DOCSLIB.ORG

Socio-Cultural Life in Medieval Badayun (1206-1605)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socio-Cultural Life in Medieval Badayun (1206-1605) SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE IN MEDIEVAL BADAYUN (1206-1605) THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of $I)iIos;opl)p IN HISTORY BY AZMAT NOORl Under the Supervision of DR. IQBAL SABIR CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2009 V* 0 6- JAN 2012 Fed in Compntw i ^ ^ T7369 "Dedicated U ')K(tA>'tH4HC, CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY Dr. Iqbal Sabir Department of History Sr. Lecture Aligarh Muslim University 09411488564 AIigarh-202002 Dated-17.08.2009 ^<i^^a^ This is to certify that Miss. Azmat Noori has completed her research work under my supervision. The present thesis prepared by her OTI: "Socio-Cultural Life in Medieval Badayun (1206-1605)"Iher original research work. It is fit for submission for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. (DR.IQBAL SABIR) CONTENTS Page No. Introduction 1-13 Chapter-I Historical Background 14-37 Chapter-II Ulema, Scholars, Poets and Sufis 38-93 Chapter-Ill Architectural Development 94-139 Chapter-IV Customs and Festivals 140-187 Chapter-V Education Literary Activities 188-229 Chapter-VI Domestic Life 230-266 Conclusion 267-272 Bibliography 273-284 Maps I&II Q Acknowledgement \y Treface-cuTn-JAcknawCedJgement 'Badayun occupies an extra ordinary pCace in tfie fiistory of !Hortfiem IndCia, In ancient times it was an important centre of cuCture and [earning and retained the same position even during the medievaCjperiod It had Become a MusCim coCony Cong Before the Qhaznavide invasions. It was in beginning of the suCtanate jperiod that the city of 'Badayun emerged as a great seat of IsCamic education and [earning and cu[tura[ centre, S\ numher of Mus[im schoQzrs, poets and mystics fCourished there in those days. Their jrresence undou0ted[y enhanced the position of this famous city, Besides, it was a[so an important pCdce from strategic print of view and as such drew the attention of significant ru[ing as we [[as administrative personatities including Qutuhuddin JAiBak, Shamsuddin I[tutmish, J\.[auddin Xha[ji etc. It was during the governorship of Ututmish that the educationaQ cu[tura[ and scho[ar[y activities in Badayun reached their peaks, furthermore, the Birth of the great Mus[im saint Shaikh !Nizamuddin JAu[iya was rea[[y a divine gift to this city of our great country, JA[[ these qua[ities and historica[ significance notwithstanding, this city has not received adequate notice of scho[ars, JAn attempt has Been made in the present thesis to Bring to [ight the historica[ g[ory of this famous city. In this connection, I consider it myp[easant duty to acknowledge my deep indeBtness to my esteemed supervisor Vr, IqBa[ SaBir. This work wou[d not have not j)ossi6Ce -without His sjpeciaC care, fieCp affectionate guidance and yaCua6Ce suggestions and enriching discussions. I feeC honored fortunate to compete my thesis under his inspiring supervision. I find myseCf unahCe to express my gratitude and oBCigation to him in words. I have always received BrotherCy affection and kindness from him. I am indeBted to Trofessor 'B.L. 'Bhadani, chairman, Center of ^Advanced Study, Vejjartment of J-fistory, JACigarh MusCim University, JACigarh. 5/e has aCways Been compassionate to me and taken much interest in soCving my jproBCems. "there are no words to express my deej) sincerity and thankfuCness to him for his generous and kind attitude towards me. I am aCso deepCy indeBted to Trof ShihaBuddin Iraqi, former chairman of the department for his courtesy and kindness. My gratefuC thanks are due to Trof. tarici JAhmed and Vr. Maksud JAhmad Xhan whose advice and suggestions have aCways Been a usefuCaddition to my knowledge. I shaCC Be guiCty if I don't acknowCedge the courtesy and kindness of the staff memBers of the research CiBrary of our Department. They cooperated with me at every step and made aCC Books avaiCaBCe that were needed I am aCso thankfuC to the staff of MauCana JKzad LiBrary, especiaCCy its Tersian, Urdu and manuscript sections and aCso to the staffs of seminar CiBrary of the departments of IsCamic Studies. My thanks are also due to the office staff of my department. I extent my heartfeCt gratitude to Mrs. Qamar JA. Xazmi, Chairman Department of ^iswan, yuCTV. and Mr. MtmadMi, Mrs. JAneesa IqBaCSaBir for their heCp and cooperation I received during my work. My tfianks are due to my coCCeagues Mr, JAkfitar J-Casan, Mr, XamaC, Mr. JArsfiacC, Mr, O^aiyer JAzam, Mr, JareedC JAhmadCy Mr, ^Koorain Xfian, Mr, JAsgfiar 'Raja, Mr, SaCaucCcCin Vanish, Mr, J^ausfiacC JACi, Mr. SaCvm JavedCy Mr, J^afees, SpeciaC tflanks due to my friends Syed JAsif JACavi, TanweeruC J-Cuda Jirdausi, Leena Taquiza, JaizuC Hisfia, Mna Irsfiad, 'Busfira who have provided a stimulus, creation and conductive atmosphere in the successjuC compCetion of my work. My sincere thanks go to my Brother and my sisters, especiaCCy Mohd Tariq Zahoori andT>r, SAbida Zameer for their unconditionaC Cove and support, y^ords seem to he inadequate for the immense appreciation and gratitude to Syed Jahar JACi, 5/e has heen a 'Northern Star' in moments of darkness and piCCar of strength in trouBCed times during aCCphases of the study, I airways thank the JACmighty for giving me nice parents Vr, Z, J-C, Siddiqui and Mrs, Jsfoor SaBa whose Cove, sacrifice and sustained efforts enaBCe me to acquire knowCedge, Whatever I am today is Because of their prayers. Coving care and sincere endeavors. Introduction \J INTRODUCTION The range of progress and development in the social and cultural life of people is a prerequisite to comprehend the spirit of the age. The subject of history is not just concerned with the pompous and luxurious living of the royalty but it seeks to study man in relation to his environment irrespective of any social distinction. All men are more or less a product of their environment and their social behaviour, literary and cultural efforts can be understood only with reference to that milieu. Badayun occupies an unique position in the history of Islamic India. For centuries this city has been a nucleus of learning and literature and a treasure house of culture and civilization. Almost every nook and comer of the country have gained tremendously from the guidance extended buy its (Badayun's) madrasas and khanqahs. An unimaginable number of students and infinite seekers of spirituality came to this city and upgraded themselves in its literary and mystic environment. Myriads of unfortunate person of Baghda;s/Bukhara, Yeman, Mehmara, Ghaznin and Ghaur derived satisfaction in its peaceful, scholarly and spiritual atmosphere. Contrary to many other cities in north India, the history f the Muslims of Badayun does not begin with the ghurain conquest. Ajmer, Bahraich, Badayun, Qannauj and Nagaur hold a significant place in the history of Muslim settlement in the country. Muslims had settled their colonies in these cities during the reign of Hindu rajas. Although it is amazing to hear but it is a historical fact that during the time between the Ghaznavide invasions and the Ghurian conquests hordes of Muslims crossed the river Ravi, had reached India and settled in different cities and towns. They had confidently formed their cultural institutions unfavourable circumstances could never discourage them. They established their mosques, khanqahs and madrasahs as well. The grave of the mayrs, which still provide spiritual shelter to their visitors, are the best evidence of the Muslim population in Badayun before the ghurian conquest. Mir Mulhim Shahid, Haidar Shahid and Burhan Shahid are like the morning star which disappears after shining for few moments but gives the news of sunrise. To those, who understand the silent signs of history, these graves of martyrs are like the leaders of a natural revolution. These elders with their blood nurtured the garden in which the young boy like Maulana Raziuddin was brought up. When this great son of Badayun, who was bom ten years before the battle of Tarain, reached Baghdad, the greatest seat of learning in the Islamic world at that time, many renounced ulama bowed their heads before him. A new chapter of the history of Badayun began in 1197-98 A.D.when Qutbuddin Aibak conquered and annexed it into Islamic territory. Being completely aware of the geographical situation of Badayun a large cantonment was established there so as to keep a watch on the rajas and zamindars of vicinity. In a short span of time the army of Badayun earned extensive fame in bravery and became popular for its great strength. In 1205 A.D. when shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri intended to suppress the rebel tribes of the border particularly khokhars, he took the help of the army of Badayun. The Taj-ul Maasir then contains the details of this battle. The enthusiastic and brave soldiers of Badayun killed two hundred thousand (two lakhs) khokhars. It was during the governorship of Iltutmish that Badayun earned more glory and greatness, and it came to known as the best military cantonment in northern India. The best army of the sultanate was either kept in Delhi or Badayun. As a result the governor of Bdayun was held as more revered and powerful in comparison to other governors. The governorship of Badayun was a great honour. Which was conferred upon the most significant and distinguished personalities of the sultanate. Congratulating Tajuddin sanjar Qatlo on his appointment as the governor of Badayun, Amir Khusrau says: [O'brave man of the king you have obtained the Iqta 'of Badayun; you have received the degree which is above the heaven.] Wast-ul-Hayat, p. 78. The event which increased the glory and honour of Badayun was the uprising of Mongols.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNIT 3 MARRIAGE Family
    UNIT 3 MARRIAGE Family Contents 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical Part of which the Ethnography Notes on Love in a Tamil Family is an Example 3.3 Description of the Ethnography 3.3.1 Intellectual Context 3.3.2 Fieldwork 3.3.3 Analysis of Data 3.3.4 Conclusion 3.4 How does the Ethnography Advance our Understanding 3.5 Theoretical Part of which the Ethnography Himalayan Polyandry: Structure, Functioning and Culture Change: A Field Study of Jaunsar- Bawar is an Example 3.6 Description of the Ethnography 3.6.1 Intellectual Context 3.6.2 Fieldwork 3.6.3 Analysis of Data 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 How does the Ethnography Advance our Understanding 3.8 Summary References Suggested Reading Sample Questions Learning Objectives & After reading this unit, you will be able to understand the: Ø concept of cross-cousin marriage in South India; and Ø polyandry among the Jaunsar-Bawar. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Throughout the world, marriage is an institutional arrangement between persons, generally males and females, who recognise each other as husband and wife or intimate partners. Marriage is a human social institution and assumes some permanence and conformity to societal norms. Anthropologist William Stephens said marriage is (1) a socially legitimate sexual union, begun with (2) a public announcement, undertaken with (3) some idea of performance, and assumed with a more or less explicit (4) marriage contract, which spells out reciprocal obligations between spouses and between spouses and their children (Stephens, 1963). For the most part, these same normative conditions exist today, although many marriage-like relationships are not defined by everyone as socially legitimate, are not begun with any type of announcement, are not entered into 37 Kinship, Family and with the idea of permanence, and do not always have clearly defined contracts (written Marriage or non-written) as to what behaviours are expected.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Archival Sources Ars¸ivi, Bas¸bakanlık Osmanlı (BOA) FO 195/237; 1841 FO 248/114 India Offi ce G/29/27. In Arabic Afghani, Ahmad al-. Sarab fi Iran: Kalima Sari‘a hawla al-Khumayni wa-Din al-Shi‘a, n.p., 1982. ‘Alawi, Hasan al-. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla al-Qawmiyya fi al-‘Iraq 1914–1990, n.p., 1990. Alusi, Shukri al-. al-Misk al-Adhfar, Baghdad: al-Maktaba al-‘Arabiyya, 1930. Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-. Al-Tibyan fi Sharh al-Burhan, 1249/1833. Amin, Muhsin al-. A‘yan al-Shi‘a, Sidon, vol. 40, 1957. Bahr al-‘Ulum, Muhammad Sadiq. “Muqaddima,” in Muhammad Mahdi b. Murtada Tabataba’i, Rijal al-Sayyid Bahr al-‘Ulum al-Ma‘ruf bil-Fawa’id al-Rijaliyya, Najaf: n.p, 1967. Din, Muhammad Hirz al-. Ma ‘arif al-Rijal fi Tarajim al-‘Ulama’ wal-Udaba’, Najaf, vol. 1, 1964–1965. Dujayli, Ja‘far (ed.). Mawsu‘at al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa’, 1993. Fahs, Hani. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla fi Lubnan: Malamih fi al-Ru’ya wal-Dhakira, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1996. Hamdani al-. Takmilat Ta’rikh al-Tabari, Beirut: al-Matba‘at al-Kathulikiyya, 1961. Hawwa, Sa‘id. Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 1969. ———. Al-Khumayniyya: Shudhudh fi al-‘Aqa’id Shudhudh fi al-Mawaqif, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1987. ———. Hadhihi Tajribati wa-Hadhihi Shahadati, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1988. Husri, Sati‘ al-. Mudhakkirati fi al-‘Iraq, 1921–1941, Beirut: Manshurat dar al- Tali‘a, 1967. Ibn Abi Ya‘la. Tabaqat al-Hanabila, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • Typesetting Khalfaoui
    Pluralism and Plurality in Islamic Legal Scholarship The Modern Muslim World 11 Series Editorial Board Marcia Hermansen Martin Nguyen Hina Azam Joas Wagemakers Ussama Makdisi Advisory Editorial Board Talal Asad Tijana Krstic Khaled Abou El Fadl Ebrahim Moosa Amira Bennison Adam Sabra Islam Dayeh Armando Salvatore Marwa Elshakry Adam Talib Rana Hisham Issa This series will provide a platform for scholarly research on Islamic and Muslim thought, emerging from any geographical area and dated to any period from the 17th century until the present day. Pluralism and Plurality in Islamic Legal Scholarship The Case of the Fatāwā l-ʿĀlamgīrīya Mouez Khalfaoui gp 2021 Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com 2021 Copyright © by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2021 ܘ 1 ISBN 978-1-4632-4231-2 gp Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A Cataloging-in-Publication Record is available at the Library of Congress. Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Author’s Preface for the English Translation ............................ ix Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1. The Historical Context: South Asia in the Seventeenth Century ...................................................................... 2 2. Interfaith Relations in Seventeenth-Century South Asia ........................................................................... 6 3. Pluralism: More Than Just Tolerance ........................... 12 4. Corpus, Hypothesis and Research Method ................... 14 5. Aims and Methodology ................................................ 20 Chapter One.
    [Show full text]
  • Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis
    prelims.046 17/12/2004 4:58 PM Page i MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis “Shahzad Bashir is to be commended for producing a remarkably accessible work on a complex subject; his explanations are models of lucidity and brevity.” PROFESSOR DEVIN DEWEESE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page ii SELECTION OF TITLES IN THE MAKERS OF THE MUSLIM WORLD SERIES Series editor: Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton ‘Abd al-Malik, Chase F.Robinson Abd al-Rahman III, Maribel Fierro Abu Nuwas, Philip Kennedy Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Christopher Melchert Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi, Usha Sanyal Al-Ma’mun, Michael Cooperson Al-Mutanabbi, Margaret Larkin Amir Khusraw, Sunil Sharma El Hajj Beshir Agha, Jane Hathaway Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis, Shazad Bashir Ibn ‘Arabi,William C. Chittick Ibn Fudi,Ahmad Dallal Ikhwan al-Safa, Godefroid de Callatay Shaykh Mufid,Tamima Bayhom-Daou For current information and details of other books in the series, please visit www.oneworld-publications.com/ subjects/makers-of-muslim-world.htm prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iii MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis SHAHZAD BASHIR prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iv FAZLALLAH ASTARABADI AND THE HURUFIS Oneworld Publications (Sales and editorial) 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com © Shahzad Bashir 2005 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 1–85168–385–2 Typeset by Jayvee,
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Development - English 1 Personality Development - English 2 Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training [IMCTF]
    Personality Development - English 1 Personality Development - English 2 Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training [IMCTF] Personality Development (English) Details Book Name : Personality Development (English) Edition : 2015 Pages : 224 Size : Demmy 1/8 Published by : Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training Foundation (IMCTF) Head Office : 4th Floor, Ganesh Towers, 152, Luz Church Road, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004. Admin Office : 2nd Floor, “Gargi”, New No.6, (Old No.20) Balaiah Avenue, Luz, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004. Email : [email protected], Website : www.imct.org.in This book is available on Website : www.imct.org.in Printed by : Enthrall Communications Pvt. Ltd., Chennai - 30 © Copy Rights to IMCTF Personality Development - English Index Class 1 1. Oratorical ................................................................................................12 2. Great sayings by Thiruvalluvar .........................................................12 3. Stories .......................................................................................................12 4. Skit ........................................................................................................15 Class 2 1. Oratorical .................................................................................................16 2. Poems .......................................................................................................16 3. Stories .......................................................................................................18 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Manifestation of Religious Authority on the Internet: Presentation of Twelver Shiite Authority in the Persian Blogosphere By
    Manifestation of Religious Authority on the Internet: Presentation of Twelver Shiite Authority in the Persian Blogosphere by Narges Valibeigi A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2012 © Narges Valibeigi 2012 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. Narges Valibeigi ii Abstract Cyberspace has diversified and pluralized people’s daily experiences of religion in unprecedented ways. By studying several websites and weblogs that have a religious orientation, different layers of religious authority including “religious hierarchy, structures, ideology, and sources” (Campbell, 2009) can be identified. Also, using Weber’s definition of the three types of authority, “rational-legal, traditional, and charismatic” (1968), the specific type of authority that is being presented on blogosphere can be recognized. The Internet presents a level of liberty for the discussion of sensitive topics in any kind of religious cyberspace, specifically the Islamic one. In this way, the Internet is expanding the number and range of Muslim voices, which may pose problems for traditional forms of religious authority or may suggest new forms of authority in the Islamic world. The interaction between the Internet and religion is often perceived as contradictory, especially when it is religion at its most conservative practice. While the international and national applications of the Internet have increased vastly, local religious communities, especially fundamentalists, perceived this new technology as a threat to their local cultures and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • At1480 14-1 Faie 7UTATE ,Fear 12/2020
    aT1480 14-1 faiE 7UTATE ,fear12/2020 TTYE NTE varT-4-afra Tf (gHoslo34TRO--110)adt Tet uv foto o-27 (7 Fi0-26.810 28.850) H ITH dgz THT i0-573 HTT TEiforaa iuto foo, ¥gT ETRT TaT Rea 3TGETE TT5 AT5-8/t./06/149/2020/tORo/1042 fias 25.11.2020, TAT-11I-1162 /FP/UP/Approach/49540/2020 fei 27.11.2020 T yea aa vive7, argr HUS, 7 1741/14-1 RAs 03.12.2020 S. cONDITIONS N. REPLY/UNDERTAKINGS 1 The status of the legal forest land shall As per compliance 1, Bharat Petroleum Corporation remain unchanged. Ltd, Territory Mathura hereby undertakes that as per Forest (Protection) Act, 1980 legal status of the land will not be changed 2 afforestation Compensatory shall be taken up by | As per 2, Bharat Petroleum the Forest Department for plantation of 100 trees compliance corporation Limited, Territory Mathura hereby undertakes that in (Pathramai Forest Block, Kaimganj Range, the cost incurred in plantation of 100 trees the District- farrukhabad) at the cost of user agency. by As far as practicable a mixture of local indigenous Forest Department has been submitted to the Forest species will be planted and monoculture of a department by the BPCL. species has to be avoided. 3 The Cost of afforestation at Compensatory the | As per compliance 3, Bharat Petroleum prevailing wage rates as Corporation per compensatory Limited, Territory Mathura affprestation scheme and the cost of hereby undertakes that survey, the cost of demarcation and of compensatory afforestation at the erection permanent pillars it required on the CA land shall be deposited in prevailing Wwage rates as per compensatory afforestation has advance with the Forest Department by the been submitted to CAMPA Fund by the BPCL project authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhs&Ie, up Exam Year-2021 **** Proposed Centre Allotment **** Dist
    BHS&IE, UP EXAM YEAR-2021 **** PROPOSED CENTRE ALLOTMENT **** DIST-CD & NAME :- 27 BUDAUN DATE:- 26/01/2021 PAGE:- 1 CENT-CODE & NAME CENT-STATUS CEN-REMARKS EXAM SCH-STATUS SCHOOL CODE & NAME #SCHOOL-ALLOT SEX PART GROUP 1005 NEHRU ADARSH INTER COLLEGE ALAPUR BADAUN B HIGH BUM 1005 NEHRU ADARSH INTER COLLEGE ALAPUR BADAUN 99 F HIGH CUF 1070 G B GIRLS I C KAKRALA BADAUN 22 M HIGH CRM 1137 VEER SHAYA BHOO DEVI H S S JAGAT BADAUN 79 M HIGH CUM 1153 HAJI MUKHTAR SCIENCE INTER COLLEGE KAKRALA BADAUN 122 M HIGH ARF 1169 GOVT GIRLS H S S MANSA NAGLA BADAUN 6 M HIGH CRM 1211 SHREE HARNAM SINGH MEMO H S SCHOOL DHAKA MIAUN BADAUN 27 M HIGH CRM 1217 SHREE BRIJPAL SINGH MEMO H S SCHOOL DHAKA MIAUN BADAUN 24 M HIGH CRM 1257 SHRI NAUBAT SINGH H S S BABAI BHATPURA BADAUN 21 F HIGH CRM 1277 NEW HOPES PUBLIC HS SCHOOL KAKRALA BUDAUN 8 M 408 INTER BUM 1005 NEHRU ADARSH INTER COLLEGE ALAPUR BADAUN 27 F SCIENCE INTER BUM 1005 NEHRU ADARSH INTER COLLEGE ALAPUR BADAUN 74 F OTHER THAN SCICNCE INTER BUM 1007 N P I C KAKRALA BADAUN 9 M OTHER THAN SCICNCE INTER CUF 1070 G B GIRLS I C KAKRALA BADAUN 11 M SCIENCE INTER CUF 1076 PARWATI SALIK KANYA INTER COLLEGE ALAPUR BADAUN 15 F OTHER THAN SCICNCE INTER CRM 1108 SHIVAJI S M I C MIAUN BADAUN 157 M ALL GROUP INTER CUM 1153 HAJI MUKHTAR SCIENCE INTER COLLEGE KAKRALA BADAUN 103 M SCIENCE 396 CENTRE TOTAL >>>>>> 804 1006 SIGLER MISSION GIRLS I C BADAUN B HIGH BUF 1006 SIGLER MISSION GIRLS I C BADAUN 143 F 143 INTER BUF 1006 SIGLER MISSION GIRLS I C BADAUN 63 F SCIENCE INTER BUF 1006 SIGLER MISSION GIRLS I C BADAUN 77
    [Show full text]
  • Audio Cassette No.90, at Kampil. Clarification of Murli Dated 09.02.88 (For Bks)
    C.No. 90 Audio Cassette No.90, at Kampil. Clarification of Murli dated 09.02.88 (for BKs) Om Shanti. Page number 108 in the register number 15. Morning class of the 09.02.88. The heading given is: sweet children you shouldn’t have attachment to anything. Along with the body, you have to become a complete beggar in everything. Keep remembering the abode of Shiva (Shivpuri ) and the abode of Vishnu (Vishnupuri ). Om Shanti. Bapdada and Mamma; there are two Mammas. [They are] the dadi and the mother. So who is the Father, who is dada (elder brother), who is Mamma and who is the grandmother? This is your senior mother. Who? Brahma, the one with a beard and a moustache. He has a male body, hasn’t he? When he has a male body, how is he the senior mother? It can be the title . It is possible that if the mother leaves the body, the elder brother performs the task of the mother, if the father leaves the body, the elder brother becomes equal to the father and performs the task of the father. He takes [their] title and duty on him. So, Brahma Baba played that [role] very well. Because in the beginning of the yagya , there were also such children who used to give directions to Mamma and Baba, made them perform the drill [of meditation], they sat as teachers, Shivbaba entered them, and [then] it was said: ‘we followed their directions’. Who used to follow? It was said through the mouth of Brahma.
    [Show full text]
  • Upanishad Vahinis
    Upanishad Vahini Stream of The Upanishads SATHYA SAI BABA Contents Upanishad Vahini 7 DEAR READER! 8 Preface for this Edition 9 Chapter I. The Upanishads 10 Study the Upanishads for higher spiritual wisdom 10 Develop purity of consciousness, moral awareness, and spiritual discrimination 11 Upanishads are the whisperings of God 11 God is the prophet of the universal spirituality of the Upanishads 13 Chapter II. Isavasya Upanishad 14 The spread of the Vedic wisdom 14 Renunciation is the pathway to liberation 14 Work without the desire for its fruits 15 See the Supreme Self in all beings and all beings in the Self 15 Renunciation leads to self-realization 16 To escape the cycle of birth-death, contemplate on Cosmic Divinity 16 Chapter III. Katha Upanishad 17 Nachiketas seeks everlasting Self-knowledge 17 Yama teaches Nachiketas the Atmic wisdom 18 The highest truth can be realised by all 18 The Atma is beyond the senses 18 Cut the tree of worldly illusion 19 The secret: learn and practise the singular Omkara 20 Chapter IV. Mundaka Upanishad 21 The transcendent and immanent aspects of Supreme Reality 21 Brahman is both the material and the instrumental cause of the world 21 Perform individual duties as well as public service activities 22 Om is the arrow and Brahman the target 22 Brahman is beyond rituals or asceticism 23 Chapter V. Mandukya Upanishad 24 The waking, dream, and sleep states are appearances imposed on the Atma 24 Transcend the mind and senses: Thuriya 24 AUM is the symbol of the Supreme Atmic Principle 24 Brahman is the cause of all causes, never an effect 25 Non-dualism is the Highest Truth 25 Attain the no-mind state with non-attachment and discrimination 26 Transcend all agitations and attachments 26 Cause-effect nexus is delusory ignorance 26 Transcend pulsating consciousness, which is the cause of creation 27 Chapter VI.
    [Show full text]
  • The Upanishads
    The Upanishads The Breath of the Eternal A free download book compiled from the best sources on the web Hotbook and Criaturas Digitais Studio Rio de janeiro - Brazil Index 01 Brief Introduction to the Upanishads 02 Vedas and the Upanishads 03 The 15 principals Upanishads ---------------------------------------------------- 04 KATHA Upanishad 05 ISHA Upanishad 06 KENA Upanishad 07 MAITRAYANA-BRAHMAYA Upanishad 08 Kaivalya Upanishad 09 Vajrasuchika Upanishad 10 MANDUKYA Upanishad 11 MUNDAKA Upanishad 12 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 13 KHANDOGYA Upanishad 14 KAUSHITAKI Upanishad 15 PRASHNA Upanishad 16 SHVETASHVATARA Upanishad 17 AITAREYA Upanishad 18 TAITTIRIYA Upanishad -------------------------------------------------------- 19 Atman - The Soul Eternal 20 Upanishads: Universal Insights 21 List of 108 Upanishads Brief Introduction to the Upanishads Collectively, the Upanishads are known as Vedanta (end of the vedas). The name has struck, because they constitute the concluding part of the Vedas. The word 'upanishad' is derived from a combination of three words, namely upa+ni+sad. 'Upa' means near, 'ni' means down and 'sad' means to sit. In ancient India the knowledge of the Upanishads was imparted to students of highest merit only and that also after they spent considerable time with their teachers and proved their sincerity beyond doubt. Once the selection was done, the students were allowed to approach their teachers and receive the secret doctrine from them directly. Since the knowledge was imparted when the students sat down near their teachers and listened to them, the word 'Upanishad', became vogue. The Upanishads played a very significant role in the evolution of ancient Indian thought. Many schools of Hindu philosophy, sectarian movements and even the later day religions like Buddhism and Jainism derived richly from the vast body of knowledge contained in the Upanishads.
    [Show full text]
  • Qualitative Study on Community Values and Perceptions of Teenage Pregnancy, 2005
    Qualitative study on Community Values and Perceptions on Teenage Pregnancy Action Research and Training for Health Udaipur April 2005 CONTENTS Content Page No. 1. Background 2-3 2. Objectives 3-6 3. Methodology 6-8 4. Research findings 8-24 4.1 Socio-demographic background 8 4.2 Community’s perception towards engagement, marriage and ‘Gauna’ 9-15 4.3 Community Values and Perceptions on adolescent pregnancy 15-18 4.4 Information on health, physical development, pregnancy and 18-20 contraceptives 4.5 Community’s perceptions on use of contraceptives 20-22 4.6 Care of adolescent girls at times of illness and pregnancy 22-23 4.7 Comparison between the view points of two generations 23-24 5. Summary and Conclusions 25-26 Annexures 1. Customs and traditions related to engagement, marriage and cohabitation 27-28 2. The expenses incurred on a marriage ceremony 29 3. Results obtained from free listing 30 1 1. Background Rajasthan is the largest state of India and is divided into 32 districts. It is a diverse state in terms of its topography, which is dominated by the Aravali hills, the oldest mountain range of the world, and Thar Desert, which covers around 61% of its land area. Tourists are attracted to Rajasthan because of its rich cultural and traditional heritage, which is still preserved in several forts and palaces as well as its colorful and rustic inhabitants. The southern part of Rajasthan is mainly divided into five districts: Udaipur, Banswara, Dungarpur, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand. Rajsamand was part of Udaipur district until it acquired an independent status after the population census of 1991.
    [Show full text]