Index

Aachen: chapel 424 Alberti, Leon Battista 1, 96, 424 abacus 235 De re aedificatoria 424, 463 Abruzzo: temple of Castel di Ieri 232 Albisia Secunda (daughter of acanthus 95, 96, 97, 99, 412 Gnaeus) 260 Acqua Acetosa Laurentina: domestic Alexander Severus 82, 87, 88 architecture 14, 16 Alexander the Great 29, 31, 61 Acquarossa: domestic architecture Alexandria Troas 110 11, 12, 14, 16 Alexandria acroterium 14, 22, 449, 451, 460 Exedra 59 Adam, Jean-Pierre 4 dynastic tomb (Sema) 56 Adige (Athesis) River 169 Library and Museion of 59 adyton 143, 144, 145 palace (basileia) of 56, 59 aedes 20, 49, 231, 235, 236, 237, 240 Oikos 59 aedicula -ae 100, 101, 272, 277, 313, Peripatos 59 319, 361, 420 Temple of Serapis 34 Aemilius Lepidus 33, 38 Allianoi: hot springs 303 Aemilius Paullus 34, 35, 59 Almadén de la Plata: pagus Aezane: bath-gymnasium 316 marmorarius 199 agger and fossa 19 Althiburos: “peristyle agrimensor -es 153 courtyard-house” 337 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 58, 60, Ambracia, conquest of 33 132, 134, 293,COPYRIGHTED 462, 463, 474, ambulacrum MATERIAL -a 319 475, 476 Amiens (Samarobriva) Aigai: palace 365 forum 91 ala -ae 22, 29, 347 villas in environs of: 376 Alba Fucens: forum 251 Amiternum relief 267

A Companion to Roman Architecture, First Edition. Edited by Roger B. Ulrich and Caroline K. Quenemoen. © 2014 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2014 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Amman (Philadelphia): arcade 40, 76–78, 85, 91–92, 96, 119, nymphaeum 102 144, 292, 325–6, 330 (17.3), Ammianus Marcellinus 68 331–2, 338, 340, 354–5, 412, 419 amphitheater 47, 58, 69, 178, 180, arches 182–5 186, 281–2, 284, 285–8, 391 architectus (Gr. architektôn) 413 “semi-amphitheaters” 287 arcosolium -a 270, 271, 274, 275, 276 Ampurias: forum 252 arcuated lintel see “Syrian Arch” Anazarbus: circus 295 Ardea 162 Anemurium: bath-gymnasium 316 defensive systems 19 angiportus 405 Ariccia 162 Anio River 158, 162, 369 Aristotle 59, 420 Anio tuff 65, 162, 163, 165 Poetics 447 Ankara: bath-gymnasium 316 Arles (Arelate) Annobal Tapapius Rufus 296 amphitheater 295 anta -ae 21, 346, 358 thermae 301 annular vault see vaults Arval Brothers 231 antefix 14 Arycanda: bath-gymnasium 316 Antemnae 162 Ascalon: basilica 99 walls 19 Asclepiades of Prusa 302 Antioch-on-the-Orontes 107 ashlar (opus quadratum) 24, amphitheater 287 163 (9.2), 291 arch 92 Asinius Pollio 59 circus 289 Aspendus 103, 104 thermae 301, 321–2 theater 284, 295 vaults 103 Assisi: forum 251 Antiochus IV Epiphanes 127, 128 Assuan (Aswan) pink granite 196 Antoninus Pius 138, 200, 262, 319 Assur 103 Aosta Ateban, Prince 261 amphitheater 285, 286 Athens 92, 95, 188, 208, 213 Porta Praetoria 76 Acropolis 59, 365, 413, 469, 475 Aphrodisias 99, 297 Erechtheion 469 marble 97 Library of Hadrian 75, 84 Sebasteion 76 Parthenon 56, 209 stadium 290 Temple of Olympian Zeus 39, 127, Tetrapylon 88 217, 451–2 Aphrodite of Knidos 447 Theater of Dionysus 289 apodyterium 104, 319, 350 Tower of the Winds 187 Apollodorus of Damascus 68, 72, 74, Atilius 290 78, 135, 136, 185–6, 200, 312, atrium 338, 344 415, 471, 477 atrium tetrastilium 13 Appius Claudius 29, 31, 43 compluviate type 344 Aquileia 194 Corinthian type 335, 344 forum 91 Tuscan type 344 Aquitania 272, 377, 417 Attalos III 315 araeostyle 211, 214 Atticus, Titus Pomponius 130, 131, 374

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auctoritas 418, 423 baths see balnea and thermae Augst 252 Battle of Actium 49, 51, 53 auguraculum 20 Battle of Chaironeia 33 Augustus (Octavian) 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, Battle of Pydna 59 51, 53, 55–61, 106, 131, 132, Battle of the Caudine Forks 31 133, 168, 171, 221, 223, 246, Bavay: forum 252 256, 293, 294, 295, 414, 415, Berlin 424, 467, 470, 477 Neues Museum 473–4 (25.2), 475 Res Gestae Divi Augusti 468, 470, 471 (25.3), 476–8 aula 115, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125 Stadtschloss 476 Aulus Gellius: Attic Nights 143 Besançon: Porte Noire 91 aureus 86 Beth Shean see Nysa-Scythopolis Ausonius: Ordo nobilium urbium 108, Biscaccanti, Fernando 441 111 Bithynia: role in marble trade and carving 199 Baalbek Blankenheim: villa 85 “Great Temple” at Niha, model Boëthius, Axel 4 of 143 Boncompagni-Ludovisi, Prince Propylaea 89 (5.2) 440 Temple of Jupiter 88, 181 Bordeaux (Burdigala) “trilithon” stones from 187 fora 91 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler: villa 375–6 “Piliers de Tutelle” 91 Badajoz: villa of La Cocosa 374 Boscoreale: bronze furnaces 174 Bad Wimpfen: fortifications 91 Bosra 101, 103, 104 Baetica 394 Nabataean Arch 105 Baiae South Baths 322 Balneum Tritoli 299 Bostra (Syria) Temple of Mercury 71 circus 289 thermo-mineral complex 299 theater 284 balaneion 58, 311, 316 Boville: Centroni Villa 368 balnea 300–1, 303–7, 322 Bracciolini, Poggio 424 balustrade 438 Bramante, Donato 424 Barbaro, Daniele 425 Brasini, Armando 429, 440 Barcelona: circus mosaics 293 Brescia: forum 254 Bardi, Pietro Maria 429 brick barrel vault see vaults bessalis 86, 170 basilica (see also individual basilicas by bipedalis 66, 86, 90, 103, 170, 179, name under location) 18, 33, 42, 180 47, 49, 95, 105, 122, 166, 175, bonding courses 90, 103, 170, 180–2, 187, 249, 251–2, 263, 202, 305 384, 414, 473 manufacture 170–1, 194–5 forum-basilica 252, 384, 389 sesquipedalis 66, 170 Bath (Aqua Sulis) 303 stamps 86, 194–5, 205, 279, Baths of Sulis Minerva 191 437, 462 Great Baths 104 “broadhouses” 12

0002029532.INDD 567 8/10/2013 10:14:00 AM 568 Index

bronze 159 Caesarea Maritima (Judaea) 178, 187, architectural sculpture of 87 289–90 balustrades of 263 East Baths 92 column capitals of 34, 168, 462 Herod’s summer palace 289 ceilings of 83 caesurae 196 clamps, nails, fasteners 169, 174 Cagliari 237 doors of 174 Caius Iulius Aper 92 furnaces of 174 caldarium 83, 84, 85, 304, 312, 313, inscriptions of 87, 463 315, 317, 319, 322, 350, 377, 379 roofing (tiles) 168, 472 Cales: paved streets 404 tools, measuring devices 154, 169 Caligula 288 trusses of 168 Callaicus 128 Bronze Age 7, 163 Callicrates 413 Brown, Frank 4 Calza-Bini, Alberto 426 Brunelleschi, Filippo 96 Campania 29, 58, 60, 128, 133, 162, Brutus, Publius Junius (aedile 192 238, 291, 292, 303, 325, 336, BCE) 32 391, 414, 420 Bu Njem: Roman fort 91, 200 Campi Flegrei 173 Bucconia Sige 261 Campo della Fiera: sanctuary 233 building materials 159–68 Canterbury: theater 91 building techniques Cap Bon: sandstone from 85 Egypt 188–9 Cape Misenum 133 Europe and Britain 190–1 Capitolium -a (see also under Greece and Asia Minor 186–8 ) 254, 256, 258, 261, 262, North Africa 189–90 325, 386 Bulla Regia cappellaccio tuff 160, 162, 163 (9.2), houses 337 164 Memmian Baths 92–3 capreolus -i 182 Capri 117, 120 Cabrera del Mar: bath 190 Villa Iovis 370 Caecilii Metelli 37, 39 Capua 286, 287 caementum 83, 183, 184, 172, 173, amphitheater 292, 295 236 Fondo Patturelli sanctuary 240 Caere (Cerveteri) Caracalla 91, 93, 97, 108, 313 Banditaccia necropolis 12 Baths of (Thermae) 103 “elliptical building” 18 Temple of Serapis 87 Etruscan tombs 12 cardo 94, 101 Tomb of the Greek Capitals 16 Carettoni, Gianfilippo 53 Tomba della Capanna 12 Carinus 123 Vigna Parrocchiale 18 Carmona: amphitheater 286, 287 Caerleon: amphitheater 287 Carnuntum: amphitheater 287 Caesar (Gaius Julus) 43, 45, 47, 49, 55, Carrara (Luna) marble 51, 88, 166, 57, 59, 60, 61, 129, 131, 141, 172, 181, 469 169, 190, 200, 218, 220, 221, Carthage (Tunisia) 35, 92, 168, 301, 258, 294, 414, 477 390

0002029532.INDD 568 8/10/2013 10:14:00 AM Index 569

amphitheater 287 Chipperfield, David 473, 474, 475 Antonine Baths 85, 315 Chiragan: villa 374, 379 razing of 37 Chiusi 142 caryatid 56, 78, 462–3, 475-6 Chrysippus 131 Carystos 172 Cibyra: architectural ornament of Casabella (publication) 429 theater 99 Casale Ghella: villa 14 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 35, 129, 130, Cassius Dio 185 131, 141, 142, 143, 198, 268, Cassius Longinus 41 393, 418, 466 Castellamare di Stabia: Villa Arianna Cimiez (Nice): North Baths 191 A 368 cipollino 95, 186, 315 Castelporziano: Villa Grotte di Piastra cippus, -i 21 (Villa Magna) 375 circus 110–11, 281, 288, 294 Cato 25, 364, 366 Cirencester: amphitheater 287 De Re Rustica 157 clamps 90, 162, 164–5, 174, 291 De Agricultura 203 Claros: Temple of Apollo 469 Cato the Elder 364 Claudius (emperor) 196, 256, 262, Catulus, Quintus Lutatius (consul 102 387 BCE) 39 Claudius Etruscus 300 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius (consul 78 Claudius Pulcher (censor 169 BCE) 33 BCE) 129–30, 168, 217, 472 Cleopatra VII 56 cavea 391, 392 clerestory 70, 71 Cederna, Antonio 435 clientela 349 Celer 68, 135, 471, 477 Clodius Pulcher, Publius (tribune 58 cella -ae BCE) 130–1 temple 21, 29, 33, 38, 39, 48, 61, Cluatius 131 88, 148, 200, 207, 209, 211, Clunia: forum and development 214, 217, 224, 241 of imperial cult 252 tomb 271 Coarelli, Filippo 4 cella solearis (caldarium) 83, 168 Cocceius Auctus, Lucius Cemenelum (Nice): North Baths, East (redemptor) 131–3 Baths, and West Baths 304 (16.1) Cocceius Nerva 133 cenacula 326, 332 cocciopesto 173, 358 Centocelle: villa 379 coffer (Lat. lacunar) 38, 78 Cerro de los Palacios: Capitolium (?) 386 coins chamber tomb (cella or house of Domitian 114, 451 (24.2) tomb) 211, 271 of Elagabalus 87 chariot races 281, 282 of Maxentius 437 “chequer-work” 162 of Petillius Capitolinus 452 (24.4, Cherchel 92 24.5), 453, 454 Large West Thermae 315 of Quintus Cassius Longinus 466, Chester 467 (25.1) elliptical building 91 of Vitellius 454 baths 104 of Volteius 446, 451, 452 (24.3), amphitheater 287 453, 454

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Colchester Corinthian order 5, 216–19, 451, 453 amphitheater 287 Cornelius, Lucius (architect) 130 circus 282 Cornelius Fronto 143–4 Colle Rimontato: sanctuary of Cornelius Gallus 422 S. Giovanni in Galdo 238–42 Corpus Agrimensorum 153, 422 (12.4) cortile 335 collegium 197, 198 cortile porticato 325, 328, 334, collegium dendrophorum 198 336, 339 collegium fabrum tignuariorum 197, Corumbus 131 205 Cos (Kos): Asclepieion: 41, 148, colonia 386 230, 365 Colonia Julia Fanestris see Fano Cosa 22, 163, 223, 251, 254, 344, 385 Columella 153, 364 385 columns 74–79 Capitolium 212 17, 18 Cossutius, Decimus 127, 128 commensuration 151–3 Costeşti (Moldova): murus Gallicus 191 commoda 414 Crassus, Marcus Licinius 333 “Commodiana” 321 Crassus Frugi, Marcus Licinius Commodus 86, 262, 321 (consul 64 CE): baths compitum - a 406 of 299–300 c. Larum 407 Cremna: propylon 99 Compitum Acilii 436 crepidoma 38 compluvium 336, 344, 345 cross vault see vaults composite capital 99, 484 (G1) crossroads 406–8 concrete 74–79, 172–3 Croton: Temple of Juno Lacinia 37 conservation 462–79 cryptoporticus 252, 375, 436 Constantine (Cirta) 94 Ctesiphon: brick vaults 104 Constantine 124, 125–6, 194 cubicularius, -i 350 Constantine VII Poryphrogennetos 115 cubiculum 347, 350, 359 De Ceremoniis 115 Cuicul: forum 253 Constantinople 104, 107, 288, Cumae: Sulla’s villa 133 293, 314 cura operum (publicorum) 198 baths of 301, 314, 320–1 curator aquarum 414, 421 Hippodrome 112, 114, 125, 293 curia 46, 87, 251 St. (Hagia) Sophia 104, 173, 288 curia-comitium complex 17 palace 104, 112, 173 Cyclopean masonry 20, 163 (9.2) Thermae of Achilles 320 Cyrene: circus 284 Thermae of Zeuxippos 314, 321 Cyrus, Vettius (architect) 130–1, 198 Constantius II 68, 119, 293 Cyzicus contignatio 161 (9.1), 178–9, 333 temple 96 corbel 72, 74, 162, 181, 292, 339 amphitheater 288 Cordoba 384 Corinth 187, 213, 286, 289 Dacia Ripensis 120 amphitheater 286 Danube Bridge 68, 167 (9.5) destruction of 37 Dativius Victor 92

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Dea Dia, sanctuary of (outside dominus 194, 195 Rome) 231, 236 Domitian 54, 135, 136, 195, 218, 256, decempeda 154 339, 471 Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus Domitii 195 128 domus 47, 61, 334, 335, 336, 339, decumanus 304 342–5 (18.1), 346–62, 377 d. maximus 315, 328, 402, 412 early domestic architecture 7–17 defensive architecture 19–20, 91, 110, decoration systems 356–62 187, 190, 191 form and function in 343–9 Del Debbio, Enrico 443 post-Pompeian versions 353–6 Delos 33, 229, 230, 349 with peristyle 349–53 House of the Trident 337 (17.5) Doric order 207, 214 South Stoa 33 Vitruvius on 208, 420, 422 Delphi 213, 217 Dougga 93, 102, 252, 261, 262, amphitheater 287 337 Demetrius of Phaleron 463 area ante capitolium 263 Demetrius Poliorcetes 41 area macelli 262 Desenzano (Lake Garda): villa 377 Baths of Licinius 314 Didyma forum 253, 256, 261 Didymaion blueprints 144, 145–8 Plaza of the Windrose 262 (8.1), 151, 152, 153, 154 Temple of Caelestis 93 dimidium pecuniae 202 Temple of Minerva 253 Dio Cassius 88, 185, 286, 311, 312 drafted marble ashlar 163 (9.2) Diocletian 107, 108, 109, 116, 117, Drusus, Nero Claudius 297 122, 123 Druten: house 388 (20.1) Diodorus Siculus 29 duodecim popoli Etruriae 233 Diogenes of Athens 462 duplex portico 34 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 208, 209, Dura Europos: baths in opus 333, 466, 468 mixtum 103 dioptra 155 dwarf walls 160 Diphilus (contractor) 131, 198 dispositio 147, 148 earthquake (62 CE) 185, 348 diurna 350 echinus 147, 235 Djebel el-Arab: architectural ekklesiastérion (Greek) 18, 32 decoration 104 El Djem (Thysdrus): amphitheater 90, Djemila (Cuicul): 287, 288 Arch of Caracalla 93 Elagabalus 87 Large Baths 92, 314 Elba 159 Docimium 98, 172 Villa delle Grotte 14, 375 quarries 195 Eleusis 188 Doclea: forum 251 emblema -ata 358, 361 Dodona: sanctuary of Zeus with Emporiae: forum 387 colonnaded courtyard 34 entasis 145 (8.1), 146–7, 153 dome see vaults Epagatus 331 domestic architecture, see domus Epaphroditus 331

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Ephesus 102, 138, 301, 319 fauces 335, 344, 346, 348, 349, 350, Arkadiane 317 351, 352, 353, 355, 361, 393 Bülbüldağ 103 Felix Romuliana see Gamzigrad Harbor Bath-Gymnasium 317 Fellini, Federico 1 insulae 334 Feurs: forum 252 Temple of Diana 470 Fidenae 162 187 amphitheater 290 theater 284 Fishbourne: villa 374 Vedius Bath-Gymnasium 317–20 Flaccus, Q. Fulvius (censor 174 BCE) 37 (16.4) flat arch see lintel arch Epidaurus 217 Fliessem: villa 85 amphitheater 287 floors 178–9 Eretria: Temple of Apollo 465 Florence 254 Estréessur-Noye: villas 376 Santa Maria Novella train station 426, Estremoz: stone carvers 199 427, 430 Etna 158 footings 176–8 Etruria 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22, 162, Formia 132, 414 364, 366 forum -a 107, 248–63, 310 Eu: Gallo-Roman sanctuary of “Bois as considered by Vitruvius 250–1 l’Abbé” 104 forum-basilica see basilica Euclid 155 “tripartite” 252 Optics 154 Romano-British 389 Phenomena 154 Western 251–3 Eumachia (public priestess) 134 Foschini, Arnaldo 430, 443 Eurysaces (baker) 266 foundations 176–8 eurythmia 147, 148 Four Styles, wall painting 356 eustyle 214 Francolise: Villa San Rocco 368 exedra 59, 321, 350, 351, 352, 366 Frederick William IV 475 Exhibition of the Fascist Fregellae Revolution 439, 441 baths 303 extrados 184 sanctuary 233 extramural sanctuaries 228–46 frigidarium 75, 83, 84, 92, 93, 304, 305, 312, 313, 315, 317, 322, fabri tignuarii 197, 330 350, 377, 379 Fabullus (Famulus; Amulius) 415 Frontinus, Julius Sextus 132, 414, 421 Faimingen (Phoebiana) (Raetia) 91 De Aquis Urbis Romae 421 Falerii Novi 399, 400 Fulvius Nobilior 33, 38 familia 343, 347 fundamenta 176 Fano (Colonia Julia Fanestris) funerary architecture 264–80 basilica 49, 75, 182, 250, 414, 418 funerary cult 266–8 shrine of Augustus 250, 417 furca 180 Fanum Voltumnae 233 Farinacci, Roberto 426 Gabii 27, 162 Fascist Romanità 426–45 fortifications 19 Fascist Syndicate of Architects 440 grid planning 11, 13

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Temple of Juno 24, 56, 148, 150 Gnaeus Octavius 168 (8.3), 152, 153, 154, 232, 233, Gonfienti (Comune di Prato): 234, 237 house 13, 16 Gabine tuff see lapis Gabinus Gordian III 88, 116 Gabinian law (Lex Gabinia) 67, 42 Gortyn: theater 99 Gabinius Felix Faustinianus (patron of granite 196 Dougga) 262 groma 155 Gabinius Rufus Felix, Quintus (patron Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius of Dougga) 93 (censor 169 BCE) 33 Gadara see Umm Qais Gros, Pierre 4 Gadebridge Park: villa site 375 Grotta Oscura 162, 163, 172, 184 Gaius Caesar (Gaius Vipsanius Gruppo 7 428 Agrippa) 469 Gruppo Toscano 426 Gaius Iulius Rufus 297 gymnasion -a 34, 47, 58, 59, 60, 310, Gaius Postumius 132 316, 365, 371, 374 Galen 303 Galerius 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, Hadrian 55, 63, 65, 78, 83, 117, 120, 122, 123 136, 137, 138, 141, 197, 200, Gallienus 116 225, 258, 401, 413, 415, 462, Gallic Wars 141, 414 463, 471, 474 Gamzigrad (Serbia) Hadrian’s Wall 91 mausolea of Galerius and Hadrianopolis: coin from 101 Romula 115, 116, 120, 122 Haidra: arch of Severus 93 palace of Galerius 116, 117, 120–1 Halicarnassus: Mausoleum 55 (6.4), 122 (6.5) halysis 154 Gavius Maximus, Marcus 138–9 Hammat Gader: hot springs 303 Gerasa (Jerash) 103 harena fossicia 173 circus 284, 289 Heliopolis: obelisk of Ramses II 293 fountain/nymphaeum 101, 104 Helius 277 West Baths 83, 187, 322 hemp 159 Geta 93 Herculaneum 9, 169, 185,186, 324, giallo antico (marmor numidicum) 166 325, 335, 336, 337, 338, 344, Giardino Vecchio 364 352, 371 Gibbon, Edward 1 House in Opus Craticium 338, 348 Giovanni Giocondo, Fra 424 House of the Mosaic Atrium 353 Gismondi, Italo 327 House of the Stags 353 Giunta, Francesco 426 Samnite House 357 gladiatorial combat 281, 285, 290 Villa of the Papyri 59, 371 (19.2), design considerations for 250, 292 372, 374 graffiti 266 Herculiana (officina) 196 images of 314 Hermodoros of Salamis 35, 37–9, 50, Glanum 128, 214 Gallic healing sanctuary 255 Hermogenes 31, 38, 217, 419 Maison des Antes 389 Herod the Great 134 glass 175 Herodes Atticus 110

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hexastyle 31, 38, 40, 104, 223, 450, Tomb no. 83 (Lucius Sallustius 456–7, 472 Ianuarius for Sallustia Hierapolis: proscenium 99 Romana) 277–8 (14.6) Hippo Regius: Large North Baths 92 Tomb no. 87 (Publius Varius hippodromos 60, 284, 292 Ampelus, Varia Ennuchis, Varia Hitler, Adolf 443 Servanda) 270 Honorius 104 Tomb no. 94 (Trophimus, Claudia horrea 326, 328, 336, 337, 338, 340 Tyche, Claudia Saturnina, G. hortus 47, 346, 349, 374 Galgestius) 275, 276 (14.4), 277 hut urns 9, 10 (1.2) Tomb no. 99 (C. Petronius hypocaust 59, 167, 175, 179 (9.7), 303 Andronicus and Petronia hypogeum 292 Maritima for Petronia Stolis) 277 (14.5) Ictinus 413 Tomb no. 100 (Scribonia Attice and imagines maiorum 267, 347 M. Ulpius Amerimnus) 270 imperial cult isonomia 28 Augustan foundations 45, 50–1 Italica 199, 386 Caesareum 231, 329 Casa de la Exedra 394 in eastern provinces 102, 249, Casa de Hylas 394 316, 320 Casa de los Pájaros 395 (20.3) in Italy 49, 256, 325 Casa del Mosaico de las in North Africa 262, 297 Metamorfosis 396 in western provinces 252, 253, 254, streets 401 (21.2) 289, 297 impluvium 335, 336, 344, 345, 346, Jerash see Gerasa 348, 393 Jericho: Herod’s “winter palace” 104 Inchtuthil: legionary fort 203 Jugurthine War 40 insula -ae 9, 69, 97, 205 Julia Domna 93, 100 in Ostia Antica 324–41 Julius Caesar see Caesar International Style 430 Julius II, Pope 424 Ionic order 37–8, 207, 213-16, 420, Justinian 110 484 (G1) blueprints for 145–8 (8.1) Kaine (Caeonopolis): administrative Vitruvius on 38, 418, 420, 422 center for stone transport iron 159–60 196, 197 Iron Age huts 8–9 (1.1) Kaisersaal 317 Isola Sacra 266, 273 Kaiserthermen 110 Tomb no. 1 (Gaius Annaeus kalamos 154 Atticus) 272 Kamiros 230 Tomb no. 6a (Considius Ianuarius Karanis in the Fayum: mudbrick and Gaius Considius building 188 Successus) 278–9 Keats, John 1 Tomb no. 29, (Verria Zosime and kline -ai 349 Lucius Verrius Köln-Müngersdorf: villas 369 Eucharistus) 272–5 (14.3) Kos see Cos

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labor Leptiminus: evidence of food at off-site 193–7 tombs 267 on-site 197–201 leucititic lava 173 laconicum 303 Lex Ogulnia of 300 29 Lactantius 109 Libera, Adalberto 429 Lago dell’Accesa: domestic architecture 12 libertus -i 346, 348 Lake Avernus 133 in building industry 130, 131, 132, Nero’s failed canal 67, 135 133, 135, 170, 194, 195, Lambaesis 196, 199 amphitheater 287 tomb building and 199, 269, 270, Hunting Baths 92 276 Legionary Baths 92 Licinian–Sextian Law of 367 CE 29 Lanuvium 162, 233, 300 Licinius Rufus, Marcus (patron of Laodiceia: nymphaeum 101 Dougga) 262 lapis Albanus (tuff) 162, 171 Liebknecht, Karl 476 lapis Gabinus (tuff) 162, 163, 171 lime 173 lapis Tiburtinus (tuff) 163 limestone 20, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101, 117, lararium 347 143, 158, 160, 163, 172–4, 182, lares 346, 347, 352, 406, 407 187, 238, 240–1, 260–1, 267, Lares Augusti 256 315, 403, 453 Larignum: siege of 131–2 Lindos: Temple of Athena Lindaia Latium 9, 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 46, 303 41, 230 terraced sanctuaries 41, 55, 165, 229, lintel arch 66, 164 (9.3), 182 232, 233 Livy 32, 165, 208, 240, 266, 333 lavapesta 358 Lixus: theater-amphitheater 287 lead 174 Llafranc: brick manufacture 171 lectus genialis 347 London 91, 384 legionary fort 203–4 amphitheater 282 Lepcis Magna (var. Leptis M.) 86, 98, forum-basilica 384 99, 102, 199, 253 River Thames 181 amphitheater 287 long houses 8, 12 basilica 98, 96 (5.5) Louis XIV 425 circus 294 (15.5) Lucania 120, 229 forum 94, 251, 253 Rossano di Vaglio 242–5 Hadrianic Baths 308 (16.3), 314–5 Serra Lustrante d’Armento 242–5 Hunting Baths 93 Lucca: amphitheater 285 Quadrifrons Arch 94 (5.4), 95 Lucius Cornelius 129 streets 399, 404 Lucius Verus 106 theater 296–7 Lucullus 47 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (censor Lucus Angitiae 233 179 BCE) 32, 166 Lucus Feroniae 233 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (consul Villa of the Volusii Saturnini 368 78 BCE) 42 Ludi Apollinis 56 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (consul 6 CE) Ludi Megalenses 40 466 Ludi Saeculares 449

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Ludi Scaenici 41, 56 219, 221, 222–5, 292, 313, 451, Ludwig, Emil 433 453, 462, 467–9, 472 Luna marble see Carrara use in eastern provinces 98–102, Luni sul Mignone: domestic 104, 114, 187, 317, 319–20 architecture 8 (16.6), 321 Lyon (Lugdunum) 254 use in Fascist architecture 430, 438 amphitheater 287, 296, 297 use in Italy 84, 88–89, 91, 137, 256, 329, 412 MacDonald, William 4, 251 use in North Africa 85, 86, 93–94, urban “armature” 402 95, 96, 97, 98, 199, 315 Macedonian War, Third 34 use in western provinces 260, 262, macellum 102 394, 395, 396 Mactar 92 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius 32 Large East Baths 92 (consul 222 BCE) 33 “Punic forum” 253 Marcus Antonius (praetor 102 Madaura: baths 92 BCE) 128 Maecenas 47 Marcus Aurelius 86, 106, 112, 138, maenianium -a 178 201, 303, 450 (24.1) 454 Mainz: arch 92 Marius, Gaius 39, 128 Malalas, John 321 Marseille 389 Mamia (priestess) 134 siege of 131 Manilius: Astronomica 422 Martial 135 marble (see also under specific Martianus Capella 21 name) 158, 206, 302, 307 Martini, Arturo 431 architectural models and plans 143, Marzabotto 144 (see also Forma Urbis Romae domestic architecture 13 under Rome) grid planning 11 construction technique 163 (9.2), Massinissa, King 261 165, 171–2, 181 Mataró: Villa Torre Llauder 371 gilt 168 Mauretania Tingitana: construction imperial marble administration (ratio techniques 190, 191 marmorum) 98, 171–2, Mausolus 55 199, 379 Maxentius 116, 123, 124, 168, “marble style” 98–102 437, 438 marmorarii 37, 198–9 Maximian 108, 111, 116, 117, opus sectile 178, 321, 329, 361 120, 123 quarrying 172–3, 195 Maximianus 106, 110, 111 revetment 38, 93, 101, 102, 179, 217, measure 151–3 260, 292, 313, 315, 329, 361 measurements, Greek and Roman 152 stuccoed imitation of 31, 163, 174, medianum 326, 355 187, 356–8 (18.4), 359, 361, Medracen: mausoleum 102 386, 412 Megalopolis: sanctuary of Zeus with use in Rome 2, 37–8, 39, 42, 50, 51, colonnaded courtyard 34 61, 88, 98, 128, 164, 166, 173, Megellus, Lucius Postumius 179, 181, 186, 208, 214, 217, (consul 305 BCE) 31

0002029532.INDD 576 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM Index 577

Melqarth 88 murus caespiticius 190 mensor -es 201 murus gallicus 190 mensores aedificiorum 202 Mussolini, Benito 426–44 Mérida 199 Mustius (architect) 137 amphitheater 287, 288 circus 284, 289 Nabataean horn capitals 104 forum 107 Nahania Victoria (patroness of Messalla, Marcus Valerius (censor Dougga) 262 154 BCE) 41 nails 169, 174 Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Naples (Neapolis) 133, 202 Caecilius 37, 128, 214 Narbonne: Capitolium 254 Metellus Numidicus, Quintus natatio 83, 84, 92, 305, 306 (16.2), Caecilius 40 309, 313, 315 Michelucci, Giovanni 430 National Syndicate of Architects 430 Micipsa 261 Nemi: sanctuary of Diana 233 Milan 107, 108, 116, 288 Nennig: villa 85, 376 (19.4), 379 Baths of Herculeus 110, 111 Neonianus, Aurelius Seilanus 100 circus 112 Nero 1, 54, 65, 69, 135, 200, 285, palace at 111, 112 288, 291, 337, 415, 471, 477 Miletus: Baths of Faustina 316 Nerva, Lucius Cocceius 133 military building 200–1 Nicaea: city walls 103 mimesis 446–60 Nicephorus (slave) 198 ministeria militaria 200 Nicomedia: Diocletian’s buildings 107, Minturnae: forum 251 108, 109, 110, 199 Mirabilis Urbis Romae 312 Nicopolis at Istrum: forum 251 Mithridates VI Nikator 41, 42 Nida-Heddernheim 92 Mnesicles 413 Nîmes 252, 256, 258, 262, 288 Mons Claudianus 172, 196, 197 amphitheater 295, 296 Mons Porphyrites 172, 196, 197 forum 259 (13.2), 260 Monte Carbolino (Valvisciolo) 20 Maison Carrée 255, 258, 259 (13.2), Monte Rovello 8 260, 383 Montmaurin: villa 377 Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius (consul Moretti, Luigi 441 189 BCE) 33 Morgantina: vaulting tubes Notitia 320 prototypes 190 Numidian marble 166 Morpurgo, Vittorio Ballio 443 Numisius 131 mortar 172–3 Numistrius Fronto, Marcus Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista 430 (Pompeii) 134 Movimento Italiano per l’Architettura nymphaeum 86, 95, 97, 99, 100 (5.6), Razionale (MIAR) 429, 430, 434 101 (5.7), 104, 309, 355 Mucius, Gaius (architect) 39, 129 Nysa-Scythopolis (Beth Shean) 98, Mummius Achaicus, Lucius 37, 38, 99, 101 128, 168, 187, 217 Muñoz, Antonio 436–9, 443 obelisk 56, 58, 293 Murlo see Poggio Civitate octastyle 95, 104, 221, 236

0002029532.INDD 577 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM 578 Index

Octavia 132, 414 ordinatio 147, 148, 151, 416 Octavian see Augustus Ostia Antica 69, 84–90, 99, 143, Octavius, Gaius (father of Augustus) 51 158, 166, 179, 197, 205, 252, Octavius, Gnaeus 34 256, 258, 266, 268, 273, 342, odeon, -a 181 348, 349, 353, 399, 403, 404, Odessus 103 412, 413 oecus 349, 352, 353, 366, 367 (19.1) Basilica 257 (13.1), 258 Oeonanda: bath-gymnasium 316 Baths of Neptune 304 officina -ae 194, 195 Baths of the Swimmers 304 officinator 194, 195, 198 Capitolium 256, 257, 258 (13.1) Oiniadai in Acarnania 35 Caseggiato (“House”) di Ojetti, Ugo 431, 432 Diana 326–7 (17.1) Olympia 95, 217, 284 Caseggiato dei Triclini 328, 329 Olympiodorus 301 (17.2), 330–1, 333 opera a telaio see opus africanum Caserma dei Vigili 326, 329 opera Pompeiana 219, 220, 221, 224 castrum plan 256 Oplontis see Torre Annunziata Collegium of the Augustales 143 opus africanum 95, 189, 390 forum 257 (13.1) opus Alexandrinum 87 Forum Baths 138 opus caementicium 24, 86, 103, 151, Horrea Epagathiana 270, 329, 331–2 165, 166 (9.4), 170, 172, (17.4), 333, 406 173, 178, 183, 185, 230, 235, House of Amor and Psyche 361 290, 291, 313, 340, 365, House of Fortuna Annonaria 355 370, 379 House of the Dioscuri 355, 361 opus craticium 9, 29, 161 (9.1), House of the Muses 330 (17.3), 338, 185, 189 353, 354 (18.3), 355, 361 opus incertum 165, 166 (9.4), 204, 205, House of the Nymphaeum 355 230, 235, 291 House of the Paintings 326 opus latericium 166 (9.4), 167, 168, Inn of the Peacock 361 271, 337 insula -ae 324–41 opus listatum 168 Round Temple 88, 90, 217, 218 opus mixtum 91, 95, 102, 103, 104, Temple of Roma and Augustus 256, 166 (9.4), 168, 271, 325, 329 257 (13.1) opus quadratum 161, 164, 235 theater 98 opus reticulatum 54, 66, 165, 166, 167, otium 396 189, 204, 205, 271, 275, 276, Ovid 1, 51, 281, 285, 286, 287, 291, 328 296, 466 opus sectile 178, 321, 329, 361 opus signinum 173, 178, 179, 358 Pacuvius Saturus, Quintus (patron opus spicatum 328 of Dougga) 262 opus testaceum 54, 66, 166 (9.4), 167, Paestum (Poseidonia) 168, 325 amphitheater 287 opus vittatum mixtum 166 (9.4), 168 circular structure 18 Orange (Aurasio): theater 283, forum 223, 251 295, 383 Pagano, Giuseppe 429, 430, 440, 443

0002029532.INDD 578 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM Index 579

pagus marmorarius 199 Petrarch (Petrarca), Francesco 418 palace–circus configuration 112 Petronius 393 palaestra 84, 92, 95, 305, 312, Pheidias 413 315, 316, 317, 319, 321, 322, Philip of Macedon 29 365, 386 Philip the Arab 104 palatium 111, 112 Philip V of Macedonia 33 Palestrina see Praeneste Philippeion at Olympia 33 Palladio, Andrea 1, 88 Philippopolis 103, 104 Four Books on Architecture 425 Piacentini, Marcello 429, 430, 432, Palmyra 92, 104, 118 440, 441 Temple of Bel 92 Piazza Armerina 293, 377–9 Papia (officina) 196 Pietrabbondante: sanctuary of 24, 163 papiliones 232 (9.2), 233, 237, 238–40 (12.3), Parentalia 267 241, 242, 246, 287 Paris 251, 301 Pietravairano: theater-temple 237 Cluny Baths 104 pilae 179 Les Arènes 287 “Piliers de Tutelle” see Bordeaux Parthia 188 pinacotheca 360 Parthian War 87, 188 Piraeus: ship-sheds 35 Patara Pisaurum: paved streets 403 bath-gymnasium 316 Piso, Lucius (consul 57 CE) 477 circular lighthouse 187 Plato 151, 448, 470 paterfamilias 346, 347, 350, 362, 416 Republic 151, 447 patria potestas 416 Timaeus 151 patronus 346 plaustrum (or plostrum) 418 Paullus, Lucius Aemilius 32, 66, 129 Pliny the Elder 34, 74, 131, 137, 157, Pausanias 284 158, 159, 166, 168, 170, 173, pavonazzetto 186, 195 174, 217, 311, 375, 393, 406, Pegaso (journal) 431 451, 452, 453 Pentelic marble 199, 217 Historia Naturalis 157, 462 peperino (lapis Albanus) 161, 162, 163, Pliny the Younger 137, 138, 268, 171, 471 353 Pergamon 41, 102, 103, 230, 288, 349 villa in Tuscis 375 amphitheater 288 plumbaria 198 Roman Temple of Serapis 188 Plutarch 333 Perge 98, 99, 289 Life of Pericles 413 nymphaeum 100 (5.6) pluteus -i 352 Pericles 413 Podere Tartuchino: farm 12 peripteros sine postico 49, 61, 209, 221, Poggio Civitate (Murlo): domestic 236, 456 architecture 14, 16 Perrault, Claude 425 pointillé technique 172 Perseus of Macedon 168 Pola (Pula) pertica 154 amphitheater 144, 295 Petillius 451 Temple of Augustus and Roma 255 Petra 76, 104 Polybius 267

0002029532.INDD 579 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM 580 Index

polygonal masonry 163 (9.2) pozzolana 159, 170, 172, 173, pomerium 408 187, 471 Pompeii 18, 41, 57, 160, 169, 174, Pozzuoli: amphitheater 83, 292 176, 185, 186, 201, 223, praefectus 197 251, 252, 266, 267, 270, 285, praefurnium 303, 305 286, 291, 297, 299, 324, 325, Praeneste (Palestrina) 24, 232, 234, 236 335, 336, 337, 338, 344, 371, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia 40, 385, 390 74, 165, 166 aedificium Eumachiae 134 praenomen 414 amphitheater 284, 296 Price Edict (of Diocletian) 200, 202 basilica 50, 75 Priene 349 domus 348–9, 353 sanctuary of Zeus with colonnaded Forum Baths 180 courtyard 34 House of Sallust 357 (18.4) Temple of Athena Polias 37, 144, 469 House of the Ceii 405 (21.3) Prima Porta: 369, 372 House of the Faun 372, 386, 406 principia 389 House of the Menander 350, 351 Proconnesian marble 95, 96, 98, 99, (18.2), 352 172, 199 House of the Prince of Naples 348 Procopius 110 House of the Surgeon 189 procurator 195, 196 odeum (odeon, theatrum tectum) 182 pronaos (pronaus) 207, 211–2, 214–5, Stabian Baths 58, 71, 179, 180, 303 218–9, 221, 223–5, 456 streets 399, 400 (21.1), 403–4, prop-and-lintel system 167 (9.5), 181 406–8, 410 propylaeum -a 88, 89 (5.2) Temple of Apollo 484 (G1) Ptolemies 34, 56, 196 Temple of Fortuna Augusta 134 Ptolemy II Euergetes 34 Temple of the Genius Augusti 134 pulvis puteolanus 173 Temple of Isis 386 Punic Wars 32, 213, 287, 364, 386 Temple of Zeus Meilichios 386 Puteoli 132, 133, 236 theater 238 De Balneis Puteolanis 299 Via del Foro 164 putlog holes 201 Via dell’Abbondanza 404 pycnostyle 211, 214, 217, 221, 223, 224 Villa of the Mysteries 368, 371, 377 Pyrgi 22 Pompey (Pompeius Magnus) 42, 45, Pyrrhus 32, 242 46, 47, 50, 56, 60, 61, 141, 219 Pytheos 37, 144 Populonia: metal sources 159 Porcius, Marcus (duovir, Pompeii) 291 quadrifrons 93, 95 porphyry 87, 123, 196, 442 quadriporticus 56, 57, 338, 354, 355 porticus 232, 355, 375, 388 quarries 90, 98, 162–3, 166–7, 171–3, Portus 268, 273, 353 186, 199, 201, 209 Poseidonia see Paestum administration of 195–6 Postumius Megellus (consul 305, 294, bracchia of 196 291 BCE) 31, 43 extraction techniques 172, 196 Postumius Pollio 132, 133 quarry marks 195 Potentia: cult of Mefitis 246 quattorviri 232

0002029532.INDD 580 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM Index 581

Quinctius Valgus 291 Arch of Septimius Severus Quintus Haterius Tychichus 135 87 (5.1), 409 Arcus Novus Diocletiani 123 Rabirius 135, 136, 312, 415, 471, Area Sacra di Largo Argentina 30, 39, 472, 477 212, 218 Ramses II 293 Area Sacra di Sant’Omobono 21, 30 Raphael 424 Atrium Libertatis 59 Rationalism 428–33 Atrium Regium 32, 33 Ravenna: San Vitale 190 Auditorium site 14, 364 redemptor 135–6 Aurelianic Wall 200 Reims (Durocortorum) 35 fora 91 Balneum Fortunati 300 Porte de Mars 91 Balneum Grylli 300 reused building material 89, 173, 466, Balneum Lupi 300 469, 471, 476 Basilica Aemilia (Paulli) 48 (3.1), 50, in Stadtschloss Berlin 476 129, 464, 466 revetment see also marble Basilica Fulvia 33 terracotta 13, 29, 46, 174, 48 (3.1), 49, 50, 468 207, 209 124, 182, 428, Rhodiapolis 103 435, 436, 437, 439, 440, 441, Riario, Cardinal Raffaele 424 442, 443 ribbing see vaults Basilica Porcia 49 Ricci, Corrado 434, 440 Basilica Sempronia 33, 49 Rimini: Arch of Augustus 408 68, 69, 83, 91, 97, Roma antica 435 136, 168 Roma cristiana-monumentale 435 Baths, Imperial see Thermae under Roma modernissima/fascista 435 Rome romanità 429, 430, 432, 433, 440, 32, 42, 47, 49, 441, 444 50, 51–57, 58, 60, 61, 88, Romanization 381–98 137, 211, 219, 231, 285, Rome 84–90 286, 462 Altar of Consus 288 xxiii (Model 1), 1, 17, Amphitheater of T. Statilius 21, 27, 130, 211 Taurus 58, 286 Capitoline Museum 209 90 Capitolium see Temple of Jupiter amphitheater, wooden 69 Optimus Maximus, Capitoline Anna Perenna, grove of 231 Hill Aqua Antoniniana 309 Circus Flaminius 33, 34, 213, Aqua Appia 29 214, 223 Aqua Marcia 164, 309 40, 51, 55, 57–58, Aqua Traiana 312 86, 111, 112, 124, 125, 283, “Ara Coeli” 334 284, 288, 292, 294 56, 58, 255, 372, 441 112, 166, 288 Arae Flaviae 190 Città Universitaria 430–1 (23.1), 124 432, 433, 445

0002029532.INDD 581 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM 582 Index

Rome (cont’d) 74, 164 (9.3), 220, 221, 223, 403 224, 468 Clivus Victoriae 40 Forum of Trajan 67, 68, 69, 77, 136, 17 310, 409, 415, 436, 442 (Flavian amphitheater) 65, Forum Romanum (Roman 66, 67, 68, 70, 74, 86, 88, 90, Forum) 17, 47, 48, 49, 51, 87, 178, 184, 202, 205, 283, 290, 123, 161, 213, 216, 220, 221, 291, 293, 294, 295, 413, 428, 222, 223, 236, 251, 254–5, 267, 434, 435, 443, 445 285, 409, 434, 437, 438, 471 Curia Hostilia 48, 49 Forum Transitorium (Forum 48 (3.1), 57 Nervae) 75 Curia Octaviae 50 Horrea Galbae 68 Domus Augusti (House of House of Hortensius 53 Augustus) 47, 51–57 (3.2, 3.3, House of the Griffins 358, 359 3.4), 60, 338 (18.5) 1, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, House of Livia (Casa di Livia) 54 72, 73, 135, 291, 312, 399, 415 Hut of Romulus (Casa Romuli) 8, Domus Flavia (Augustana) 68, 69, 40, 55, 466, 467, 468 75, 86, 113, 114, 182, 339, 415 47, 443 Aula Regia 68, 114 Lacus Iuturnae 165 cenatio Iovis 69, 114 56 Domus Severiana 86 Marble Plan see Forma Urbis Romae environs of 158–9 Markets of Trajan 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 19, 71 74, 75, 76 (4.4), 77 (4.5), 136, Euripus 312 184, 339, 415, 441 Farnese Bull 84 55, 58, 144, fires of 64, 80, and 104 CE 65, 69, 266, 457 74, 168, 192, 286, 338, 403 Mausoleum of Maxentius 84 Five-Column Monument 123 Monte 165 Flavian Amphitheater see under Navalia 35, 36 (2.2), 70, 165 Colosseum necropoleis of 271 Foro Italico 433, 445 Oppian Hill 136, 436 Foro Mussolini 443 (Palatium) 8, 13, 47, Forma Urbis Romae (Severan Marble 50, 58, 70, 111–2, 125, 160, Plan) 33, 34, 35, 50, 59, 69, 162, 179, 182, 223 304, 301, 311, 353, 399 Palazzo Caffarelli 208 Fortuna Huiusce Diei 39, 218 Palazzo dei Conservatori 208, 209 Forum Augusti (Forum of Palazzo del Littorio 439, 442 (23.4), Augustus) 51, 55, 56, 95, 165, 443–4 224, 225, 260, 471 Palazzo Senatorio 314 38, 40, 213, Pantheon xxiii (Model 2) 60, 63, 214, 217 65–69, 75, 77–79 (4.6), 136–7, 212, 213, 216 144, 149 (8.2), 151, 168, 184, Forum Iulium () 48 211, 223, 225–6 (11.5), 322, (3.1), 49, 50, 51, 57, 59, 67, 462–3, 466, 470, 472, 474–8

0002029532.INDD 582 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM Index 583

Parthian Arch of Augustus 87 Temple of Divus Hadrianus 293 (Hadrianeum) 98 Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano Temple of Divus Iulius (Deified Julius 293 Caesar) 48 (3.1), 49, 51, 57, 434, 435 222, 223 Piazzale Augusto Imperatore 433 Temple of Divus Traianus (Deified Pons Aelius 137 Trajan) 137, 197 Pons Aemelius 214 Temple of Divus Vespasianus (Deified Pons Sublicius 176 Vespasian) 222 Porta Trigemina 32 Temple of Fortuna and Mater Portico of the Danaids 51, 54 (3.4) Matuta 21, 30 (2.1), 211–2 165 Temple of Fortuna Equestris 37, Porticus Metelli 50, 128, 214, 215, 212 220, 224–5, 372 Temple of Fortuna Redux 450 34, 50, 214 Temple of Hercules Musarum 33, 38 Porticus Philippi 50 Temple of Hercules (Forum Porticus Pompeiana 221 Boarium) 24, 38, 163, 165 public libraries 59 Temple of Honos and Virtus 39 Pyramid of Gaius Cestius 266, 443 Temple of Janus 216 67, 74, 87 Temple of Juno Regina 38, 214, Rettorato 430 215 Rostra 48 (3.1), 223 Temple of Juno Sospita 216 Sacra Via 409, 437, 438 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Saepta Julia 58 (Capitolium, Temple of Jupiter Santa Maria degli Angeli 313 Capitolinus, Temple of 216 Capitoline Jupiter) 16, 21–22, St. Peter’s Basilica 424 23 (1.5), 24, 30 (2.1), 31, 57, Scalae Caci 40 130, 161, 162, 163, 168, 199, Septizodium 86 208–13, 210 (11.1), 211, 213 “Servian” wall 162 (11.2), 216, 217, 218, 224, 225, 283, 292 226, 254, 446–60, 452 (24.3, 41, 130, 163, 236, 24.4), 453 (24.5), 458 182 (24.6) 466, 468, 472, 478 Tarpeian Rock 57 Temple of Jupiter Stator 38, 50, 128, Temple A (Juturna?) (Largo 214, 215 Argentina) 30 (2.1) Temple of Magna Mater 40, 56, 163, Temple of Apollo Palatinus 51, 53 165, 236 (3.3), 54 (3.4), 168 Temple of Mars Ultor 51, 57, 211, Temple of Apollo Medicus 30 (2.1), 224, 225, 226, 471 56, 57, 465 Temple of Minerva Medica 84, 115, Temple of Castor and Pollux 30 175–6 (2.1), 48 (3.1), 211, 216, Temple of Peace (Templum Pacis) 59, 223, 224 225, 339 Temple of Concord 48 (3.1), 24, 30 (2.1), 39, 216, 222 214, 215

0002029532.INDD 583 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM 584 Index

Rome (cont’d) Tomb of the Haterii 135–6 Temple of Roma and Augustus 258 163 48 (3.1), 178, 211, Trajanic Latrine 67 222 Trajan’s Column 67, 157, 185, 187, Temple of Serapis 88 191, 201 Temple of the Quirinal 98 ustrinum 56 Temple of Venus and Roma 69, 124, Vatican Circus 288 137, 443 Velia 86, 445 Temple of Venus Genetrix 48 Velian Hill 436 (3.1), 49, 50, 57, 220, 221, Via Appia 29, 85, 86, 124, 130, 266, 224, 472 402, 409 Temple of Venus Victrix 42, 219 Via Biberatica 339 48 (3.1), 86, 168, Via Cavour 434, 439 466, 467 (25.1) 334 Temple of Victoria 30 (2.1), 31, 40 Via Flaminia 14, 231, 369, 404, Temple of Victoria Virgo 40 408, 468 Theater of Marcellus 57, 74, 176, Via del Mare (Via del Teatro 292, 417 Marcello) 436, 445 Theater of Pompey 41–43, 57, 58, Via dei Monti 436 219, 221, 225, 237, 292, 417, Via dell’Impero (Via dei Fori 468, 470 Imperiali), 426, 428, thermae 60, 110, 114, 184, 300, 434–4, 445 311–13 Via Lata 334, 404 Thermae Antoninianae see Thermae of Via Praenestina 129 Caracalla Villa dei Settebassi 368 Thermae of Agrippa 59, 311, 312 Via dei Trionfi 443 Thermae of Caracalla 82, 84, 85, 86, Vigna Barberini 70, 86 110, 123, 168, 205, 301, 305, Villa Rivaldi 435 (23.2), 439 (23.3) 306 (16.2), 309, 310, 311, Volcanal 17 312–3, 314, 410 Romulus 40, 55, 61, 91, 466, 467 Thermae of Constantine 314 roof tiles 161, 194–5 Thermae of Claudius Etruscus 302 Rosalia 267 Thermae of Diocletian 109, 110, Rottenburg am Neckar (Sumelocenna): 123, 124, 301, 312–13, 315, fortifications 91 321 Rufio 131 Thermae of Maxentius on the Ruscino: forum 252 Palatine 184 Rusellae 13, 16, 19 Thermae of Nero 300, 311, 312 “House of the Impluvium” 13 Thermae Severiane 86 Ruskin, John 463, 464 Thermae of Trajan 68, 69, 83, 84, rustication 162 110, 123, 136, 180, 311, 312 Island: Fatebenefratelli Saalburg: garrison 191 hospital 129 Sabratha Tomb of Annia Regilla 271 architectural ornament of theater 99 Tomb of Caecilia Metella 266 forum 253

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sacra privata 346 Seleucia: mudbrick techniques 103 Sagalassus: architectural ornament Selge: nymphaeum 100 of theater 99 Selvasecca di Blera: villa 16 Saguntum 386, 387 Seneca 300 Saint Albans 253 Sens (Agedincum): relief of salutatio 346, 393 plasterers 174 Samnite Wars 238, 385 Septimius Severus 82, 85–88, 93 Samnium: sanctuaries 229, 238–42 95–96, 98, 100, 195, 313 San Giovenale 11, 12 Serdica: opus mixtum technique 103 environs: Villa Sambuco 364 Serlio, Sebastiano: Four Books 425 San Giustino see villa in Tuscis under Settefinestre: villa 366, 367 (19.1), 368, Pliny the Younger 369, 371, 379 San Marinella: villa at Punta della Severan family 86 Vipera 368 Severan Marble Plan see under Rome, Sardinia: transmission of Carthaginian Forma Urbis Romae culture 390 Severiana (officina) 196 Sardis 301 Severus (architect) 68, 135, 471, 477 Bath-Gymnasium 103, 317–319 Shadrapa 88 (16.4, 16.5), 320 (16.6) ship-sheds (neosoikoi) 35 “Marble Court” 99, 319 see also Navalia under Rome Temple of Artemis 469 shuttering 178 Sarfatti, Margherita 428 signage 406–8 Sarkamen: fortified villa 123 Signia: temple 22 Sarno: theater 238 Silchester 253 Satricum: agger and fossa 19 amphitheater 287 Sbeitla: baths 92 forum-basilica 384 scaena 284 silex 402, 403 scaenae frons 84, 98, 99, 361, 392 Silin Scaevola, Quintus Mucius 129, 138 Villa du Taureau 371 scale planning 145–51 villa of the Maritime Odeon 379 scamilli impares 418 Simplex, Lucius Marcius 262 Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius (aedile Sirmium: Tetrarchic buildings 107, 109, 58 BCE) 285 111, 112, 120, 288 Scavi di Ostia (publication) 332 skenographia 150, 151, 155 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 475 sleeper beam 176, 177 schoinion 154 Social War 240, 386 Scipio Aemilianus (Africanus), P. Sofia: amphitheater 282 Cornelius 35, 37, 128, 300, 364 solaria 325 Scipio family 266 Sorgenti della Nova: “longhouses” 8 Scipio Nasica Corculum, Cornelius Sosius, Gaius 465 (consul 155 BCE) 41 Sounion: Temple of Poseidon 469 Sear, Frank 4 spandrel 96 Seeia: south temple 105 spectacula 284 Segóbriga: theater 99 sperone see lapis Gabinus selce 173 spina 58, 293

0002029532.INDD 585 8/10/2013 10:14:01 AM 586 Index

Split Tabarca: villa 377 Mausoleum of Diocletian 119, 187 taberna -ae 325, 330, 332, 334, 340 Palace of Diocletian 115, 116–7 tablinum 328, 331, 336, 338, 339, 118, 120 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, Spurius Postumius Albinus 31 353, 355, 393 St. Jerome: Chronicle 312 Tabula Traiana 67 Staatsratsgebäude 476 tabula -ae 347 Stabiae Tacitus 68, 171, 175, 192, 285, 290, Villa Arianna 374 382, 403, 466, 477, 478 Villa San Marco 379 Agricola 382 stadia 281, 282, 284, 289 Tarquinia 471 Starace, Achille 440 tombs 12 Statius 1, 114 Tarquinius Superbus 27, 208 Stile Littorio 427 Tarragona 384 Stirling, James 1 amphitheater 287 stoa 33, 141, 251 circus 289, 297 Strabo 168 forum 251, 252 streets 399–405 imperial cult at 252, 297 facades as defining elements 405–6 Teanum Sidicinum: theater-temple furniture 406–8 41, 237 monuments and 408–9 Tebessa (Theveste): quadrifrons 93 surface and width of 402–5 Tectorius -i 174, 356 stucco 174, 471 Tedone, Giovanna 54 Stüler, Friedrich August 473, tegulae mammatae 180 474, 475 temple substructures 176–8 plans of 21, 30 (2.1) sudatorium 377 Romano-Celtic 392 Suetonius 53, 141, 142, 143, 166, 171, terminology 20 175, 312 Tuscan (Etrusco-Italic) type 22, 207, Sulla, Lucius Cornelius 50, 59, 61, 216, 240, 451 130, 217 with tripartite cella 207, 212, 232, Sulmona: Sanctuary of Hercules 240, 254, 449, 453–4 Curinus 165–6 “temple” tomb 271 Suphinibal 296 templum 20, 21, 211 surveying (see also agrimensor, dioptra, tepidarium 304, 350, 377, 379 groma) 141, 153 (8.4) Termessus: architectural ornament of theoros 154–5 theater 99 suspensurae 178–9 Terracina 233, 409 sventramento 35 Temple of Jupiter Anxur 166 symmetria 147, 148, 153 Temple to Augustus 132 Synnada (modern Şuhut): Terragni, Giuseppe 442 administrative center for stone tessera -ae 178, 358 transport 196 testudo 182 “Syrian arch” (arcuated lintel) 88, Tetrarchy 106–25 187 Tetrarchic tradition 125–6, 194

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tetrastyle 13, 33, 85, 94, 143, 211, tholos -oi 24, 33, 217 240, 335, 344 Thuburbo Maius Thaenae forum 251 Baths of the Months 92 Summer Baths 92 Large Baths 93 Thugga see Dougga Thamusidia 200 Tiberius 98, 116, 117, 120, 171, 196, theater 149, 150, 281, 282, 284, 285, 256 289, 290, 291 Tibur see Tivoli Gallo-Roman 282, 391, 392 tie bars 82, 165 “cultic” see theater-temple tie-beam truss 167 (9.5) “secular” 57 Tifernum Tiberinum: patronage of Pliny “theater-amphitheaters” 287 the Younger 137 theater-temple 24, 47, 50, 56–57, tile 170–1 237 timber 168–70 Themistius 125 Timgad (Thamugadi) 92, 251, 253, Theodosius I 125, 126 336, 400 thermae 58, 59, 107, 110, 114, 184, “Bal Surae” of 301 399, 401 North Baths 314 administration and services South Baths 314 of 309–10 Trajanic West Gate 94 in Antioch and Roman Syria 321–2 Titus 291 art in 313-14 Tivoli (Tibur) 24, 117, 120, 232 bath-gymnasium type of Asia Hadrian’s Villa 68, 75, 78, 84, 116, Minor 315–21 370, 377, 463, 476 costs of building 310–11 Canopus 68 as educational and intellectual Serapeum 68 institutions 310 “teatro marittimo” 78 imperial see also thermae under Sanctuary of Hercules Victor 165, Rome 305, 307 233–7, 246 in Late Antique and Christian Temple of Vesta 218 Worlds 322 travertine, source of 159 nature and planning 303–7 Villa of Quintilius Varus 365, 369 nomenclature 300–1 Tlos: bath-gymnasium 316 in North Africa 314–5 Tomis: Severan warehouse 103 popularity and importance of 301–3 Torre Annunziata (Villa of Poppaea, water needs of 308–9 Oplontis) 359–60 (18.6), thermulae 304 372–3, 375, 377 Thessaloniki 107, 111, 114, 115, 122, Torrino: archaic proto-courtyard 124, 126, 288 houses 14, 16 Arch of Galerius 114, 115 Totenmahl relief 391 circus 112 trabeated architecture (post-and-lintel Galerius’s palace 109 architecture) 64, 70–71, 78, 80, palace 113 180–2, 191, 419 Octagon 115, 116 Trajan 69, 83, 136, 194, 225, 337, Rotunda 115, 119 399, 401, 462, 471

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transport (of materials) 58, 158–9, 162, Urania (officina) 196 168–9, 172, 175, 186, 194–7, Urban VIII, Pope 168 199, 204, 403, 409 Uxama: Casa de los Plintos 393 transtra 182 travertine (lapis Tiburtinus) 159 Vaison-la-Romaine 396 structural advantages of 66–67, 72, Maison au Dauphin 389, 396, 397 74, 163–4 (9.3), 171 (20.4) use in Fascist architecture 430, 432, Maison à la Tonelle, 396 438, 441 Valkenberg: fort 389 use in Italy 218, 235, 271, 273, 274, Valle, Cesare 438–9 275, 276, 331, 412 Varro 7, 21, 364, 365, 366, 368, 371 use in Rome 39, 66–67, 72, 74, 76, vault tomb (chest tomb; cupa; 90, 163–4 (9.3), 165, 173, 214, cupula) 271, 277, 279 216, 217, 218, 222, 224, 291–2, vaulting tubes 189 339 vaults 182–5, 188 triclinium 330, 349, 350, 352, 355, annular 67 359, 360, 361, 370, 394 barrel 35, 40, 42, 66, 70, 74, 83, 86, triconch (or triconchos) 121, 377 92, 103–4, 162, 178, 183 (9.8), Trier 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 116, 186, 188, 189, 191, 201, 271–2, 122, 124, 301 292, 299, 304, 313, 317, 319, Barbarathermen 110 328, 337 basilica 188, 105 of brick 183 Trieste: Capitolium 254 cross (groin) 66, 69, 72, 83, 92, 124 Tripoli (Oea): arch of Marcus Aurelius 184, 188, 355 and Lucius Verus 95 dome 63, 65–69, 71, 78, 83, 84, 95, tubuli 180 104, 114–116, 119, 124, 175, tuff (see also under specific name) 24, 184, 188, 190, 191, 307, 311, 29, 38, 39, 65, 77, 160–5, 168, 313, 321, 322, 471, 474 171, 172, 173, 176, 182 “false” 186 tufo lionato see Anio tuff radially laid bricks 83, 103, 183, Tullia (Ciceronis) 268 188 Tullius, Marcus (builder) 134 ribs, ribbing 66, 74, 83, 86, 183 tumulus 55 (9.8), 184, 191 Tunis: Bardo Museum 92 sail 189 Turin: Porta Palatina 76 squinch 189 Turnu Severin 185 Vedius Antoninus 138, 319 Tuscan order 21, 181, 207, 484 (G1) Vegetius 190 Vitruvius on 21, 208, 212 Veii 162 Tusculum: sanctuary 232, 233, 236 Portonaccio sanctuary 22 Tuthmosis II 293 vela, velarium -a 292, 295 Tyre: circus 289, 293 Velleius Paterculus 34, 37, 127 Venturi, Robert 1 Umm Qais (Gadara): nymphaeum Vergil 372, 417 101 (5.7) Veroli, Giovanni Sulpizio da 424

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Verona 92, 285, 286 Vitruvius 3, 6, 7, 13, 21, 25, 31, 34, Porta dei Leoni 76 38, 42, 49, 57, 70, 75, 127, 129, Verucchio Throne 9, 11 131–3, 140–5, 147, 149, 151, Verulamium 387 153–5, 160, 169, 170, 173, 174, insula No. 14 389 176, 182, 200, 201, 208, 209, Vespasian 59, 218, 225, 291, 339 214, 215, 219, 223, 231, 249, vestibulum 344 250–1, 266, 333, 342–5, Vesuvius 137, 173, 356 347–350, 353, 360, 371, 382, eruption of (79 CE) 169, 185, 393, 412–25, 440, 451, 456, 342, 414 466, 472, 476, 478 Vetera: amphitheater 287 De architectura (On Architecture, Vetulonia 12 Ten Books of Architecture) 131, Via Campana 231 157, 193, 371, 415, 416, 417, Via Domitia 258 418, 422, 423, 424, 425 463, Via Laurentina sites 14 470, 471 Via Ostiensis 86 Volsinii 16 Via Tiberina 369 Volteius, Marcus (moneyer) 446 Via Tiburtina 234, 235 Volubilis 94, 200, 337 vicus 406 baths 304 Vienne: forum porticoes 255 Volusii Saturnini 15–16 Vietti, Luigi 442 voussoir 144, 162, 164 (9.3), 171, 182, Vignola, Jacopo Barozzi da 420 183 (9.8), 187, 191 On the Five Orders of Vulci 9 Architecture 420, 425 “Great Temple” 22 villa basis villae 85, 365 Ward-Perkins, John Bryan 4 definition 364–70 Warfusée-Abancourt: villa 376 design 370–80 wattle-and-daub 8, 9, 60, 161 pars fructuaria 366 Wheeler, Mortimer 4 pars rustica 366, 368 windows 9, 76, 84–85, 105, 110, pars urbana 366, 368, 369 114, 122, 124, 130, 174–5, 191, pastio villatica 368 203, 235, 236, 275–6, 292, 300, “Portikusvilla” 375 313, 319, 325, 329, 337, 346, “v. à galerie de façade” 375 352–3, 355 v. rustica 365–6 thermenfenster 124 v. urbana 365–6, 369 Woodchester: villa 85 “winged corridor house” in Wroxeter: forum 389, 390 (20.2) England 375 Villa Capra (“La Rotonda”) 1 Xanten: hollow terracotta voussoirs 191 Villa Rivaldi 436, 437 Violaria 267 Yourcenar, Marguerite 1 Viollet-le-Pliny, Eugene 464 “Vitruvian Man” 148 Zeugma: brick production 103

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