, 56, 67, 72, 75, 145, 146, 162, 224 62, 63, 69, 70, 168, 171, 174, aspiring foreign fighters, 7, 9, 101, 179, 225 103, 104, 112–116, 137, 142 Cherif Chekatt, 150, 236 Aurelie Chatelain murder (2015), 229 Cherif Kouachi, 150, 157, 229 Australia, 1, 4, 84, 100, 113, 114, children, 3, 8, 9, 11, 28, 48, 52, 53, 116, 120, 122–124, 127, 130, 110, 126, 172, 174, 176, 178, 148, 187, 209, 223, 228–230, 192, 195–203, 205–219 232–236 citizenship revocation, 111, 122, 126, Ayman al-Zawahiri, 16, 38, 49, 51, 127, 129, 130, 220 147, 172 Colleen LaRose/Jihad Jane, 172 Ayoub El Khazzani, 2, 89, 95, 217 criminalization of foreign fighting, 118 Cubs of the Caliphate, 42, 200, 201, 204 B Curtis Culwell Center attack (2015), Bashar al-Assad, 39, 40, 45, 47, 49, 102, 229 218 Belgium, 1, 75, 88, 90, 91, 104, 116, D 127, 143, 212–215, 227, 228, Dabiq, 1, 53, 84, 91, 93, 179, 182, 231, 232, 234–236 186 Black Widows, 174 defensive jihad, 18, 24, 33, 73, 170, Bosnia, 5, 9, 12, 25, 27, 28, 43, 62, 173, 185, 196, 197 63, 66, 68, 69, 168, 224, 225 Denis Cuspert, 43 055 Brigade, 68 Denmark, 113, 117, 121, 122, 127, Brussels airport attack (2016), 91, 95, 131, 132, 160, 193, 221, 229, 97, 231 232 Brussels Jewish Museum attack (2014), departees, 79, 81, 166, 181 121 deradicalization programs, 156, 160, 161 disengagement, 81, 161, 222 C dispersal (in prison), 156 Caliphate, 2, 6, 7, 51–53, 57, 76, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 92, 95, 99, 101, 103, 104, 156, 159, 177, E 181, 182, 185, 190, 194–196, Egypt, 15–18, 31, 48, 70, 71 200–202, 205, 209, 212, 218, elimination of foreign fighters, 8, 125, 219 126 INDEX 239

El Mujahid Detachment, 28, 63 H Emni, 2, 7, 85–89, 93, 98, 100, 103 Hague-Marrakech Memorandum, 105, Enaam Arnaout, 63 106, 108, 110 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), 157, Hamas, 169, 170, 175, 198, 199 165, 167 Hanover attack (2016), 102, 187, 210 executions, 28, 35, 57, 71, 98, 125, Hasna Ait Boulahcen, 96, 186 128, 201, 203, 206, 215, 219, Hayat Boumeddiene/Umm Basiral- 220 Muhajirah, 182 hijrah, 53, 54, 84, 85, 101, 103, 182, 185, 194 Hizballah, 40, 45 F Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar, 209, I 230 Ibrahim Boudina, 92 Finland, 121, 235 individual assessment, 8, 110, 122, foreign fighters, 1–9, 11–24, 27–77, 213, 216, 219, 222 79–83, 85–90, 92–95, 97–99, Inspire, 85, 101, 103 102–117, 119, 121–127, Iraq, 1–9, 12, 15, 29–39, 41–47, 129–135, 137–143, 149, 150, 49–54, 56–58, 61, 64, 66, 76, 77, 155, 156, 158–161, 163, 164, 79–83, 85, 88, 91, 92, 98, 99, 166, 168, 177, 180, 181, 189, 101, 103–105, 107, 114, 118, 190, 193, 194, 206, 209–212, 122–124, 131, 135, 137, 142, 214, 216–222 143, 150, 161, 165, 166, 173, France, 1, 2, 5, 62, 75, 77, 80, 84, 176–180, 182, 187, 189, 190, 86, 88–93, 97, 101, 102, 104, 192–196, 199, 200, 202, 211, 112–114, 116, 121, 123–126, 213–221, 227 139, 143, 145, 146, 151, Iraq War, 12, 29, 33, 36–38, 40, 43, 155, 157, 158, 160, 163, 193, 54, 55, 64 211–215, 224, 226–230, 232–236 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 144, Free Syrian Army, 41, 183, 195, 200 145, 157, 158, 165, 167 Isa Dare, 201, 206 Islamic Cultural Center, 27 Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), 22, 23, 30, G 35, 37, 39, 49, 50, 56 Germany, 1, 43, 45, 63, 84–87, 95, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 112–114, 132, 139, 140, 142, 1, 2, 5–9, 41, 42, 49–57, 60, 151, 187, 190, 209–211, 214, 76, 80–94, 98, 140–143, 147, 227, 229, 231–234 149, 150, 152, 155, 159, 161, Global Counterterrorism Forum 165–167, 177–196, 199–216, (GCTF), 105, 106 218, 223, 228–231, 233, 235, Guantanamo Bay, 34, 69, 147 236 Guemar attack (1991), 26, 72 Islamist terrorism, 4–6, 9, 70, 75, 76 240 INDEX isolation (in prison), 152, 159 Malika El Aroud/Oum Obeyda, 169 Italy, 27, 87, 116, 143, 233 Manchester Arena attack (2017), 85, 100, 233 Mehdi Nemmouche, 2, 88, 94, 150, J 157, 162, 217, 228 Jabhat al-Nusra, 41, 47, 49, 50, 56, migrant route, 7, 87 195, 200 Mohamed Abrini, 2, 97, 100, 231 Jaji battle, 17, 20, 50 Mohamed Belkaid, 96 Jama’at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, 35 Mohamed Merah, 157 Jaysh al-Muhajirin wa al-Ansar, 50 Mohammed Emwazi/Jihadi John, 57, jihad, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16–18, 21, 124, 128 23–29, 31, 33–35, 39, 43–46, 48, Momena Shoma, 187, 188, 192, 235 50, 52, 54, 56–58, 61–65, 67, Muammar Qadhafi, 48 70–74, 83, 85, 93, 103, 138, 143, Muriel Degauque, 177 152, 155, 168, 170–176, 179, Muslim al-Shishani, 44, 56, 65 185, 186, 189, 191, 192, 194, Muslim Brotherhood, 16, 17 196–198, 204, 207, 217, 219 Mustafa Hamid, 13, 16, 21, 23, 67 jihadist recruitment, 62 Junud al-Sham, 44, 56, 140 juvenile detention, 212 N Najim Laachraoui, 2, 91, 92, 96–98, 231 K Neil Prakash, 127, 130, 209 Khaled Kelkal, 75, 145, 157, 224 Netherlands, 80, 105, 115, 126, 138, Khansaa manifesto, 178, 179 141, 143, 156, 190, 212, 214, Khattab, 23, 64, 69, 70 226, 235, 236 Khava Barayeva, 168, 174 Norway, 4, 48, 121, 214, 223

L Libya, 4, 15, 31, 48, 76, 81, 85, 99, O 100, 188, 233 offensive jihad, 170, 185 London Bridge attack (2017), 99, 233 Omar Abdel-Rahman, 74, 146 Ludwigshafen attack (2016), 209, 233 Omar al-Shishani, 50, 65 Luxor massacre (1997), 71 Osama bin Laden, 15, 19, 28, 35, 67, 68, 72–74, 171

M Madrid bombings (2004), 146, 149 P Madrid Guiding Principles, 108, 110, Pakistan, 15, 18, 20–22, 25, 27, 36, 122 55, 57, 63, 64, 66, 70, 74, 162, Maktab al-Khidamat/Services Bureau, 168, 197, 198, 226, 227 19, 21, 29, 66 Paris attacks (1995), 75 INDEX 241

Paris attacks (2015), 7, 54, 87, 89–91, 209–213, 216–222, 230, 231, 96, 112, 127, 150, 157, 162, 182, 234 186, 230 Richard Reid, 149, 156, 226 Plan of Action for Preventing Violent Rijeka attack (1995), 69 Extremism (PVE), 109, 118 risk assessment, 131, 135, 160 prevention of radicalization, 7, 119, Riyadh bombing (1995), 73, 77 120, 122 Roshonara Choudhry, 173, 227 prison, 1, 3, 8, 48, 74, 75, 82, 89, Rumiyah, 85, 100, 179 96, 115, 118, 130, 133–135, 137–141, 143–164, 183, 191, 201, 221, 231 prison-based radicalization, 8, 137, S 143, 148, 149, 157, 221 Saint-Denis raid, 186 prosecution of foreign fighters, 108, Salafist Group for Preaching and 122, 137 Combat (GSPC), 26, 67 prosecutions in absentia, 138, 143 Salah Abdeslam, 90, 91, 96, 97, 230 Sally Jones, 124, 183 Salman Abedi, 85, 100, 101, 233 R Samantha Lewthwaite/White Widow, Radicalization Awareness Network 168 (RAN), 119 Sami Amimour, 90, 91, 96, 230 Rakhmat Akilov, 7, 102, 233 San Bernardino attack (2015), 186, Raqqa, 50, 81, 182–184 230 Reda Hame, 95 Saudi Arabia, 15, 18, 20, 22, 31, 36, Reem Saleh Riyashi, 170, 175 46, 73 refugees, 7, 87, 89, 90, 95, 96, 99, Sayyid Qutb, 145 100, 103, 133, 193, 197, 210 Rehab Dughmosh, 187, 188, 192, 234 separation (in prison), 158, 159 rehabilitation, 107, 108, 110, 122, September 11 attacks (2001), 69, 73, 123, 130–134, 152, 156, 159, 153, 224 160, 164, 192–194, 212, 217, Shamima Begum, 129, 130, 181, 193, 221, 222 201 relocators/relocating foreign fighters, Shia Muslims, 39, 44, 46 4, 5, 7, 58, 62, 64, 65, 70, 76, 77, Sid Ahmed Ghlam, 7, 101, 229 104, 109, 122, 130, 134 Sinjar records, 30–32 repatriation, 211, 213, 214, 219, 222 Soviet-Afghan War, 5, 9, 12–14, 16, returnees, 2–9, 26, 59–61, 70, 72, 73, 18, 21, 23–25, 27, 36, 43, 55, 57, 75–77, 79–83, 88, 90–92, 94, 95, 62, 66, 73, 74, 83, 197, 219 97–99, 101–104, 106, 109–111, Spain, 84, 87, 89, 152, 157, 226, 234 114, 115, 120, 122, 123, Special Category Status (SCS), 144, 125, 129–135, 137, 138, 140, 145, 158 141, 143, 155, 156, 158–161, Strasbourg Christmas market attack 163, 164, 167, 190, 192, 194, (2018), 151, 236 242 INDEX suicide bombings, 34, 35, 37, 38, 56, 201, 212, 226–228, 231, 233, 64, 90, 91, 174, 176, 177, 188, 235 208 United States (US), 4, 8, 12, 15, 17, suicide fighters, 57, 208 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 33–37, 39, Sweden, 116, 121, 227, 233 43, 45, 55, 62, 67, 68, 72–74, Syria, 1–9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 31, 36, 84, 87, 102, 106, 112, 115, 39–58, 64, 66, 76, 77, 79–83, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 128, 85, 86, 88–94, 96–105, 107, 140, 142–144, 146, 148, 152, 112, 114, 115, 118, 122–124, 154–156, 160, 162, 163, 178, 127, 131, 132, 135, 137–143, 181, 193, 223, 224, 226, 227, 149, 161, 162, 165, 166, 177, 229, 231–233, 235 178, 180–182, 187, 189–196, UN Security Council Resolution 2178, 199–202, 210, 211, 213–221, 3, 7, 11, 81, 106, 109, 134 228–231 UN Security Council Resolution 2253, 106, 108 UN Security Council Resolution 2396, T 7, 106, 109, 122, 166 Taliban, 61, 64, 67, 68, 198 USS Cole attack (2000), 73 Tashfeen Malik, 186, 192, 230 Thalys train attack (2015), 89, 95, 229 V training camp, 63, 64, 66–68, 74, 144, Verviers raid, 91, 94, 97, 121 205 travel restrictions, 111–113 Turkey, 7, 36, 37, 53–57, 81, 87, 92, W 96, 99, 101, 102, 114, 117, 140, women, 3, 8, 9, 28, 37, 42, 48, 142, 143, 187, 192 109, 110, 165–172, 174–194, 196–199, 218 World Trade Center bombing (1993), U 5, 74, 77, 146, 224 United Kingdom (UK), 8, 75, 80, 84, Wurzburg attack (2016), 210, 232 88, 97, 99, 100, 113, 118, 119, 123, 124, 128–130, 133, 138, 141, 144–146, 153, 154, 157, Y 158, 160, 163, 178, 181, 193, Yousef al-Qaradawi, 33, 45, 145, 175