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University of London Thesis .9 REFERENCE ONLY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THESIS Degree Year ^2.00 § Name of Author 0 L - COPYRIGHT .9 This is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London. It is an unpublished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. All persons consulting this thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. LOANS Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the Senate House Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: Inter-Library Loans, Senate House Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. REPRODUCTION University of London theses may not be reproduced without explicit written permission from the Senate House Library. Enquiries should be addressed to the Theses Section of the Library. Regulations concerning reproduction vary according to the date of acceptance of the thesis and are listed below as guidelines. A. Before 1962. Permission granted only upon the prior written consent of the author. (The Senate House Library will provide addresses where possible). B. 1962-1974. In many cases the author has agreed to permit copying upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. C. 1975-1988. Most theses may be copied upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. D. 1989 onwards. Most theses may be copied. This thesis comes within category D. This copy has been deposited in the Library__________ o f This copy has been deposited in the Senate House Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. To my parents and sister The Religious Topography of Late Antique Rome (AD 313-440): A Case for a Strategy Michael James John Mulryan University of London - University College London PhD examination I declare that the following is all my own work: UMI Number: U591768 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591768 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract of Thesis The thesis argued is that in the fourth and fifth centuries ecclesiastical authorities in Rome sought to Christianise the city and its inhabitants through the location of new basilicas within the walls. The current consensus argues that all the churches constructed within the city were built where they were due to Christian land ownership of that site, because an area was a particularly populous one, or that there was a pre-Constantinian ‘house-church’ on the spot. This, for me, is looking at the city on too superficial a level. If we move away from this perspective and more towards a viewpoint that actually sees these fourth and fifth century churches in the context of the buildings that surrounded them, we can then regard them in the way the contemporary population of Rome would have. In this way, I believe we can reveal an intentional programme by the Roman Church of placing many of its centres of worship in strategically useful areas for its own benefit. In other words, the frequent proximity of these churches to other important buildings or public areas I believe had an effect on worshippers at those churches and on general passers-by. The intended effect, I would argue, was to increase church attendance and create visible and memorable Christian markers throughout the city in order to gradually ‘Christianise’ it. I put forward the idea that there were four main factors that Christian builders of this period consciously considered and looked for when they were building a new church. They were: (i) is it easily accessible or highly visible? (ii) is it close to an area of frequent public congregation? (iii) is it near to a significant pre-existing pagan structure? or (iv) is it proximate to a bath house and therefore having some sort of relationship with it? Not all the Christian churches of this period fit these criteria but, I conclude, most do and therefore argue for a conscious strategy by the Church to Christianise and consequently ‘de-paganise’ the city. The criteria I have described are not however new maxims for religious buildings. Most of these considerations were followed by the builders of pagan structures in the Classical city, although here for the benefit and notoriety of the builder rather than any desire to promote a specific cult. The increased popularity of a deity may have been an unintentional side-effect however, but whatever the case, such considerations certainly made temples the most visible and prominent buildings in a city. As a result, as well as examining Christian case-studies to argue my case, I will 2 also look at the pagan structures that follow the same rules, as their prominence and importance was something the Church wanted to replicate for its centres of worship. This, I hope, will serve as a comparison and show how builders of churches were merely using more ancient techniques to achieve their ends. My thesis begins with a broad introduction including the historiography of the topic, which in fact overlaps many fields, and where I stand within it. My first chapter sets out my reasoning for thinking that the Roman Church controlled its own building programme independently from the state and so could potentially choose sites on which to build for its own benefit. The second chapter begins my discussion of these churches by looking at those where visibility and easy accessibility was a priority. The third section looks at those Christian centres that can claim an association with a pagan temple or shrine and what the implications of this may be. The fourth and fifth chapters examine those churches that have some sort of relationship with a theatre or circus or a bath-house respectively. Finally, I argue against the theory that some intra-mural churches were built on the site of famous martyrdoms by showing how the evidence for this is anachronistic and suspicious. To serve as a comparison, the belief that certain churches were built over a martyr’s tomb is justifiable, as here we have reliable and convincing evidence. To complete the thesis I draw together the accumulated evidence and make my conclusions. 3 Contents Introduction 6 Chapter 1. The Business of Building 11 1.1 The Evolution of the Building Bureaucracy from Diocletian to Sixtus III 12 1.2 The System in Practice 17 1.3 Case Studies 27 1.4 Choosing a Site 51 1.5 The Politics of Restoration and Embellishment 54 1.6 Conclusion 59 Chapter 2. Churches and People : The Importance of Visibility and Pilgrimage 60 2.1 Christian and Pagan Space: Definitions 62 2.2 The Written Sources 65 2.3 Case Studies 70 2.4 Conclusion 90 Chapter 3. Churches and Temples : Christian and Pagan Space 92 3.1 Christian Views of Temples 95 3.2 Pagan Views of Churches 97 3.3 Case Studies 100 3.4 Conclusion 121 Chapter 4. Churches, Theatres and Circuses : Religious and Entertainment Space 124 4.1 Background 125 4.2 Case Studies 136 4.3 Conclusion 151 Chapter 5. Churches and Baths : Christian Worship and Secular Leisure 152 5.1 Christian and Non-Christian Views of Bathing and the Baths 153 4 5.2 Case Studies 160 5.3 Conclusion 173 Chapter 6. Churches and Martyrs: Genuine Historical Reasoning Behind Church Placement 175 6.1 The Tomb Churches 178 6.2 The Martyrdom Churches 196 6.3 Conclusion 210 Conclusion 213 Figures 215 Bibliography 262 5 Introduction Overview This thesis will argue for a new approach to the topography of late antique Rome during the period from the so-called ‘Edict of Milan’, and Constantine’s sole dominion in the West, to the death of Pope Sixtus III (313-440 AD). That is, from the beginning of the church-building programme in Rome until the time when Sixtus’ own extensive scheme ended. Rome has always been seen as an example of a city that was created organically from hill-top villages to a sprawling metropolis, and capital of a huge empire. It has always been recognised that the temples in Rome, and in the Classical city in general, were built on hills and within fora. The significance of this has not been fully appreciated however, and questions have rarely been asked why this should be the case. Similarly, the location of the first churches in Rome, built from the fourth century, have been examined, but, I will argue here, in a superficial manner. I contend that if we examine the siting of the temples and first churches of Rome together, an interesting picture emerges of a city whose religious topography at least, was planned with a strategy in mind. Such an approach does however ignore the now hidden Christian topography of the ascetic aristocratic women of the city, to whom Jerome was a central figure. Their houses, no doubt important Christian centres in their day, cannot be located today and their domestic setting by-passes our focus on a deliberate building strategy by the Christian authorities.
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