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Notes Chapter 1 Where Is Jihad Being Fought? 1. Dan Balz and Bob Woodward, “America’s Chaotic Road to War,” The Washington Post, January 27, 2002. 2. The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004), 45. 3. The fatwa was originally published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), February 23, 1998, a translation of the fatwa can be found http://www.military.com/Resources/ ResourceFileView?fileϭfatwa1998.htm. 4. The 9/11 Commission Report, 45. 5. “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,” Speech by President George W. Bush, September 20, 2001, available online at http:// www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html. 6. A translation of bin Laden’s fatwa is available online at http://www.pbs.org/ newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html. 7. John J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York: Macmillan, 1986), 8. 8. Bin Laden’s interview with Al-Jazeera television correspondent Tayseer Alouni in October 2001, available online at http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/ asiapcf/ south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html. 9. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1992). 10. The 9/11 Commission Report, 101. 11. Sura 9:5 of the Koran. 12. “Interview with bin Laden,” Time Magazine, January 11, 1999, http://www.time.com/ time/asia/news/printout/0,9788,174550,00.html. 13. “The 9/11 Commission Report: About” http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/about.html. 14. The 9/11 Commission Report, 357. 15. Ibid., 198. 16. Ibid., 343. 17. Ronald Sullivan, “Code of Silence Threatens Trade Center Investigation,” The New York Times, March 17, 1993. 18. Ned Zemen, “The Path to 9/11; Lost Warnings and Fatal Errors,” Vanity Fair, November 2004. 19. United Stated District Court, Southern District of New York, United States of America v. Usama bin Laden, Indictment, 98 CR, available online at http://www.fas.org/irp/news/1998/11/indict1.pdf, accessed September 6, 2005. 196 ● Notes 20. The 9/11 Commission Report, 60. 21. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, (Source: “National Voice of Iran,” in Persian) January 21, 1979), January 23, 1979. 22. As quoted by Angus Deming, “The Khomeini Enigma,” Newsweek, December 31, 1979. 23. As quoted by Zawahiri in “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri’s New Book,” FBIS-NES-2002-0108, December 2, 2001, 24. 24. Lawrence Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden,” The New Yorker, September 16, 2002. 25. As quoted by Khaled M. Abou Fadi, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (NY: HarperCollins, 2005), 54. 26. Mark Fineman, “Next Step; Have Guns, Will Travel; Thousands of Muslims Learned Guerrilla War in Afghanistan. Where Will They Go Next?” Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1992. 27. “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri’s New Book,” FBIS-NES-2002-0108, December 2, 2001, 13. 28. As quoted in Peter L. Bergen, Holy War Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (New York: Free Press, 2002), 53. 29. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003), 6. contends that prior to 9/11, there is little evidence to support the notion that bin Laden himself regularly used the term al Qaeda to refer to his organization prior to September 11, 2001. 30. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 2001. 31. The 9/11 Commission Report, 467. 32. Beardebm “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires.” 33. Available online at http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/binladen/binladenintvw- cnn.pdf. 34. The 9/11 Commission Report, 56. 35. Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden.” 36. Harry Anderson, “The End of the Khomeini Era,” Newsweek, June 12, 1989. 37. Loren Jenkins, “Iraqi Leader Claims to Be Fighting Holy War,” The Washington Post, November 10, 1980. 38. Ibid. 39. Terence Smith, “Iran: Five Years of Fanaticism,” The New York Times, February 12, 1984. 40. “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD,” September 30, 2004, available online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/ iraq_wmd_ 2004/Comp_Report_Key_Findings.pdf. 41. Dilip Hiro, The longest war: the Iran-Iraq military conflict (NY: Routledge, 1991) 250. 42. Peter Steinfels, “Calls for Holy War Reveals Fissures in Islamic World,” The New York Times, October 7, 1990. 43. Judith Miller, “Muslims; Saudis Decree Holy War on Hussein,” The New York Times, January 20, 1991. 44. Milton Viorst, “Sudan’s Islamic Experiment,” Foreign Affairs, May, 1995; June, 1995. 45. “Sudanese Fundamentalists Demonstrate for Islamic Law,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, April 15, 1989. Notes ● 197 46. “ ‘The Tears of Orphans’: No Future without Human Rights,” Amnesty International, January 1995. 47. Jemera Rone, Human Rights Watch, testimony, July 29, 1998, http://hrw.org/ campaign/sudan98/testim/house-05.htm. 48. Julie Flint, “Hidden Holy War in the Hills,” The Guardian (London), July 22, 1995. 49. Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden.” 50. USA v. Omar Ahmad Ali Abdel Rahman et al., S5 93 Cr.181, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, pages 18649 and 18920. 51. Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden.” 52. Ibid. 53. Clyde R. Mark, “Egypt-United States Relations,” Congressional Research Service issue brief, Oct. 10, 2003. 54. The 9/11 Commission Report, 72. 55. “Lessons of First WTC Bombing,” BBC News, February 26, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2800297.stm. 56. Terry McDermott, “The Plot; How Terrorists Hatched a Simple Plan to Use Planes as Bombs,” Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2002. 57. Richard Bernstein, “U.S. Portrays Sheik as Head of a Wide Terrorist Network,” The New York Times, May 6, 1994. 58. Ibid. 59. U.S. v. Sattar et al., S1 02 Cr. 395 (JGK), 7126, also referenced as Government Exhibit, 2638, 11122; Videotape, CNN, August 20, 2002, http://archives.cnn.com/ 2002/US/08/19/terror.tape.main/ and The New York Post, October 8, 2004. 60. The 9/11 Commission Report, 63. 61. Ibid., 64. 62. Kim Murphy, “Algeria Cracks Down, Targets Islamic Front,” Los Angeles Times, February 10, 1992. 63. “Algerian Fundamentalist Promises More Massacres,” Agence France-Presse, January 21, 1997. 64. Christopher Burns, “Militants’ New Target: Students,” Associated Press Worldstream, August 6, 1994. 65. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, (Source: Al-Hayat, “London,” in Arabic, November 4, 1996), November 5, 1996. 66. As quoted by Quintan Wiktorowicz and John Kaltner, “Killing in the Name of Islam: Al-Qaeda’s Justification for September 11,” Middle East Policy, vol. X (Summer 2003). Language taken from a GIA communiqué dated April 18, 1996, according to the authors. 67. Statistics from Onwar.com, http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr90/ falgeria1992.htm. 68. Pierre Verger, William Dab, Donna L. Lamping, Jean-Yves Loze, Céline Deschaseaux-Voinet, Lucien Abenhaim, and Frédéric Rouillon, “The Psychological Impact of Terrorism: An Epidemiologic Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors in Victims of the 1995–1996 Bombings in France,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 161, no.8 (August 2004): 1384–1389. 69. Kim Murphy, “Tunisia Raises Stakes against Islamic Fundamentalists,” Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1992. 70. Ibid. 71. Quintan Wiktorowicz, “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad,” Middle East Policy, vol. 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 18. 198 ● Notes 72. First published August 31, 1996, Al Quds Al Arabi (London), available online: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html. 73. Emil A. Payin and Arkady A. Popov, “Chechnya,” U.S. and Russian Policymaking with Respect to the Use of Force (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1996), http://www. rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF129/CF-129.chapter2.html. 74. “Agence France-Presse, August 11, 1994. 75. Wiktorowicz, “The New Global Threat,” 18. 76. Ibid. 77. “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri’s New Book,” FBIS-NES-2002-0108, December 2, 2001, 44. 78. Michael Mainville, “Trained by Arabs, ‘Black Widows’ a Terrifying New Weapon,” The New York Sun, December 10, 2003. 79. BBC News, September 2, 2005, available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ world/europe/4207112.stm. 80. CNN Live Today, September 7, 2004. 81. Kim Murphy, “Chechnya Conflict Seeps Over Border,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2005. 82. Matthew Brzezinski, “Surrealpolitik; How a Chechen Terror Suspect Wound Up Living on Taxpayers’ Dollars near the National Zoo,” The Washington Post, March 20, 2005. 83. Terry McDermott, Josh Meyer, and Patrick J. McDonnell, “The Plots and Designs of Al Qaeda’s Engineer,” Los Angeles Times, December 22, 2002. 84. Terry McDermott, “How Terrorists Hatched a Simple Plan to Use Planes as Bombs,” Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2002. 85. “Profile: Abu Sayyaf,” Online News Hour, January 2002, http://www.pbs.org/ newshour/terrorism/international/abu_sayyaf.html, accessed September 7, 2005. 86. “Asia’s Terrorist Haven,”The Wall Street Journal, April 14, 2005. 87. “US Warns Philippines South Could Become New Afghanistan,” Agence France- Presse, April 11, 2005. 88. Robert Fisk, “Why We Reject the West—By the Saudis’ fiercest Arab Critic; At Home in his Afghanistan Fastness, Osama Bin Laden Tells Robert Fisk Why He Wants to Drive the Americans and British Out of the Gulf,” The Independent (London), July 10, 1996. 89. Fisk, “Muslim Leader Warns of New Assault on US Forces,” The Independent (London), March 22, 1997. 90. Fisk, “Saudi Calls for Jihad against US ‘Crusader’; Iraq is not the Only Source of Concern for America in the Gulf,” The Independent (London), September 2, 1996.
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