Security and Freedom-That Is Today’S Great Challenge
SECURITYand FREEDOM the GREAT CHALLENGE Thirtieth Annual Report of the American Civil Liberties Union Dedicated to ROGER N. BALDWIN Esecntive Director 1920-1910 JOHN HAYNES HOLMES Chairman of the Board of Directors 1940- 19 T 0 EDWARD A. ROSS Chairman of the National Committee 1940-1950 with Respect, Gratitude and Affection TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION--“A FREE NATION OF FREE PEOPLE” 5 SECURITY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES .,.. 10 A. GENERAL ANTI-SEDITION LBGISLAI‘IVE EFFORTS 10 1. The McCarran Act ,. .,, 10 2. “Little McCarran” Acts 3. The Smith Act .,. ,.,..... ,.. :i 4. House Un-American Activities Committee ,........ .,............ 5. House Lobbying Committee ::, 6. State Investigations 17 B. SKIJRITY AND LOYAL’IY AMONG EMPLOYEES 17 1. Federal Program 2. The McCarthy Charges ::, 3. State and Local Programs; 4. Private Programs’ 22 C. OTHER THREATS TO FREEDOM OF OPINION 25 1. General Free Speech .,,....,,..,.... 2. Radio and Movies ., :: 3. Magazines and Books ..,. .._........... 29 4. Schools and Colleges .._.......... 5. Labor Unions .._...... 6. Aliens .._ .,..... .,.. .._ 7. Conscientious Objection __....,.._.........._.,..,,.......,,........................... D. OTHER THREATS TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW 1. Wiretapping ..,,...., .,..... 2. Bail Cases 3. Picketing of Courts 4. Grand Juries 38 THE FIRST FREEDOM .._............... 39 A. GENERAL FREE EXPRESSION .._.............................. B. LABOR ,,., . .. .. .. .. .. :; C. CENSORSHIP .,,,,.. ,.,... 40 D. RELIGION .,.. 44 DUE PROCESS OF LAW ,. 46 A. WIRETAPPING ,, ., .,,.... ..,...,_ .,, .,... .., .,.. 46 B. FAIR TRIAL .., 48 C. PUNISHMENT ,,... ,, 49 EQUALITY 49 A. MINORITIES ..~... 50 B. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES .._......... .._...... 53 1. Employment and Education .._ 2. Housing and Public Accommodations :; 3. Voting and Fair Trial .,.... ,... 55 C. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS 56 1. Social 56 2.
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