Honeybee Brain
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Insight from the Sociology of Science
CHAPTER 7 INSIGHT FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE Science is What Scientists Do It has been argued a number of times in previous chapters that empirical adequacy is insufficient, in itself, to establish the validity of a theory: consistency with the observable ‘facts’ does not mean that a theory is true,1 only that it might be true, along with other theories that may also correspond with the observational data. Moreover, empirical inadequacy (theories unable to account for all the ‘facts’ in their domain) is frequently ignored by individual scientists in their fight to establish a new theory or retain an existing one. It has also been argued that because experi- ments are conceived and conducted within a particular theoretical, procedural and instrumental framework, they cannot furnish the theory-free data needed to make empirically-based judgements about the superiority of one theory over another. What counts as relevant evidence is, in part, determined by the theoretical framework the evidence is intended to test. It follows that the rationality of science is rather different from the account we usually provide for students in school. Experiment and observation are not as decisive as we claim. Additional factors that may play a part in theory acceptance include the following: intuition, aesthetic considerations, similarity and consistency among theories, intellectual fashion, social and economic influences, status of the proposer(s), personal motives and opportunism. Although the evidence may be inconclusive, scientists’ intuitive feelings about the plausibility or aptness of particular ideas will make it appear convincing. The history of science includes many accounts of scientists ‘sticking to their guns’ concerning a well-loved theory in the teeth of evidence to the contrary, and some- times in the absence of any evidence at all. -
Eric Kandel Form in Which This Information Is Stored
RESEARCH I NEWS pendent, this system would be expected to [2] HEEsch and J E Bums. Distance estimation work quite well, since the new recruit bees by foraging honeybees, The Journal ofExperi mental Biology, Vo1.199, pp. 155-162, 1996. tend to take the same route as the experi [3] M V Srinivasan, S W Zhang, M Lehrer, and T enced scout bee. What dOJhe ants do when S Collett, Honeybee Navigation en route to they cover similarly several kilometres on the goal: Visual flight control and odometry, foot to look for food? Preliminary evidence The Journal ofExperimental Biology, Vol. 199, pp. 237-244, 1996. indicates that they don't use an odometer but [4] M V Srinivasan, S W Zhang, M Altwein, and instead might count steps! J Tautz, Honeybee Navigation: Nature and Calibration of the Odometer, Science, Vol. Suggested Reading 287, pp. 851-853, 1996. [1] Karl von Frisch, The dance language and OT Moushumi Sen Sarma, Centre for Ecological Sci ientation of bees, Harvard Univ. Press, Cam ences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, bridge, MA, USA, 1993. India. Email: [email protected] Learning from a Sea Snail: modify future behaviour, then memory is the Eric Kandel form in which this information is stored. Together, they represent one of the most valuable and powerful adaptations ever to Rohini Balakrishnan have evolved in nervous systems, for they In the year 2000, Eric Kandel shared the allow the future to access the past, conferring Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicinel flexibility to behaviour and improving the with two other neurobiologists: Arvid chances of survival in unpredictable, rapidly Carlsson and Paul Greengard. -
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S. -
Introduction and Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful -
Biography (Modified, After Festetics 1983)
Konrad Lorenz’s Biography (modified, after Festetics 1983) 1903: Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (KL) was born in Altenberg /Austria on Nov. 7 as the last of three children of Emma Lorenz and Dr. Adolf Lorenz, professor for orthopedics at the Medical branch of the University of Vienna. In the same year the representative and spacious Altenberg family home was finished. 1907: KL starts keeping animals, such as spotted newts in aquaria, raises some ducklings and is not pleased by his first experiences with a dachshound. Niko Tinbergen, his lifelong colleague and friend, is born on April 15 in Den Haag, The Netherlands. 1909: KL enters elementary school and engages in systematic studies in crustaceans. 1910: Oskar Heinroth, biologist and founder of "Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung" (comparative ethology) from Berlin and fatherlike scientific mentor of the young KL publishes his classical paper on the ethology of ducks. 1915: KL enters highschool (Schottengymnasium Wien), keeps and breeds songbirds. 1918: Wallace Craig publishes the comparative ethology of Columbidae (pigeons), a classics of late US biologist Charles O. Whitman, who was like O. Heinroth, a founding father of comparative ethology. 1921: KL excels in his final exams. Together with friend Bernhard Hellmann, he observes and experiments with aggression in a cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatum). This was the base for KL's psychohydraulic model of motivation. 1922: Father Adolf sends KL to New York to take 2 semesters of medicine courses at the ColumbiaUniversity, but mainly to interrupt the relationship of KL with longterm girlfriend Gretl Gebhart, his later wife. This paternal attempt to influence the mate choice of KL failed. -
Nikolaas Tinbergen: the Careful Scientist), Respectively, by Sindhu Radhakrishna in This Issue
Editorial T N C Vidya, Associate Editor We are happy to bring to you, an issue that celebrates Niko- laas Tinbergen, who along with Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, laid the foundations of the field of ethology, the study of animal behaviour. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal behaviour was largely approached either through vital- ism and purposive psychology (in England and then America), suggesting that behaviour was the outcome of mystical forces Email: within individuals that could, therefore, not be explained through [email protected] physico-chemical processes, or through comparative psychology (in America) that placed an almost exclusive emphasis on learn- ing as the process responsible for behaviour. Comparative psy- chologists at that time often anthropomorphised animal behaviour and relied on laboratory experiments to test animals. Ethologists Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch (in Europe), on the other hand, articulated how animal behaviour itself could be an evolved phe- nomenon. The behaviour showed by an animal could, therefore, be inherited, have survival value, and be acted upon by natu- ral selection. This was in contrast to the view of comparative psychologists who thought that mental faculties – and not be- haviours – evolved and allowed various species to learn appro- priate behaviours. Therefore, ethologists tended to focus on an- imal behaviour in the natural environment and study instinctive behaviours – behaviours that animals displayed in response to specific stimuli even in the absence of prior experience. How- ever, they realized that learning could also be important in some species at least. Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch carried out careful observations and experiments on insects, fishes, and birds. -
Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr. -
Niko Tinbergen R
Niko Tinbergen R. W. Burkhardt, Jr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA ã 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Life and Scientific Career was to live in the Arctic among the Inuit and witness the stark, natural beauties of the area. Nikolaas (Niko) Tinbergen, the third of five children of After 15 months in Greenland, the Tinbergens two Dutch schoolteachers, was born in The Hague on returned in the fall of 1933 to Holland. Tinbergen took 15 April 1907. Remarkably, two of the family’s four up again an assistantship in the Leiden Department of sons were eventually awarded Nobel Prizes. Niko’s elder Zoology (a position to which he had been originally brother Jan received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969; appointed in 1931). In this capacity, he developed a pro- Niko received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine gram of research and teaching involving field and labora- in 1973. When reporters asked Niko how it was that his tory studies of animal behavior. He established in the family had produced two Nobel Prize winners, he attrib- spring of 1935 a special, 6 week, laboratory ‘practical’ for uted this not to innate abilities but rather to the support- third-year undergraduates. In this course, he and his ive conditions in which he and his siblings were raised. students researched the reproductive behavior of fish, The Tinbergen parents allowed their children to follow most notably the three-spined stickleback. In summers, their own interests. For Niko, this meant outdoor activ- he took students to a field camp in the Dutch dunes to ities – sports, nature rambles, camping out, and eventually study the behavior of insects and birds. -
Brief Contents
Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Brief Contents Part I Historical and Methodological Issues 1 1 Historical Introduction: Evolution and Theories of Mind and Behaviour, Darwin and After 3 2 Foundations of Darwinian Psychology 17 Part II Two Pillars of the Darwinian Paradigm: Natural and Sexual Selection 33 3 Natural Selection, Inclusive Fitness and the Selfish Gene 35 4 Sex and Sexual Selection 50 Part III Human Evolution and its Consequences 69 5 The Evolution of the Hominins 71 6 This Quintessence of Dust: The Hominin Package 87 Part IV Adaptations and Developmental Plasticity 109 7 Adaptations and Evolved Design 111 8 Life History Theory 138 Part V Cognition and Emotion 163 9 Cognition and Modularity 165 10 Emotions 190 Part VI Cooperation and Conflict 203 11 Altruism and Cooperation 205 12 Conflict and Crime 229 Part VII Mating and Mate Choice 253 13 Human Sexual Behaviour: Anthropological Perspectives 255 14 Human Mate Choice: The Evolutionary Logic of Sexual Desire 268 15 Facial Attractiveness 293 16 The Paradox of Homosexuality 312 17 Incest Avoidance and the Westermarck Effect 323 Part VIII Health and Disease 339 18 Darwinian Medicine: Evolutionary Perspectives on Health and Disease 341 v Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 vi BRIeF CONteNtS 19 Three Case Studies in Evolution and Health: Diet, Cancer and Mental Disorders 371 Part IX Wider Contexts 397 20 The Evolution of Culture: Genes and Memes 399 21 Ethics 418 Glossary 435 References 447 Index 484 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Historical Introduction: Evolution and Theories CHAPTER of Mind and Behaviour, Darwin and After 1 In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. -
Gerald Edelman - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Gerald Edelman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Gerald Edelman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Gerald Maurice Edelman (born July 1, 1929) is an Contents American biologist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Gerald Maurice Edelman Featured content Physiology or Medicine for work with Rodney Robert Born July 1, 1929 (age 83) Current events Porter on the immune system.[1] Edelman's Nobel Prize- Ozone Park, Queens, New York Nationality Random article winning research concerned discovery of the structure of American [2] Fields Donate to Wikipedia antibody molecules. In interviews, he has said that the immunology; neuroscience way the components of the immune system evolve over Alma Ursinus College, University of Interaction the life of the individual is analogous to the way the mater Pennsylvania School of Medicine Help components of the brain evolve in a lifetime. There is a Known for immune system About Wikipedia continuity in this way between his work on the immune system, for which he won the Nobel Prize, and his later Notable Nobel Prize in Physiology or Community portal work in neuroscience and in philosophy of mind. awards Medicine in 1972 Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Contents [hide] Toolbox 1 Education and career 2 Nobel Prize Print/export 2.1 Disulphide bonds 2.2 Molecular models of antibody structure Languages 2.3 Antibody sequencing 2.4 Topobiology 3 Theory of consciousness Беларуская 3.1 Neural Darwinism Български 4 Evolution Theory Català 5 Personal Deutsch 6 See also Español 7 References Euskara 8 Bibliography Français 9 Further reading 10 External links Hrvatski Ido Education and career [edit] Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Gerald Edelman was born in 1929 in Ozone Park, Queens, New York to Jewish parents, physician Edward Edelman, and Anna Freedman Edelman, who worked in the insurance industry.[3] After עברית Kiswahili being raised in New York, he attended college in Pennsylvania where he graduated magna cum Nederlands laude with a B.S. -
Nobel Laureates with Their Contribution in Biomedical Engineering
NOBEL LAUREATES WITH THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Nobel Prizes and Biomedical Engineering In the year 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen received Nobel Prize in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him. Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical specialty which uses imaging to diagnose disease. He was the first scientist to observe and record X-rays, first finding them on November 8, 1895. Radiography was the first medical imaging technology. He had been fiddling with a set of cathode ray instruments and was surprised to find a flickering image cast by his instruments separated from them by some W. C. Röntgenn distance. He knew that the image he saw was not being cast by the cathode rays (now known as beams of electrons) as they could not penetrate air for any significant distance. After some considerable investigation, he named the new rays "X" to indicate they were unknown. In the year 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen received Nobel Prize in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science. In beautiful but simple experiments Finsen demonstrated that the most refractive rays (he suggested as the “chemical rays”) from the sun or from an electric arc may have a stimulating effect on the tissues. If the irradiation is too strong, however, it may give rise to tissue damage, but this may to some extent be prevented by pigmentation of the skin as in the negro or in those much exposed to Niels Ryberg Finsen the sun. -
Karl Von Frisch
EntomologistBugBug BUMBLEBEEKARLSWEAT VON FRISCH BEE MIMIC ofof theof the the (1886 - 1982)(LaphriaSubject: flavicollis)Honey bees Month Field:(Agapostemon Ethology Nationality: spp.) Austrian MonthMonth The round dance (left) indicates resources that are a short distance from the hive, while the waggle dance (right) communicates longer distances. Credit: Oliver Feldwick Karl von Frisch is most famous for his discovery and interpretation of the honey bee dance language, for which he and his colleagues were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. His experiments relied on training paint-marked bees to feeders at known locations relative to their hive. Then, through careful observation, von Frisch discovered that honey bees per- form a ‘waggle dance’ to communicate the distance and direction of food resources to other Agapostemon is a widespread preference. Like other members of cases, multiple females may share foragers. von Frisch is less well known for many other important contributions that he made Atgenus first of bees glance, in North youAmerica, may flavicollisHalictidae, ,they is commonly are short-tongued found aand single beetles. nest entrance, Once but they each have towithbelieve the 14 studyknown this ofspeciesis honeya bumblebee. across bees, the which acrossand included have the difficulty eastern investigations Unitedextracting States. nectarinto honeyindividualcollected bee builds their vision and prey, andprovisions they the return her studyUnitedHowever, ofStates a microsporidianit’s and shortCanada. straight Most parasite