BASELINE STUDY
STATE OF THE ART ACTIVE A.G.E. MANAGING CHANGE: THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING FOR CITIES State of the art
This paper supports the ACTIVE A.G.E. working group, presenting the “state of the art” on demographic changes and active ageing strategies at the European level. It traces a broad picture of the European debate, focusing on experience at the national and local levels. The first section illustrates the EU demographic trends and policy guidelines; the following sections will analyse the main issues emerging from these trends, the key drivers and the main policy domains (economy, care services and insecurity) and will present examples of projects, initiatives and strategies aimed at coping with these challenges. 1. EUROPEAN AGEING SOCIETY: TRENDS AND EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE 1.1 Demographic trends in the EU 27 In the coming decades, the size and age-structure of Europe's population will undergo dramatic changes due to low fertility rates, continuous increase in life expectancy and the retirement of the baby-boom generation. Ageing populations will pose major economic, budgetary and social challenges. They are expected to have a significant impact on growth and lead to significant pressures to increase public spending, making if difficult for Member States to maintain sound and sustainable public finances in the long term. Worldwide, the proportion of mature people and the more aged is growing faster than any group. In the European Union Member States the share of over 64-year-oldswill be 22% in 2025 (up from 17% in 2008) (see Table 1) and the share of over 55 will be 31%, with peaks of 39% in Italy and 37% in Slovenia and Finland1. Demographic changes (such as increased longevity), and the phenomenon of a counter ageing society (that is a population that lives longer and feels younger )2 present both challenges and opportunities to promote active ageing. While longer life expectancy entails the need to postpone retirement in order to guarantee the sustainability of the welfare system and citizens well-being, counteraging allows for the promotion of longer working lives, and the integration of various sources of income in old age. To achieve the goal of a longer working life, however, it is necessary to overcome the main barrier which is represented by age-related discrimination. The new welfare should also provide for very effective health systems in order to improve the working and living conditions of mature people. Finally, older people must be recognised as active citizens and must have their interests promoted as such – in the labour market, in health and care and in community activities and in the society.3
1.2 European perspective: from challenge to opportunity The ageing population will affect society in a number of ways. Existing policies at both the EU and national levels need to be reviewed in order to assess their effectiveness and determine whether they need to be adjusted to take account of the changing EU demography. The European Union has opened the debate on how to tackle these issues, what role the EU should play and how demographic challenges need to be addressed. The first international debate on ageing society dates back to the 1980s, but the first initiatives only emerged in the 1990s. These included: the establishment of the European Commission’s Observatory on Ageing and Older People, the European Council of Essen4 and the Resolution on senior citizens in the 21st century – “a
1 COM(2005) 94 final 16/03/2005: Green Paper “Confronting demographic change: a new solidarity between the generations”. SEC(2007) 238 final 11/05/2007: Europe’s demographic future: facts and figures. 2 Cagiano de Azevedo R.(2004): “The European Welfare in a counter ageing society”, Kappa Edizioni, publication of articles presented at the international conference on active ageing, organized by the University La Sapienza of Rome. See also http://eng newwelfare.org/ . 3 See Activage, “Overcoming the barriers and Seizing the Opportunities for Active Ageing Policies in Europe”, Project funded by the European Community under the HPSE programme ‘Improving the Socio-Economic Knowledge Base’ (1998-2002). 4 “…The Essen European Council called on the Labour and Social Affairs and Economic and Financial Affairs Councils and the Commission to keep close track of employment trends, monitor the relevant policies of the Member States and report annually to the European Council on further progress on the employment market, starting in December 1995…” 1 new lease of life”5. In 1999, the United Nations in collaboration with the European Commission promoted the "International Year of Older Persons"6. In this communication the European Commission outlines a broad European policy agenda for active ageing. “The Commission points to the need for reforms of labour market practices (i.e. lifelong learning and training and ways of maximising labour market participation across all age cohorts), pension systems (i.e. flexible retirement options to curb early retirement) and health systems (i.e. effective and efficient health care provision for the elderly and the very old)” (Activage 2006). In the following years the debate waxed ever more intensive at European level, leading the European Commission7 to publish policy guidelines on the issue. In October 2006 Social Affairs Commissioner Vladimir Spidla presented his communication "The demographic challenge - a chance for Europe". The communication was a follow-up to the 2005 Green Paper on Demographic Change, which received input from a wide-range of stakeholders. The Commission's strategy rested on five policy pillars: 1. promoting demographic renewal combined with better access to accommodation, affordable and quality childcare and a better balance between working life and private and family lives; 2. promoting employment: creating more jobs and longer working lives, stimulating "active ageing" and improving public health; 3. improving the productivity of Europeans at work; 4. receiving and integrating migrants; 5. making sure that public finances remain healthy and guarantee adequate social security and equity between generations. "The source of the problem", the communication says, "is not higher life expectancy as such, rather it is the inability of current policies to adapt to the new demographic order and the reluctance of businesses and citizens to change their expectations and attitudes, particularly in the labour market". The "demographic challenge" has to be "mainstreamed" (integrated) into all other European and national public policies. The new employment guidelines and the Barcelona and Stockholm targets took the promotion of active ageing forward in an integrated approach promoting support for youth employment, labour market participation for women and reconciliation between work and family life at the same time. (See integrative guidelines no. 18 “Promote a new life cycle approach to work”). The European Parliament (EP) has contributed to moving the discussion forward at the EU level. The EP Inter-group on Ageing, originally set up in 1984, provides Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) with a forum for discussion and action. Over 35 MEPs - representing most of the Member States and all the political parties – support this Intergroup on Ageing. Among the issues that have been raised in the last couple of years are: age discrimination in employment and in access to goods, facilities and services; health; the right of residence for pensioners in the EU; pension provisions; and support for carers of dependent older people. Finally, a report presented by Bushill-Matthews, UK Conservative spokesperson on the EP employment and social affairs Committee and Vice-President of the Ageing Intergroup in the EP, called attention to the ways in which the ageing of Europe's population can be turned into an advantage. Education, training and positive attitudes to older people in the workplace can help, and not hinder, the European drive under the Lisbon Agenda to become more prosperous and globally competitive. The EP is of the opinion that Europe does not need more Directives but more exchange of best practice and more flexibility all round. The issue of the budgetary impact of an ageing population is, of course, of paramount importance. A report8 published by the European Commission Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, “The impact of ageing on public expenditure: projections for the EU25 Member States on pensions, health care, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers (2004-2050)” assesses the potential economic impact, and the timing and scale of budgetary changes that could result from ageing populations. The fiscal impact of ageing will accelerate as of 2010. Overall, on the basis of current policies, age-related public expenditures are projected to increase on average by 4 percentage points of GDP by 2050 in EU25 and up to 10 % in several Member States. A preventative approach to the health status of the elderly could help alleviate the burden. The same applies to long-term care: policy measures that can reduce disability and favour home care rather than institutional care can have a significant impact on public spending. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/cha/c10223.htm 5 Text adopted by Euroepan Parlament, final edition 16/04/1999. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pv2/pv2?PRG=CALDOC&TPV=DEF&FILE=990416&SDOCTA=2&TXTLST=1&PO S=1&LASTCHAP=6&Type Doc=FIRST&LANGUE=EN 6 COM(1999) 221 final 21/05/1999: Towards a Europe for all ages. 7 COM(2006) 571 final of 12/10/2006: The demographic future of Europe – from challenge to opportunity. COM(2007) 244 final 10/05/2007: Promoting solidarity between the generations. 8 http://www.lex.unict.it/eurolabor/documentazione/altridoc/rapporti/dg febbraio06.pdf 2 Well aware of the challenge that demographic changes represent for the social protection systems, at the First Forum on Europe’s Demographic Future, held in Brussels on 30-31 October 2006, it was argued that Member States must support active ageing by acting through different integrated policies embracing manifold issues9: lifelong learning; healthy working conditions and adaptation of workplaces and work organization to the needs of older workers; age discrimination in the labour market faced by older workers; and social services to support the autonomy of the elderly and facilitate their integration in society. Member States need to take into account the various issues raised by ageing society in their National Reports on Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion. These reports monitor achievements in the field of social inclusion, pensions, health and long-term care.10 Only an integrated approach to such policies, however, can come up with an adequate strategy to prevent poverty and social exclusion for elderly people. Indeed, active inclusion becomes a means of promoting the social and labour market integration of the most disadvantaged and elderly. It is only with an integrated approach to such strategies that the right type of tool can be forged to prevent poverty and social exclusion for the elderly. To this end, Member States have established various networks and institutions (see Table 2). The Commission will monitor the results obtained in each Member State as regards the employment rates of women and men aged over 55 as well as the age of withdrawal from the labour force, and will report on specific examples of best practices from Member States. In support of these goals, the European Union has agreed to step up support to Member States with a reinforced European Social Fund and Lifelong Learning programme for 2007-201311. The Commission will consult the stakeholders on initiatives aimed at establishing a Community framework to improve cross-border supply of health services and mobility for patients12. Member States are also invited to implement fully the Directive on equal treatment in employment13, and especially with regard to age discrimination.14 Finally, in February 2007, the Employment and Social Affairs Ministers adopted a Resolution on the contribution that older people make to society and asked the Commission to present a report in 2008 on "the adjustment of economic and social structures to the needs of older people". The Ministers also want the 7th Framework Programme and the Structural Funds to take better account of the growing and diversifying demand for goods and services on the part of older people, thus enabling Europe to become a leader in the "silver economy." In October 2008, the European Commission will address how best to take into account the needs of an ageing population, paying special attention to the conditions and the potential role of dependent people and their families in areas such as town and country planning. In 2009, the results of the initiatives announced in the communication on ageing and the lessons of the Forum on ageing will form the subject of a chapter in the Annual Progress Report, which the Commission will devote every two years to the EU's state of preparedness in increasing life expectancy. Despite the uptake of the active ageing discourse in so many reports and policy programmes at the various levels of governance, the active ageing paradigm is still far from finding comprehensive adoption in the various domains. Factors such as (among others) family life, employment, education, socio-cultural participation, material security and health are deeply interrelated with various policy domains of relevance to ageing. Recognition of this interaction suggests adopting a life-cycle approach, rather than concentrating simply on the fiscal, economic or employment aspects of ageing. Adopting a holistic view entails that successful ageing policy-making needs to address all generations: ageing policy is fundamentally about providing, extending and safeguarding political, economic and social rights for citizens of all ages. In short,
9 COM(2006) 571 final of 12/10/2006: The demographic future of Europe – from challenge to opportunity. 10 “Creating more and better employment” in Europe is one of the main objectives of the integrated approach pursued by the European Employment Strategy. 11 Regulation (EC) no. 1081/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the European Social Fund, and proposal for a decision establishing an integrated action programme in the field of lifelong learning – COM(2004)474, 14.7.2004. 12 See Communication from the Commission – Consultation regarding Community action on health services – SEC(2006) 1195, 26-9-2006. 13 Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. 14 See Communication from the Commission - The demographic future of Europe – from challenge to opportunity – COM(2006) 571, 12-10-2006. 3 citizenship for older people presupposes citizenship for everyone15. This approach will help to reframe the problem of ageing as an ‘opportunity’ for empowerment of older persons with enhanced capabilities.
2. KEY DRIVERS AND TRENDS On the basis of the above analysis, we can single out three policy areas which are at the core of the welfare system and at the basis of any sustainable active ageing policy, namely: • Age and the Economy; • Age and Care Services; • Age and Insecurity. These macro-themes have also been indicated in the Local Mappings as the most compelling in the specific local realities. Developing and implementing exchange and learning activities on sustainable urban policies with the focus on these topics is considered by the Active A.G.E. working group an important step towards the achievement of active ageing. 2.1 Age and the Economy Challenges Employment is the principal means by which citizens of all ages can meet their needs and fulfil their socio- economic aspirations. At the same time, a higher employment rate is the only way to secure long-term sustainability for any welfare system. That is why, in the framework of the ageing policy design, the EU has set itself two targets to be met by 2010: first, to raise the employment rate of older workers up to 50% (Stockholm target-2001) and, second, to delay by five years the age at which older workers stop working (Barcelona target-2002). The Stockholm objective is actually reached only by a limited number of countries (Table 3) whereas the latest projections from the AWG indicate that the European Union could on average reach the 50% target by 2013 and 60% by 205016. Figure 1 shows that all the Active A.G.E. country partners but the UK show employment rates of 55-64-year-olds lower than the EU average. In Southern countries (Italy and Greece) the short supply of jobs makes unemployment a problem for all ages: employment policies often face difficult trade-offs (young versus old), which translate into long-term unemployment and outright exit from the labour market for elderly people. In other countries the problem is, rather, to create incentives to retain older people within the labour force. Finally, even Member States like the UK, which reached the Stockholm target, have lower rates for women and unskilled people. In order to promote longer working lives, it is imperative to tackle the main barrier to active involvement in the labour market, namely age-related discrimination. Firm-level employment practices often prevent older workers from remaining in or rejoining the labour market. Pension systems tend to encourage early retirement and often prevent any form of activity after retirement. Health-care systems are not geared to cope with the problem of ill-health and work. Age-related discrimination is especially severe for unskilled workers and women. Rapid technological change has widened the competences gap for elderly workers17. Poor education and lack of human capital lead to exclusion from learning pathways in a vicious circle of discrimination in the workplace. Mature people who lose their jobs after decades of repetitive tasks are often unable to adapt their competences to the new demands. As for women, work-family reconciliation and gender segregation remain a pressing issue throughout Europe.18 Lack of adequate policies for work-life
15 See the Activage project in table 6. 16 European Commission: 2008, Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2008, p. 52. 17 Curtain R., 2000, Changes to the nature of work. Implication for the vocational and training system, Report for National Centre for Vocational Education Research, Australia. http://www.curtain- consulting.net.au/download_controlled/Workplace%20change/Changenaturework.pdf Curtain R., “The workplace of the future: implications for vocational training”, Vocational Training European Journal, no. 19, CEDEFOP. http://www.curtain-consulting.net.au/download_controlled/Workplace%20change/eurojour.pdf 18 Diane Perrons, Wendy Sigle-Rushton / London School of Economics (2006): Employment transition over the life- cycle: a literature review; Report published by the Equal Opportunities Commission, Transforming Work. Working Paper Series No. 47. 4 balance lead to spells of inactivity during working life19. Data disaggregated by gender and age show that mature women are the most penalized in the labour market. There are fewer learning opportunities for women in general, and for mature women in particular, making adaptation to labour demand and labour market re-entry extremely difficult. When this occurs, it is often at the cost of discrimination, segregation and poor job quality,20 especially in terms of wage and job security. To adopt an active-age, life-cycle perspective implies rediscovering and valuing the resources that aged workers can represent in the knowledge economy/society, and exploiting the contribution that they can make to economic growth, while coping with disadvantage and discrimination well before they actually become pressing. In this holistic approach, elderly people represent an important stock of accumulated human capital – that is, of knowledge and competences – usually in the form of tacit knowledge that can be transferred to younger workers mainly by informal learning. They can supply important services for the well-being of populations of all ages, especially for the children and young members of families. On the demand side, they represent an increasing share of consumer individuals and households: by affecting both the path and the pattern of consumption, they affect the rate of growth of GNP and its composition. Policy context Policy reforms have been targeted to the economic system (e.g. deregulation of the labour market, flexibility measures, pension reforms) and to individuals (e.g. activation policies such as training, life-long learning, employment centres). Trade-offs may arise between these various measures: for instance, legislation easing dismissal may impact on poverty; policies aiming at retaining elderly people in employment may conflict with the goal of increasing the employment rate of youth. Indeed, in the past, concern over youth unemployment has represented one of the main obstacles to the implementation of strategies aimed at lengthening working life, and resort was made to early retirement as a means to alleviate the problem of youth unemployment. The increase in the dependency ratio of elderly people has brought the sustainability of the welfare system, and in particular pensions and health costs, to the forefront21, prompting policies to favour longer working lives. As from the 1990s, pension reforms22 began to be implemented to raise the employment rates of elderly people and delay retirement. To avoid the trade-off, the employment of mature workers needs to be complementary to youth employment, not competitive. This can be achieved through various policies including, for instance, more part-time employment for elderly people or gradual retirement schemes. Promotion of high employment rates for mature workers thus requires integrated efforts on the part of all levels of governance and of the various policies over the life cycle. Strategies for flexicurity – i.e. flexibility in changing jobs and security in guaranteeing the employment - should encompass the whole life-cycle and be specifically targeted to the weakest segments of the labour market, and in particular the elderly in our case. Increase participation of people over 55. The success of policies aimed at promoting longer working lives depends as much on the attitude older people have towards work as on the employers’ willingness to retain and hire them. This objective requires an integrated strategy. Employment retention and re-entry: can be achieved through strategies aimed at overcoming discrimination, by acting both on the demand size (e.g. incentives to firms) and on the supply side, by providing incentives to elderly workers. Promoting longer working lives: This objective can be achieved by increasing flexibility in retirement23, deferring retirement (by improving quality of jobs - monetary and non-monetary working conditions), implementing gradual retirement, and/or combining retirement and work. As mentioned above, these measures affect the relationship between generations and are conditional upon the (existence of and adequate
19 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2008): Working conditions of an ageing workforce, Dublin. 20 Daubas-Letourneux, V. and A. Thébaud-Mony (2003). Work Organisation and Health at Work in the European Union. Dublin: Eurofound. 21 Auer, P. and M. Fortuny (2000). Ageing of the Labour Force in OECD countries: Economic and Social Consequences. Employment Paper 2000/2. Geneva: ILO. 22 For more details, see www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives 23 European commission: 2008, Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion. 5 aggregate demand for labour, flexible working time arrangements24 and implementation of social policies securing well-being for mature people. National strategies for gradual retirement differ across countries and can be grouped in four models (see table 4)25. Local policies within the Active A.G.E. working group will need to be coordinated with their own national strategy. Lifelong learning. Measures aimed at promoting ‘lifelong learning’, through training and qualification, may help mature workers to adapt to the knowledge economy. Adult learning responds to different aims: personal, civil, social, and employment-related purposes, thus contributing to both productivity growth and social inclusion (see the European Commission’s Memorandum on Lifelong Learning)26. Mature, unskilled workers face discrimination in access to adult learning: people aged 55-64 years old are much less involved in formal and informal learning activities, including computer-based activities to overcome the digital divide (see fig. 2 for the Active A.G.E. partners countries and the EU average). In those countries where mature people are more involved in learning activities they also have higher employment rates (see the UK in Figure 3). This evidence stresses the need to remove the barriers in adult learning activities and to improve the adult learning sector quantitatively and qualitatively. The Action Plan on Adult Learning27 promoted by the European Commission moves in this direction. The Commission invites Member States to encourage the process of credit transfer and the development of a National Qualification Framework; to improve adult learning quality; to offer the possibility to achieve at least one higher level of qualification; to implement a process of assessing and recognising of non-formal and informal learning; and to improve monitoring activities. Overcoming the digital divide, favouring intergenerational co-operation; Gradual retirement could favour a process of transferring competences from old to young workers, for instance through tutorship and coaching of new recruits. This positive externality would reduce training costs, favour pensions sustainability and reduce the waste of knowledge. Promoting entrepreneurship. Table 4 summarises the path of reforms in this direction taken by the Active A.G.E. country partners, the policy context in which they were brought in and the employment and income situation of mature people in order to present an overview of the context in which Active A.G.E. will be implemented. What can active A.G.E. working group learn from other European projects? Various projects have been carried out at the European or national level to investigate the needs and challenges of an ageing society28. Some of these studies focus on strategies to promote the employment of elderly people by improving their competences and skills, for instance: “Active ageing for competencies transfer and training” (Acting29), “Ageing workers to recuperate employability” (Aware30), “Age management”31, “Equal Skill synergy”32, “Chance project for over 40”33, “L'emploi des salariés de plus de 55 ans en Europe du Nord”34.
24 see L. Frey, ed.,Flessibilità e lavoro in età avanzata, Quaderni di Economia del Lavoro, n. 70, Angeli, Milano, 2001. 25 See Delsen Ready-Mulvey, eds., Gradual Retirement in the OECD Countries, Brookfields, Darthmouth, Vermont, 1996. 26 See also the Grundtvig programme, launched in 2000 and now part of the overarching Lifelong Learning Programme, aimed at providing adults with ways to improve their knowledge and skills, keeping them mentally fit and potentially more employable. 27 COM(2006) 614 final: Adult learning: it is never late to learn. COM(2007) 558 final: Action plan on Adult learning. 28 http://www.centromaderna.it/link dettaglio.php?id cat=33 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/policy-briefs/etg3-working-life-cycle en.cfm 29 http://www.ifoa.it/acting/ 30 http://www.awareproject.it 31 http://www.agemanagement.it 32 http://www.skillsinergy.it 33 http://www.chanceover40.it 34 Delteil, V. and D. Redor (2003). L'emploi des salariés de plus de 55 ans en Europe du Nord. Etude réalisée pour le compte de la DARES, Rapport Final, février 2003
35 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/practical-examples/adapt-07-fr-alliage en.cfm 36 Project “Moderniser sans exclure les seniors”, France, http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/practical- examples/adapt-skills-audio-visual en.cfm 37 http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/partage/ 38 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/practical-examples/adapt-finnish-companies-change en.cfm Managing age groups and seniors : conclusions from comparative research programs, http://latts.cnrs.fr/siteuk/op fiche.php?IdOperation=249&Id=2 39 https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/equal/jsp/dpComplete.jsp?cip=FR&national=FRC-2001-10836 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/data/document/age-dk-tut en.pdf 40 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/data/document/age-o-zur en.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/practical-examples/employ-paradox en.cfm 41 The initiative of Agenda 21 of Gilching, represented by Gertie Fielder is considered a “best-practice” thanks to the long lasting experience and knowledge of the economic Bavarian context of the project promoter. http://www.esf- mikroprojekte.de/best fiedler.html Another initiative promoted by 5 pensioners that have connections with an active company network in a difficult area of Nuremberg (with a high share of unskilled migrants) has opened the way to the improvement of job opportunities for vulnerable young people, through volunteer activities that help them with CVs and application forms, interview preparation, and so on. 42 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/practical-examples/adapt-06-ie-clare en.cfm 43 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/social situation/docs/sso2005 healthlc report.pdf 7 perception of own health status shows considerable cross country differences. Within the Active A.G.E. partnership all the countries exhibit a worsening of perceived health status with age, with Poland, Slovenia and Bulgaria showing the highest share of negative perceptions (see Figure 5). Rapid population ageing has dramatically increased the social and economic cost of elderly care44. Health problems and some degenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease or senile dementia are on the increase, putting even more pressure on the provision of long-term care.45 Each country/society defines the minimum rights to care, and the minimum obligations of family/society, doing so either explicitly through regulation, or implicitly by defining the scope of policy provision. In Southern Europe, families are still legally bound to take care of elderly people; in continental Europe, family responsibilities are regulated implicitly; in the UK and Scandinavian countries there is no family obligation specified by law and there is a more explicit individual entitlement to a minimum level of service. The Central and Eastern European countries have moved back to a care regime which relies heavily on the family. However, as care regimes strive to adapt to demographic and social changes, common trends are emerging. Solutions to the financial constraint have been sought in two directions: reduction of entitlements - targeting services more closely on the population in greatest need - and reduction of care costs. As a consequence of the search for cost effectiveness/reduction we observe a convergence in the ways the care market is organised: all countries are moving towards home care, private provision, and cash transfers. Demand for care labour, however, is increasing rapidly, and all countries are experiencing problems in recruiting enough workers to meet the demand. In some countries, the shortage of care workers has been met by a large inflow of immigrant, mostly female, workers. It has been argued46 that the way in which care is provided and financed may entail considerable differences in the creation of a formal care market. Provision in kind and ‘tied’ monetary transfers - that is, cash benefits regulated in various ways – are most effective in creating a formal market. Conversely, unconditional cash allowances have slowed down the creation of a formal care market, encouraging, rather, supply from the informal market via either family carers or carers hired by the family in the market. Active A.G.E. partnership stresses the importance of long-term care services for active ageing in a life-cycle perspective. In the case of frail elderly people, the challenge is to guarantee a better health status, overcome insecurity, avoid isolation and exclusion, and ensure a better quality of life in old age. To the carer, usually an (elderly) female family member, the organisations and provision of long-term care services may represent an effective means for work-life reconciliation, thus supporting labour market participation. Policy context Long term care has been on the agenda of the European Commission for quite some time and improving access, quality and sustainability of long-term care represents three main objectives of the EU Member States. Progress in the achievement of these objectives is monitored by devoting a special chapter of the Member States’ Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion to long-term care (see Table 6 for a description of elderly care issues in the Active A.G.E. country partners). Barriers to access persist for three main reasons: lack of care services; geographical disparities; and financial constraints, on both families and public institutions. In many Member States, long-term care systems need to be reformed, favouring stronger synergies between health care and social services. Moreover, the provision of home care, residential care and nursing services need to be more closely integrated. The use of new technologies and formal skilled carers need to be encouraged in order to help people to stay in their own homes as long as possible. The main issues of relevance in the provision of long-term care can be summarised as follows: Healthy ageing: by promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce future health costs and implementing policies to prevent ageing health problems ex-ante. For instance, many city councils run yearly prevention campaigns for elderly people (e.g. prevention of ictus, osteoporosis and heart disease). The psychological aspects of ageing should not be undervalued: attention should be paid to the need to protect elderly people from anxiety and depression47.
44 Oecd: 2005. Long-term care for older people, Oecd, Paris. 45 European Commission (2008): Long-term care in the European Union. 46 Simonazzi, A. (2008 ) Care regimes and national employment models http://www.dynamoproject.eu/ 47 Aviolo, B.J. and D.A. Waldman (1994). ‘Variations in Cognitive, Perceptual, and Psychomotor Abilities Across the Working Life Span: Examining the Effects of Race, Sex, Experience, Education, and Occupational Type.’ Psychology and Ageing, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 430-42. 8 Long-term care: availability and financing. In most countries, long-term care is usually provided at the local level by the Municipalities. Three major issues merit particular consideration: Home care: Home care has been promoted by public policies in many European countries48 in order to avoid hospitalisation, reduce resort to the more expensive residential care, and respond to the preferences of elderly people and their families. Care support for families. The shift to home care makes the need to assist frail elderly people and their families even more pressing: for instance, respite care centres for family carers, or assistance centres where qualified people help families of elderly persons affected by Alzheimer’s. Direct provision, cash allowances and vouchers. Contracting out of care provision to private (profit- and not- for-profit) organisations is on the rise. Private providers must respect the conditions established at the local level by a system of accreditation. These organizations may provide the services directly on request coming from the family, while payment can be made either through direct subvention coming from the municipality (or with payment of a ticket) or through vouchers. In some countries (England) home care provision has a long history and only recently a system of monetary transfer has been introduced to give families the right to choose their assistance. Since the beginning of the 1990s a large share of the services is supplied by independent providers, with the public authority retaining the role of ensuring quality standards and home care efficiency with a new assessment system. In other countries, such as Poland, Spain and Italy, the family retains full responsibility for care, while hiring female immigrant carers on the cheap. This is favoured by a system of Social Protection relying on unconditional monetary transfers. New technologies. Informal home care does not provide incentives to adopt new technologies to improve the quality and the efficiency of home care nor to improve the skills and qualifications of social carers. Some municipalities have used the European Social Funds to train informal carers in order to provide them with essential skills. What can active A.G.E. working group learn from other European projects? Many projects have now been launched addressing several aspects of long-term care. “Future elderly living conditions in Europe” (FELICIE) is a project financed by the EC under the 5th Framework programme LIFE QUALITY, to forecast the care needs (nursing homes and formal and informal care) of people aged 75 plus in 2030 under different scenarios49. “Age Management - Valuing skills in the care sector” analysed the skill shortage of home care assistant50, while EUROFAMCARE focuses on family carers in various EU countries51. Through the Public Health Programme, the European Commission funds projects related to health issues. In 2003, the European Commission funded a project on “Healthy Ageing” which was coordinated by the Swedish National Institute for Public Health and brought together partners from 15 national public health and health promotion organisations. The project built upon the existing work of “Proven Strategies to improve Older People’s Health - Eurolinkage report for the European Commission” (1999). Other research projects focused on different themes: good practices to improve service quality (e.g. Quality in and equality of access to healthcare services, commissioned by DG Employment to identify and analyse barriers to accessing healthcare and to review policy initiatives taken by Member States to realise the objective of equitable access for all52); long-term care expenditure sustainability (“The research programme on Health and Ageing” carried out by the Geneva Association53). With regard to elderly care and housing, the Munich Länder established in many municipalities a group of experts working on ageing and social planning (Arbeitsgruppe für Sozialplaning und Altersforschung 54, AfA
48 The Esope project analysed home care in Italy, France and in the UK, focusing on local strategies and their impact on employment, in particular of women and migrant women. Precarious Employment in Europe: A Comparative Study of Labour Market-related Risks in Flexible Economies financed by the European Commission, http://www.unavarra.es/organiza/esope-i.htm; Eurofamcare, and the other projects quoted in the text and in table 6. 49 http://www.felicie.org 50 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/equal/practical-examples/adapt-valuing-skills-care en.cfm 51 http://www.uke.uni-hamburg.de/extern/eurofamcare/ 52 http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_inclusion/2008/summary_healthquest_en.pdf 53 http://www.pssru.ac.uk/pdf/B14/B14Comas-Herrera1.pdf 54 http://www.afa-sozialplanung.de/index.php/downloads.html 9 – München). This institute develops models of home care focusing on adapting houses to meet the needs of the elderly, or organizing community accommodation or groups of houses or buildings (in substitution for residential accommodation) that elderly people can share and where they can be assisted by professionals if necessary, but having all the characteristics of a house, where people feel at home. 2.3 Age and Insecurity Challenges Elderly people face various risks of exclusion. Fast and continuous technical and socio-economic changes isolate old people from the community, creating a digital and a social divide. They may feel lonely or depressed, especially after retirement, or after separation from family members or from a familiar environment. They face problems of mobility: public transport in many European cities is ill-equipped to overcome their mobility reduction, while private transport proves too expensive for the income of a mature family. Housing represents one of the highest costs in the consumption of older people, driving them to the city outskirts, in houses that are ill-suited to their increasing dependency. They are often targets of abuse (see the Commission Communication of March 2008, which recommended strategies for preventing and tackling elderly abuse, to be taken by Member States within the OMC on social protection and social inclusion)55. Finally, when retired, older people face the risk of poverty: their expenditure on housing, health and food absorbs most of an average pension. Figure 6 shows that in Active A.G.E. partnership countries people over 65 have lower incomes than the younger population, are in general at a high risk of poverty and live in private households with serious consequences on security. Policy context In March 2006 the European Council adopted three main criteria to enhance social inclusion in the Member States: to ensure access for all to services and benefits by fighting exclusion and discrimination; to promote active inclusion through labour market integration and the fighting of poverty; and to achieve greater coordination of social inclusion policies at all levels of government. Social inclusion is a transversal outcome that can be reached with labour market participation strategies, such as lifelong learning and employment, health and long-term care, and active citizenship. Social services and income transfers are needed to address poverty, mobility reduction and social exclusion. Social inclusion measures need to be coordinated: they involve financial issues (access to funding for older people experiencing poverty, i.e. microfinance); social services (e-inclusion, housing community involvement, home-based care, voluntary community services and intergenerational solidarity); and improved participation in the labour market and in the community. An active ageing agenda must be about rights and citizenship. Combating discrimination in the labour market, ensuring good health and long-term care in old age and providing adequate income are all ways of empowering older people. Active ageing policy must also ensure participation in social life and a real say in decision-making. Access to services (social services, transport and mobility, ICT). Access to quality social services opens the way to participation in society and to preventing exclusion: development of social care standards, assessment and control of social services, development of professional standards and a helpline offering advice to carers represent various ways of achieving it. This general objective may also mean different things to different countries, according to their socio-economic conditions, institutional settings, priorities: improving access to essential services (Italy, Slovakia and the UK); achieving a better balance between income transfers and services, and improving availability, quality, client orientation and versatility of services (the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and the UK); increasing the provision of social services to dependent people to relieve the burden on families (Slovakia, Italy and Greece); developing preventive and rehabilitation services for the most vulnerable groups, taking into account ageing and changing family structures (in countries such as the Nordic ones, with the most innovative and comprehensive service provision). There is the need to involve users, to strengthen personalised measures and promote the role of NGOs through voluntary work, and to encourage self-help. Isolation may be reduced by providing good quality transport (with innovative solutions such as collective taxis at cheaper prices), shops, amenities and social centres near home. It may also be overcome through an integrated policy, encompassing mobility, the use of technology, provision of
55 "High quality care for the elderly and the prevention of elder abuse", http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/social_inclusion/docs/com_en.pdf 10 care services and informal services provided by friends and family (see the ENABLE-AGE project). While the use of ICT appears too complex for many elderly people, more user-friendly support and assistance from younger people may help to acquire self-confidence in the use of new instruments. Poverty reduction (housing, prices…). The economic conditions of elderly people, and especially of women, have worsened over the last decade. In many cases elderly people cannot afford an adequate standard of living: their income goes entirely into the consumption of essential goods and services - housing, health and food – and they are consequently obliged to forego cultural and leisure activities. Reducing poverty through the provision of primary needs, control of prices of primary goods and supply of cultural services can improve the well-being of these people. Housing presents two different problems: people without a house to live in (homeless) and dependent people living in houses that are too big or inadequate to their health conditions. Poverty compromises housing choices and the possibility for people to adapt their homes to their needs (European Social Housing Observatory). Access to adequate housing is a priority in all countries. Policy measures range from integrated strategies for access to affordable housing, helping the most vulnerable with low incomes and tackling the quality of housing and homelessness (the Czech Republic, Poland and the UK) to policies focusing on conditions of extreme vulnerability, improving housing and re-housing for people living in slums and preventing eviction, especially in the case of older people (Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain) or cooperation among stakeholders to forestall the multiple factors leading to the risk of eviction (some Austrian Länder). A few countries address the problem of adequate and reasonably priced independent homes for people with disability and health problems, and resort to technology and social care to help old, dependent people with tasks such as cooking, cleaning and personal care. Territorial disparities and rural poverty increase the risk of social exclusion (Poland). Over-indebtedness can be a serious threat and can be prevented by improving access to bank accounts and affordable credit, and by offering guidance services to face the banking jungle (UK). Active inclusion. Active inclusion concerns involvement in community life. Illness, disability or frailty reduce social relationships and participation. For elderly people still able to work active participation may be achieved through the job, thereby also improving household incomes (see section 2.1 above). Volunteer work, such as school, park or cultural centre guardian duties or organising special events can also maintain the feeling of belonging to the community. Temporary events, such as dinner with friends, society games, clubs for the elderly or social centres, may act as active inclusion platforms. A safe environment plays a crucial role for the active participation of lone, frail individuals. In many cities, the lack of integration of immigrants leads vulnerable groups, such as older people, to feel alone and insecure. In these areas there is the need to work on general integration of all residents, with special focus on vulnerable groups that fear crime (for instance, policies aiming at promoting integration between young families of migrants and older native-born, or encouraging cohabitation of a single youth in the elderly person’s house). What can active A.G.E. working group learn from other European projects? There are now many programmes and projects dealing with the issues of social inclusion and security in old age, and quite a number of good practices at the European and local level. ESPON was set up to build a European scientific community and support policy development in the field of territorial development. The 2002 project (conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2000-2006 programme and partly financed through the INTERREG programme) analysed the variety of demographic situations in the EU29 – the EU25 plus the two accession countries Bulgaria and Romania as well as Norway and Switzerland – seeking to relate the different demographic trends (areas of depopulation and areas of population growth) with economic, political and geographical factors. At the local level, many municipalities are addressing the issue of intergenerational solidarity in a variety of ways. The municipality of Milan has promoted a pilot project to welcome university students as flatmates for elderly people56. Similar initiatives are being realised in other Italian cities (Florence, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Viterbo, Bologna and Padua). Other initiatives promoted by non-profit associations (and with a long history in the United States) aim to ‘create a family’ for elderly people living alone (adopting a grandparent57), and to provide support in difficult periods or for specific needs.
56 http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/Attualita%20ed%20Esteri/Attualita/2007/08/alternative-affitti- universita.shtml?uuid=d40ff418-5185-11dc-bdca-00000e251029&DocRulesView=Libero 57 http://www.comune.catania.it/portale/comct/direzioni/socio_sanitari/adottiamo_un_nonno_2005.asp 11 In a village in Estonia, a project has been launched to create the preconditions for a network of community services in order to help people living far from city centres to have access to local and flexible services. The project, implemented from October 2005 to May 2006, has seen production of a guide and establishment of a network between the service providers and the stakeholder. Housing conditions are an important factor for well-being. The municipalities intervene with provision of adaptable “homes for life”, to prevent older people from having to move (UK), or air conditioning when necessary, providing in-house services, such as cleaning, home-delivery to dependent elderly, and intervene in housing conditions to prevent accidents and promote diffusion of domotic technologies. They help with information on different housing solutions for elderly people who decide to move and organize specific transport services for elderly people. (The UNIACCESS project, funded under the 6th Framework Programme for Research aimed to promote and support accessibility in public transport. It brought together a group of stakeholders (end users, designers and manufacturers, operators, authorities) aiming at quality and equality of access to public transport in the E.U.). Finally, various other programmes addresss exclusion and empowerment. In many Italian cities organizations in cooperation with provincial and city councils help older people with their financial problems by favouring access to microfinance or calling for intervention of the Fund established by law 108/96 to prevent usury58. Many municipalities with the support of NGOs set special prices for primary needs and cultural events and improve security, with information campaigns to warn against swindlers. Migrants represent a vulnerable group of elderly people. The European research project , “Age Gender Ethnicity” analysed the socio-economic situation of older migrant women (AGE+)59. 3. Conclusions o Policymakers across the EU need to catch up with the realities of rapid changes in demography and family and social patterns. They also need to understand the changing nature and diversity of the population, including the elderly, who are all too often described as one homogenous group. Greater awareness is needed of the variability of sub-national demographic changes and the need for strategies at the regional and local level. Currently , the impact of demographic change is not being “integrated” into broader sustainable urban regeneration programmes/strategies. o Most EU policies are affected one way or another by the demographic change the European Union is facing. Policy developments in such diverse areas as employment, pensions, social inclusion, health, transport, urban development, housing, research, education and citizenship, etc. need to be better coordinated to develop an accurate understanding of what demographic change means in order to support the right policy response. o So far, the debate has focused excessively on the quantitative changes in an ageing society: pensions and health care expenditure, older worker employment rates, old-age dependency ratios etc. These are important points, but the necessary qualitative changes to the economic, social and political structures of society deserve equal attention. o The main challenge faced by European labour markets is the stagnating demand. Local labour market policy aimed at reducing age-related discrimination in the labour market need to take into account the economic background. Labour market reforms targeting individuals (active labour market) need to be complemented by labour market reforms aiming at increasing demand. o Pension systems should not erect barriers to labour market participation for older people. This implies abandoning mandatory retirement ages and reducing the punitive nature of taxation on earned income during retirement, as well promoting pension arrangements that permit part-time employment. o With the ageing of the population and new trends in family structures, the need for long-term care will increase and there is an obvious added value for Member States to discuss the development of adequate and cost-effective long-term care. In some member states, the increase in the number of women working and the harsh working conditions in the care sector has led to an increased demand for (mostly female) migrant workers to provide formal and informal child and eldercare.
58 Many non-profit organizations are involved: http://www.volontariato.org/usura htm 59 http://www.ageplus.nl/index html 12 o European poverty statistics show that whereas some older people enjoy high levels of income from private sources, 16% of older men and 21% of older women are at a risk of poverty and in some Member States the at-risk-of-poverty rate among older women is as high as 51%. o Poverty and social exclusion among older people is set to increase in the future as many people, especially women, will not enjoy full pension rights due to long spells of unemployment, family/carer’s breaks, forced inactivity (for example due to partner’s mobility), diminishing pension income (as a result of systems moving from defined benefits to defined contributions), etc.
On the basis of the above analysis, the Active A.G.E. working group has singled out three policy areas which are at the core of the welfare system and at the basis of any sustainable active ageing policy, namely: • Age and the Economy; • Age and Care Services; • Age and Insecurity. These macro-themes have been indicated in the Local Mappings as the most compelling in the specific local realities. Developing and implementing exchange and learning activities on sustainable urban policies with the focus on these topics is considered by the Active A.G.E. working group an important step towards the achievement of active ageing.
13 Annex of the state of the art Table 1 – Projections of population over 64 years old in 2008 and 2025 in the EU27 2007 2025
Countries over 64 % over 64 % 55-64 over 64 % over 64 % 55-64 out of total out of total out of total out of total population population population population eu27 84601877 17 12 112268676 22 14 be Belgium 1816165 17 12 2434246 21 13 bg Bulgaria 1323070 17 13 1522370 22 13 cz Czech Republic 1514593 15 14 2288400 22 12 dk Denmark 853041 16 13 1227062 21 13 de Germany 16480536 20 12 20016050 25 16 ee Estonia 229719 17 11 261476 20 12 ie Ireland 492733 11 10 824314 15 11 gr Greece 2090098 19 12 2611455 23 14 es Spain 7520308 17 11 10327301 20 14 fx France 10212150 17 12 14506258 22 12 it Italy 11951624 20 12 14819191 24 15 cy Cyprus 98478 12 11 167628 16 11 lv Latvia 391940 17 11 423997 20 13 lt Lithuania 533139 16 10 615814 20 14 lu Luxembourg 68250 14 11 102557 18 13 hu Hungary 1624468 16 13 2094164 21 12 mt Malta 56784 14 14 97341 23 12 nl Netherlands 2414761 15 13 3734431 22 14 at Austria 1431089 17 11 1873594 21 15 pl Poland 5131376 13 12 7978634 21 12 pt Portugal 1849878 17 12 2410544 21 14 ro Romania 3194899 15 11 3975877 19 13 si Slovenia 325321 16 12 469541 23 14 sk Slovakia 647017 12 11 1031244 19 13 fi Finland 875356 17 14 1337808 24 13 se Sweden 1608413 18 13 2179768 22 12 uk United Kingdom 9866671 16 12 12937611 19 13 Source: Eurostat website, data downloaded on the 6th of August 2008.
14
Table 2 - Member states are approaching the problem through thematic network with foreign partners.
The “First Forum on Europe’s Demographic Future” held in Brussels on 30-31 October 2006 ; 60 The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU_OSHA ) is an important network, linked to other international networks (such as ILO and WHO), that promote the use of the Work Ability Index (WAI61), which records the work ability of employed people. In a recent conference, the use of this index for elderly people was discussed in depth, arguing that it is a useful tool to identify the well-being of an ageing labour organization; 62 The European Network for Workplace Health Promotion (ENWHP ) promotes the exchange of good workplace health and well-being practices among EU member states. This network was organized in 2004, under the lead of the Austrian NCO. It is an initiative to enable employees to remain in work longer, pursuing the objectives of improving workplace health of the ageing workforce, increasing awareness of stakeholders on this topic, identifying and disseminating good practices and developing a toolbox for promoting workplace health on three main topics: lifestyle management, lifelong learning and work organization63.
The European Forum on population ageing research, co-financed by the European Commission, under Key Action Six of the Framework Five Programme, started in 2002 to design and develop recommendations for research into quality of life, health and social care management, genetics, longevity and demography64. This project provided evidence that research across Europe is not easily comparable, in part due to a lack of connected thinking, in part due to cultural and competence differences. This project suggested closer collaboration at European, national and regional levels. rd A symposium on work ability held in 2007 in Japan for its 3 edition, presents interesting studies on ageing workforces around the world (i.e. in the EU: Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, Italy, Poland, the Netherlands, Estonia, France, the UK, Sweden and Germany) and on elderly care (i.e. Sweden, Croatia and Germany)65.
ARGE ALP group of countries (i.e. Bavaria, Alto Adige, Salzburg, St Gallen, Ticino, Tirolo, Trento, and Vorarlberg) organized an international conference on demographic changes66. During the conference the need to face the challenge in a transversal way, involving urban areas, stakeholders and practitioners in a multidisciplinary context (e.g. medical and socio-economic) emerged. Figure 1 – Rates of employments of mature people
60 http://agency.osha.eu.int/OSHA 61 http://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/41476/1/Sartori aie 2007.pdf 62 http://www.enwhp.org/home/index.pho 63 http://www.enwhp.org/index.php?id=485 64 http://www.shef.ac.uk/ageingresearch 65 http://www.uoeh-u.ac.jp/kouza/ningen/works/aging/Aging%20and%20Work.pdf 66 The conference documents, presenting an overview of projects implemented in this are about demographic topics, can be downloaded on http://www.vorarlberg.at/vorarlberg/umwelt zukunft/zukunft/buerofuerzukunftsfragen/neuigkeiten ohnebild /argealp.h tm 15 30 40 50 60
fi fi 60 uk uk
employ_F_55_64 eu27 eu27 40 bg cz czbg es es gr gr siit it si pl pl 20 60 uk uk fi fi
50 cz cz es eu27 eu27es gr bg employment_rates_55_64 bg gr 40 siit it si pl pl 30 uk uk 60
fi fi gr gr es es eu27 eu27 e m plo y_un skille d_ 55_ 64 40 si si bg bg it cz it cz pl pl 20 20 40 60 20 40 60
Table 3 - Employment rates 55 to 64 years, 2007
eu27 European Union 44.7
eu15 European Union 46.6
be Belgium 34.4
bg Bulgaria 42.6
cz Czech Republic 46.0
dk Denmark 58.6
de Germany 51.5
ee Estonia 60.0
ie Ireland 53.8
gr Greece 42.4
es Spain 44.6
fr France 38.3
it Italy 33.8
cy Cyprus 55.9
lv Latvia 57.7
lt Lithuania 53.4
lu Luxembourg 32.0
hu Hungary 33.1
mt Malta 28.3
nl Netherlands 50.9
at Austria 38.6
pl Poland 29.7
pt Portugal 50.9
ro Romania 41.4
si Slovenia 33.5
sk Slovakia 35.6 16 fi Finland 55.0
se Sweden 70.0
uk United Kingdom 57.4 Source: Eurostat website, data downloaded on the 6th of August 2008. Figures 2 – Non-formal and informal learning participation of 55-64 years old (LFS, microdata 2006)
Com puter based learning participants by age fi 15
si it 10 eu25
cz 5 computer_learning_55_64 pl
es gr 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 com puter_learning_all
Informal learning participants by age
80 si
fi 60 40 it
e u25 informal_learn_55_64 20 cz pl
es rbg 0
0 20 40 60 80 informal_learning_all
17 non formal learning participants by age
30 fi
uk 20 training_55_64 10 eu25 si cz
es pl it gr 0
0 10 20 30 40 training_all
Figure 3 – The impact of learning on employment (%)
working and learning status of 55-64 years old
30 fi
uk 20 training_55_64 10 si eu27 cz
es pl it gr 0
30 40 50 60 em ployment_rates_55_64
Figure 4 – Informal learning participation by gender and age
18 0 50 100 si si 80 fi fi
60 it it informal_learning_all eu25 eu25 40 pl pl cz cz bgges grbges 20 100 si si fi fi 50 informal_learn_55_64 it it eu25 eu25 cz pl plcz grbges grbges 0 100 si si fi fi informal_learn_F_55_64 50 it it eu25 eu25 cz pl czpl grbges bgges 0 20 40 60 80 0 50 100
Figure 5 – Self-perceived health by sex, age and activity status (%)
45 40
35 bad total population 30 bad 55-64 25 bad 65-74 20 verybad total 15 verybad 55-64 10 verybad 65-74 5 0 Czech Greece Spain Italy Poland Slovenia United Bulgaria Republic Kingdom
Source: Eurostat website, data downloaded on the 19th of September 2008 Figure 6 – Indicators of social insecurity –
250
200 population living in institutional household 150 population living in private household at risk of poverty male 100 at risk of poverty female relative income 50
0 Czech Greece Spain Italy Poland Slovenia United Bulgaria Republic Kingdom
Source: Eurostat SILC, 2005, data published on Social Protection and Social Inclusion Join Report, 2007.
19
Table 4. Strategies of gradual retirement.
1. The Japanese model is a combination of pension schemes for workers over 60, monetary incentives and new jobs. 2. The Swedish model is the most effective one from the point of view of active ageing: it is based on part-time work, at satisfactory monetary and non-monetary conditions for the mature workers. . 3. The Anglo-Saxon (British and US) model is mainly based on part-time work and, in the US, a deregulation of retirement policies together with incentives to the firms which employ workers after the official age of retirement. 4. The European Continental model (mainly German, French and Dutch) has national features. The Dutch experience is moving towards gradual retirement (part time work and firms incentives); Franceis following the same path, mainly through collective bargaining. Germany’s policy to introduce gradual retirement schemes after the 1992 pension reform, has been slowed down because of employment problems in East Germany.
20 Table 5 – Ageing challenges and policies in the Active A.G.E. countries partners
COUNTRIES Ageing challenges Policy context Pension System Long term care Bulgaria High gender differences in poverty It has made progress in pensioners poverty reduction. In 2000, significant changes to its pensions system Management of public social indicator for over 65 (23% of women- Supplementary pension schemes should have positive introduced a funded component to the first pillar (the services is the responsibility 5% of men). impact on poverty in the long term. The current objective is public system) and reformed the pay as you go of the municipalities. There is to ensure equal access to services designed to prevent scheme. The system also promotes voluntary universal access for registered social exclusion and to reduce poverty beyond working age savings and extending working lives through patients that paid health Low rate of employment of mature for elderly people. incentives. insurance contributions. There people. is a plan to expand and deinstitutionalise social services for elderly. Czech Republic Low share of low income pensioners Social transfer assumes a significant role in decreasing The Czech Republic reformed the earning-related The regional authorities and due to regular adjustment of pensions. poverty. More support is necessary at local level to public pension scheme over the last ten years in municipalities are responsible implement social inclusion policies and to improve the several steps (1994, 1995, 1997 and 2003) in order for long-term care with the situation of vulnerable groups. to contain public expenditure. In particular, in 2003 support of NGO co-financed. the reform focused on structural problems. The Some municipalities are Low rate of employment of mature people. reform included a higher age of retirement, a longer substituting residential care More should be done to postpone retirement and guarantee period of service necessary for retirement and lower services with home care. sustainability of pensions. replacement rates. Pension adequacy is allowed for through a voluntary second pillar. The current supply of long term services is not sufficient and need to be more coordinated with health services. Greece The poverty risk for over 65 is about The main objectives are to promote the active social The Greek pension system, is dominated by the The long-term care is a mixed 10 points higher than that of the inclusion of the most vulnerable groups; to increase efforts public sector (around 84% of pensions) and a system that involves the State younger population, but without to guarantee the sustainability of pension systems complementary pay-as-you-go system for about and private non-profit and for significant gender differences. promoting longer working lives; to better integrate social 15% of the total pension expenditure. Even if the profit providers. Service services. replacement rate is high for an entire career (a high providers are located in urban percentage of the final earnings), few workers have centres. The general current Low rates of employment of mature enough contributions to obtain a good level of aim is to favour home care, people and difficulties to re-enter the pension and adequacy is a challenge for Greek focusing on home and close to labour market due to macroeconomic pensioners. home day care centres. There depression and delocalisation of many is a system of assessment of firms in Eastern countries. such services, but it cannot evaluate all informal providers disseminated at family level. Italy Although the living standard of the The main objectives are to increase the labour market The Italian pension system reform started in 1995 The Regional and local aged is close to that of the general participation for the young, women and older people and (Riforma Dini). A more recent law on pension authorities are responsible for population, the risk of poverty (23%) ensure adequacy of pensions. reform introduced incentives to prolong working life long-term care. The system
21 is slightly higher. and is currently the object of discussion among the provides integrated home social parts. In July 2007, there was an important assistance and residential Tripartite Agreement on work and welfare between care, but the focus is to Low rates of employment of mature trade unions, entrepreneurs associations and the increase home care as an people and difficulties to re-enter the Italian Government that established, starting from alternative to residential and labour market due to macroeconomic 2008, a gradual increase in the retirement age. This hospitals. The goal is to depression and delocalisation of many agreement also confirmed planning to divert the enable older people to stay at firms in Eastern countries. current TFR funds (the amount of money yearly home and receive benefits, accumulated and paid at the end of the labour such as direct free services, contract by the employer) into supplementary vouchers to buy services in pension schemes, except in cases where the worker accredited institutions and does not accept this system. financial aid to have recourse to other kinds of help, including immigrant carers. Poland Older people are now in a better The objectives are: addressing poverty and social exclusion Poland reformed the statutory pension system in Long-term care operates position than the younger generations with long-term measures, such as affordable housing and 1999, when it introduced a combined system of pay- within both the health and in terms of living standards and development of care services; improving labour market as-you-go funds with mandatory membership in social care sectors. Local poverty risk, but the adequacy of participation with special emphasis on people with fully funded private pension plans. A pension is bodies are responsible for pensions may became an issue in the disabilities, young women and older people. provided for people with at least 20 years’ long-term care, which is future. contributions and incentives are provided for especially provided with prolonging working life. residential units (home care is less diffused). Poland is a low risk Member States as regards Very low employment rate of elderly pension sustainability. people. Notwithstanding the economic growth of this country, the employment rate of all the population is lower than the EU average. Slovenia Elderly persons are dependent due to Intergenerational solidarity, which is of key importance in In 2000, it reformed the pension system introducing “…Institutional care for the poverty, health and other reasons. financing social protection (i.e. pensions), providing care strong incentives to participate in voluntary elderly is provided mainly by or help in the family, etc67. There is a need to make provision. It planned to raise retirement age for men residential homes for the housing accessible because access to housing is being in 2008 and for women in 2023. elderly; as a rule, they are 68 Low rate of employment of mature diminished by lack of supply and high prices . public social care institutions people. (60 providers) providing social
services on a non-profit basis, as public department services… ” Spain Elderly people have a higher risk of One of the main objectives is to enhance labour market The Spanish pension system is earning-related and A national system, as a mix of poverty than younger ones. participation, as a tool to guarantee social inclusion. represents the most important income of elderly central and regional people, although there are about six million governments, provides
67 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/spsi/docs/social inclusion/2008/nap/slovenia en.pdf, p.9. 68 http://ec.europa.eu/employment social/spsi/docs/social inclusion/2008/nap/slovenia en.pdf, p.9. 22 Another important objective is to address the increasing pensioners that have a supplementary pension universal health services, but demand for social services and benefits, due to social and scheme, based on collective agreements for only long-term care is traditionally Low rate of employment of mature demographic trends. A Law on the Promotion of Personal 10% of them. The rest is based on a system of a role of the family. people notwithstanding the recent Autonomy and Care for People in a Situation of private pensions reformed by a law introduced in Demographic changes pressed progress. Dependency will triplicate the total public spending on care 2002. The challenge to financial sustainability, authorities to intervene on this services. coming from an ageing society, led to a rise in the issue thorough home care, day employment rate of elderly people with incentives to centres, residential homes, prolong working life and the introduction of a telecare and financial aid to reserve fund for future pension expenditure, formed dependents and carers. There by social security system surpluses. is insufficient provision of such services. In terms of quality, some indicators are being gradually adopted and some local authorities have coordination plans between health and social care. UK Notwithstanding the recent decline, The main objective is to reduce inequality in income, In 2002 a Pensions Commission was appointed to The local authorities are the risk of poverty is higher for older health, skills and “life chances”. This means that pension make recommendations on the future adequacy of responsible for social care. people than for the general population inequality (there are many people with modest incomes) pensions. In 2006 the Government took into There are different systems in and EU. has to be reduced and high quality care has to be consideration such recommendations and introduced the four countries in terms of guaranteed. low-cost personal accounts to give people without accessibility, quality and access to occupational pension schemes the sustainability of the long-term The rate of employment of 55-64 opportunity to save. care services. In general, all years old reached the European target the authorities recognise that The UK is a medium risk Member States in terms of people prefer to remain in but the quality of jobs needs to be pension sustainability. improved. their own homes wherever possible.
Sources: National Reports on Social Protection and Social Inclusion, 2007 and 2008. Oecd, Country chapters on Benefit and Tax, 2004.
23 Table 6 – Lessons deriving from some European projects by kind of area of interest Project co-financed by the EU Promoting mature Services Intergenerational people employment solidarity “Employment initiatives for an This project collected ageing workforce”, rich database useful long lasting of good practices across Europe practices at company collected by the European level in more than 10 EU Foundation for the Improvement of countries70. Working and Living conditions69. RESPECT – “Research Action For This research project Improving Elderly Workers Safety, presents useful new Productivity, Efficiency and work models (age Competence Towards the New awareness workshops for Working Environment71” a EU co- managers, training the financed project promoted by a trainer, experience consortium composed of 6 research sharing and institutes and 6 companies from intergenerational teams) Finland, Germany, France, and makes Switzerland and Greece, in 2001 to recommendations for produce new workplace models for effective policies. ageing society.
The European SeniorWatch This research project covered all EU member states Observatory and Inventory at that time plus the US and Japan and provided (SENIORWATCH72) started in recommendations on the demand and supply side, 1998 under the EU Information presenting older population segmentation as regards Society Technology Programme to IST needs, interests and access and a deep SWOT better understand IST services and analysis. The project also provided recommendations products useful for the growing by actors (industry, policy maker, ageing number of elderly people. organizations and care providers) in order to improve skills of elderly people to exploit IST, to overcome the digital divide and to facilitate the use of these products and services, taking into account that a wider usage of information technology mediated services improves wellbeing and facilitates independent living for elderly people. Active ageing in an e-inclusive The project presented different situations across the society project (E-INCLUSION), European Union. In Scandinavian countries, financed by the EU under the especially Finland, ageing is a recognized concept, ISTWORLD programme whereas some New Member States suffer a lower recommended disseminating the life expectancy73. The project offers evidence that use of ICT among older people to “ICT’s are not currently seen as an important facilitate active ageing in work and instrument for active ageing in work and employment. employment. This points to a need to understand more about the positive contribution that ICT can make in this area. The ability to learn from existing positive examples and experience has so far been surprisingly slow74”.
69 http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/research/0296.htm 70 http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2005/137/en/1/ef05137en.pdf 71 http://respect.iccs ntua.gr/index html 72 http://seniorwatch.de 73 http://www.einclusion-eu.org/ 74 http://www.epractice.eu/workshop/Ageingwell 24 Overcoming the barriers and Countries analysed: Austria, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, seizing the opportunities for active Italy, Norway, Poland, Switzerland and the UK75. The countries that present ageing policies in Europe different welfare states or welfare regime traditions in Europe “…Austria, (ACTIVEAGE) is a ISTWORLD Germany, Italy, France and (to a lesser degree) Switzerland all belong to the project started in 2002 that analysed ‘continental’ welfare regime which is organized around the social insurance institutional, economic and political principle. Norway and Finland (again to a lesser degree) belong to the Nordic realities facing the implementation welfare regime type which is characterized by a generous welfare state provision of active ageing policies on pension (over and above that provided by social insurance) and this, in turn, is predicated sustainability, health care and on supporting full employment. In the UK, representing the liberal welfare employment promotion. regime tradition, welfare state structures follow the Beveridge tradition. Here, welfare state provision is designed to interfere as little as possible with the functioning of the market. Finally, Poland and the Czech Republic represent two transition economies where the development of welfare state provision was more influenced by the ideas of international organisations such as the World Bank…76”. Adecco Institute carried out The research led to the creation of a demographic fitness index to identify how research on 2,500 companies in five ready they are to face ageing in terms of career management, intergenerational European countries. diversity, lifelong learning, health and knowledge management. This research measured an average index of only 183 among a range 100-400; reporting a lack of interest in ageing analysis of the workforce and the finding of solutions for the short run, not the long term77.
Table 7 – Lessons deriving from a recent research project commissioned by DG Employment
The study “Ageing and Employment: Identification of Good Practice to Increase Job Opportunities and Maintain Older Workers in Employment”, commissioned by DG Employment, identified fields of intervention for age management at company level which included not only knowledge transfer but also work organisation and the promotion of internal (and to a lesser degree external) mobility, working time, career planning for workers of all age groups, working conditions, continuous learning and finally wage policies. This study was concerned with identifying strategies directed towards increasing the relative productivity of older workers and ends with recommendations at European, national, regional, sectoral, company, trade unions, employers’ association and individual level. However, it was more difficult to detect good practice under the conditions of a life cycle approach78. Lengthening working lives in a context of high unemployment and in particular high youth unemployment gets less support from social partners, who still favour early exit arrangements. Furthermore, reorganisation of work under a life cycle approach needs to take the long-term employability of all age groups into account, which is not self-evident, although some good practice could be identified. nevertheless, the study showed that companies are in some cases still pursuing opposing strategies (e.g. implementing third age career development and possibilities for early retirement). It also showed some promise in the area of life cycle approaches (e.g. transfer of knowledge) 79: 1. FINPAW (the Finnish National Age Programme80) is a good example of practices raising the awareness of stakeholders. Within the national programme FINPAW, a network of small and medium-sized companies has been established, in order to analyse needs and share good practices. Firms involved in the project were stimulated by the presence of a prize-winning competition. 2. The National Programme of Preparation for Ageing in the Czech Republic is a good practice to support equal opportunities (no age and gender discrimination) in the employment of elderly people81.
75 http://www.iccr-international.org/activage/en/reports.html 76 pp. 2-3 of the final report: http://www.iccr-international.org/activage/docs/ActivAge-FinalReport.pdf 77 http://www.adecco nl/persberichten/ExecutiveSummaryofFirstWhitePaper.pdf 78 An approach that has to favour the transition between different stages in the life. 79 In addition to the study published by the European Commission in 2006, the European Foundation carried out a recent study on age management in companies: Philip Taylor (2006) (Ed) / The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions: Employment initiatives for an ageing workforce in the EU-15. 80 http://pdf mutual-learning-employment net/pdf/finland03/offindepFIN03.pdf 81file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/HP_Proprietario/Impostazioni%20locali/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/C ontent.IE5/4D6BI3O9/Jarmila_Vavrinova%5B1%5D.ppt#266,8,National Program for Preparation for Ageing 2003- 2007 25 3. Two examples of German policies for ageing workers are: 1) mandatory agreements signed by the government with social partners to coordinate actions concerning qualifications, employability, working time regulations and older workers’ promotion; 2) the employers’ German Association (BDA) published guidelines for companies in order to adjust work tasks for older workers and disseminate training strategies, working time arrangements and mixed-age team building. 4. Two examples in the UK are: 1) since 1998, the Third Age Employment Network (TAEN82) has become a leader for ageing management. It is a network between labour demand and supply, which provides information and HR guidelines; 2) Experience work, a regional UK programme to help unemployed over 45s back into work, launched in 2000 by the East Midlands Development Agency (EMDA83) as part of the overall Framework for Employment and Skills Action Plan. This experience provides practical suggestions and tools to favour older workers’ employability.
Table 8 – Lessons deriving from a research project carried out by the Italian Institute of workers vocational training ISFOL
The research, carried out by Isfol, started from the premise of the existence of a greater risk of age trap in: firms with many seniors and a low turnover; firms with a senior core workforce and a high turnover of young people; and firms with only a young and unstable workforce. The project analyses different behaviours and practices that may help to achieve a better integration of workers over 50 in the labour market, namely, partnership with colleagues, adapting capabilities, empowerment, problem solving, learning abilities, intergeneration cooperation, flexible contractual arrangements, job re-design for seniors, family friendly policies to balance work and family, medical check ups in enterprise, age analysis profile maps, career counselling. The study offers recommendations to social partners; in particular, it suggests specific age management action plans for regional and city councils, promoting information campaigns, providing expertise on age management, financial support for lifelong learning and mobility within and between sectors. These practices are not yet very diffused, as a result of widespread age discrimination84. However the research has provided evidence that, where they are in place, older workers can perform a useful role in the transfer of competences and guidance to younger ones. The research presents some good experiences at the enterprise and local level. Among these are: 1. Indesit, which signed an ethics code with the trade unions in 2001, experimented with ethical dismissal making the commitment to reintegrate the dismissed worker in another enterprise located in the region, providing training and paying an indemnity to the new employer (formula company to company); 2. The ex ICT company Celestica Italia (IBM group) in South Palomba near Rome, in collaboration with the Lazio Region, Rome Municipality, the Labour Ministry, the trade unions, training centres and employers, started a pilot project to transform the area and integrate workers dismissed from the site due to shutdown, in another company. The establishment was taken over by a logistic and multiservice company that transformed the ICT pole into service logistics. 3. The non-profit sector was involved in a comprehensive programme to promote active ageing. For example, Banco Alimentare, a non-profit organization that distributes food in hospitals and soups kitchens, registered the involvement of many ex-managers as volunteers of the associations. 4. Mondadori Printing in Verona created a laboratory for two groups of people aged 36/50 aimed at favouring team work and knowledge sharing. The older workers were helped to adapt to changes and train younger ones. 5. In 2006, S.Paolo-Imi launched an intergenerational experiment among 144 workers (half older and half younger) in Lazio and Sardinia, who voluntarily chose to participate in the project. These people, divided in 12 sub-groups, shared history, and transferred experience from the older to the younger. 6. The Spinn project, with a national cover, has the objective to help elderly job searchers in the employment services by teaching job searching strategies and promoting autonomy and empowerment.
82 http://www.taen.org 83 http://www.emda.org.uk/about/default.asp?nav=02 84 Laboratorio Armonia of Bocconi University of Milan carried out research on age discrimination in 2004. http://osservatori.sdabocconi.it/armonia/ 26 LOCAL MAPPING
ROME PRAGUE MARIBOR EDINBURGH THESSALONIKI DOBRICH SEVILLA STAROGARD WOLVERHAMPTON
ROME ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile Partner Profile General information City: Rome Country: Italy Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n) y ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n) y (Region: Lazio) ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n) y (Province: Rome) Section 1: Demographic structure of the city According to the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), as of 1st of January 2007 the municipality of Rome had a resident population of 2,705,603 split between 1,429,308 females and 1,276,295 males. Rome is the capital and by far the most populated city of Italy (Milan has a resident population of 1,303,437, while Naples 975,139), attracts almost half of the entire population of its region (Lazio region with 5,493,308 total residents) and one fourth of the population of the central part of Italy (formally represented by regions Marche, Toscana, Umbria and Lazio, with 11,540,584 residents). As partially shown in Table 1.6, the resident population of the municipality of Rome experienced a declining trend during 1983‐2003 followed by a still ongoing reverse trend. It increases by 157,926 residents (6.2%) in 2007, catching up to 1993 level1. Migrants’ contribution to the Roman population increasing trend has been estimated in 14,935 residents in the same year (9% of the overall increase). Rome positive growth trend diverges from a general negative trend affecting resident populations in other major Italian municipalities between 2006 and 2007. The resident population of the Province of Rome, a larger area including 121 smaller municipalities, currently equals to 4,013,057, is estimated to grow to 4,332,435 by 2020 and to 4,429,779 by 2051. According to ISTAT estimations (“Previsioni della popolazione, Anni 2007‐2051”, demo.istat.it/) the growth trend will mainly affect 65‐74 and over 75 age group, the latter will more than double between 2007 and 2051 (348,322 to 751,755). The current positive growth trend of the resident population is basically explained by raising birth rates (around 10‰) coupled with a parallel mortality rates decline during the past 3 years, as well as by positive contribution of the net migration (almost 3‰ in 2006). As of January 2007, Rome birth rates ranked amongst the highest compared to other main Italian cities and evolved steadily around 10‰ during 2003‐2007 (see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1) even taking into account for corrections due to the Council Register adjustment process. Only Palermo and Naples show higher birth rates during the interval.
Table 1.1 Birth rates: Rome compared with main Italian municipalities, 2003‐2007 (‰,1st of January) Municipality 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rome 9.4 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.5 Rome* ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 10.1 Milan 9.6 9.5 9.7 9.4 9.4 Naples 10.7 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.5 Turin 8.7 9 8.7 8.9 9 Palermo 10.7 11 10.7 11.1 10.8 Genova 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.6 Bologna 7.8 7.7 8.1 7.9 8.1 Florence 8.9 8.1 8.9 8.5 7.5 Bari 9.7 9.6 9.4 9 8.5 Catania 9.7 10.9 10.4 10.3 10.1 Venice 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.9 Messina 8.8 9.3 8.7 8.2 8.9 * Data reflecting corrections due to Council Register adjustments. Sources: Rosati, 2007
Figure 1.1 Birth rates: Rome compared to main Italian municipalities, January 2007 (‰)
1 Part of the increase is due to the recent review process involving the Register Office of the Municipality of Rome 1 12
10
8
6
4
2
0 Palermo Naples Rome* Catania Rome Milan Turin Messina Bari Bologna
* Data reflecting corrections due to Council Register adjustments. Sources: Rosati, 2007
Table 1.2 Death rates: Rome compared with main Italian municipalities, 2003‐2007 (‰,1st of January) Municipality 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rome 9.8 10.4 10.1 9.9 9 Rome* ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 9.6 Milan 11.5 11.3 10.3 10.4 10.2 Naples 9.2 9.7 9.3 9.8 9.4 Turin 10.8 11.8 10.1 10.5 10.3 Palermo 8.6 9.2 8.6 8.7 8.9 Genova 13.8 14.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 Bologna 12.6 13.4 12.5 13 13 Firenze 13.6 13.8 12.1 12 11.7 Bari 8.6 8.5 9.4 7.6 7.6 Catania 10.4 10.7 10.4 10.5 10.5 Venezia 12.4 12.8 7.8 12 12.1 Messina 10.7 10.7 8.7 10.9 9.5 * Data reflecting Register adjustment. Sources: Rosati, 2007. It is worth noting that all municipalities but Florence had an increase in the share of foreigners’ births over total births during 2003‐ 2007, also reflecting the weakness of resident Italian population’s birth rates. The ratio was equal to 11.5% in January 2007, significantly below northern Italy average levels, especially as opposed to Milan and Turin (correspondingly 21.8% and 20.2%). Nevertheless, difference between Rome and northern Italy municipalities tends to narrow when considering the foreigners’ birth rate (foreigners’ births registered over total resident population of foreigners at the end of the year). As of December 2005, foreigners’ birth rate in the municipality of Rome was even slightly higher than the same in Milan (16.7% and 16.5% respectively). On the other hand, death rate ranges from 9‰ to 9.6‰ and ranks the municipality of Rome below 7 of the above 11 main Italian municipalities, as well as above regional and national averages. Death rates show a declining trend during the period 2003‐2007 (see Table 1.2).
Figure 1.2 Death rates: Rome compared with main Italian municipalities, January 2007 (‰)
2 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 Genova B olo gna V enezia Firenze Cat ania Turin M ilan Ro me* M essina Nap les Rome
* Data reflecting corrections due to Council Register adjustments. Sources: Rosati, 2007
The turning point in resident population growth trend which occurred in 2003 may be partially explained by considering the population total change breakdown (see Table 1.3). In the past six years, migration inflows supported population increase by counterbalancing the negative trend of natural change, consistently with the broader regional and national picture.
Table 1.3 Natural change, net migration and total change, 2002‐2007 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 natural change ‐1032 ‐1151 35 ‐521 1289 ‐613 net migration ‐3999 2325 11835 ‐5675 156637 13778 total change ‐5031 1174 11870 ‐6196 157926 13165 The municipality of Rome population is getting older as Tables 1.4 and 1.5 show unambiguously: at the beginning of 2007 the age group of over 45 stood for nearly half of the whole resident population while the group of over 65 was equal to one fifth (see also Figure 1.4). Standard demographic indexes in Figure 1.3 confirm the increasing dependence of pensionable age population on a narrowing working age or under 14 population over the interval 1997‐2007. Older Dependency Index (ODI), Ageing Index (AI) and Age Dependency Ratio (ADR) increased by 7.1%, 16.7% and 9.8% respectively during the interval 1997‐2007, raising the issue of social security system sustainability in the long term. Figure 1.3 Older Dependency Index, Younger Dependency Index and Ageing Index, 1997‐2007
180.0 160.0 140.0 120.0 Older Dependency Index 100.0 Younger Dependency Index 80.0 Ageing Index 60.0 Age Dependency Ratio 40.0 20.0 0.0 199719981999 20002001 200220032004 200520062007
Sources: “Bilancio demografico”, years 2002‐2007 and “Ricostruzione Intercensuaria della Popolazione, Anni 1992‐2001”, demo.istat.it/. Table1.4 Population by age group and gender (January 1997) 0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 over 75 Male 168983 272021 293553 168154 163625 119405 62923 3 female 159746 265438 307151 190483 188669 153709 116180 total 328729 537459 600704 358637 352294 273114 179103
Table 1.5 Population by age group and gender (January 2007)
0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 over 75 Male 187,613 203,742 324,876 178,530 154,334 134,682 92,518 female 176,587 197,986 338,554 196,889 184,639 172,865 161,788 total 364,200 401,728 663,430 375,419 338,973 307,547 254,306
Figure 1.4 Age distribution, 1997 and 2007
25.0
20.0
15.0 % 10.0 1997 2007 5.0
0.0 0-14 15-29 30-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75- Age group
A recent paper on over 45 and labour market in the municipality of Rome (Fondazione G. Brodolini, 2007) highlighted how half of the over 45 population falls in the 51‐60 age sub‐group, while 45‐50 corresponds to 31.9%. Over 45 interviewed are mostly married (70.2%), 44.2% has lower education and 56% a medium one. Gender differences don’t seem to be an issue, even if the share of women is lower in the higher education group (17.8% compared to 23%). Low level of education tends to increase with age within the over 45 group though the medium level decreases.
Table 1.6 Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents from 1997 to the last year available 1997 % 1998 % 1999 % 2000 % 2001 % 2002 %
2,559,00 2,630,040 2,610,178 2,587,635 2,570,489 2,545,860 5 3.9
2003 % 2004 % 2005 % 2006 % 2007 %
2,542,003 2,705,60 2,540,829 2,553,873 2,547,677 4.2 4.8 5.7 8.4 3 9.2
Please cross one of the following: [ X ] the population is expanding [ ] the population is contracting
As 1st of January 2007, foreigners residents in the municipality of Rome were 250,640, 117,924 males (47%) and 132,716 females (53%). Total foreign population increased by 14,935 residents, a 6.3% positive variation since the beginning of 2006. Foreigners population corresponds to 9% of the overall resident population, a persistently increasing share since 1998 when it was equal to 4.8% (8.4% in 2006). Foreign population share on Roman residents is also far above the national average of 5% and corresponds to 90% of the Province foreign residents. Foreign population growth trend is mainly driven by three factors: the adjustment process of the Council Register, the 2002 government regularization measure and the young structure of foreign population, manifested in a remarkable number of birth (2,945 in 2006) and a limited number of deaths (670 in 2006). 4 Foreign residents age groups distribution shows that roughly more than half of them is younger than 40 years old, 15.1% is under 18 and only 7.3% is over 64. Their average age is 37.4 years, well below the local residents average (44 years). The prevalent continent of origin is Europe with more than 100.000 residents, large part from its Central‐Eastern area (27.8% of total foreign residents). Romanians are the first community of the capital, 12.7% of the total.
Table 1.7 Foreigner resident population: ten main communities by country of origin, 2006‐2007 Nationality 2007 % 2006 % abs var. 06‐07 % var. 06‐07 Romania 31,918 12.7 28,328 12.0 3,590 12.7 Philippines 29,674 11.8 28,274 12.0 1,400 5.0 Poland 12,685 5.1 11,874 5.0 811 6.8 Peru 10,747 4.3 10,210 4.3 537 5.3 Bangladesh 10,625 4.2 9,851 4.2 774 7.9 Egypt 9,425 3.8 9,246 3.9 179 1.9 China 9,051 3.6 8,382 3.6 669 8.0 Sri Lanka 6,528 2.6 6,223 2.6 305 4.9 Ukraine 6,207 2.5 4,864 2.1 1.343 27.6 Ecuador 6,190 2.5 5,529 2.3 661 12.0 Total resident 250,640 100.0 235,708 100.0 14,935 6.3 Sources: Caritas/Osservatorio Romano sulle Migrazioni, 2008.
It is worth noting that between 2002 and 2006 the ratio of foreign births over total births increased by almost 3% and thus the share of foreign population underage on total foreign resident population rose from 168 to 190‰ in the same interval (Caritas/Osservatorio Romano sulle Migrazioni, 2008). Even if the positive birth rate trend above mentioned cannot exclusively be attributed to foreign population, the impact of foreign birth rates on Roman population structure is deep and is expected to change the demographic dynamic of the city in the long run.
Table 1.8 Total and foreign birth rates Total births/ Tot. residents Foreign births/residents Years Births tot. Foreign births Foreign/tot. births (‰) (‰) 2002 23.774 2051 8,6 9,4 19,1 2003 25.291 2335 9,2 9,9 10 2004 25.943 2622 10,1 10,2 18,1 2005 24.803 2626 10,6 9,7 16,7 2006 25.708 2945 11,5 9,5 14,8 Sources: Caritas/Osservatorio Romano sulle Migrazioni, 2008; ISTAT, Bilancio Demografico della Popolazione.
Local Mapping FORMAT: Partner Profile Section 2: Economic conditions The economy of the city of Rome has proved to be dynamic and grew notably more than the national average in the past 3 years. As of 2006, GDP per capita in the Province of Rome was €32,609.98, considerably above regional (€30,120.89) and Italian averages (€25,031.62). Gross value added was €115,254, an increasing share of the national value added (8.76%) compared to 2003 (8.12%). On the whole, gross value added growth rate was 3% in 2007 while the same was 2.1% on average in Italy. Roman economy growth was boosted by the construction sector (+4%) and by the service sector (+3.2%), given property market positive trend and the usual high contribution of the tertiary to the overall capital value added (87%). The economy of Rome is largely based on the service industry with communications, transports and tourism being particularly important.
Table 2.1 Value added economic sector in the Province of Rome and in Italy Years Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Services Total Rome 2001 ‐9.7 5.2 ‐4.6 2.5 2.5 2002 2.2 ‐4.5 ‐1.8 2.9 1.9 2003 ‐9.4 ‐3.9 4.1 ‐1.6 ‐1.7 2004 12.2 ‐2.5 1.7 5.2 4.4 2005 ‐8.3 ‐2.6 0.0 ‐0.4 ‐0.6 2006 6.2 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.0 2007 0.4 0.1 4.0 3.2 3.0 Italy 2001 ‐2.5 ‐0.7 7.6 2.5 1.8 5 2002 ‐3.2 ‐0.7 2.4 1.0 0.5 2003 ‐5.0 ‐2.3 2.8 0.3 ‐0.3 2004 13.2 ‐0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 2005 ‐4.4 ‐1.8 0.7 1.0 0.2 2006 ‐3.3 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 2007 1.2 0.7 3.0 2.4 2.1 Source: Municipality of Rome (2008), Mosaico Statistico n.1 – April 2008
According to the 2001‐2004 Roman productive structure trend arising from ISTAT Statistical Archive on Active Enterprises (ASIA) data (ISTAT – ASIA 2001, ASIA 2004), the economy of the capital was characterised by a growing number of activities (+8.8%), particularly in the service sector, and by an increase in the number of employees (+5.9). Most of the increase in the number of employees (70%) pertained to the service sector, employing 27% of Roman workers. Business services, tourism and culture attracted an increasing share of employees. Micro‐enterprises were 95% of the overall business environment, mostly operating in the business services and construction sectors. Business services sector improved is leading role during 2001‐2004, in terms both of productive units and number of employees. Transports and Communications sectors experience declining trend since the 1991 ISTAT census in the share of both employees and enterprises sites over the entire local economy. As of distribution of employees between sectors, manufacturing and financial intermediation also are in a declining phase. The ongoing process of reorganization of the trade sector promoting the development of large‐scale retailers caused so far a reduction in the number of employees and productive units. Labour demand trend is different across sectors: business and education services confirm a sustained expansion (respectively +16.4% and + 15%) while services to families and culture also achieved important outcomes, raising their worker share by 9.1% and 8.3% correspondingly. Tourism industry promoted the introduction of new working arrangements in the hotels and restaurants segment and is also regularly growing as well as the construction sector steady increase (+11.2%). The employment decline in the financial intermediation sector (‐7%) may be interpreted by the restructuring process that involved the main actors of the Italian banking sector between 2000 and 2002 (BNL, Capitalia and Banca Intesa). The transformation involving the manufacturing sector entails a slight but stable decrease of its employees and productive units in the municipality of Rome, while its contribution to the Province of Rome value added was just 8.4% in 2006. Over 45 and the labour market According to a recent sample survey conducted by Fondazione G. Brodolini (2007) in the municipality of Rome, 57.7% of over 45 population is employed, 38.3% inactive and 1.9% unemployed. Inactives share tend to increase with age and is most relevant in the over 55 age group: 52.3% of 55‐64 age group declared to be inactive, and less surprisingly the share raises to 72% for over 60. Inactivity motivations varies across the sample, while “children care” is still the women’s prevailing reason for inactivity (24.4%). Gender differences are particularly remarkable as while 24.3% of the males are inactive, the share raises to 50.5% among women (Fondazione G. Brodolini, 2007). An overview of occupational conditions by age group consistent with the previous evidence was also provided by the Statistics Unit of the Municipality of Rome for 2004, where inactives share appears to be even greater in the over 45 group (see Table 2.2). Early exit from the labour market affected Italian welfare systems in the past three decades, particularly in the service sector, accounting for male high share of retired (see Table 2.3). Women early exit rather involves the problem of reconciliation of family and working life.
Table 2.2 Population by group age and occupational condition, average 2004 Occupational Condition Total Age Group Employed Seeking for a job Inactive Abs. val. % Abs. val. % Abs. val. % Abs. val. % 45‐54 266,232 77.7 10,993 3.2 65,256 19.1 342,481 100.0 55‐64 129,050 39.0 4,795 1.4 196,942 59.5 330,787 100.0 >64 24,847 5.0 334 0.1 471,902 94.9 497,083 100.0 Over 45 420,129 35.9 16,122 1.4 734,101 62.7 1,170,351 100.0 Total 1,074,676 48.9 82,977 3.8 1,038,981 47.3 2,196,634 100.0 Source: Statistic Unit of the Municipality of Rome. Table 2.3 Over 45 brokendown by gender and occupational condition, average 2004 Male Female Total Occupational Condition Abs. val. % Abs. val. % Abs. val. % Employed 244,899 47.4 175,229 26.8 420,129 35.9 Seeking a job 9,246 1.8 6,875 1.1 16,122 1.4 Other inactive 69,172 13.4 344,706 52.7 413,877 35.4 Retired 193,061 37.4 127,162 19.4 320,224 27.4 6 Over 45 Total 516,378 100.0 653,973 100.0 1,170,351 100.0 Over 45 47.4 26.8 35.9 35.9 employment rate Over 45 unemployment rate 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 Source: Statistic Unit of the Municipality of Rome.
Over 45 high propensity to inactivity mainly depends on the ongoing substitution of elderly with younger employee (given the higher wage level and outdated skills of the former) by enterprises especially in the service sector (“young in/old out policies”), lack of participation to training and the high share of the black economy. Inactive people has a low level of education (62.2% of men and 75.3% of women) and thus tend to experience greater barriers to re‐ enter the labour market. Over 45 seeking a job experiences same educational level, as 70% have low or medium qualifications, and the evidence is worrying for women and 55‐64 age group in particular (see Table 2.4)
Table 2.4 Over 45 seeking a job brokendown by education and age, Roma province. Averages 2006 male women Total age group education education education tot tot tot low‐medium high low‐medium high low‐medium high 45‐54 61,2 38,8 100 66,1 33,9 100 63,6 36,4 100 55‐64 86,5 13,5 100 95,8 4,2 100 91,5 8,5 100 >64 30,7 69,3 100 100 . 100 43,2 56,9 100 Total 65,3 34,7 100 82 18 100 70 30 100 Source: Statistical Unit of the Municipality of Rome, 2008
A strong willingness to accept a new job in case of opportunity is reported by the mentioned sample analysis, especially for over 45 older age sub‐groups: the willingness is unconditional for 30.4% and involve both higher level and low level educated (Fondazione G. Brodolini, 2007). Employed. Amongst over 45 with a job, 73% is employed, 16.7% is self‐employed and 10% has an atypical job contract. Slightly more than 50% works for an enterprise with more than 500 employees. The great majority of the sample interviewed (93.8%) declared to be a worker with an unfixed‐term contract. Higher share of fixed term employees were reported between women and low educated. Between them, 67% counts on the contract renewal while large part of those who know their contract won’t be renew are over 55, have a medium education and work for a state‐owned company. Half of the fixed term employees declared to lack any labour opportunity beyond the contract term and 32% manifested the purpose to avoid any job search beyond the contract term, especially if medium and low educated. As for 45‐50 age group, 17% declared to become inactive at the end of the contract term. According to the Statistical Unit of the Municipality of Rome (2008), over 40 years old unemployed in the Province of Rome are about 29,000, one fourth of the people seeking for a job. Most of them are men (54.8%), and the unemployment rate of the age group is 3.3%, consistently with regional and national averages. Over 40 troubles in re‐entering the labour market are proved by data on unemployed occupational condition in the previous year: 62.3% of them sought for a job and only 23% declared to be employed. Main reason for job loss is the expiry of the fixed term contract (45.2%) followed by the firing (27.6%), even if for women is discontinuous job. Most of the unemployed in the over 40 age group are the major wage earner of the family and live mainly in household of at least 3 component (family size of 4 people accounts for 36% of them). Over 40 are mainly dismissed by the Public Administration, Health and Social Services (60%), the leading sectors of the city and currently the major sources of discontinuous job and extended time of inactivity for aging people. In terms of access to training, 54% of the sample has never attended a course, and women fall in this group more than man (61% and 47.4% respectively). Training participation is higher for employed (47%) and retired employed (37%) while only 27% of inactives attended a course. A higher percentage of over 55 declared to have never attended a training course compared to under 55. Among training participants, 47% attended a course organized by the employer, 20.1% paid for it and 25.5% had a free or cheap partecipation.
7 Table 2.5 Activity rate, employment and unemployment rates (Province of Rome) Roma Lazio Region Italy Activity Rate 15‐64 66.26 64.21 62.71 Unemployment rate 15‐64 tot. 7.24 7.55 6.79 male 5.86 6.05 5.43 female 9.05 9.62 8.80 Employment rate 15‐64 tot. 61.42 59.32 58.41 male female 72.49 71.23 70.51 51.00 47.94 46.31 Source: Database Unioncamere, December 2007
Table 2.6 Employment broken‐down by economic sector and gender ‐ Rome Province, averages 2006 Male Female Total Economic Sector abs. % abs. % abs. % Agriculture 21,051 2.3 9,460 1.4 30,511 1.9 Manufacturing 104,508 11.4 47,318 7.0 151,826 9.6 Construction 98,992 10.8 4,657 0.7 103,649 6.5 Trade 120,721 13.2 78,652 11.7 12.6 Services and other activities 569,875 62.3 532,505 79.2 1,102,380 69.4 Employment Total 915,146 100 672,593 100 1,587,739 100 Source: Villani, 2008 Table 2.7 Employment rates by economic sectors, “Metropolitan Areas”, average 2006 Services and Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Trade Total other Roma 0.9 7.4 5.0 11.8 74.9 100 Bari 0.5 14.5 3.7 22.6 58.7 100 Bologna 0.1 19.7 14 12.9 63.2 100 Florence 0.4 13.9 3.6 17 65.2 100 Genova 0.1 12.4 7.2 14.7 65.6 100 Milan 14.6 3.3 13.2 68.9 100 Naples 0.6 13.1 5.1 17.9 63.2 100 Palermo 1.2 7.6 5.4 15.7 70.1 100 Turin 0.1 22.5 5.4 14.1 57.9 100 Verona 1.8 17.3 6.3 14.2 60.5 100 Italy 4.3 21.9 8.3 15.3 50.3 100 Tot. Main 0.5 12.8 4.8 14.0 67.9 100 Municipalities Source: SLAM, 2008
Table 2.8 Number of firms by sector Manuf. Constr. Trade Hotels&R Transp.& Financ. Busin. Public Other Total est. Comm. Activit. Servic. Admin.a Serv. 2004b 13,326 18,435 61,450 12,045 7,955 4,457 74,822 18,935 17,640 229,125 2001 14,663 18,627 64,091 11,802 8,063 4,866 65,306 19,050 17,290 223,758 aPublic Administration sector includes two sub‐sector: Healt and Education. bSource: ISTAT ‐ ASIA 2004. cSource: ISTAT ‐ ASIA 2001.
Table 2.9 Productive units per size – Manufacturing (31.12.2006) Prov. of Rome Lazio Region Centre Italy Italy Total 52.987 77.828 243.217 1.205.167 1 employee 28.526 40.052 112.125 549.482 2‐9 employees 20.793 31.982 107.738 530.884 10‐19 employees 2.419 3.742 15.174 76.361 20‐49 employees 861 1.386 5.936 33.748 50‐249 employees 344 584 2.038 13.242
8 250 employees and more 44 82 206 1.450 Source: ISTAT ‐ ASIA 2005
Table 2.10 Productive units per size – Services (31.12.2006) Prov. of Rome Lazio Region Centre Italy Italy Total 264.222 341.551 743.425 3.482.970 1 employee 182.774 232.332 471.362 2.188.080 2‐9 employees 71.611 97.369 246.849 1.175.341 10‐19 employees 5.690 6.956 15.571 74.001 20‐49 empoloyees 2.426 2.961 6.308 30.326 50‐249 employees 1.401 1.604 2.884 13.546 250 and more 320 329 451 1.676 Source: Database Unioncamere, December 2007
Section 3: Policies POLICY CHALLENGES Three main challenges emerges as crucial in the municipality of Rome in a policy perspective: heterogeneity of the reference population and thus of potential public services users; propensity to inactivity for a lack of capacity to identify own needs and labour market opportunities; low levels of education. Employment and lifelong learning: Over 45 as target group appears as highly diversified by gender, age, residential area, education and capabilities to spend in the labour market. Each of the city area investigated shows different types of needs given specific local market conditions and working profiles. Propensity to inactivity is a particularly worrying issue for women in older age sub‐groups. This phenomenon is becoming relevant also for fixed‐term workers, who exit the labour market at the contract expiry for a lack of alternative or for an explicit decision to don’t activate any job search. However, all people aged over 45 presents a strong and almost unconditional willingness to accept a new job. The low level of education remarked among inactives and unemployed requires a careful reconsideration of methodologies for the improvement of the educational system. This might involve not only the launch of a life long learning scheme, but also the qualification of skills gained in non standard fields (as for skills gained by women in the domestic domain for care services). Strategies to promote employment, active citizenship and care The above quoted investigation emphasized a wide scope for intervention at least in three main areas: 1. Labour active policies, 2. Active ageing policies in a broader sense, or adult active citizenship policies. 3. Support to ageing population through specific health policies Labour active policies are mainly targeted to women aged 45 and over. These policies aim at updating older women’s skills in order to 9 avoid their exit or to favour their re‐entrance in the labour‐market through life long learning actions. Active ageing policies provide home‐based health support and promote social participation through volunteer work among ageing people. These policies aim at achieving a general higher well‐being (also in terms of health) among older population. Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 5 Elderly health 4
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 4 city?) Elderly active citizenship 5
Elderly active social life 4
Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 5 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (transport and urban mobility) 5
SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers:
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy Roman Economy growth rate is expanding above regional “Young in/old out policies” mostly by enterprises in the service and national levels, sustained mainly by the service sector. sector. Full/unconditional willingness to accept a new job especially A larger share of people among 40‐64 age group have a low or for over 45 older age sub‐groups. medium level of education Training post‐retirement for employed pensioner. Limited access to training for inactive. Care and insecurity Propensity to inactivity for a lack of capacity to identify own Policy makers increasing awareness of the active aging issue. needs and labour market opportunities. Early exit from the labour market accounting for male high share of retired. Care and social inclusion Lack of knowledge of public support structures. Lack of services to face the increasing needs. Low skilled workers involved in the informal care sector. Opportunities Threats Economy Economy Long life learning projects promoted at national level Gender differences in terms of domestic tasks responsibility Ongoing improvement and development of public support and low education level as sources of labour difficulties. structures (COL, Labour Orientation Centres). Propensity to inactivity for women, older age groups and Self‐employment as an emerging strategy for over 55 fixed‐term employees for a lack of capacity to identify own dismissed to catch up with pension requirement. needs and labour market opportunities. Care and inseciruty The city leading sector in terms of employment are Public The Municipality has found opportunities to exploit elderly Administration, Health and Social sectors as major sources of people potentials through volunteers activities dismissal and inactivity for over 40. The participation of a large network of non profit Care and insecurity organizations has enhanced the provision of services Rome is a big city where people risk social exclusion Problems of mobility not satisfied by public transport Problems of insecurity due to criminality
Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
10 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3
Elderly health 2 Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 1 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 3 Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 1 Other (transport and urban mobility) 1 Rome Municipality has some good experience both in terms of employment and care services. In particular, the following projects, part analysed in details in annex are relevant for Active A.G.E. project: 1) To promote employment and adapt skills: • “Over‐45” has been A PILOT ACTION PLAN DURING THE PERIOD 2005 – 2007promoted by the XIV Department of the Rome Municipality to personalise the services offered by the Public Employment Services in favour of over 45. The objective has been to increase labour market participation of this target of people. The main features have been: the identification of a subject comprised of territorial propinquity and in‐depth coverage; the COL (Labour Orientation Centres) network; the set up of a methodology for the analysis of the features of the OVER 45 phenomenon and for a one shot need assessment; the testing of the first basic personalized tools that are target‐oriented. • EDA project (Education for Adults): the project established “Local Committees” responsible for planning, orientation, coordination and implementation of EDA projects. Local Committees cooperated with local development actors (such as schools, training centres, association, economic and political bodies) for the assessment and planning of training programs. The EDA project can be regarded as a good practice for the innovative working methodology implemented: establishment of Local Committees; local training programs assessment; integration of formal education, professional training and informal training. Personalized training programs offered meet the needs of an individualized approach for over 45. • “Sportello lavoro over‐40” is a planning laboratory lead by the seventeenth (XVII) district of the municipality of Rome2 and promoted by two association, Associazione Atdal and Lavoro over 40. Aim of the project was to provide labour advices to over‐40. Project beneficiaries were people mainly aged 40‐60 equally distributed between men and women with a diploma degree and a fixed‐term or precarious work experiences. Migrants were 30% of the beneficiaries and the likelihood to fall into social exclusion was high across all the beneficiaries. 2) To promote care services: • Rome Municipality has promoted Daily centres for weak elderly people. The target group is represented by over 65 and women over 60 (at the discretion of the social worker) who have reduced autonomy capabilities and need a help not replaceable by home care (for more details see annex). • Private NGOs (Italian social cooperatives) has promoted a network of information centres on care services available in the city in order to promote a welfare system based on decentralization and to better analyse citizens needs. There are local centres disseminated in the city that collects needs raised by older people and their families and give them information to satisfy their own needs (for more details see annex). Annex 1: Policy summary tables – Over 45, Daily centres for weak elderly people and Penelope network. Annex 2: Policy synopsis tables ‐ Over 45, Daily centres for weak elderly people and Penelope network.
2 The municipality of Rome is divided in twenty districts, the lower level of governance of the city. 11 POLICY LEARNING NEEDS Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 3
Elderly active social life 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (transport and urban mobility) 5 Rome Municipality has expectation in order to: intercept and involve the referred over 45 population (they demonstrate a lacking capability of activation in the labour market and a scanty capacity to identify own professional and training needs); up‐to‐date and updating information about over 45 (the collected information could progressively lead to a proper monitoring system on the over 45 people's situation ‐ registry office for over 45); receive support, information and knowledge for elaborate proper indicators in order to evaluate the effectiveness of active ageing. define tailor‐made policies and instruments. The final aim is to support policy‐makers and other relevant stakeholders in order to plan and implement active ageing strategies, on the basis of two facts interesting Rome Municipality: the decentralization of competences related to active ageing issues in Italy and the high degree of territorial dependency of over 45 needs. Conclusions Three main challenges are signalled as crucial objectives in a policy perspective: the heterogeneity of the target population; the high propensity to inactivity, in particular elderly women and fixed‐term workers; and the low levels of education of the elderly who are out of the labour force or unemployed.The municipality thus concentrates on two main areas of intervention: active labour policies, aimed at preventing the exit from or supporting the re‐entry in the labour market of over 45 years old workers; active ageing policies in a broader sense, involving health and care services for self‐sufficiency and urban mobility, targeted to the so called “fourth age” group.A strong policy focus on lifelong learning policies has been clearly indicated by the municipalities. The municipality of Rome has created two Labour Orientation Centres (COL) and a labour front office (“Sportello lavoro over 40”) to provide advise to over 45 workers, and a project “Education for Adults” for the assessment of local training programmes and the integration of formal education, and professional and informal training.A network of “Daily centres for weak elderly people” provides fitness, leisure and socialization activities to over 65 (women over 60) with reduced self sufficiency, with the aim to prevent psycho‐physical pathologies and depression due to isolation. An information centre called “Penelope network” acts as a collector of needs and provides guidance through the formal and informal networks of assistance which is available at the local level in support of the weaker groups of citizens.The municipality of Rome expects are to reach the over 45 target group who are at risk of dropping out of the labour market.Moreover, it expects to receive support, information and expertise to formulate appropriate indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of active ageing policies and support the programming capacity of policy‐makers and other relevant stakeholders.
12 POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ANNEX 1: OVER 45 – ROME MUNICIPALITY DAILY CENTRES FOR WEAK ELDERLY PEOPLE – ROME MUNICIPALITY PENELOPE NETWORK – LOCAL NON PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
Summary table Active Age City Rome Country Italy
Name of the measure OVER 45 Governance level Rome Municipality Actors involved in the policy – Municipal politicians and administrative officials and practitioners. making process Financing Rome Municipality Target population Over 45 who are considered a weak group in the labour market. They are involved in orientation activities and they are followed and helped to find a new job. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Monitoring activities were carried out with the collaboration of Fondazione Brodolini during 2007 Summer. The target group who took advantage of these kind of services from the Municipal Orientation centers located in X and V metropolitan districts filled in a specific evaluation schedule. The results of these schedules analysis are collected in a report on employment and employability of over 45 in Rome. Policy debate The Municipality raised the need to overcome the problem of reintegration of over 45 in the labour market. There was a need to personalised the Public Employment Services and improve over 45 access to these services. Policies results SWOT diagram Strengths Weaknesses Higher participation of low educated people The participation of low educated women is who results to have the bigger difficulties. lower than that of men, giving evidence that this group is above all inactive. Indeed, there is a very low presence of inactive people: in particular women who are not interest in enter/re‐enter the labour market. Opportunities Threats Exit unemployment: Such a measure Risk of inefficiency due to: 1) heterogeneity especially involves unemployed people with of the target characteristics and needs and opportunity to help them to re‐enter the lack of capabilities in communicating own labour market (50% of users are needs and competences; 2) financial unemployed and 15% unemployed of long constraints that create a barrier in the tenure). implementation of a network that favour Improve working conditions: A good the matching labour demand and supply; 3) percentage (25%) of people are employed risk to not attract and make aware and use the measure to search a better job. enterprises. Such a measure may promote a systematic support activity in favour of over 45.
Name of the measure Centri Diurni Anziani Fragili (Daily centres for weak elderly people) Governance level Rome Municipality since 1999. (These centres are also present in other local realities‐ Law no. 328/2000) Actors involved in the policy – Social and health cooperatives formally recognized by Rome Municipality making process 1 Financing Rome Municipality and a private contribute of users in accordance with their own financial conditions (ISEE indicator). Target population Over 65 and women over 60 (at the discretion of the social worker) who have reduced autonomy capabilities and need a help not replaceable by home care. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Only local evaluation activities carried out by single centers. Not a overall evaluation for the measure. Policy debate Need to provide support and socialization activities to elderly people who risk to become not self‐sufficient. Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Fitness and leisure activities enjoyed by the The relationship among the community community prevent psycho‐physical needs to be supervised by the practitioners pathologies. in order to avoid marginalization and to Sharing experiences each other with the create harmonization. support of specialized practitioners. Relief felt by the families.
Opportunities Threats The user has the opportunity to live at home These centers are linked to municipal and experiences socialization and leisure in financing with the risk to close because of a a place close to his/her own house. lack of it. Opportunity to avoid depression due to isolation.
2
Name of the measure Penelope network Governance level Actually present in 11 metropolitan district of the Rome municipality. Actors involved in the policy – Social and health cooperatives associated to the network making process Financing Self‐financed by each cooperative involved in the network. Fund raising activities are locally promoted Target population Each information centre is opened to all population 4 days a week. All operators are trained by a special course recognized by the regional authority. This network also promotes capillary actions in strategic places in order to involve the weaker groups of citizens. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Monitoring activities are constantly carried out by the network coordinator Policy debate To promote a welfare system based on decentralization in order to better analyse citizens needs. The law 328/2000 argues the importance of information centres on services and opportunities provided at local level in order to improve the quality of life. Penelope network has been promoted to favour the matching among citizens and formal and informal resources available at local level. Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses It enhances the information centres present The need to constantly update datasets. in Rome, reaching wider groups of population. It is articulated and capillary distributed in order to diffuse the information and favour its exploitation from citizens. Penepole’s operators are oriented to listen to users and analyse their own needs in order to provide them useful information on the possible territorial services and on the criteria of access. The research and constant updating of formal and informal resources at local disposal, monitoring the demand for social services and the suitability of the supply to citizens needs.
Opportunities Threats The citizen makes advantage of a free Some centers due to financial constraints professional service. exit the network
3 POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ANNEX 2: OVER 45 – ROME MUNICIPALITY DAILY CENTRES FOR WEAK ELDERLY PEOPLE – ROME MUNICIPALITY PENELOPE NETWROK – LOCAL NGOs Over 45 Describe the Inter‐ Who has defined Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned and Who has institutional the eligibility intervention (services monitoring and the need of intervention? designed it? financed it? allocation of criteria? or provisions)? evaluation activity? resources %.
State (national or federal level)
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local XIV Metropolitan XIV Metropolitan Rome Rome 100% authority, specify) district of Rome district of Rome Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality
Other institution (specify) Municipal Labour Orientation Centres (COL) and Municipal Training centres
Not for profit actors Fondazione Brodolini
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
Daily centres for weak mature people Who has defined Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned Who has the eligibility institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? financed it? criteria? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal level)
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local V Metropolitan district Rome Municipality V Metropolitan Rome Rome Municipality Metropolitan districts Metropolitan districts authority, specify) of Rome Municipality district of Rome Municipality of Rome Municipality of Rome Municipality Municipality with the contribution of tickets
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors Social Cooperatives Social Cooperatives Social Cooperatives Social Cooperatives
For profit actors
Other social actors Civilian duties done instead of national service
No one
Penelope Network Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who has defined Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned Who has financed institutional intervention the eligibility monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? it? allocation of (services or criteria? evaluation activity? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal level) Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local Rome Municipality authority, specify)
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors Social Cooperatives Social Cooperatives Social Social Social Cooperatives Social Cooperatives Cooperatives Cooperatives
For profit actors Found raising
Other social actors Civilian duties done instead of national service
No one
PRAGUE ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile
Partner Profile General information City – Prague Country – Czech Republic Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y) ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y) - Is your city the County or Province capital (y) Prague is the capital city of the Czech Republic and an attractive region to live in with a wealth of history and traditions. Prague ranks among the most economically advanced regions of the EU, with a potential for further economic growth. It generates nearly a fourth of the Czech Republic’s gross domestic product, with the services sector as the most significant contributor. The significance and the position of Prague can potentially influence the competitiveness and economic development of the Czech Republic to a large extent. From a geographic standpoint, Prague is situated in the middle of Europe, with a very good position in relation to the neighbouring countries. Prague is surrounded by the Central Bohemian Region. The present‐day reach of the city is the result of a natural historic and long‐term territorial expansion. It extends over an area of 496 sq km, which is only 0.6% of the Czech Republic’s total area. Prague is home to 1.17 million people, i.e. 11.5% of the Czech Republic’s population. The City of Prague is a municipality and region, a NUTS 2 (cohesion region) and NUTS 3 region from the EU perspective. As regards the execution of delegated state administration it is divided into 22 administrative districts; in terms of local administration it consists of 57 autonomous city boroughs. The city boroughs vary largely in terms of size and urban nature. Some are part of the city centre, others constitute its outskirts; industrial production is prevalent in some parts, while residential housing dominates in others. Some boroughs have arisen through the connection of peripheral village‐type towns. Therefore the population density, the quality of technical infrastructure and the social and economic conditions of living of the residents in the various boroughs are highly varied. Section 1: Demographic structure of the city Key characteristic and trends - positive population growth in recent years - minimum territorial concentration of national minorities - growing proportion of people of post‐productive age in region’s population ‐ ageing population - migration of families with children to regions outside Prague - strong migration potential of the region - need to increase the effectiveness of the system of social and medical health services Until the early 1990s, a long‐term and intensive growth of Prague's population prevailed due to the inflow of people coming from the whole Czechoslovakia. The overall population of Prague began declining in 1993, influenced by a migration deficit and an ongoing negative natural growth. The draining of inhabitants from Prague to the suburbs mainly caused the migration losses. In recent years, however, there has been a slight increase in the birth rate, while the mortality rate has remained stable. The rate of population decline has therefore begun to slow down by way of natural exchange. Since 2002, Prague’s total population has been slightly rising once again owing to migration. This is mainly due to the influx of foreigners, included in the population totals for the first time. In comparison with European cities similar in size, Prague is homogeneous in terms of population nationality. Based on the census taken in 2001, Prague's population is predominantly Czech (93.4%); another large nationality group in Prague is the Slovaks (1.6%). Other nationalities are represented to a very small extent. The Romanies hold a unique position: during the 2001 census only few of them declared their real nationality, but the professional estimates have their number at between 20,000 and 25,000. In total, the national minorities in Prague are neither overly concentrated nor territorially segregated. In 2005, 89,911 foreigners legally resided in Prague, which constituted nearly a third of the total number of foreigners with legal residency in the Czech Republic (278,312 people). A total of 28% of the foreigners residing in Prague had permanent residency (25,414), 63% had temporary or long‐term residency and 9% held visas valid for more than 90 days. The most numerous groups were 30,000 Ukrainian citizens (34%), 14,000 Slovak citizens (16%) and 8,500 Russian citizens (10%). Over 55,000 of the foreigners living in Prague were economically active (this includes employment permits, registration and trade licences), i.e. 9% of Prague’s total labour force, of which over 22,000 people owned trade licences. Prague has the oldest age structure of the population in the Czech Republic. The average age of the population (41.7 years in 2004) is the highest of all the regions (Czech Republic’s average 39.8 years) and continues rising slightly. The average life expectancy of Prague’s women and men (average for 2003‐2004) reached 79.6 and 74.1 years, respectively (79.0 and 72.6 in the Czech Republic). Prague's population has been growing older over the recent years particularly as a result of a significant decline in the number of 1 children. In 2004, there were 146,000 children aged 14 or less (12.5%) living in Prague; it was 50,000 fewer than 10 years before (196,000 in 1994). There is a low birth‐rate level in Prague in the long run compared with other regions (Prague 1.19, Czech Republic 1.23). The low population of children in the recent years has been also partially influenced by the migration of young families with children to the surrounding areas of Prague. The children vs. overall population ratio in Prague remains lower than in the whole Czech Republic (14.9%). There have always been fewer children aged up to 14 than people aged over 60 in Prague. Despite the changes in methodology, which set the post‐productive age at 65 and more in 2000, the trend still persists. The proportion of Prague’s inhabitants of post‐ productive age is the highest of all regions, and in relation to the Czech average it is nearly 2% higher. The fundamental indicators of the expected trends of the future population development in Prague do not differ from the projections for the entire Czech Republic. The Czech Statistical Office expects an increase in the birth rate and a continued improvement in mortality rates; it also expects that Prague will remain a migration‐plus area.
Table 1.1: Projections of population development in Prague 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Live births 11 187 11 156 11 051 10 886 10 676 10 490 10 280 10 062 Deaths 13 869 13 844 13 829 13 852 13 871 13 884 13 916 13 944 Natural population ‐2 682 ‐2 688 ‐2 778 ‐2 966 ‐3 195 ‐3 394 ‐3 636 ‐3 882 growth Birth rate (‰) 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.1 8.9 Mortality rate (%) 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.4 Life expectancy 73.9 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.5 74.6 74.8 74.9 ‐ males Life expectancy 79.3 79.5 79.6 79.7 79.8 80.0 80.1 80.2 ‐ females Aggregate fertility rate 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.37 Source: CSO
A high proportion of the oldest age bracket in the population should be an enduring characteristic for Prague. The shift of the numbers‐strong residents born after World War II to the post‐productive age will lead, despite the expected higher fertility rate of women, to the preservation of an increase in the ageing index (number of people aged 65 or more per 100 children aged 0 ‐14). An expected slight decrease in the overall population is one of the main conclusions of Prague’s population projections. The age components will be influenced by the development of migration, especially from abroad. The mortality rate will continue improving, and the life expectancy will continue rising among males as well as females. The number of people in the highest age brackets will increase the fastest, especially that of females. The number of people entitled to medical, social and advisory services is expected to rise. The population decrease in "central" Prague will continue. According to the population projection prepared by the Czech Statistical Office, in 2050, about a half million people aged 85 years and over (compared to 101,718 in 2006) and almost three million people over 65 years (i.e. 31.3 % of the population)1 will live in the Czech Republic. In 2050, life expectancy at birth is projected to be 78.9 years for men and 84.5 years for women2 (compared to 73.4 and 79.7 years for men and women, respectively, in 2006). It is expected that in the period 2000 ‐ 2050 the proportion of the population aged 80 and over in economically advanced countries will increase three times, however, the number of people aged 100 and over will increase 15.5 times.3 The total fertility rate in the first half of 2007 was 1.4 children per woman and has thus exceeded the level of 1.3 considered being very low. However, fertility remains at low levels that, in the long‐term, do not ensure the simple replacement of the population.
Table 1.2: Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents from 1997 to the last year available 1997 % 1998 % 1999 % 2000 % 2001 % 2002 % 2003 % 2004 % 2005 % 2006 % 2007 %
1,190 4,9 1,193 mil 4,8 1,186 mil 5,5 1,181 mil 4,9 1,160 mil 5,3 1,161 mil 6,1 1,165 mil 5,9 1,170 mil 6,6 1,181 mil 7,6 1,188 mil 8,7 1,212 mil 10,6
Please cross one of the following: [ x ] the population is expanding ] the population is contracting
1 Median variant of the population development projection prepared by the Czech Statistical Office. The number of the population over 85 years is as of January 1, 2006. 2 According to the prognosis of the population development prepared by the Faculty of Science of Charles University life expectancy at birth in 2050 will be 82 years for men and 86.7 years for women. (B. Burcin and T. Kučera: Forecast of the Czech Republic’s population development in 2003 – 2065). 3 World Population Ageing, the United Nations Organization, 2002. 2
Table 1.3: Population by age group and gender in 20074
0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 Over 75
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
74941 71525 127353 119031 148375 143257 76390 81032 83799 96870 41995 54360 32875 60294
Section 2: Economic conditions Key characteristics and trends - Unemployment in the region below the Czech Republics’ and the EU’s average - High degree of economic activity of residents, including female, in comparison with the EU‐15. - High share of highly qualified people in the labour force - Rise in number of people working at their own account - More expensive labour force as compared to other regions of the Czech Republic ‐ higher average wages - Increase in the number of scientists and professionals in recent years. - Low rate of utilization of part‐time employees (3% compared to 16.6% in the EU‐15) - Trend towards extending the average length of unemployment - Increase in the number of long‐term unemployed people, especially among females - Lack of job opportunities for the disabled - Above‐average share of foreigners in the Prague labour market - High economic performance of the region - High labour productivity - Concentration of central bodies of the public and private sectors in Prague
4 Please refer if possible to the website http://www.urbanaudit.org/rank.aspx 3 Economic performance of the region Approximately a quarter of the Czech Republic’s GDP (24% ) is generated in Prague. The GDP per capita in Prague reached 201.8% of the Czech Republic's average in 2004. At present Prague highly exceeds the average values for the entire EU‐25 (in 2006 the GDP per capita in Prague was 43% higher). The higher GDP (generally typical for a metropolis) is caused by a higher level of wages, the localisation of activities with a high added value and the concentration of central bodies of the public and private sectors.
Table 2.1: Regional Gross Domestic Product in current prices ‐ in million EURO
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Region
Czech Republic 79 983 80 929 88 226 100 313 114 017 Prague 19 034 19 350 20 750 24 119 27 679
Prague is the strongest region of the Czech Republic in terms of labour productivity. In Prague the figure is over twice that of the Czech Republic’s average.
Situation on the labour market Very interesting presentation of the labour market. But for comparative reason, it is simpler if you also provide, please, some tables summing up employment rates, unemployment and activity rates by age groups for the last years available and provide tables of employment rates broken down by sectors Prague constitutes the largest regional labour market in the Czech Republic. Approximately 760,000 people work there, of which over 600,000 live in Prague; 110,000 commute from other regions and 50,000 are foreigners (in total this constitutes 15% of the employment in the Czech Republic). Prague can draw on labour force of higher qualifications (62% of people older than 15 with a school‐leaving certificate or a higher degree of education) and the average wages are higher than in the other regions of the Czech Republic (124% of the Czech Republic’s average). The unemployment rate is below average (3.2% in 2005) in relation to the statistics for the entire Czech Republic (7.8% in 2005). The rate of economic activity in Prague is above the level of economic activity for the entire Czech Republic (61.3% in Prague compared to 59.2% in the Czech Republic). The highest rate of economic activity is observed in the 35‐54 age bracket, while the lowest is seen in the age category of 19 and lower, which is, of course, related to the preparation of these individuals for their future employment. The economic activity of the individual age groups is roughly stabilised; a decline occurs for the age brackets of 60 years and over. The highest rate of economic activity is observed among people with higher education. While the rate of economic activity is nearly the same for males and females with elementary education and without education, in the secondary education group males have a higher rate of economic activity than females. The total number of employed people in Prague is declining. The number of employed males is stagnating, but their share in the overall employment rate is slightly rising (from 53% to 54%). The number of employed females is, on the contrary, dropping ‐ with a drop of 17,000 from 1998 to 2004. Most people are employed in retail, motor vehicle repair and consumer staples (16% ), followed by employees in areas dealing with real estates, rentals and private trading activities (14%). Other major areas are transport, warehousing and communications (10%), processing industries (10%), construction (9%), public administration (8%), health and social care (9%). Women in Prague are mostly employed in retail and repair shops (15%), real estates and rentals (13%), health and social care (13%) and education (11%). Nearly an 80% share in Prague’s employment is held by the tertiary sector, while the percentage of the primary sector is less than 0.3%. Between 1996 and 2006 there were several major changes in Prague: the banking and insurance sector strengthened (rise in the number of employees by 29%); the number of employees working on the real estate market grew (by 13%); the transport, warehousing and logistics sector also showed an increase (by 10%). The data available also shows a shift of employees to the social and health services area. Agriculture recorded a drop of 15%, there was also a drop in employment in the mining of mineral resources. The employment structure in Prague is markedly different from the employment structure in the Czech Republic. The highest share is held by Employment Classification groups 1‐4 (i.e. legislators, executives and senior management, scientists and professionals, technicians, health‐care workers and teachers; clerks) ‐ with a total of 67.8%, while the same share for the whole Czech Republic is only 46.4%. Prague’s share of the mentioned Employment Classification groups 1‐4 constitutes 79% of the entire Czech Republic. This is caused by the low number of people employed in industrial plants as a result of the transformation of industry in the region and the development of employment in service sectors (retail, real estates, rentals, private trading, accommodation, catering, transport, warehousing and communications, public administration, health and social care and other public services). There is a
4 distinct rise in the number of scientists and professionals, influenced by the large concentration of universities and scientific institutions and an increased interest of business entities to spend more on research and development. The largest group among Prague’s economically active inhabitants comprises employees (78%, 87% of females), although the number of employees is decreasing. The number of people working at their own account (i.e. sole traders that conduct business predominantly on the basis of a trade licence) rose (99,000 in 2004) and their share in the total labour force is 16%. The number of women working at their own account has stagnated since 2000 (28,000 ‐ 29,000) and represents 10% of the total female labour force. The share of Prague in employment of foreigners in the CR stands at 35%. The largest number of work permits were granted to foreigners from Ukraine (65% of work permits in construction), the second largest number were for citizens of the USA, 40% of whom work in education (lecturers and language teachers). The employment structure in the Prague region is, at the fundamental level, comparable with advanced EU countries and has a potential of flexible response to the changing economic conditions. In Prague, part‐time jobs constitute 6% of all jobs (compared to 3% for the entire CZ and 16.6% in EU‐15). In Prague there is a major difference in the share of part‐time jobs between males and females; the share of males with a part‐time job was 3.1%, while the share of females with a part‐time job was 10.2%.
Unemployment Owing to the range of occupations it offers, the Prague labour market was able to absorb nearly all of the labour force released during the transformation process as well as new arrivals (the unemployment rate in the first half of the 1990s was around 1%). In recent years the registered unemployment rate in Prague has increased (similarly to the other regions of the Czech Republic), but remains lower than half the national average. The unemployment rate of females is higher than that of males. The share of females among job seekers was 53.9%; the rate of their registered unemployment was 3.58%. The share of females unemployed in the long term (for more than 6 years) is approximately 73%. The largest group of unemployed people consists of job seekers with vocational education, CSV with a school‐leaving certificate and people with elementary education. Unemployment for a period longer than 6 months is observed in about 45% of all unemployed people (at 30 June 2005). 34.8% of job seekers are registered as unemployed for up to 3 months. The unfavourable rise in the number and share of job seekers registered for over 9 months is a continuing trend. The average length of unemployment registration, which was 295 days at 30 June 2004, rose to 319 days at 30 June 2005 and reached 326 days at 31 December 2005. A typical characteristic for long‐term unemployment is low education. Due a lack of specific measures, the participation of this group in re‐qualification programmes is clearly insufficient. Women are more at risk of long‐term unemployment than men. A first‐hand solution is a goal‐oriented and individual consultancy stimulating motivation and activation, including specialised activities leading to an employment increase. The age structure of job seekers has not seen any significant changes in recent years. Most job seekers are aged between 50 and 54 (14.7 %); and female job seekers account for one third of this category. The average age of job seekers has risen by 2 years, i.e. to 40 (for females as well). The greatest increase has been observed in the share of job seekers aged over 55. The highest drop overall in comparison with 2004 has been recorded among job seekers aged up to 24. There are extremely few vacancies suitable for individuals with health disabilities in the offer of available jobs. The primary cause is the limited range of opportunities that disabled people have for work, with regard to their disabilities, often linked with low or no qualifications. The negative influences also include a change from a full disability pension to a partial disability pension and a frequent lack of working habits and expertise (often due to collecting social benefits), the employers’ fear of frequent or long‐term work incapacity, and also a lack of the specific individuals’ interest in the work process. In general, an increased care in employment brokerage is necessary in the category of young people, which includes people aged up to 25 and university graduates up to two years after the successful completion of study, but not aged over 30. The graduates of higher specialised schools and universities are less prone to unemployment; in contrast, people with just primary education or incomplete primary education constitute the biggest risk group exposed to unemployment. The share of graduates unemployed in the long run also depends on the level of education reached: the lower the level of education, the higher the share of long‐term unemployment. Section 3: Policies
POLICY CHALLENGES Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs prepared the National Programme of Preparation for Ageing for 2008 – 2012. Czech govermennt adopted the resolution on the Programme on the 9th January 2008. Government and relevant government departments are responsible for the fulfillment of the Programme. The Minister of Labour and Social Affairs should annually submit a report on implementation of the Programme to the Government Council for Seniors and Population Ageing. The Mayor of the Capital City of Prague agreed to cooperate in the implementation of the priorities and measures set out in the Programme and to support regional and local activities in this area.
5 In order to improve the quality of life of older people and support prosperity in an ageing society, it is necessary to provide all people over their life course with opportunities for self‐fulfillment, learning, education and active life. Linear model of education, work and pension becomes increasingly outdated and boundaries between individual stages of the life cycle become more flexible and less distinct. Older persons have similarly as all other people the right to be assessed as individuals, on the basis of their abilities and needs, regardless of their age, sex, colour of skin, disability or other characteristics. Older persons and their knowledge and experience should be placed in the centre of changes implemented in response to population ageing. Citizens of all ages should play an active role in shaping the nature and quality of the services provided to them. In the labour market, as well as in the provision of health care, social and other services, it is desirable to make a radical change in the approach to older persons. The ageing society cannot afford to exclude older persons from the labour market and not to give an opportunity to those who want to live an active life. Health care for older people must prevent long‐term dependence and institutionalization. We need in particular more opportunities for an active and independent life of older persons, not only more residential facilities. We need age‐friendly communities that provide their citizens with more opportunities for social activities and worthwhile leisure time pursuits. We need community centers offering support and flexible services to older people and families. We need the supply of appropriate and decent housing conducive to social integration and responsive to the needs and limitations of older persons. The Programme is based on the premise that to improve the quality of life of older people and successfully address the challenges associated with population ageing, it is necessary to focus on the following priority areas. It is desirable to promote the priorities outlined below across sectors and policy domains and at all levels of government. • Economy • Care services (Improving health and health care in old age and Supporting family and carers) • Insecurity (Age‐friendly environment and community and Supporting participation of older persons in society and protecting human rights) Economy The economic activity of older people, including the economic activity after the statutory pension age depends on many factors. Generally, it is higher in places where there is higher demand for workforce and low unemployment. The economic activity of older people differs across regions and social groups. The higher level of education and qualification allows for more opportunities and flexibility in the labour market. An age in which individuals face problems in the labour market can significantly differ among individual professions and sectors of economy. It is not possible to determine a generally valid age limit after which people lose the ability to participate in the labour market and society. Education policy plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of population ageing, not only in ensuring the required qualification and flexibility of the work force and conditions for participation in lifelong learning, but also in improving health and financial competencies of the population. This requires adopting a life course approach to work and employability and creating equal access to knowledge and skills development opportunities across the life course for all. The quality of education of the next generations and its impact on labour productivity can significantly offset the impact of population ageing. It is important to predict demand for workforce, strengthen ties between further education and labour market requirements and eliminate disproportion between professional education and qualification requirements on the work force. City of Prague support adult education in schools through projects co‐funded by the European Social Fund and is planning to establish life‐long learning centres that will promote both supply of and demand for life‐long learning. City of Prague cooperates with Employment Office which offers special retraining and career counseling programmes to older persons under employment programmes. Individual action plans and solution of job situation are offered to unemployed persons aged 50 and over. But we have to face the problem that lots of people over 50 don’t want to learn new things and especially women prefer to retire earlier or they accept invalid pension. Care services Improving health and health care in old age Currently, the majority of health care is organized on the basis of the acute care model which does not respond to the needs of many patients, in particular older and chronically ill ones. For this reason, a top priority and integral part of health policy should be long‐term care development. Quality, dignity, equal access, free choice, and flexibility between formal and informal care as well as between institutional and home care provision are important requirements for the long‐term care system. Palliative care and concern for dignity and for spiritual and social needs of older people and carers should be an integral part of long‐term care. Long‐term care includes both health and social care. For some older people health and social needs are inseparable. They need both health and social care. The long‐term care system must be based on the integration of health and social care provided in
6 institutional, outpatient and home settings. The development of the long‐term care system requires transformation of the current long‐term health care facilities and seniors’ homes. City od Prague wants to increase the availability of home health care, with emphasis put on home palliative and hospice care, and the availability of domiciliary care services and consider adopting measures aimed at increasing the use of visiting service, timely identification of older persons exposed to social or other risk (screening) and treatment of older persons requiring systematic preventive or medical care (dispensarization). Supporting family and carers Most informal carers are older women. In order to increase the participation of older people, in particular of women, in the labour market, it is necessary to provide for reconciliation of family and working life. The carers of older people, similarly as parents caring for children, should be given the opportunity to remain in the labour market and receive relevant support and protection. Institutional care is often the only way of ensuring care for older people and carers are thus often faced with the choice of being overburden or “institutionalize” their relatives (i.e. to put them into institutional care facility). Social and health services should be flexible, i.e. provide support and assistance to families and carers and facilitate complementary and flexible cooperation and transition between informal and formal care. Care‐giving may be valuable and self‐fulfilling experience, if the quality of life is at the centre of services and efforts. Insecurity Age‐friendly environment and community The local government plays crucial role in creating age‐friendly communities and ensuring the availability, accessibility and quality of public transport, housing, health care, social services and other services and conditions supporting an independent, safe and active life. Supportive and enabling environment not only includes physical environment, but also social environment, i.e. social relationships and contacts. Family, community and conditions that encourage social interactions and relationships are of paramount importance for the quality of life of older people. City of Prague creates every year The Midterm Plan of Social Services Development. This Plan is created in cooperation with city districts, experts on social service and social services providers. It is based on the needs of the community and services users. It is also closely connected to financing of the social services provided in the district. A necessary prerequisite for an active and healthy life is not only sufficient income, but also mobility. Transport is part of daily life of most older people in cities and rural areas. Currently, a number of services and activities are not accessible without use of public or individual transport. The availability of and easy‐access to public transport, as well as its quality and safety, are important factors for the use of basic services and for participation in cultural and social activities, including simple visiting. City of Prague has very good transport system. Seniors and people with disabilities have special discounts on tickets. A design that respects ageing‐related changes and limitations enhances dignity, safety, self‐sufficiency and independent living. Development of information technologies, gerontotechnology and design allows for a wide and varied range of innovative measures to support of an independent life for persons with various health limitations. Assistive technologies provided in homes of persons with limited self‐care and self‐mobility improves the quality of life of those persons and their families. In the long‐term, technologically advanced (“smart”) solutions are more economical and significantly support maintaining natural social networks. City of Prague provides free wi‐fi internet. Older people can ask for IT support and advice in local district centres. Seniors can use emergency care service called Senior Lighthouse. This service is provided on cooperation with NNO Life 90. The service is provided through telephone but in future according to ambient assisted living it should be changed to IP/GSM technology and all the network participants could be connected to audiovisual conference. Supporting participation of older persons in society and protecting human rights City of Prague supports the development of the universities of the third age and other educational activities for older persons, support educational activities at the local level, including activities focused on ICT skills development. Promote the availability and awareness of information about educational opportunities for older persons. City of Prague support and implement activities aimed at preventing elder abuse and improve cooperation and exchange of information between local government, social care facilities, health care facilities and the police. City of Prague runs Intervention centre for victims of domestic violence. In case of life or health threat can police expelled the violent person from home for 10 days. Court can decide to expel the violent person from 1 month up to 12 month.
7 Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 5 Elderly health 5
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 4 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 5
Elderly active citizenship 5
Elderly active social life 5 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 5 Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers:
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy Prague Economy growth rate is expanding above the A high share of job seeker among 50‐64 years old. national level. Very few vacancies for people with disabilities. Care and insecurity A larger share of older people longer unemployed and Wide network of social services providers based on the unskilled needs of community Care and insecurity Region has to provide the Plan but municipalities do not have to, they are only motivated to cooperate
Opportunities Threats Economy Economy Long life learning projects promoted at national level Low participation of unskilled people in training activities. The employment structure is becoming more flexible in Care and insecurity accordance with the labour demand needs. Not working cooperation on local level Care and insecurity Exchange of political leadership can effect the local New methodology strategies Cooperation on local level Services created according to the users needs Active citizenship
POLICY EXPERIENCE Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
8 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 1
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3
Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 2 Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify) Economy City of Prague supports adult education in schools through projects co‐funded by the European Social Fund and is planning to establish life‐long learning centres that will promote both supply of and demand for life‐long learning. City of Prague cooperates with Employment Office which offers special retraining and career counselling programmes to older persons under employment programmes. Individual action plans and solution of job situation are offered to unemployed persons aged 50 and over. But we have to face the problem that lots of people over 50 don’t want to learn new things and especially women prefer to retire earlier or they accept invalid pension. Care services Improving health and health care in old age City of Prague wants to increase the availability of home health care, with emphasis put on home palliative and hospice care, and the availability of domiciliary care services and consider adopting measures aimed at increasing the use of visiting service, timely identification of older persons exposed to social or other risk (screening) and treatment of older persons requiring systematic preventive or medical care (dispensarization). Supporting family and carers City of Prague plans to support the development and availability of respite social and health services providing support, information and assistance to carers and families. Support projects and organizations focused on the provision of counselling services and assistance to older persons and caring families. Insecurity Age‐friendly environment and community City of Prague creates every year The Midterm Plan of Social Services Development (more detailed in annex). This Plan is created in cooperation with city districts, experts on social service and social services providers. It is based on the needs of the community and services users. It is also closely connected to financing of the social services provided in the district. City of Prague has very good transport system. Seniors and people with disabilities have special discounts on tickets. City of Prague provides free wi‐fi internet. Older people can ask for IT support and advice in local district centres. Seniors can use emergency care service called Senior Lighthouse. This service is provided on cooperation with NNO Life 90. The service is provided through telephone but in future according to ambient assisted living it should be changed to IP/GSM technology and all the network participants could be connected to audiovisual conference. HELP LINE AREÍON ‐ messenger of quick help. This long distance control unit serves older, handicapped and lonely clients. State of the clients is monitored for 24 hours a day and this enables them to live an independent life in their home environment. On case of emergency / accident fall, rapid deterioration of health, assault etc./ client with the help of push button on her neck can send a call to the control unit. The staff of the help line can immediately organize a professional assistance. First aid is also provided in case when the sensors in client´s flat do not signalise any movement for longer time. SENIOR PHONE ‐ culties or troubles and is in use for 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. It is the only one specialised line in crisis intervention on Czech Republic oriented to the problems of elders and families caring for seriously sick people. This line serves seniors and theirs families mainly immediately organize a professional assistance. for advise and information, for first aid on connection with the specialised advisory, as an usually the only social contact point for lonely. Supporting participation of older persons in society and protecting human ri 9 City of Prague supports the development of the universities of the third age and other educational activities for older persons, support educational activities at the local level, including activities focused on ICT skills development. Promote the availability and awareness of information about educational opportunities for older persons. City of Prague supports and implements activities aimed at preventing elder abuse and improve cooperation and exchange of information between local government, social care facilities, health care facilities and the police. City of Prague runs Intervention centre for victims of domestic violence. In case of life or health threat can police expelled the violent person from home for 10 days. Court can decide to expel the violent person from 1 month up to 12 month. Annex 1‐ POLICY SUMMARY TANBLE ‐ System of the Planning of Social Services in Prague – CITY MUNICIPALITY Annex 2 ‐ POLICY SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ System of the Planning of Social Services in Prague – CITY MUNICIPALITY POLICY LEARNING NEEDS Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1). Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly 2
within the city?)
Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 2
Elderly active citizenship 2 Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify) Education policy plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of population ageing, not only in ensuring the required qualification and flexibility of the work force and conditions for participation in lifelong learning, but also in improving health and financial competencies of the population. This requires adopting a life course approach to work and employability and creating equal access to knowledge and skills development opportunities across the life course for all. The quality of education of the next generations and its impact on labour productivity can significantly offset the impact of population ageing. It is important to predict demand for workforce, strengthen ties between further education and labour market requirements and eliminate disproportion between professional education and qualification requirements on the work force. City of Prague would like to increase the supply and availability of life‐long learning for employers and employees. Support employers and employees investing in increasing knowledge and skills of older workers and providing conditions for gradual retirement and for employing pensioners. City of Prague sees as the most important focus on providing trainings in digital divide and ICT and promoting quality in social services.
Conclusions: Prague has the oldest age structure of the Czech Republic and its population has been growing older over the recent years particularly as a result of a significant decline in the number of children. The older age groups, in particular women, are expected to grow the fastest, increasing the number of people entitled to medical, social and advisory services. Prague municipality is focusing its policy efforts on four main areas: the quality of social services; the development of a long‐term care system based on the integration of health and care; home‐based care and support to families and carers through advisory services and assistance; affordable housing conducive to social integration and responsive to the needs and vulnerability of older people; development of new technologies. A wide network of social services for older people is already in place (elderly homes, day care centres, home care) as well as social houses. The municipally intends to develop an integrated system of social services at the community level in cooperation with the main stakeholders: city districts, private providers and users. A phone emergency care service called “Senior Lighthouse” is also provided by the municipality in cooperation with a member of the Local Support Group (Life 90) and is expected to further enhance capacity to link up network participants through the use of IP/GPS technology. The municipality of Prague expects to share experiences in financing of social services and long‐term care and new technology transfer.
10 Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE System of the Planning of Social Services in Prague
Summary table City Prague Country Czech Republic Name of the measure System of the Planning of Social Services in Prague Governance level Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs City of Prague Prague City Districts
Actors involved in the policy – Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs is the controlling mechanism. making process City of Prague, Department of Social and Health Care ir responsible for preparing the Midterm Plan of Social Services Development in cooperation with the Prague City Districts. The whole process includes cooperation with experts on social services and social services providers. City of Prague set up specialised working groups focused on different measures i.e. financing of social services, analyses of the users needs etc. Financing 22 mil CZK – including the education and training Target population Social services and the care allowance are provided to a person registered for the permanent stay in the territory of the Czech Republic according to special legal regulations and also to foreigner from EU member states and to persons granted the asylum according to a special legal regulation or to a foreigner without the permanent stay in the territory of the Czech Republic, granted such rights under an international treaty . Target population is population of City of Prague, which roughly 1,2 mil inhabitants, 280 000 people over 60, women160 000, men 120 000. Monitoring/evaluation activity? The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs is providing ex‐post evaluation and creating the national midterm plan of social services development based on the regional ones. Please, few words on the evaluation process
Policy debate According to the law on Social Services each region in Czech Republic has the duty to plan system of providing social services. Municipalities are motivated to cooperate on creating the Midterm Plan of Sical Services Development. The plan is created according the needs of local people, services users. Please, few words on the key debate. Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses
Wide network of social services providers Region has to provide the Plan but based on the needs of community municipalities don´t have to, they are only motivated to cooperate
Opportunities Threats
New methodology Not working cooperation on local level Cooperation on local level Exchange of political leadership can effect Services created according to the users the local strategies needs Active citizenship
1 Annex 2 POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE – System of the Planning of Social Services in Prague
Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Labour Ministry of Ministry of 7,5% Ministry of Labour level) Social Affairs and Social Affairs Labour and Labour and and Social Affairs – Social Affairs Social Affairs national level
Region (Specify) City of Prague City of Prague City of Prague 7,5% City of Prague City of Prague – local level
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify) Social Services Centre Prague
Not for profit actors NNO – registered as social services providers
For profit actors
Other social actors ESF project 85% Other registered social services providers – i.e. church instituons
No one
MARIBOR ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile
Partner Profile General information City: MARIBOR Country: Slovenia Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n) N ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n) ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n) Y Section 1: Demographic structure of the city With a population of more than 130,000 inhabitants, Maribor is the second largest city in the Republic of Slovenia, and is situated 274 metres above sea level in the northeastern part of the country. It is only 18 km away from the Austrian border, and for centuries has been an important junction between the north and the south, as well as between Eastern and Western Europe. Maribor was one of the largest industrial centres of the former Yugoslavia, and consequently developed major environmental problems in the ′80′s and ′90′s including: air pollution, groundwater polluting, and illegal dumping of municipal and industrial waste. The City of Maribor must find an efficient, economic way to restructure and overcome the burden of tradition: (e.g., energy and labour intensive manufacturing should be transformed into business, financial and professionally‐intensive activities), while the under‐developed traffic infrastructure should be overhauled. Maribor is also an important regional centre and university city. Its role was expanded recently with the opening of the new university library. For several years, Maribor has been hosting regional institutions, such as the Regional Museum, the Regional Archives the National Liberation Museum, and the Natural and Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute. In the future, Maribor should also link with the EU and secure its position on the basis of certain facts about the area: ‐ an exceptional traffic location at the junction of the Alps and of the Pannonian lowlands; ‐ with its 130,000 inhabitants, its size, classifies it at the lower end of larger European cities; ‐ its human potential, characterized by its education level and ability for work, the state and future possibilities in the research and development area; ‐ the high quality and the diversity of the environment, the interwining of mountains, Pohorje, wine bearing hills, and valleys of the Drava River‐all make this region one of the most picturesque parts of Slovenia. The Podravje region is the fifth biggest region in Slovenia, as it covers 2.170 km2. In June 2007 it had a population of 320.863, which represents 15,8% of total population in Slovenia and puts the region on second place based on its population. The rate of elderly in Podravje is higher when compared to Slovenian national average. The share of people who are 50 or more in 2007 was 37% and has increased from 34,3% in 2003. It is also higher than Slovenian national average which was 35,8% in 2007 and 33,1% in 2003.
Ageing of population and estimation of future demographic movements in Slovenia.
One of the main achievements in the second half of 20th century, which descends from improvement of health conditions and social relationships, is prolonging of life span of population. This process especially in well‐developed countries coincides with explicitly decreasing of number of births.
Among all old inhabitants, there are more women – 62 %. There are around 20 % of older than 80 among all old inhabitants or in number‐ around 60.000 inhabitants. In 2003, the common number of inhabitants older than 65, had surpassed the common number of inhabitants’ age between 0 – 15.
Table 1.1 : the old population in Slovenia in the period of 1998 – 2004 and projection for the period of 2005‐2010 1998 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 up to 64 1.709.747 1.691.942 1.693.942 1.691.260 1.688.905 1.685.652 1.682.798 1.682.207 65‐79 224.598 246.025 245.750 248.096 250.154 252.832 255.130 255.165 80 ‐ above 43.989 60.459 60.030 63.497 66.834 70.440 74.065 77.430
1 TOTAL 1.978.334 1.997.590 1.999.722 2.002.853 2.005.893 2.008.929 2.011.993 2.014.802 Structure in % up to 64 86,4 84,6 84,7 84,4 84,2 83,9 83,6 83,5 65‐79 11,4 12,3 12,3 12,4 12,5 12.6 12,7 12,7 80 ‐ above 2,2 3,0 3,0 3,2 3,3 3,5 3,7 3,8 TOTAL 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Source: SURS, projection Eurostat 2005 – 2010
Table 1.2: Projection of number of old population in Slovenia for the period 2005 ‐ 2050 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 up to 64 1.693.942 1.682.207 1.605.975 1.503.132 1.406.978 1.308.802 65‐79 245.750 255.165 307.931 377.093 379.836 391.475 80 ‐ above 60.030 77.430 102.784 125.772 178.507 200.572 TOTAL 1.999.722 2.014.802 2.016.690 2.005.997 1.965.321 1.900.849 Structure in % up to 64 84,5 83,5 79,6 74,9 71,5 68,9 65‐79 12,3 12,7 15,3 18,8 19,3 20,6 80 ‐ above 3,0 2,8 5,1 6,2 9,1 10,6 TOTAL 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
Table 1.3: Total Resident population and % of foreign residents from 1997 to the last year available – City of Maribor (Municipality) 2002 2003 % 2004 % 2005 % 2006 % 2007 %
110.668 122.558 2,94 111.673 2,54 111.073 2,82 110.580 3,37 111.340 5
Source: Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia
Please cross one of the following: [ X ] the population is expanding [ ] the population is contracting
Table 1.4: population, net increase, live births, birth rate and number of foreigners living or working in Maribor
2
As seen in the table, natural increase in the city of Maribor is constantly negative in the last 8‐year period. But the number of population is slowly increasing after 2006 due to foreigners. Since 1997, population growth in Maribor has been entirely (as in the whole Republic of Slovenia) due to immigration from abroad. The trend in the city and in Podravje region in changing regional structure of the population due to declining of natural increase, lower mortality rates, net migrations between municipalities and increasing number of foreigners. Foreigners mostly come from former Yugoslav republics, mostly from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Table 1.5: population by age group and gender (one table as the one below for the years 1999 and 2007)1 2007
1999
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: Population 110668 112558 111673 111073 110580 111340 Statistical Natural ‐351 ‐381 ‐315 ‐308 ‐329 ‐397 ‐340 ‐287 office of the increase Republic of Live births 848 867 792 904 881 Slovenia Birth rate 7,7 7,7 7,1 8,1 8,0 Number of 2804 2836 3127 3762 5569 foreigners The following Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia table 0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 Over 75
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
6.383 6.171 10.465 9.281 12.757 11.627 9.326 8.788 7.538 8.401 5.062 6.478 2.928 6.495
0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 Over 75
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
7.805 7.502 11.820 11.186 13.395 13.518 9.002 8.995 6.668 7.464 4.599 7.009 1.923 4.646 presents some basic trends for the population in Podravje region, based on the shares of its main age groups, average age of the population and the ageing index.
Table Population Main age groups (age) Shares based on age % Avg. Ageing 1.6 age index 0 ‐ 14 15 ‐ 64 65+ 0 ‐ 14 15 ‐ 64 65+ 1999 319.605 48.487 226.456 44.662 15,2 70,9 14,0 39,2 92,1 2000 319.717 47.224 226.880 45.613 14,8 71,0 14,3 39,5 96,6 2001 320.078 46.102 227.071 46.905 14,4 70,9 14,7 39,9 101,7 2002 319.804 44.953 226.868 47.983 14,1 70,9 15,0 40,3 106,7 2003 319.426 43.841 226.857 48.728 13,7 71,0 15,3 40,6 111,1 2004 319.114 43.040 226.477 49.597 13,5 71,0 15,5 40,9 115,2 2005 319.235 42.464 226.261 50.510 13,3 70,9 15,8 41,2 118,9 2006 319.706 41.993 226.240 51.473 13,1 70,8 16,1 41,5 122,6
It is evident, that the number of people and their share among the entire population in Podravje, who are 65 or more years old has been constantly increasing during last years. As a result, the average age and the ageing index have also been rising. All these indicators for Podravje region are higher than the Slovenian national average. In Slovenia, there were 15,9% of people in the age group 65+, the average age was 40,8 years and the ageing index was 113,7 in 2006. Current projections show that by the year 2050 the share of people in the group 65+ in Slovenia will be 31,1% and their number will double. Another worrying indicator is the coefficient of dependence of elderly, which represents the relationship between elderly
1 Please refer if possible to the website http://www.urbanaudit.org/rank.aspx 3 and the active population. In 2004 the coefficient was 21,4 and by 2050 it is projected to almost triple its current value to 55,6.
Section 2: Socio‐ Economic conditions After the World War II, Maribor capitalized on its proximity to Austria as well as its skilled workforce, and developed into a major transit, cultural center of Eastern Slovenia and the biggest industrial city in Yugoslavia. After Slovenia secured independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the loss of the Yugoslav market severely strained the city's economy which was based on heavy industry, resulting in record levels of unemployment of almost 25%. The situation has improved since the mid‐1990s with the development of small and medium sized businesses and industry. Unemployment in December 2007 is 10,2%. With the growing share of ageing population the burden of responsibilities for active population is getting larger and larger. As less younger workforce enters the market and the number of people in retirement grows larger, the financial burden on active population, due to increased spending for pensions, social services and health care, will increase. Another problem, which needs to be addressed is the deficiency of competences and skills of elder population to re‐enter or stay on the labour market. Elderly employees often lack the motivation to continuously improve their competences, which reduces their motivation, companies income and profit and increases social exclusion of elderly employees. There are also health problems, insufficient competitiveness because of knowledge and lack of competence, unsuitable valuables and beliefs, poor working conditions and management oppressions, legislation etc. Great unemployment rate among older people – fears and stereotypes of the employer, insufficient motivation for additional learning, etc. ‐10% of unemployed people are in the age between 16 and 60; ‐ 16 % of unemployed people are in the age 65 and above. The biggest challenges that city of Maribor faces in the field of quality life of old populations are: - establishing the appropriate financial mechanisms to control the poverty, which becomes bigger every day among old population; - finding the possibilities of temporary jobs; - encouraging the creativity; - encouraging the intergeneration coexistence.
Table 2.1: Number of unemployed in the area of Employment Agency of Maribor in period 1997‐2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Number 24.656 23.620 21.193 19.223 19.186 18.048 15.872 14.503 14.351 12.601 10.895 Source: Employment agency annual reports
Table 2.2: Percentage of unemployed women in the area of Employment Agency of Maribor in period 1997‐2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 % 49,0 49,6 51,4 51,9 52,3 52,3 54,4 54,7 55,8 56,5 56,6 Source: Employment agency annual reports Table 2.3:Unemployment by age groups in the area of Employment Agency of Maribor in 2007 Age ‐18 18‐25 25‐30 30‐40 40‐50 50‐60 60+ Number 5 1.469 1.732 2.042 2.330 3.105 212 % 0,0 13,5 15,9 18,7 21,4 28,5 1,9 Source: Employment agency annual reports The economy of Maribor and the entire Podravje region is mostly based around the service sector, with retailing, trade and business activities being highly important, which is shown in following table.
Table 2.4: Employment structure in Maribor by sectors Sector Jobs per Year 2005 percentage 2006 percentage 2007 percentage Primary activities 1200 1,77 1323 1,89 1239 1,67
Manufacturing 16030 23,63 16175 23,09 16947 22,89
4 Construction and building trades 5018 7,40 5551 7,93 6717 9,07 Services 45589 67,2 46996 67,09 49125 66,36 Total 67837 100 70045 100 74028 100 Source: Employment agency annual reports
The next table shows changes in employment structure by sectors in Maribor in years 2001, 2005 and 2007.
Table 2.5:Dynamics in Maribor's economic structure in 2001, 2005 and 2007 Sector 2001 2005 2007 Jobs Index Jobs Index Jobs Index Primary activities 1078 100 1200 111 1239 114 Manufacturing 16347 100 16030 98 16947 104 Construction and building trades 4635 100 5018 108 6717 113 Services 42070 100 45589 108 49125 117 Total 64130 100 67837 106 74028 115 Source: Employment agency annual reports
Table 2.6: Number of companies in City of Maribor in 2004 Sector Number of companies A Agriculture and Forestry 14 B Fishing 1 C Mining and Quarrying 2 D Manufacturing 282 E Energy and Water supply 9 F Construction 165 G Wholesale trade 717 H Hotels and Restaurants 62 I Transport and Communication 100 J Financial activities 49 K Business services and Real Estate 640 activities M Education 21 N Health and Social services 36 O Other Services 53 TOTAL 2.151 Our city has experienced a phase of industralisation after 2005 when the number of jobs in the sector slightly fell. After that year the number has been increasing. Number of jobs in construction has been constantly rising. The table 2.6 shows number of companies in Maribor by sector. As shown in the table, most companies in Maribor in 2004 were active in wholesale trade, followed by Business services and Real Estate activities and Manufacturing. In Podravje region 99 % of all companies are SMEs, namely, micro, small and medium‐sized enterprises, out of which approx. 95% are micro enterprises. SMEs employ (in the region of Podravje – data for the city is not available) about 45% of total employees in the business sector. Prevailing activities: services, mostly retail trade, construction, various business and personal services. Low level of innovative products/services, predominantly aged technologies. Some exceptions among medium‐sized companies. As in Slovenia, economy in Maribor has also been expanding in the last couple of years. GDP per capita for Podravje region has been steadily increasing from 3,3 Billion Euros in 2006 to 3,8 Billion Euros in 2008. Also unemployment numbers have been constantly falling though the years. Section 3: Policies
5 POLICIES CHALLENGES Economy The Ministries and the Municipality of Maribor have tried to assess the impact of demographic change and have tried to develop the influence of increased ability of employment for workers who are in the age of 50 and above. In principle of all policies and concrete actions activity follows the National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010. It will have a following title name: Solidarity, coexistence and quality ageing of population. The biggest challenges that city of Maribor faces in the field of quality life of old populations are: establishing the appropriate financial mechanisms to control the poverty, which becomes bigger every day among old population. finding the possibilities of temporary jobs encouraging the creativity encouraging the intergeneration coexistence,… Based on the Law of employment and security in case of unemployment, in the year of 2006, the Regulation of implementation of active employment policies measures was accepted in the year of 2007. This Regulation comprises the fact of implementing the measures of active employment policy, among others, also the group, which faces hard time of employment. And this group is old population (mostly women!). Measures, which are implemented by this Regulations are: - advising and help in terms of searching employment - qualifying and education - fostering the employment and self‐employment - increasing the social involvement Opportunity for better chance of employment of old population is secured by programme of “Life span education”, which is being implemented by the Law of Education for old population from the year of 2006. Looking at employment, it may generally be observed that the job opportunities for people aged 50 years and over have become increasingly limited. This age group is widely deemed unattractive as a source of labor for a number of reasons: a perceived lack of flexibility and initiative; a poor grasp of foreign languages; a reluctance to take part in training; limited adaptability to new working conditions; a lack of knowledge of new technologies or production processes; and a greater tendency towards taking sick leave. We originate from the fact that potential of older work force in Slovenia/Podravje is unexploited. We identified two main causes of for this position of older workforce in Slovenia: - Early leave from the labour market: health problems; insufficient competitiveness because of knowledge and competence lacking; unsuitable valuables and beliefs; poor working conditions and management oppressions; legislation etc. - Great unemployment rate among older people – fears and stereotypes of the employer; knowledge and competence lacking; unsuitable valuables and beliefs; insufficient motivation for additional learning etc. Our purpose is not only to preserve aged population to stay in employment, but also to pursue and stipulate employment of much more vulnerable sub‐group of aged population, that is unemployed people over 50 years old. So, we must give older workers the opportunity to learn and develop new skills if their skills deficits and obsolescence are not hinder employment (whether retaining a job or reentering the labour market). On the other hand there is a need to change the attitude of employers toward older workers by integration of communication processes between the generations and awareness raising activities.
Care and insecurity Maribor Municipality takes also into consideration the quality of life of elderly in terms of a healthy environment where to live. Based on the Housing Law from the year of 2004 and the Regulation of Institutional Protection (both on state level), Municipality of Maribor has built some buildings with apartments. These apartments are given out for renting based on rules for renting the protected houses. These protected or secured houses ensure offer of health services, maintenance of personal hygiene, household help and help to hold the social connections.
Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city. Table 3.1: Policy challenges
6 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3
Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 4
Elderly active citizenship 4 Elderly active social life 5 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers: Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy Increased awareness for life‐long learning, which enables Employers prefer younger workers, because of their ability elderly workers to constantly improve their competences. to adapt and gain additional knowledge Increased awareness about the challenges which an ageing older workers usually earn more than younger workers and population and workforce present have more benefits (vacation days) Subsidies for retraining and education of elderly Older workers are facing prejudices from employers Subsidies for employment of unemployed elderly Older workers have not adapted to characteristics of knowledge economy (constant learning, more frequent Care and insecurity change of jobs, faster pace) Increasing involvement of stakeholders in long‐term care Lack of incentives for companies to stimulate older workers provision for a later retirement Development of NGO‐s Lack of competences in the field of ICT among older Good training and education of volunteers in social services people Care and insecurity Different way of thinking between generations can cause difficulties in living together Older people usually have more health problems with risks of mobility and exclusion
Opportunities Threats Economy Economy Preparation of Slovene Strategy for active ageing Increased financial burden on workforce because of higher Lack of younger workers on the future labour market due to spending for pensions, health care and social services might the demographic trends lead to friction between generations and social exclusion of Development of policies which will stimulate later retirement older workforce Labour market will be more open for foreign workers – more Care and insecurity (cheaper) competition Development of innovative forms and connections at local Technological development will be even faster, which might level for implementing the programmes on the combat put additional pressure on older workers to keep their against discrimination and on social inclusion of elderly competences up to date Removal of incentives for early retirement Development for new policies and incentives for tackling the Care and insecurity challenges of an ageing population Existing social systems structure will not be appropriate for the growing needs of ageing population
7 POLICY EXPERIENCE Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 2 Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 1
Elderly active citizenship 1
Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Life span education for old population 3
Economy In the last 3 years Slovenia introduced a series of Laws favouring longer retirement, adult education and secure jobs in case of unemployment (see annexes for more details). In the last years Maribor implemented transnational experience in the ageing theme, focusing on employment, care and quality of the urban environment and mobility: 1) Power of Age Diversity – PAD to Better Business (Leonardo da Vinci) promoter, eim, HRDC. The overall project aim is: To create supportive environment for active participation of ageing population in knowledge society. By designing and implementing new approaches, measures, models and tools the project will contribute to increasing participation of older people on labour market and improving quality of life by promoting Lifelong Learning.
2) Quality Ageing In an Urban Environment (INTERREG IVB project) promoter: Újbuda District, Budapest. The overall objective of the project is to develop effective strategies to establish a set of quality public services adapted to the needs of the Silver Age society, providing for a better life quality and enabling them to live an active and independent life, and where possible to drive them back to the labour market. The project aims to approach and tackle this topic from four different angles: 1. Quality of the urban living environment – e.g. housing, recreational facilities; 2. Health services – focus on prevention and cure of chronic diseases; 3. Employment – labour market opportunities for people above 50; 4. Mobility – access to services – physical and digital infrastructure .
Care and insecurity In principle all policies and concrete actions activity follows the National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010 (see annex for more details). It will have a following title name: Solidarity, coexistence and quality ageing of population. The major actors in these activities are on governmental level are different ministries while on the local level is municipality of Maribor, various institutes and centres for helping old people. There are also many non‐governmental organisations, associations, which take part in these activities. Municipality of Maribor has assigned means, which are intended for the activities and developing the programmes for old people – Gerontology centre, and within open tenders, we have programmes of co‐financing social‐care programmes in terms of civil society as well as co‐financing the gerontologic associations. Among many NGOs, which in last period work in the field of care, help and social involvement of old population, there is very good one Association of Societies for Social Gerontology of Republic of Slovenia with its head office in Maribor. This Association has its subgroups and there are 486, they also have 5144 members – elderly people, 65 years old and above. This mean that a very big density of subgroups work in Maribor. The programme that the Association carries out: - Elderly people self‐help groups – the basic programme; - training and education of the volunteers for group supervisors; - intervision and supervision; - training and education of the local network organisers; - publishing the magazine “Prepletanja” (“Interweavings”) - intergenerational camps. 8
Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ Employment and security Law in case of unemployment POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010 POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ Education for old population Law Annex 2 – POLICY SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ Employment and security Law in case of unemployment, National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010 and Education for old population Law
POLICY LEARNING NEEDS Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1). Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 3
Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify) In Maribor, there is need to improve active social life in the City, through a framework of themes which are integrated each other and related to all 3 main themes of Active A.G.E. project (employment, care and insecurity): professional Age management on the level of City; programme for active social life; budget subsides to make active social live accessible also for elderly population with lower income; promotion of active social life attracting several elderly; additional knowledge in the area of improving life quality for the elderly; sharing good practices; fresh perspective through transnationality of the partnership. Conclusions: In Maribor, as in Rome, Seville and Thessaloniki, the labour market participation of the older workers depends very much on job opportunities in a context of high unemployment and low overall labour demand. In 2007 the unemployment rate for the 50‐60 age group was 28.5%.Early retirement is one of the main reasons for scant exploitation of the older workforce, and it is driven by health problems, lack of suitable knowledge and competence, poor working condition and weak incentives for companies to encourage older workers to retire later. Poverty is becoming an increasingly important issue, in particular it is single retired women who are more commonly at the poverty line. The municipality’s main policy challenges are thus focused on two issues. To retain older workers in the labour market and promote the re‐entry of the most vulnerable sub‐group, the over 50, through training and development of new skills. To promote social inclusion and active citizenship This requires the creation of specific programmes and the provision of subsidies to ensure access to basic services also to lower income elderly people. Establishing financial mechanism to fight poverty is deemed to be a major policy challenge. Policies and actions follow the “National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010”. Older workers’ opportunities are supported by the “Regulation of implementation of active employment policies measures” and by the programme “Life span education”. The municipality of Maribor has also policy experience in the field of health and social care. It is currently running gerontology centres and is also co‐financing social care programmes with civil society organizations. The municipality expects to exchange experiences in the field of improving life quality for the elderly, share good practice and get a fresh perspective through transnational partnership.
9 Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ Employment and security Law in case of unemployment POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010 POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ Education for old population Law
Summary table City Maribor Country Slovenia
Name of the measure Law of employment and security in case of unemployment, in the year of 2006, and Regulation of implementation of active employment policies measures was accepted in the year of 2007 Governance level National level Actors involved in the policy – National politicians making process Financing National level and EU co‐financing (ESF,..) Target population This Regulation comprises the fact of implementing the measures of active employment policy, among others, also the group, which faces hard time of employment. And this group is old population (mostly women!). Monitoring/evaluation activity? Still in preparation. Policy debate Policies results For each policies/projects please fill the following SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Implementing the measures of active Many people retire early anyway employment policy, among others, also the Only few permanent employments group, which faces hard time of employment (old population ‐ mostly women!). Temporary employments Equality between meals and females
Stimulated discussions
Opportunities Threats
Fostering the employment and self‐ Stress,, health problems,.. employment Increasing the social involvement
1 Name of the measure National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010
Governance level National level Actors involved in the policy – National politicians making process Financing National level, local communities, social welfare institutions,… Target population This Strategy has a following title name: Solidarity, coexistence and quality ageing of population. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Still in preparation. Policy debate Policies results For each policies/projects please fill the following SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses
Development of NGO‐s Not accurate financing and Voluntary co‐financing Training and education of the volunteers Increasing the social involvement
Opportunities Threats
Involvement of certain people who need Possibility to make transition from quality to special care quantity Training and education of the volunteers
In accordance to above mentioned Strategy of protection of old population, we have in Slovenia many NGOs, which in last period work in the field of care, help and social involvement of old population. Among them, there is very good one Association of Societies for Social Gerontology of Republic of Slovenia with its head office in Maribor. This Association has its subgroups and there are 486, they also have 5144 members – elderly people, 65 years old and above. This mean that a very big density of subgroups work in Maribor. The programme that the Association carries out: - Elderly people self‐help groups – the basic programme; - training and education of the volunteers for group supervisors; - intervision and supervision; - training and education of the local network organisers; - publishing the magazine “Prepletanja” (“Interweavings”) intergenerational camps
Name of the measure Law of Education for old population from the year of 2006.
Governance level National level Actors involved in the policy – National politicians making process Financing National level, local communities, EU co‐financing,.. Target population All population with special emphasising on old population
2 Monitoring/evaluation activity? Still in preparation. Policy debate Policies results For each policies/projects please fill the following SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses
Training and education of the elderly Lack of psychological understanding of Increasing the social involvement elderly, Better chances for employment Lack of professional educational workers Decreasing of intergenerational differences Bad adaptability of programmes
Opportunities Threats
Improvement of psyche‐physical capability Small interest of involvement, bad access … Prolonging the quality of working period
3 Annex 2 ‐ POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ Employment and security Law in case of unemployment, National Strategy Programme of taking care of old people until the year of 2010 and Education for old population Law
Who has Describe the Who carried out Who delivered the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has Inter‐institutional the monitoring and intervention (services need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of the evaluation or provisions)? criteria? resources %. activity?
State (national or federal Ministry for Work, Ministry for Ministry for Co‐financing Ministry for Work, Ministry for Work, level) Family and social Work, Family Work, Family and Family and social Family and social affairs and social social affairs affairs affairs affairs
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other Municipality of Municipality of Co‐financing Municipality of Municipality of local authority, specify) Maribor Maribor Maribor Maribor
Other institution (specify) Different Different NGO‐s NGO NGO‐s
Not for profit actors Different NGO‐s and Co‐financing Different NGO‐s and other sociations other sociations
For profit actors Different profit actors Different profit for instance: actors (donators Andragoški zavod and sponsors)
Other social actors
No one
EDINBURGH ANNEX 4 – Partner Profile
Partner Profile General information City: Edinburgh Country: UK Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City ‐ N ‐ Is your city the Regional capital – Y (Region – Scotland) ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital – N Section 1: Demographic structure of the city As of 2006, the General Register Office for Scotland estimated that the City of Edinburgh Council (CEC) area had a resident population of 463,510. The 2001 UK census reported the population to be 448,624, making the city the seventh largest in the United Kingdom. This was split between 220,094 males and 237,736 females. The population of the greater Edinburgh area (including parts of Fife and the Scottish Borders) is 1.25 million and is projected to grow to 1.33 million by 2020. CEC hopes this will continue to grow to 1.5 million by 2040, which is in line with the current average population of the three leading city regions in northern Europe: Stockholm, Helsinki and Oslo. Though Edinburgh's population is ageing, a very large and transient population of young students (100,000) studying at the city universities has helped to offset this demographic problem. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, is its second largest city after Glasgow which is situated 45 miles (72 km) to the west, and is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The city is one of Europe's major tourist destinations, attracting around 13 million visitors a year, and is the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom, after London. The birth rate in Edinburgh over the past 10 years has been fairly static around the 4,700 per annum. In 1999 the birth rate was 4.764 and in 2005 it was 4,691. In the first 3 months of 2008, however, there were 1,369 births recorded. This is higher that the corresponding figure for the first 3 months of 2007 (1,210) and, if the trend continues will see the birth rate approach 5,500 for the year. This will have a subsequent effect on the need for school places and affect the demographic averages. It is believed that a major contributory factor to this has been the large number of migrant workers (specifically Polish) living and working in the city. The percentage of children has been dropping over the past 10 years from 16.31% in 1999 to 15.18% in 2005. Over the same period, however, the number of 16‐19 year olds has remained fairly static and has grown slightly. In 1999 it was 22,500 and in 2005 it was just short of 23,000 (with a peak of 23,500 in 2003 and 2004). The working age population percentage has increased since 1999 when the percentage was 65.94% to 2005 when it had risen to 67.81%. Over the coming years it is forecasted that this number will drop, whilst the numbers of people who are of pensionable age increases. Over the period 1999 to 2005 the percentage of the Edinburgh population who are pensionable age (i.e. 65 for men and 60 for women) has dropped from 17.75% to 17.01%. One of the areas that has a big impact on both labour market statistics as well as support to the weak and needy of society is the number of people who provide unpaid care support. In the 2001 census there were almost 40,000 unpaid carers.
Population The estimated population of people aged 50 and over in June 2006 in Edinburgh was 141,776 out of a total estimated population of 463,510. Of which there was an estimated population of 73,377 between the traditional working age group of 50‐64, made up of; 35,839 male and 37,538 femalei.
1 Table 1.1: Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents from 1997 to the last year available 1991 2000 2001 % 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
436,320 448,430 448,624 4.1% 448,020 448,370 453,670 457,830 463,510
Unfortunately the %age of foreigners is only recorded as part of the 10‐yearly census. The percentage (4.1%) shown above relates to the 2001 census. Since then Edinburgh has seen an influx of migrant workers which equates to roughly 45,000 or 10% of the resident population, but this is not shown in any official statistic, with the only records we have being registrations for National Insurance, and that can occur in other towns and cities, thus skewing the figures.
Please cross one of the following: [ X ] the population is expanding [ ] the population is contracting Below are tables showing age group and gender across 2006 (the most recent year that we have full statistics for), 2000 and 1991 to allow for comparisons across a 15 year period. Table 1.2: Population age structure
Section 2: Economic conditions Edinburgh, as the capital of Scotland, has been consistently one of the most prosperous parts of the country and has the strongest economy of any city in the UK outside London. The economy of Edinburgh has recently been announced as one of the fastest growing city regions in Europe, with strong rates of growth in banking, financial services and hi tech research and development. The economy of Edinburgh is largely based around the service sector, with tourism, financial services and banking being particularly important as well as education and high tech research.
Economic Profile
2 Edinburgh's population is growing significantly, mainly through inward migration from overseas and, particularly the rest of the United Kingdom. Edinburgh has a large metropolitan travel to work area which provides a pool of workers. The city has the third highest gross value added of any region in the UK, after London and Berkshire. In 2001, the Gross Domestic Scottish GDP. There are pockets of depriv pockets of unemployment pa some inner city areas.
Manufacturing Manufacturing has never had as big a presence in Edinburgh Two manufacturing industries which were prominent in Edinburgh were brewing and printing.
Banking and Insurance Edinburgh is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom after the City of London and the fifth largest in Europe. Edinburgh has been a centre of banking for over 300 years since 1695. In insurance terms, indigenous Edinburgh companies such as Standard Life and Scottish Widows form a large part of the European insurance sector as well as being major employers in the city. Tourism Tourism supports 30,000 jobs in the city worth £1.6bn to the city economy. Edinburgh is Scotland's most popular tourist destination in terms of visitor numbers, with numbers growing substantially each year, particularly in the budget travel and backpacking sector, assisted by the growth of Edinburgh Airport and direct rail links to the rest of the country. Public Sector Edinburgh is the centre of Scotland's government and legal system. As a consequence many government departments and public sector agencies are headquartered in the city as well as the High Court of Justiciary and the centres of Scotland's legal establishment. As a centre of Scots Law, the legal profession has had a long presence in Edinburgh, with many premises in the New Town belonging to legal practices and firms. Edinburgh City Council and the National Health Service are also major employers in Edinburgh.
Education Edinburgh is a major centre of education in the United Kingdom, and has been since the establishment of the University of Edinburgh in 1583, with another 3 major higher education institutions in the city developing later. Education and academic research (including medical research) plays a significant role in the economy of the city. The presence of these educational institutions also attracts many overseas students and those from the rest of the UK. Life Sciences and microelectronics in particular and have grown in prominence in recent years. The University of Edinburgh is a leader in the fields of medicine and law, and was a pioneer in British artificial intelligence teaching. Heriot‐Watt University specialises in science and engineering and Napier University in the fields of computing and business, as well as creative fields. The city is also home to a number of prestigious independent schools. Infrastructure
3 The city is linked internationally by Edinburgh Airport (EDI) which in 2005 had a passenger throughput of 8.4m per year, with 50 airlines serving 85 domestic and international destinations. In terms of rail connections, Edinburgh Waverley railway station is the principal mainline station in the city serving over 14 million passenger journeys per year. A new tram system connecting Leith and Edinburgh City Centre with Edinburgh Airport is under construction and scheduled to be in operation by 2011.
Property Prices 4 Like much of the rest of Scotland, property prices have been rising in recent times. As of December 2007, the average house in Edinburgh was valued at £213,351, which represents a 5.8 per cent fall over the previous quarter, but a 7.2 per cent increase over the preceding year. Regeneration Derelict land and areas on the waterfront of Edinburgh at places like Granton and Leith are in the process of being regenerated to make way for mixed commercial, residential and industrial developments to further provide for the forecast growth of the city. Urban Growth It has been recognised that in an economic sense Edinburgh is constrained by its relatively small size, and that there are economic benefits to be had with greater collaboration with surrounding areas such as Glasgow. Edinburgh itself is ringed by Greenbelt land, which has seen developments such as the offices at Edinburgh Park and housing and commercial developments to the south of Edinburgh spring up on it. Labour Market Indicators Table 1 indicates the strong position of people aged between 50 and retirement age in Edinburgh/Glasgow /Scotland. The employment rate of people in Edinburgh aged between 50 and retirement age is 8% higher than the overall working age employment rate in Glasgow. In relation to the trend in the employment rate of this age group in the period between March 2005 and March 2007 – there is a slight worsening in the employment rate In March 2007, Edinburgh had the highest economic active rate for this age group and the lowest difference in rates in comparison with the overall economic activity rate of the working population. The position in Edinburgh is similar to the previous indicators, with the lowest rate of economic inactivity for the age group and the lowest difference in rates in comparison with the overall economic inactivity rate of the working population.
Older people form an increasing proportion of our population, and will play an increasingly important role in our prosperity and future. Although the SWOT highlights many economic reasons for promoting active ageing, we also need to develop an Edinburgh where: • The contribution of older people ‐ irrespective of age, ethnicity, disability, gender, sexual orientation, or religious belief ‐ is valued, appreciated and supported • People enjoy more years of healthy life, and are enabled to manage long term health conditions. • People are enabled to continue to work for as long as they want or need to, in the way that suits them best, supported by flexible approaches to employment and retirement. • Older people have ready access to IT and the internet. • Older people are able to participate in learning activities • Older people are enabled to volunteer in the way that suits them best, and that contribution is fully recognised. • Fewer older people than ever before will live in poverty • Vulnerable older people are protected, safe, & are free from fear. • Older people have access to public services which are people‐centred, accessible & joined up; & can access quality services appropriate to their needs, when & where they are required. • Houses, transport & infrastructure are well‐designed & accessible, & can be used by older people in safety & with confidence. The implications of an ageing population present many new challenges but also an opportunity for creativity and innovation in business and in education. Edinburgh’s ageing population challenges perceptions of working life, of education and learning, of families and communities. It reveals new and emerging opportunities for people in and around Edinburgh to live longer, healthier and fulfilling lives in vibrant communities. Maturity and experience should be an asset ‐ helping to shape and build communities of the future, constructively influencing the economy & benefiting the development and education of young people. Local Mapping FORMAT: Partner Profile Section 3: Policies
5 POLICIES CHALLENGES Age and the economy The Scottish employment situation of older adults cannot be properly understood without comprehending its UK & EU contexts. Until devolution in 1999, employment policies concerning Scotland were almost identical to those in other parts of the UK. In the 2000s, most policies influencing the employment of older people continued to be controlled by the Westminster government, & this is unlikely to change in the near future. There is a high degree of interdependence between UK policies & EU strategies. The EU has only limited competencies to deal with labour market policies & with social, employment & education affairs. Nevertheless, its strategic documents drive the EU‐wide discussion on older people & employment & strongly influence UK employment policies. The UK Government used a combination of increasing the State Pension Age & voluntary means such as codes of practices & encouragement of employers. The 1995 Pensions Act equalised women’s State Pension Age with that of men. The women’s pension age would rise from 60 to 65 between 2010 & 2020. This was projected to affect 3.7 million women who would reach the age of 60 between 2010 & 2020. In addition, the Government introduced more generous provisions for delaying taking the State Pension since April 2005. In May 2006, the Government announced a further increase in the State Pension Age. The new measure was to affect both men & women & raise the State Pension Age from 65 to 68 between 2024 & 2044. These measures were to partly address the UK pension shortfall, which different accounts estimate at £37bn or at £130bn. Other UK Government measures were voluntary, articulating a business case against older worker discrimination in the workplace. In 1999, the Government introduced the Age Positive campaign which was operated from the Department for Work & Pensions. The campaign’s goal was to promote better attitudes to older workers; it included a Good Practice Guide for employers. In addition, a voluntary Code of Practice on Age Diversity in Employment was launched. The UK & European governments are encouraging people to delay retirement & extend their working lives, partly to offset the worsening dependency ratio that an ageing population implies. The roles of various stakeholders will be important to how this new period will develop. As registered unemployment falls, attention is focussed on ‘activating’ claimants of incapacity benefits. The aim is to reform the system, which until recently offered little incentive or assistance for people claiming such benefits (almost three‐fifths of whom are over 50, & many of who face a complex range of health‐& age‐related barriers to work). Pathways to Work has established partnerships between Jobcentre Plus & NHS in order to provide ‘condition management’ services for people facing health‐related barriers to work. Meanwhile, the introduction of a new Employment & Support allowance in 2008 will impose more rigorous ‘work tests’, restricting access to incapacity benefits to those with only the most severe health problems. The government claims that this will be balanced by a ‘holistic approach’ providing intensive support for those with mild‐moderate health problems.
Age and insecurity Benefits Situation Incapacity Benefit/Severe Disability Allowance
Table 4 illustrates the proportion of those aged between 50 & 64 in relation to the total claimant numbers. Edinburgh has a lower proportion of claimants aged between 50‐64 Table 5 illustrates this information in percentage terms & it is notable that the percentage of those claiming IB/SDA aged between 50 & 64 in Edinburgh: 2.8% of the overall working age, is lower than Glasgow/Scotland. Job Seeker Allowance Table 6 illustrates the fact that Edinburgh had a significantly less number of JSA claimants aged 50‐64 than Glasgow. Though Edinburgh had a higher proportion of JSA claimants aged 50‐64 in comparison to the overall number of JSA claimants. Table 7 illustrates this information in percentage terms & it is notable that the percentage of those claiming JSA aged between 50 & 64 in Edinburgh: 0.3% of the overall working age, is noticeably lower than both Glasgow & Scotland as a whole.
Specialist Provision The national programme for this group is the New Deal 50+. Between April 2003 & May 2007, 690 people had got jobs through the
6 New Deal 50+ in Edinburgh. The City of Edinburgh has approximately 148,000 people over the age of 50 & of this number approximately 91,000 are aged between 50 & 69. According to the Annual Population Survey (APS) 72.8% of the population aged between retirement ages in Edinburgh is in work. Conversely, there are fewer older workers in Edinburgh than in Scotland as a whole & this will continue to be the case in 2018. Older workers in the age range of 50‐60 years presently make up 21% of the workforce in Edinburgh compared with 26% of Scotland as a whole. These populations are expected to grow respectively to 24% in Edinburgh & 31% nationally by 2018. Edinburgh ”over 50s” are the best qualified in the country, with more than one‐third of this age group having qualifications above the “National Vocational Qualification level 4”, compared with slightly over one‐fifth of Scotland as a whole. Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) is for people who are available for & actively looking for work. Within this category a total of 6,640 people are in receipt of this allowance in Edinburgh. Of this number, 1,010 are between 50 & 64 years. The total of the working age over 50’s who are classed “Economic inactive” was 12,145 in May 2007. The City of Edinburgh Council has agreed the implementation of the national strategy on ageing – All Our Futures & the City’s Joint Plan for Older People – A City for All Ages. Finally, we can conclude that The City of Edinburgh has these issues: 1) SOCIAL INCLUSION: –Bridging social inclusion and harnessing the potential of older people leads to economic potentials and regional economic growth –Including empowerment, age discrimination, poverty (lack of awareness of the issue and financial considerations may be among the major obstacles to addressing the needs of older individuals), lifelong learning and independent living 2) INTERGENERATIONAL: –Imbalance – ageing of indigenous population –Elderly people with people of their own age every day or nearly every day of the week (no regular contact with young people) –Intergenerational programmes can help to eradicate discrimination against older persons –Involvement of different actors – volunteers, public sector 3) APPROPRIATE SERVICES AND PRODUCTS –Includes suitable, affordable housing and accessible transportation and mobility issues. Strategies for barrier free physical environments –Senior friendly shop kitemark? –Lifelong learning –Cross‐sectoral co‐operation between educational institutes, local and regional employers in the welfare and care sector, the employment office, volunteer‐organisations etc. The co‐operation is necessary to find adequate solutions 4) ACCESS TO SUITABLE INFORMATION –Dealing with the ageing of society is no longer a question of helping the old and frail to cope with daily life. It is increasingly about enhancing their quality of life by enabling them to take part in a full range of social, economic and cultural activities in different spheres –Accessible, suitable, understandable information.
Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
7 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 4
Elderly health 4
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 4
Elderly active citizenship 5 Elderly active social life 4 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 4 Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to the economic conditions in terms of barriers/opportunities for older workers:
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy ‐ Edinburgh has a growing population which creates ‐ Employers “want” young (cheap?) workers employment opportunities ‐ Workforce demographics are changing ‐ Business is changing ‐ Many people over 50 face health and age‐related barriers to ‐ With new businesses comes changing mind sets work ‐ The views of older workforce is changing (50 is the new 40) ‐ Change to knowledge economy – need for upskilling ‐ Older workers have better work ethics ‐ Few employers consider the impact of ageing workforce on ‐ At 65, 38% of the workforce proposes to carry on working their HR policies/rewards ‐ Edinburgh’s over 50’s are the best qualified in the country, with ‐ UK employment policy formerly aimed at 25 to 49 age group more than a 1/3rd being educated to at least NVQ level 4 ‐ Older workers face barriers in finding and retaining Care and insecurity employment and overcoming discrimination ‐ In 1900, the average Scottish life expectancy was 40; in 2004, it Care and insecurity was just over 74 for males and just over 79 for females ‐ Issues with pensioner poverty ‐ By 2031 the number of people aged 50+ is projected to rise by 28% and the number aged 75+ is projected to increase by 75%
Opportunities Threats Economy Economy ‐ Migrant population leaving to return home ‐ There has been a large influx of migrant workers from the new ‐ Lifelong learning opportunities EU member states ‐ Age legislation (2006) helps ‐ Registered unemployment is falling ‐ Opens up talent management opportunities and initiatives to ‐ Technology has impact in terms of work available and skills promote active ageing required ‐ ¾ of senior HR managers say that attracting and retaining Care and insecurity talent is no. 1 priority ‐ UK Government proposing to abandon Incapacity Benefit and ‐ Employers are facing increasing competition for workers with Income Support the right skills and abilities ‐ Competing political, budget and service development priorities Care and insecurity may relegate the Plans for active ageing to a lower level. ‐ Policy makers recognise importance of older adults ‐ Edinburgh has introduced the national strategy on ageing (All Our Futures) and the city’s joint plan for older people – A City for All Ages ‐ There are plans for active ageing that promote services, intergenerational exchange and integrated policies.
8 POLICY EXPERIENCE Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 2 Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 1 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 2
Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (specify)
In terms of policy there have been laws and there have been voluntary actions:
The 2 legal changes that have happened were as follows: Employability • 1995 – Equalising the state pension age for both men and women at 65. This will come in between 2010 and 2020 and is forecast to affect up to 3.7 million people • In 2006 the UK Government announced an increase in the retirement age from 65 to 68 between 2024 and 2044
The voluntary actions to highlight are as follows: To improve adaptability • 1995 – the government issued an Age positive Campaign, including the nurturing of better attitudes to older workers and a good practice guide for employers • 2000 – The New deal 50+ was launched aimed at bringing older people back into the labour market on a voluntary basis through access to a personal adviser, a weekly cash employment credit upon taking up work and an in‐work £1,500 training grant • September 2007 ‐ Pathways to Work provides extra support for people with a health condition or a disability to help them move in to work or to be able to work in the future. Support includes: o Extra money to help people start work; New programmes of help to understand and better manage the condition or disability; Information about work that people might be able to do without losing their benefit, permitted work, and; o New and existing financial help, New Deal for Disabled People; training and employment programmes.
Care and social inclusion • March 2000 – A City for all Ages was launched. The draft Action Plan was approved by the Council in March 2000. A public consultation on the document followed and in November 2000, two further health related strategic aims were agreed and added to the Plan. This made the Council's Plan for Older People and the Joint Lothian's Framework for Older People's Services completely consistent with each other. At the same meeting of the Council on November 7, 2000, approval was given for the implementation of 10 priority actions in 2000/01, 7 of which have dedicated funding. • 2005 ‐ Opportunity Age is the Government's strategy for an ageing society. The strategy aims to end the perception of older people as dependent; ensure that longer life is healthy and fulfilling; and that older people are full participants in society. It was first published in ‘Opportunity Age: Meeting the challenges of ageing in the 21st century’ in March 2005. It is coordinated and led by the DWP Secretary of State, in his role as Champion for Older People, the strategy focuses on three key areas: o work and income ‐ to achieve higher employment rates overall and greater flexibility for over 50s in continuing careers, managing any health conditions and combining work with family (and other) commitments o active ageing ‐ to enable older people to play a full and active role in society 9 o services ‐ that allow us all to keep independence and control over our lives as we grow older, even if we are constrained by the health problems which can occur in old age It also sets out what steps Government, at national and local level, must do in order to organise themselves to deliver the strategy. • Jan 2006 ‐ A new deal for welfare: empowering people to work. The paper sought to end the legacy of benefit dependency and deprivation, providing the individual with the support they need to transform their own life‐chances, and those of their family. This included detailed proposals for: o reforming incapacity benefits; o a £360 million roll out of Pathways to Work across the country by 2008 o extending support to lone parents and older workers; o reforming housing benefit; o transforming support for people living in our cities; and o delivering support to meet the needs of everyone This was the plan for achieving an 80% employment rate for people of working age. • March 2007 ‐ All our futures: Planning for a Scotland with an Ageing Population ‐ this strategy focuses mainly, though not exclusively, on the over 50 age group; while recognising the importance of the full life course. This age is chosen not because it marks the start of "old age" or because we think all people over this age are somehow similar, but because for many it is a point at which life circumstances start to change in ways that have implications for the future. For example, many people start to change their working patterns, some leaving the labour market completely. Grown‐up children may leave home, and parents have more time and possibly more money. People take on caring responsibilities perhaps for the first time, for example for elderly relatives. People also gradually become more likely to develop long term health conditions, such as diabetes and arthritis, which they may have to live with for many years.
Annex 1: POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – EQUALISING OF STATE PENSION AGE – NATIONAL LAW POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – THE EMPLOYMENT EQUALITY (AGE) REGULATIONS 2006– NATIONAL LAW POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – NEW DEAL 50+– UK GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – A CITY FOR ALL AGES ‐ EDINBURGH’S PLAN FOR OLDER PEOPLE – MUNICIPAL INITIATIVE POLICIES SUMMARY TABLE ‐ OPPORTUNITY AND SECURITY THROUGHOUT LIFE – MUNICIPAL INITIATIVE
Annex 2: POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE– EQUALISING OF STATE PENSION AGE – NATIONAL LAW POLICY SYNOPSIS TABLE – THE EMPLOYMENT EQUALITY (AGE) REGULATIONS 2006– NATIONAL LAW POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ NEW DEAL 50+– UK GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ A CITY FOR ALL AGES ‐ EDINBURGH’S PLAN FOR OLDER PEOPLE – MUNICIPAL INITIATIVE POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ OPPORTUNITY AND SECURITY THROUGHOUT LIFE – MUNICIPAL INITIATIVE
10 POLICY LEARNING NEEDS
Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 2 Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 1 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 3
Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (specify) We want to learn from partner cities and the main areas we want to learn cover employability and employment and not just bringing people back into employment, but also retaining them (which might revolve around upskilling/reskilling). Entrepreneurship is an important area, especially if this can be combined with leisure pursuits. We are also to keen to ensure that there is a consistency across all older people, not just those with money/savings. We are keen to compare the Mediterranean and the Northern European models and compare and contrast (and learn).
Conclusions: The municipality of Edinburgh has expressed great concern for labour market challenges. The employment of older workers is the main theme in terms of both local challenges and policy experience. This, despite very favourable (in comparative terms) labour market indicators for older age groups (72.2% employment rate for people aged between 50 and retirement age, above the Scottish average and Glasgow working age rate in 2007). And indeed, work represents a major concern for people in their 50’s and 60’s, although the city of Edinburgh has one of the smallest differences between the activity rates of older people and the average of the working population. The municipality of Edinburgh thus interprets labour market challenges in terms of the provision of incentives for elderly people to stay at work, and this concerns primarily the quality of jobs. The older workers’ motivation to extend their working life is undermined by several factors, such as work‐related health problems, lack of recognition of mature workers’ experience by younger workers and managers, discrimination, and inappropriate equipment and training. The Edinburgh’s Joint Plan for Older People “A City for All Ages” is a model of best practice which gained national (Scottish Government document “All Our Futures”) and international (nominated for EUROCITIES Award for Innovation) recognition. Priority areas include encouraging generations to work together, the development of employment opportunities for people over the age of 50, older people taking on more responsibility for their futures and business involvement in the creation of suitable services and products. The first action plan gained national (Scottish Government document “All Our Futures”) and international recognition (nominated for a 2007 Eurocities Award for Innovation). The municipality also runs other employability programmes (Joined Up for Jobs/Edinburgh Cities Strategy Pathfinder) and work in coordination with national programmes concerned with older workers’ employment (“Pathways to Work”, “New Deal 50+”, “New Deal for Skills”, “New Deal for Self‐Employment”, and “Training to Work”).The municipality of Edinburgh expects to share practices and learn from partners’ experience, and looks for a fruitful coordination with the Managing Authorities.
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11 Annex 2 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLES 1. POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – EQUALISING OF STATE PENSION AGE – NATIONAL LAW 2. POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – THE EMPLOYMENT EQUALITY (AGE) REGULATIONS 2006– NATIONAL LAW 3. POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – NEW DEAL 50+– UK GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE 4. POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – A CITY FOR ALL AGES ‐ EDINBURGH’S PLAN FOR OLDER PEOPLE – MUNICIPAL INITIATIVE 5. POLICIES SUMMARY TABLE ‐ OPPORTUNITY AND SECURITY THROUGHOUT LIFE – UK GOVERNMENT
Summary table City Edinburgh Country UK
Name of the measure Equalising of State Pension Age Governance level National law Actors involved in the policy – National politicians (1995) making process Financing Nil Target population Affects women who would reach 60 between 2010 and 2020 and who will now have to work to 65 to reach pension age. Anticipated to affect 3.7m females Monitoring/evaluation activity? Not yet happened Policy debate Law brought in 1995. There was public debate at the time, but also consideration of equality with men. The UK government recently announced the proposed new singe Equality Bill, which covers all strands of discrimination and members of the diversity spectrum. Age discrimination will be outlawed in the provision of goods, facilities and services and there will be a public sector duty to promote age equality though the default retirement age of 65 is to remain until 2011. Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Equality between males and females. Many people retire early anyway. Potential 3.7m additional females in workplace for additional 5 years
Opportunities Threats
Entrepreneurialism opportunities for women The health of ageing women may not be could rise good so absentee levels could rise for this group
This was a logical law that had more to do with equality, but with the added benefit of increasing the number of females “expected” to be in employment for longer
Score: 2 Justification: Too early to judge but has brought in another level of equality
Name of the measure The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006
Equality and Diversity: Age Discrimination in Employment and Vocational Training
Governance level UK government law Actors involved in the policy – Department of Work and Pensions – UK Government, academics, employers and employees of making process all ages.
1 Financing Nil Target population All employers, and employees who are younger and older Monitoring/evaluation activity? Newsletter taen ‐ The Age and Employment Network (www.tae..org.uk) summer 2008 state that the latest Recruitment Confidence Index produced by Cranfield School of Management has found many managers admitting to holding stereotypical views of older and younger workers. Policy debate The Regulations brought in in October 2006 apply to employment and vocational training. They prohibit unjustified direct and indirect age discrimination, and all harassment and victimisation on grounds of age, of people of any age, young or old.
Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Stimulated discussions • Isolates age from the other diversity Developed good practice guide for issues. employers • Some people who apply for posts after Been in operation for nearly 2 years the age of 65 will be discriminated against. • Many people will still be routinely shown the exit route on reaching the age of 65
Opportunities Threats Individual cases of discrimination attracting Managers continue to hold stereotypical publicity and correction. views of older workers. Support by Boards and CEO not evident.
The law bans age discrimination in terms of recruitment, promotion and training; bans unjustified retirement ages of below 65; removes the current age limit for unfair dismissal and redundancy rights; a right for employees to request working beyond retirement age and a duty on employers to consider that request and a new requirement for employers to give at least six months notice to employees about their intended retirement date so that individuals can plan better for retirement, and be confident that "retirement" is not being used as cover for unfair dismissal.
Score: 3 Justification: Counteracting the ageing population in the UK and dealing with the challenge of maximising income for people as they age.
Name of the measure New Deal 50+ Governance level UK government initiative through the Department of Work and Pensions Actors involved in the policy – UK Government, Department of Work and Pensions, Jobcentre Plus making process Financing Uk Government Target population Unemployed individuals aged 50+ Monitoring/evaluation activity? Policy debate Debate has led to a proposed strengthening of the requirements for those claiming jobseekers allowance and the introduction of a new flexible new deal for all job seekers to replace the current separate new deals for young people and adults.
2 Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Voluntary Personal advisers facing other social issues No loss of benefits £1500 in‐work training allowance
Opportunities Threats Specialist organizations for the older worker Flexible new arrangements may reduce or extinguish recognition and awareness of the particular needs of the older worker
In 2000 the New deal 50+ was launched aimed at bringing older people back into the labour market on a voluntary basis through access to a personal adviser, a weekly cash employment credit upon taking up work and an in‐work £1,500 training grant
Score: 2 Justification: Although the measure has had some success, in terms of tackling unemployment in people over 50, there are some other inherent issues (health (including mental health), social deprivation etc.) unable to be properly addressed by those people tasked to work with the individuals
Name of the measure A City for All Ages ‐ Edinburgh’s Plan for Older People Governance level Local Actors involved in the policy – The pan brings together The City of Edinburgh Council, National Health Service (NHS) Lothian making process plus other actors in the voluntary and commercial sector including the Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce. The actors have lead responsibility for some of the actions in the Plan Financing No specific budget exists for the implementation of the Plan. However, key components of it will have funds allocated from existing budgets by the Council and NHS Lothian where service priorities and changes are required.
3 Target population • 1000 people contributed to the consultation of the plan in 2006. • During 2007/08 around 35,000 people have received or have had access to the Get up and go programme of information on activities and opportunities for people aged 50 plus. • Around 2/3000 elders from the black and minority ethnic community could have benefited from the existence of the plan and the existence of specific services for people in the minority ethnic communities. • Approximately 133,000 people aged 50 and over could benefit from the overall implementation of the Plan. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Reviews of the plan were undertaken in 2003 and 2005/06 leading to a revised action plan for 2007‐2010. Progress on the action plan was presented to the City of Edinburgh Council in June 2008. Policy debate At the same time that A City for All Ages was under review in 2005/06 the Scottish Executive, as it was then called organised a major consultation on a strategy for Scotland’s ageing population. Edinburgh participated in the arrangement. In March 2007 the Government agreed the strategy All Our Futures: Planning for a Scotland with an Ageing population. Edinburgh’s Plan for Older People was cited as a model of good practice in the document. The Scottish national strategy is now under implementation and key initiatives promoting intergenerational practice and an anti ageist campaign is underway.
4 Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses The plan brings together the City of The Plan is wide reaching and has no Edinburgh Council and its community specific budget. It ends in 2010 and there is planning partners in the national health a danger not all actions will be achieved. service, voluntary and commercial sectors with older and younger people themselves to develop policies and services for older people.
Opportunities Threats The Plan offers opportunities for Competing political, budget and service partners to develop products and development priorities may relegate the services Plan to a lower level.
The draft Action Plan was approved by the Council in March 2000 and a public consultation on the document followed. In June 2000, two health related strategic aims were agreed and added to the Plan, which made the Council's Plan for Older People and the Joint Lothian's Framework for Older People's Services consistent with each other. This meant that 21 strategic aims and 90 tasks were to be implemented by 2005. A review of the Action Plan identified that most of its strategic aims and tasks were completed and the plan had contributed to joint working in the city. The second action plan from 2007 to 2010 was approved by the City of Edinburgh Council in October 2007, and has activities and outcomes under 12 headings listed below: • contribution of older people; • intergenerational activity; • housing and support; • securing and maintaining prosperity; • promoting mental and physical well being (Includes diet and alcohol); • learning throughout life; • safety and protection (including falls prevention); • transport and mobility; • age friendly neighbourhoods (planning infrastructure); • accommodation, support and care; • carers; • carrying out the plan jointly. Score: 3 Justification: Evaluation of the first action Plan 2000‐2005, demonstrated that most of its strategic aims and actions were achieved, bringing national and international recognition. Edinburgh is a member of the World Health Organisation’s Global Age Friendly Cities Project and Edinburgh’s Joint Plan for Older People was nominated for a 2007 EUROCITIES Award for Innovation.
Name of the measure Opportunity Age ‐ Opportunity and security throughout life Governance level UK Government through the Department of Work and Pension Actors involved in the policy – The UK, Welsh and Scottish Governments, Age Concern and Help the Aged, local authorities in making process England, Scotland and Wales.
5 Financing UK Government Target population Describe the potential and the actual beneficiaries (age, sex, eligibility criteria, etc.) and their number (also coverage rate should be mentioned if estimates are available) Monitoring/evaluation activity? Was there any monitoring/evaluation activity for the measure? Which kind of evaluation/monitoring (Ex‐ante Evaluation, Mid‐term Evaluation, Ex‐post Evaluation, Accompanying Monitoring) activity has been carried out? Policy debate Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses The integration of careers and health The difficulties to conciliate work and family. outcomes.
Opportunities Threats It offers opportunity to develop Older people become more and more integrated strategies. dependent.
In 2005 Opportunity Age was launched as the Government's strategy for an ageing society. The strategy aims to end the perception of older people as dependent; ensure that longer life is healthy and fulfilling; and that older people are full participants in society. It was first published in ‘Opportunity Age: Meeting the challenges of ageing in the 21st century’ in March 2005. It is coordinated and led by the DWP Secretary of State, in his role as Champion for Older People, the strategy focuses on three key areas: • work and income ‐ to achieve higher employment rates overall and greater flexibility for over 50s in continuing careers, managing any health conditions and combining work with family (and other) commitments • active ageing ‐ to enable older people to play a full and active role in society • services ‐ that allow us all to keep independence and control over our lives as we grow older, even if we are constrained by the health problems which can occur in old age It also sets out what steps Government, at national and local level, must do in order to organise themselves to deliver the strategy.
Score: 2 Justification: Work in progress
6 POLICY SYNOPSIS TABLES 1. POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE– EQUALISING OF STATE PENSION AGE – NATIONAL LAW 2. POLICY SYNOPSIS TABLE – THE EMPLOYMENT EQUALITY (AGE) REGULATIONS 2006– NATIONAL LAW 3. POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ NEW DEAL 50+– UK GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE 4. POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ A CITY FOR ALL AGES ‐ EDINBURGH’S PLAN FOR OLDER PEOPLE – MUNICIPAL INITIATIVE 5. POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ OPPORTUNITY AND SECURITY THROUGHOUT LIFE – UK GOVERNMENT Equalising of State Pension Age Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal Uk Government Department of Department of Department All resources come Whoever is under Not yet happened level) Work and Pensions, Work and of Work and from UK contract to the UK UK Government Pensions, uk Pensions, uk Government Government Government Government
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006
Who has assessed Who has planned Who has defined Who has financed Describe the Who delivered the Who carried out
the need of and designed it? the eligibility it? Inter‐institutional intervention the monitoring and intervention? criteria? allocation of (services or the evaluation resources %. provisions)? activity?
State (national or federal Uk Government Department of Department of Department of All resources are Department of Not yet happened level) Work and Pensions, Work and Work and from the UK Work and Pensions, UK Government Pensions, UK Pensions, UK Government UK Government Government Government
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors Vocational training providers under contract For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
New Deal 50+
Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal Uk Government Department of Department of Department All resources come Job Centre Plus Not yet happened level) Work and Pensions, Work and of Work and from UK supported by the UK Government Pensions, UK Pensions, uk Government providers under Government Government contract. Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
A City for All Ages – Edinburgh’s Joint Plan for Older People
Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has financed institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal level)
Region (Specify) Province (or other The City of Edinburgh The City of The City of Key components of There is no specific The City of The first evaluation subregional authority, Council Edinburgh Council Edinburgh Edinburgh’s Joint budget for the Edinburgh Council, was carried out by specify) and Lothian Health Council and Plan for Older Plan NHS Lothian , Scotinform LTD, and Board Lothian Health People remain voluntary and the second by the Board funded by the City commercial sector City of Edinburgh of Edinburgh partners. Council. Council and NHS Municipality (or other local Lothian on an issue authority, specify) by issue basis from existing budgets. Other institution (specify) As the strategy continues to be Not for profit actors delivered additional project funding and other For profit actors resources and support for the Joint Plan will be Other social actors sought as opportunities arise.
No one
Opportunity and security through life
Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal Uk Government Department of Department of Department All resources come Local authorities and Not yet happened level) Work and Pensions, Work and of Work and from UK Job Centre plus UK Government Pensions, UK Pensions, uk Government through New Deal Government Government
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
THESSALONIKI Partner Profile General information City: Thessaloniki Country: Greece Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n): N ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n): Y ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n): Y Thessaloniki, a modern Greek city, the second biggest city of Greece. The city is built in the beach of homonym gulf [mycho] in the wider marine region of [Thermaikoy] gulf. Thessaloniki is the centre of Northern Greece, capital of Macedonia. It is found in a separate geographic place with direct connection to the all directions and it constitutes crossroad where are met the countries of Western Europe with the new states Central and Eastern Europe. Thessaloniki is named after Alexander the Great Sister and was build around 315 B.C. Also during the Byzantine time it was the second biggest city of the Byzantium empire. The city’s age is now over 2.300 years.
As the second largest city of the Modern Greek State, since 1912, it has continued to enjoy steady growth and development. With three large universities, industrial and manufacture areas, refinery settlements, a harbour, a railway station, an airport and a population of over a million, Thessaloniki presents a linear coastal front of over 50 km. With a population over 1.500.000. Section 1: Demographic structure of the city Table 1.1: Demographic indicators 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Live births by permanent residence of mother 11,390 11,094 11,631 11,204 11,604 11,835 9,583 Marriages 5,343 5,919 6,023 6,275 5,490 6,326 5,974 Deaths 8382 8106 8346 8650 8598 8813 8879 Age group 1928 1970 1980 1990 2000 Life expectancy Males 55 18,19 21,58 22,13 23,49 24,08 60 14,93 13,87 14,59 15,66 16,17 65 11,94 13,87 14,59 15,66 16,17 70 9,34 10,64 11,48 12,25 12,67 75 7,14 7,91 8,84 9,31 9,62 80 5,34 5,78 6,68 6,93 6,98 85 3,92 4,26 4,95 5,07 5,06 90 2,82 3,20 3,60 3,74 3,88 Females 55 21,00 23,69 24,93 26,78 27,36 60 17,32 19,33 20,63 22,27 22,77 65 13,89 15,29 16,69 17,94 18,33 70 10,80 11,66 13,17 13,88 14,15 75 8,14 8,39 10,32 10,37 10,44 80 5,99 6,19 7,58 7,45 7,35 85 3,34 4,48 5,54 5,36 5,29 90 3,04 3,32 3,95 3,92 4,04
1990 1998 2005 2006 Migrant resident population 26 511 165 528 604 215 695 979 Migrant resident population over 65 (% of total) NA NA 0,52 1,01%
1 Table 1.2: Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents 1990 % 1998 % 2005 % 2006 %
10.192.911 0,26 10.808.357 1,53 11.082.751 5,45 11.125.179 6,3
Please cross one of the following: [X] the population is expanding [ ] the population is contracting
The population of foreigners increasing especially from these countries of origin: Albania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania, Russian Federation, Asia, Africa, America.
Table 1.3: Population by age group and gender (2007) 0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 Over 75
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1 742 1 644 146 835 80 295 213 090 117 709 56 247 45 590 12 140 15 470 1 628 2 362 290 297
Section 2: Economic conditions Thessaloniki has always been a crossroad of cultures and economic factors. The location of the city has and is the cross road of trade, between, Greece, Europe, Balkans and Asia.
The leading sector of the economy is the Trade, tourism and services. In the wider area of Thessaloniki, the region, due to the climate, agriculture and livestock farming has also been a big economical factor, with tobacco, cotton being the major products. The last 2 decades this has changes and from and agriculture society, Thessaloniki, is more a trade, service and tourist society. The last 2 decades the majority of the industries in the area have minimized for various economical reasons.
Due to the fact Thessaloniki being the only port for the Balkan markets and the fact that the state is investing in the city of Thessaloniki, in education, services and other the GDP is constantly increasing with figures for the last three years 2005 = 103,8 2006= 104,2, 2007 104,0.
Table 2.1: Persons employed of 15 years and over by one‐digit categories of economic activities, age groups and sex 1st quarter 2008 (thousands)
Thessaloniki, Total One‐digit categories of economic activities and sex
451.2 Both sexes 51.8 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1.8 Mining and quarrying 54.1 Manufacturing 2 3.7 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 2.8 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 39.5 Construction 81.6 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 21.0 Transportation and storage 28.8 Accommodation and food service activities
7.1 Information and communication 12.2 Financial and insurance activities
0.9 Real estate activities 22.7 Professional, scientific and technical activities
7.6 Administrative and support service activities 37.6 Public administration and defence; Compulsory social security 32.3 Education 23.9 Human health and social work activities
5.6 Arts, entertainment and recreation 9.0 Other service activities 7.0 Activities of households as employers 0.2 Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies
Older worker is a crucial asset for the labour market and both public and private organizations have started to realize this stronger by the years. The experience they will share with younger co workers is essential for problem avoidance. The combination of the creativity of the younger people and the wisdom of the older can provide a strong final product/ service.
We have to realize that in Europe the population is getting older which means that the labour force is also getting older. Policies are being planned for later retirement in national level which means that we need to create policy plans for the local level that will help the local politicians getting strongly involved and finding solutions.
One major threat as described above is the age differences between the co‐workers. The older people are having a difficult time to have as superior a much younger person. They are associating to them as their children or in many cases as persons lacking experience enough to be “ bossing” them. This is a major threat that might influence the working climate which in turn influences the effectiveness of the group, which in turn affect the responsible person in public sector or the owners in private sector to take the decision to hire, an older person.
In general within the municipality the policy of hiring older persons have been successfully. Many times the experience of older people have helped solve situations that in other cases would take much longer time.
In the social inclusion the municipality have organized 10 KAPI’s which are houses that bring together older people to socialize. In this houses there are facilities that interest the older people. There as described above the older people have the opportunity to get out of the loneliness and get socializing with people at their age and doing common activities together.
The KAPI’s and the percentage of employment of older workers are policy’s created by the municipality and financed by the municipality with own funds.
The courses given to the older people to re‐educate them is funded by national funds and funding of the European Union.
3 The financial aid to older women is also financed partly by National funds but also as well European Funds.
Note: private organisations have until today a different view though. And this project will help us to introduce, a new mentality that will help evolve in a different way.
Section 3: Policies POLICY CHALLENGES Thessaloniki Municipality has a discrete experience in care and insecurity whereas feels the need to improve policies promoting employability of older people because these people are much more involved in unemployment than younger ones. In fact, social and psychological support groups for older people is described well in the municipality policy.
Active and educating labor policies intended to provide the knowledge to the companies and the territory of reducing the fear of involving the elderly into the labor market as a priority and not a must.
The main policy is to try to import the older people into the labour market again. By this the municipality have created policies where a percentage of older people have the opportunity to get employed by either the municipality or by companies/ organizations which the municipality have agreed with for a joint cooperation.
Even in national level the older labour force is being funded. Funds that has to do either with a percentage of the salary or funds for their re‐education in computer literacy or other course that the company/organization finds useful for starting employing older people.
Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 1 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3 Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 1 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 4 Elderly active citizenship 3
Elderly active social life 5
Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers: Strengths Weaknesses
4 Economy Economy Full/unconditional willingness to accept a new job “Young in/old out policies” mostly by enterprises in the especially for over 45 older age sub‐groups. service sector. Involving unemployment office, municipality, prefecture, Costs related trade unions, and chamber of commerce. Early exit from the labour market accounting for male Municipality policy to prioritize a % o older workers high share of retired. when making new hiring of new personnel. Not enough funding for the KAPI’s to increase its Care and insecurity activities. Local policy for social inclusion through the KAPI. Only 10 KAPI’s because of luck of sufficient funding. Organized houses where older people meet to increase Not all unemployed register them selves to be involved their social inclusion. Taking courses together, sharing in these Local, national and EU initiatives. experiences, socializing with each other. Travel together Not enough industries and companies to absorb older with local, national and European funding. workers. Policy makers increasing awareness of the active ageing Financial crisis is making things worse. issue. Care and insecurity reduced funding for social services
Opportunities Threats Economy Economy Lifelong learning projects promoted at national level Gender differences in terms of domestic tasks National funding to finance older women up to 55 years responsibility and low education level as sources of old. labour difficulties. Care and insecurity Conflict of generations. Great experience to be shared in a mixed aged group. Unemployment rates are quite high. National policy to fund older workers getting re‐ Global financial crisis affects the older getting into t educated, in Computer literacy. work, much harder. Care and insecurity Elderly become more and more dependent and insecure and Thessaloniki is a big city
POLICY EXPERIENCE In Thessaloniki, demographic ageing problems involve essentially one main theme both in terms of local challenge and policy area of intervention: the issue of a lack of demand of older workers and their unemployment.
Age and the economy Thessaloniki’s municipality focuses on employability of older workers and their capacity to re‐enter the labour market, first of all as an employer, by giving a priority to over 50 years old incoming workforce or promoting joint cooperation with private companies (see annex for more details). Training to elderly unemployed is also provided at local and national level (mostly financed by national and EU funds) to upgrade their skills according to labour market trends and particularly in order to tackle digital divide.
Care and insecurity Elderly care and active social life are promoted through a network of 10 community centres called KAPIs, which are which are community centres devoted to older people organization of free time and social contacts. They are organized houses where older people meet to increase their social inclusion, taking courses together, sharing experiences, socializing each other, traveling together with local, national and European funding.
Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
5 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 1
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 1
Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 1 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 1
Elderly active citizenship 3 Elderly active social life 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (specify)
6
POLICY LEARNING NEEDS The city is looking for experiences from other city’s on how to restructure parts of their policy in the three main themes of Active A.G.E. (employment, care and insecurity) so that better involvement and better results can be achieved and mistakes from the past be avoided.
Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 1 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 2
Elderly active citizenship 3
Elderly active social life 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify)
Conclusions: In Thessaloniki the labour market participation of the older workers depends very much on job opportunities in a context of high unemployment and low overall labour demand. These factors are driving local policy makers to promote older worker re‐entry, employability and adaptability through lifelong learning schemes, qualification and direct hiring, that is, by devoting a share of the new job openings to unemployed people over 50. Direct hiring by the municipality is deemed necessary to foster local economy by supporting incomes as well as to re‐activate older people into social life. Training courses for the elderly unemployed are also provided at both the local and national level and are mostly financed by national and EU funds. Thessaloniki provides institutional care to elderly people through day or community centres. Elderly care and active social life are promoted through KAPIs, which are community centres devoted to older people organization of free time and social contacts.The municipality expects to share experience in the field of job activation and long term care, with a special focus on policy experiences relating to ensuring the financial sustainability of institutional long term care.
7 Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ % of olders prioritised to work in the municipality – Thessaloniki Municipality
Summary table City Thessaloniki Country Greece Name of the measure % of olders prioritised to work in the municipality Governance level The municipality of Thessaloniki Actors involved in the policy – The municipality of Thessaloniki, and older workers. making process Financing Local financed by the municipality of Thessaloniki personnel budget Target population Population over 50 years old from both sexes. Monitoring/evaluation activity? The population target are people over 50 years old and more that are prioritised (only a percentage of the total workforce) to get employed by the municipality. In the beginning they are getting employed for a 8 month period and after 2 eight month period and if the like the work they are doing they are getting employed full time by the municipality. Policy debate The Municipality worries for the high share of elderly people unemployed with serious difficulties to re‐enter the labour market notwithstanding the training provision to adapt their competences to the knowledge economy.
Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Hire older workforce into the municipality To hire in the municipality have a limit. and include them in the social life. There is no commercial business that can hire older workers. The economy is primarily supported by Tourism and service public service sector, university institutes and more.
Opportunities Threats Not enough local budget to hire more Involving the older workforce in the social life will help them become productive members.
By quoting a percentage of the incoming workforce to the municipality to older workforce you try to solve a life long problem and include these elderly people into the social life of the city. The become healthy members of the municipality and the become active citizens. You also provide them with a salary that is helping the local economy. So involving the older workforce you have solved many problems and you even increase the local economy. Its well invested money.
1 Annex 1 ‐ POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE: % of olders prioritised to work in the municipality – Thessaloniki Municipality
Who has assessed the Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the need Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? of intervention? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal level)
Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other Municipality of Municipality of Municipality of Municipality of 100% Municipality Municipality of Municipality of local authority, specify) Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Thessaloniki of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Department of social services.
Other institution (specify)
Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
DOBRICH ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile
Partner Profile General information City Dobrich Country Bulgaria Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n) n ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n) n ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n) y Section 1: Demographic structure of the city As a result of the adverse trends in the development of demographic processes occurred in the last few years, the number of people in the Dobrich municipality continues to decline. The demographic development of the municipality may differentiate into two periods: ‐ Continuous growth in population by mid‐80 ‐ years of the Twentieth Century with the highest rates in 1965‐1975; ‐ Decreasing of the birth rate for the period 1986‐2003. The natural population growth for the period 2001‐2003 is negative, for 2003 is (‐ 2,42 ‰). Changes in the natural movement are the result of the development processes of birth rate and mortality. Studies have shown time of death shows greater changes / compared with fertility, which are in the direction of increasing the number and ratio of dead persons. This is largely connected with changes in age structure. Table 1.1 – demographic indicators 2001 г. 2002 г. 2003 г.
M F Total M F Total M F Total
Born 448 429 877 412 405 817 458 401 859
Dead 520 454 974 574 461 1 035 606 483 1 089 Dead children under 1 year 10 5 15 3 5 8 4 2 6 Population increase ‐72 ‐25 ‐97 ‐162 ‐56 ‐218 ‐148 ‐82 ‐230
2004 г. 2005 г. 2006 г.
M F Total M F Total M F Total
Born 496 428 924 463 459 922 512 506 1018
Dead 577 452 1029 510 440 950 563 495 1 058 Dead children under 1 6 8 14 3 6 9 6 10 6 year Population increase ‐81 ‐24 ‐105 ‐47 +19 ‐28 ‐51 +11 ‐40
Mechanical population growth for the period 2001‐2003 on is also negative, for 2003 is ‐20,0 ‰. The core of migration are mainly: ‐ Family reasons; ‐ Employment; ‐ Better living conditions and more.
Table 1.2: Migration indicators 2001 г. 2002 г. 2003 г.
M F Total M F Total M F Total Moved in 433 465 898 204 220 424 212 228 440 1 Moved out 1 047 1 054 2 101 807 887 1 694 1 155 1 189 2 344 Mechanical population ‐614 ‐589 ‐1 203 ‐603 ‐667 ‐1 270 ‐943 ‐961 ‐1 904 growth
Quality indicator, giving the most accurate assessment of the situation and the perspective of the population is its age structure. The correlation between the age groups of the population shows that more than half of those are in active working age. The number and proportion of people under and over working age fell. This means that new generations that will replace the following time employees and those in the labour market than the average person ages will be less, leading to the ageing population in the region. The reduction of fertility, emigration flow and the increase in mortality among the active population cause serious changes in the age structure of population, which is expressed in the demographic ageing of the nation. Negative change of age structure leads to economic pressure on the population aged 15‐64 . The dependency ratio, population over working age relative to the number of people of working age, in 2003 was 24.78%, while in 2001 was 25.48%. Higher values of this ratio indicates that the cost of maintenance for elderly health and social services become greater.
Table 1.3: Population by sex and age, 2006 Region Municipality Total number Age Sex Under 18 18 ‐ 64 Over 65 Dobrich region 217 012 44979 139 815 32218 Men 107 085 women 109 927 Dobrich town 100 379 21742 68507 10130 men 48 733 women 51 646
There is a marked tendency towards increasing the proportion of women.
Table 1.4: Structure of the population of the town of Dobrich by age, 2006
Age Group %
Under working age (0‐14) 21,65 Active working age (15‐64) 68,25 Over retirement age (over 64) 10,10
Dobrich is the eighth biggest town by population in Bulgaria.
2 Table 1.5: Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents from 1997 to the last year available 1997 % 1998 % 1999 % 2000 % 2001 % 2002 %
n/a n/a n/a n/a 112,644 n/a 111,333 n/a 110,744 n/a 109,835 n/a
2003 % 2004 % 2005 % 2006 % 2007 %
108,833 n/a 103,300 n/a 106,082 n/a 100,379 n/a 101,308 n/a
General Directorate Civil Registration and Administrative Services.
Please cross one of the following: [ ] the population is expanding [ Х ] the population is contracting
The intensity of internal migration in Republic of Bulgaria, for 1997‐2003 is around 22.5 ‰ (418,000 people), but there is a tendency to decrease (19,5 ‰ in 2003). About 2 /3 of migrants are in the age group 10‐39. Overall, most regions negative values of internal migration increased or remained the same, but only in the Southwest region net migration was positive and continually increased its intensity (from 2,4 ‰ in 1997 to 7,6 ‰ in 2003) The Southwest area attracts internal migration flows mainly because of the presence of greater opportunities in the capital for diversified employment and dense network of educational infrastructure (especially higher education). Trends in migration of the population are: continued concentration of population in developed centers ‐ because of the good (or deemed better) job opportunities, increasing the relative size of migration into the cities with the direction "city‐city" and "city‐village ", redistribution of population between cities and increasing concentration in big cities at the expense of SMEs. In 2004 there were around 145,000 migrants in the country. The greatest movement has a destination "city‐city". Nearly 45% of all migrants have changed their place of residence from one city to another. With a smaller share are migratory flows in destinations "city‐village" ‐ 23%, and "village‐city" ‐ 21%. Least expressed is the movement between villages. Of all migrants in 2004, 11% are destination "village‐village". Emigration will become a problem in Bulgaria in 15‐20 years by degrading in the employment structures, and the biggest the pension system in Bulgaria will bear the heaviest impact. Dobrich is not an exception from the total picture. Increasingly young people (20‐39) emigrate in search of better education or employment in the EU or outside it. That leads to increase in the proportion of elderly in the town. Table 1.6: Population by age group
Available information on 09.02.2008
/economically active age /
Under 7 7‐13 14‐17 18‐62 18‐58 Over 59 Over 63
6054 6090 4892 34098 35045 11 425 5982
General Directorate Civil Registration and Administrative Services
Section 2: Economic conditions Economic overview – Dobrich Municipality is going through rapid economic growth. There are 2 established business zones /North and West/ and one developing. Dobrich Municipality is trying to sustain economic growth through adequate measures: on one hand by encouragement of appropriate qualification of the workforce, and through adequate support of the business environment. Dobrich Municipality boasts a well‐developed industrial field, which can be characterized as: • diversified – a variety of industries, the major ones being branches of the light industry, the food processing industry and machine building. • convenient – the enterprises are set in well‐defined industrial zones. There is a good network of small firms, both municipal and privately run, providing various services in the fields of construction, retailing, etc. • well‐staffed – the region is rich in educated and experienced human resources All these characteristics of the industrial field, together with the available infrastructure, are an important prerequisite for a rapid development of the municipality. The major industries determining the structure of the municipal economy are the light industry, food processing, machine building, transportation and construction. 3 The local economy is dominated by the private sector, 91 %.
Table 2.1: Number of active companies by size of the work force Dobrich Municipality Type of company 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 % variation 2003 /2001 Micro – up to 10 ‐ 48,57 % employees 2 724 1 378 1 401 2 113 3 715 3 699 Small ‐ from 11 to 50 + 17,84 % employees 185 175 218 224 280 320 Medium ‐ from 51 to + 18,18 % 100 employees 22 27 26 26 48 51 Middle size ‐ from 101 + 16,67 % to 250 employees 18 15 21 19 Big – more than 250 + 10,00 % employees 10 12 11 10 11 10 ‐ 43,33 % Total 2 959 1 607 1 677 2 392 4 054 4 080
For 2006, the net earnings realized were total of 594 ,572 thousand Euro. Gross production is worth 290,110 thousand euro, having recorded over the previous year a growth rate of 16.82%. Incomes from operations amounted of 601,922 thousand Euro. Dobrich has a well‐developed retail network, with the prevalence of shops selling food and manufactured goods, and food establishments. The near proximity to the Black Sea resorts, to cultural and historic resources, the available amenities and facilities for leisure and entertainment create favorable conditions for the development of cultural, congress and hunting tourism. Over the last years, Dobrich has become popular as a center of fairs and an organizer of yearly exhibitions of national and international importance – “Agriculture and everything for it”, “National Seed Fair”, “Torgo ‐ Wine and Delicacies’, “Fashion, Style and Beauty”, etc. Dobrich Fair Ltd. specializes in organizing and holding commercial exhibitions, auctions, scientific events and other supporting services in the field of agriculture and trade in agricultural goods. Our ambition is for Dobrich to become a leading fair and exhibition center on the Balkan peninsular. As an integral part of the country’s economy, the municipal industry is seriously affected by the negative processes developing in the last years, especially having in mind the fact that most of our plants and factories were selling their produce to the ex‐socialist countries markets. As a result, the production of a number of structure‐determining enterprises sharply decreased – machine building, textiles, etc. The general survey of the business situation in the town reveals that the major problems in the municipal economy come as a consequence of the problems in the national economy: • the lack of markets and the decrease in industrial orders reduced a number of production lines to the absolute minimum, even to a collapse (machine building, electrical engineering, etc.); • The incomplete legislation, the difficulties with access to credits, the lack of adequate preferences for local and foreign investors are serious hurdles to the municipal businesses; • The lack of a relevant protective state policy in such fields like food processing and agriculture; • The out‐dated production capacities, the insufficiency in new technologies, the difficulties connected with certification of enterprises and products are a real obstacle to accessing the international markets. These, as well as some other problems, lead to a serious rise in the unemployment rate – from 10.5% in 1998 to 19.9% in 2001, and to a growing impoverishment of the population. In the sphere of economy, therefore, a priority in Dobrich 2020 is creating conditions for an active municipal economy with the purpose of raising the quality of life of the citizens.
4 The city economic structure is characterized by high unemployment rates of under 29 and over 50 years old.
Table 2.2: Unemployment rates by age group
Average monthly values Average monthly values Variation Age groups 2007 г. 2008 г. + ‐ Under 29 1572 934 ‐638 Percentage 22,6% 17,7% ‐4,8% from 30 to 34 868 600 ‐268 Percentage 12,5% 11,4% ‐1,1% from 35 to 39 850 590 ‐260 Percentage 12,2% 11,2% ‐1,0% From 40 to 44 752 570 ‐182 Percentage 10,8% 10,8% ‐0,0% From 45 to 49 822 667 ‐155 Percentage 11,8% 12,7% +0,9% over 50 2106 1906 ‐200 Percentage 30,2% 36,2% +6,0%
- GDP growth in % in the last three years (2005, 2006, 2007) ‐ Other that you deem relevant Section 3: Policies
5 POLICY CHALLENGES For what concerns ageing in general, the main challenges are: 1. The policy is not fully developed. 2. Not sufficient staff to meet all the needs of target group. 3. Hefty bureaucratic system for project application, evaluation and approval. 4. Underdeveloped capacity of the NGOs. 5. Uncoordinated policies and measures on national level. 6. Increasing needs for social and health services. 7. Growing need for support and care for ageing people. 8. Loss of work discipline and qualification as a result of long unemployment during transition period. 9. Lack of practice and high‐quality personnel to meet the needs of ageing people. 10. Low level of unemployment. Ageing people – potential qualified workforce. 11. Lack of information and detailed analysis for ageing people needs. 12. Lack of experience and underdeveloped local policies for workforce’ skills improvement. 13. A gap between the curriculum of the professional education institutions funded by the Municipal Budget and the local business needs. The measures and instruments used by Dobrich Municipality and NGOs working with ageing society are not sufficient and can not meet the needs of these people. Analysis of the results will help to mobilize efforts of all stakeholders in the implementation of local demographic policies. For what concerns age and the economy, the main challenger are: Shortage of labour force; Need for skilled labour; Ageing; Promoting collaboration between the concerned actors; Promoting entrepreneurship as an opportunity; Providing incomes and services development. Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city. Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 4
Elderly health 4
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?)
Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 4
Elderly active citizenship 5
Elderly active social life 5 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 4 Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers:
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy Established policies for ageing people. .Not sufficient staff to meet all the needs of target group. We have experts trained and working in this area. Hefty bureaucratic system for project application, National Operational Program for alternative financing of evaluation and approval. different initiatives aimed at the target group. Care and insecurity Municipal Program for Support of Citizens` Initiatives and Underdeveloped capacity of the NGOs. Program for Entrepreneurship Encouragement. The policy is not fully developed. Care and insecurity Uncoordinated policies and measures on national level. There are many NGOs operating in the field of ageing Increasing needs of social and health provided. population. Growing need support and care for ageing people. Provided opportunities for recreation and participation of older people in cultural life. Mobilising the efforts of all stakeholders in the 6 implementation of population policies. Stimulating voluntary participation in social life of the community and the development of civil society.
Opportunities Threats Economy Economy Trend of decreasing birth rate and is lasting and a long‐ Developping of policiess for active ageing. term. Increased migration from less developed regions to Encouraging lifelong learning. the more developed deepens the existing regional Care and insecurity imbalances. Development of the system of social and health services Accelerated ageing population and decreased population and improving the quality of life for elderly. of working age. Care and insecurity Underdeveloped Bulgarian pension model, unstable pension system. Despite participation in different programmes and projects, despite the taken measures, financial and human resources is still insufficient in social services. Weak public sensitiveness to the problems of the elderly.
Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3
Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?)
Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 2
Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 1 Other (specify) Dobrich Municipality has implementing ageing measures both in terms of employment and social services. In particular, Dobrich Municipality is part of a system: z We are a member of the National Council for Cooperation on Ethnical and Demographic Issues, which proceeds the applications for the employment of ageing population in frame of the policies and programs at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policies. z Dobrich Municipality has a Development Plan 2007 – 2013, in accordance with the EU policies and the national priorities. Part of this Plan is aimed at ageing population. z NGO with social purpose providing services for the target group including motivation and business education. Financial scheme with relieved conditions for ageing people business start‐ups.
Care and insecurity Dobrich Municipality plans to establish a network of social services centers for ageing people. Some of the social services provided in Dobrich are: - Old people house with capacity of 115 people, functioning since 2002 (for more details see annex); - Home social patronage aimed at ageing people and disabled; - Social assistant – for lonely people with over 90% disability; - Retired People’s Clubs. Nine such clubs are operating in Dobrich; - Successful cooperation with NGOs; - Municipal programme Civil Initiatives Financing in Local Society’s Favour from Dobrich Municipality Budget Moreover, the participation of Dobrich Municipality as an employer of people over 45 is important contribution to their social 7 adaptation. The people of this group are engaged by some National Programs like “From relief fund to employment”, “Employment and professional education for people with injuries”, etc. Annex 1‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ Old people house – Dobrich Municipality Annex 2‐ POLICY SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ Old people house – Dobrich Municipality
Section 3: Policies POLICY LEARNING NEEDS
Dobrich Municipality intends to learn from partners experience and good practices exchange how to: z Analyze and categorize the needs of the ageing population in Dobrich z Develop an overall strategy and interactive approach to handle the problems of demographic ageing in our town. Moreover, we are interested in learning additional measures in the fields of training, digital divide, working at home, flexible working time.
We know that some of our partners in this project already have developed and successfully implemented policies and strategies for handling the problems of the demographic ageing and they have the necessary experience. We hope that as a result of our work together we will be able to multiply their good practices on local level. On the other hand, there may be some of our experience that will be of interest for our partners and we will be glad to share it.
Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3
Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly 1 within the city?)
Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 1 Elderly active citizenship 2 Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (specify)
Conclusions: Dobrich is experiencing an increasing share of elderly in the total resident population. This trend is driven by both negative migration flows, mostly concerning people aged 20 to 39 years old, and a shrinking population, due to a negative natural population growth (which dates back to the mid ’80s). Older workers’ employability, adaptability and entrepreneurship are deemed to be the main policy challenges. The shortage of trained and qualified staff, coupled with lack of information and data on ageing people’ needs, prevent the coordination of efforts between public and private stakeholders to effectively cope with the problems of ageing.National employment policies have still a very limited impact at the local level. Bureaucratic reasons have slowed down the development and implementation of the Municipal Development Plan 2007‐2013 devoted to the issues raised by the ageing population.The municipality of Dobrich has a good policy experience in care and social services provision for the elderly. The “Old people house”, with a capacity of 115 people, provides social services to the elderly, helping them with daily activities (free time and socialisation, eating, medical care); the “Project for dignified life” provides 12 social assistants and 11 domestic assistants to care for 40 lonely people. Nine “Retired people’s clubs” are operating, but the infrastructure needs to be improved. The Dobrich municipality also plans to establish a network of social centres for ageing people.The city’s main policy expectations concern sharing experiences and best practices on the development of policies and strategies to tackle the problems of demographic ageing; improving the municipality’s capacity to collect and analyze data on elderly people needs; implementing policies and mobilizing stakeholders through the creation of a detailed database. The local action plan is expected to coordinate and consolidate efforts for the over 45 year olds.
8 Annex 1‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE‐ Old people house – Dobrich Municipality
Summary table City Dobrich Municipality Country Bulgaria Name of the measure Old people house with capacity 115 people, functioning since 2002 Governance level Please, provide information about the governance level involved, starting from the most relevant. Old people house is an institution specialized in providing social services aimed at supporting the elderly in carrying out their daily activities. This House is a Municipal unit and is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy through the Social Help Agency. Since 2002 Home for old people is housed in a new modern equipped and furnished building, located in the western edge of City Park Sv.Georgi. The home has 42 double rooms 19 single rooms. The rooms are modern and equipped with on‐suite and a terrace. Each floor has a day of activities ‐ TV, video library and leisure games. The second floor is provided to serve disabled people. The building is heated with natural gas, and is furnished with modern kitchen block. At home is provided 24‐hours care, including: 1. Assistance for the implementation of social contacts 2. Organization of free time 3. Occupational 4. Nutrition 5. Medical care 6. There are numerous activities bringing excitement in their everyday life. Actors involved in the policy – A key role in the management and maintenance of activities has the Municipality making process Dobrich. It cares for nutrition, medical supplies, equipment maintenance, current repairs, administrative and law service, etc. MLSP Regional department – “Agency for social assistance” Dobrich selects the elderly, controls activities, subserveing Municipality Dobrich, etc. “Health services and Social Activities” Standing Committee to Municipal Council exercises control too. Financing Funded by the Government delegated activities from the State Budget through Municipal Budget. The resources are provided by the state budget of Republic of Bugaria, according to Ministry of Labor and Social Policy standard for maintenance for a person in houses like this. For fiscal year have provided approximately 330,300 Euro. The decision to build the House was taken 28 years ago and because of social system changes, chaos in the social services and lack of funding the building process lasted 25 years. The House was officially opened in 2002 and the elderly people were moved from another building to their permanent place. In general, the activity is delegated from the State and the amount for annual funding is being counted in accordance with nationally accepted standard which is per person; this is voted every year for the next fiscal year from the State budget.
Target population Target population is elderly people in retirement age from both sexes that live on the Municipal territory. The capacity of social facility is 115 people. Right to use this service have all persons in need that choose to have the particular service provider. For elderly care staff of 41 qualified personnel and support staff ‐ social workers, health professionals, rehabilitation and other specialized and support staff. Monitoring/evaluation activity? The activity is monitored by the Regional department – „Agency for social assistance” – Dobrich of Ministry of Labor and Social Policy and the Ministry itself. The right to verify preserving and enforcement of standards and criteria has also „Agency for social assistance”. The Municipality executes internal monitoring of the activities and spending in the House, as does the Agency for Social Help. The Agency elaborates an annual Report.
1 Policy debate In recent years, there is growing internal and external migration of young people, the demographic breakdown, the problems posed by an ageing population caused more and more attention from the state , local authorities, social organizations, the media. With the effort of all stakeholders were adopted strategies and measures for demographic policy. In these documents, the attention was focused and the increasing need of the elderly, using the social and medical services. That gives them opportunities to have normal and dignified life. Policies results For each policies/projects please fill the following SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses
There exists a long‐term vision for development, “Dobrich 2020” There are many candidates for Availability of buildings ‐ municipal accommodation in the home and not property sufficient housing funds to provide care. Qualified staff There is no defined policy for professional guiding for elderly. No sufficient effort applied for changing the society’s perception about skilled workers and career opportunities for people over 45 years old.
Opportunities Threats
Support from Ministry of Labor and Social Policy Lack of initiative for the building of private houses for old people. Strong interest in implementation of Society and business have prejudice projects at local level and about recruitment of personnel aged determination to find solutions for more than 45 years. ageing people and issues arising in connection with ageing population processes.
Lack of available information, analytical data and thorough assessment of needs and appropriate measures..
May you please score the success of the policy measure from 1 to 4 (1 No success, 2 Some success, 3 Success, 4 Completely successful) The House is a success because it provides care and support for elderly people that need it, and it has trained and experienced staff. There is shortage of available places in the house. The variety of activities and adaptation that is provided is quite broad and at the same time specialized to match the needs of the elderly. It would be even more successful if there were opportunities for the inhabitants to have more active professional involvement and help their personal budget and the society by applying their professional skills.
2
Annex 2‐ POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE‐ Old people house – Dobrich Municipality
Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal National Assembly of National Assembly Ministry of Ministry of 63 % from Ministry of Labor Ministry of Labor level) the Republic of of the Republic of Labor and Finance; Municipality and Social Policy; and Social Policy; Bulgaria; Bulgaria; Social Policy; Ministry of budjet from State Ministry of Health; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labor and Ministry of Labor Ministry of Labor and resources is Ministry of Ministry of Social Policy; Ministry and Social Policy; Health; Social Policy; calculated for Education and Education and of Health; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Ministry of Function “Social Science Science Ministry of Education Ministry of Education and Health; Activities” and Science Education and Science Ministry of /approximately Science Education and 826 000 Euro for Science fiscal year/
Region (Specify) Dobrich District N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Administration
Province (or other subregional authority, N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A specify)
Municipality (or other local Municipal Council; Municipality 37 % from Municipality Dobrich Municipal Council; authority, specify) Municipality Dobrich; Dobrich Municipality Municipality “Health services and budjet from Dobrich; Social Activities” Municipality “Health services and Standing Committee resources is Social Activities” to Municipal Council calculated for Standing Committee Function “Social to Municipal Council Activities” /approximately 485 000 Euro for fiscal year/
Other institution (specify) MLSP Implementing Resources Resources from MLSP Implementing MLSP Implementing agency ‐ Employment from Pre‐ Pre‐accesion Funds agency ‐ agency ‐ agency ; accesion Funds and Structural Employment agency Employment agency MLSP Regional and Structural funds ; ; department ‐Agency funds MLSP Regional MLSP Regional for social assistance department ‐Agency department ‐Agency for social assistance for social assistance
Not for profit actors NGOs NGOs
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
SEVILLA ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile
Partner Profile General information City SEVILLE Country SPAIN Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n) N ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n) Y ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n) Y Section 1: Demographic structure of the city Seville is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Spain. It boats [bouts] more than 700,000 inhabitants in the capital city and 1,3000,000 dwellers in the metropolitan area, this account for nearly 3% of the Spanish population and 15% of Andalusia, one of the biggest regions in Europe. As the administrative capital of Andalusia Regional Government, Seville performs a dynamic role at the economic and demographic dimension, attracting a large inflow of businesses and people.
Total Population in the central city (2007) : 699.145
z Male: 333.182 z Female: 365.963 z Foreign residents: 27.659 z Population under the age of 20 20,08 % z Population over the age of 65 15,96 % z Relative increase of the population 0,24 %
The majors amounts of population between people fro 30 to 54 years reveal the demographic change that has taken place during the last 10 years. It reflects the greater dimension of the base of the population pyramid that occurred in the 1997 and which has been reduced little by little as a result of reduction of the natality rates.
Table 1.1: Demographic indicators – Seville compared with other provinces Province Birth Death Increase Total M F Total M F Almería 7.829 4.034 3.795 4.570 2.454 2.116 3.259 Cádiz 14.489 7.546 6.943 9.233 5.023 4.210 5.256 Córdoba 8.279 4.270 4.009 7.340 3.790 3.550 939 Granada 9.707 5.000 4.707 7.662 3.973 3.689 2.045 Huelva 5.503 2.776 2.727 4.393 2.306 2.087 1.110 Jaén 6.602 3.397 3.205 6.284 3.319 2.965 318 Málaga 17.230 8.835 8.395 11.536 6.095 5.441 5.694 Sevilla 22.169 11.375 10.794 14.867 7.684 7.183 7.302 Andalucía 91.808 47.233 44.575 65.885 34.644 31.241 25.923
The comparison of the data corresponding to year 1997 and 2007 shows a slight increase in the 0‐4 section, possibly thanks to the increased birth rates of the immigrants. The aging index show the increase of people over 65 and the reduction of people under 15, although these increase is below the national average. The total Dependency index is 44.8%, inferior to the national average.
Tabel 1.2: Demographic indicators – Seville compared with Spain Indicators Spain Seville 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 Dependency index 45,07 44,57 44,93 45,5 44,81 44,8 ODI 24,52 24,03 24,26 21,47 21,13 21,28 YDI 20,55 20,53 20,67 24,02 23,68 23,52 1 Active Population 79,51 81,85 83,67 72,7 75,07 76,9 Potential Dependency 4,08 4,16 4,12 4,66 4,73 4,7
Concluding, contracting population but more or less the same dependency. Also during the year 2007 the demographic indexes have changed, as Romanian community became the first community of foreigners in the city, exceeding Moroccan residents. Table 1.3: Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents from 1997 to the last year available
1997 % 1998 % 1999 % 2000 % 2001 %
697487 0.538 701927 0.592 701927 0.637 700716 0.717 702520 1.049
2002 % 2003 % 2004 % 2005 % 2006 % 2007 %
704114 1.475 709975 2.108 704203 2.350 704154 2.942 704414 3.590 699145 3.598
Please cross one of the following: [ ] the population is expanding [x] the population is contracting
Foreign people are increasing. Main foreign community by country are Romanians, Moroccan, Colombian and Ecuadorians, in this order.
Table 1.4: Population by age group and gender (1997 ‐ 2007) 1997 0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 Over 75
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
59793 56426 96133 92927 71777 76452 38756 43065 31498 36734 23943 33544 11568 24869
2007 0‐14 15‐29 30‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 Over 75
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
52619 50141 72490 69920 85758 87720 43337 48058 35659 41873 25687 33695 17632 34556
Section 2: Economic conditions
2
Seville is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Spain, in the same range of other cities like Amsterdam and Brussels. It boasts more than 700,000 inhabitants in the core and 1,300,000 dwellers in the whole metropolitan area. This accounts for nearly 3% of the Spanish population and 15% of Andalusia, one of the biggest regions in Europe. It is also one of the 25 largest cities in the European Union.
Figure 2.1 ‐ Seville, a crossing point between the Atlantic and Mediterranean Arcs
In the beginning of the 20th century Seville was a predominantly agricultural city. Nowadays, as the rest of the Spanish urban centres, farming represents the smallest fraction of the domestic product, being manufacturing and, more importantly, the service sectors, the new movers of the economy. This, in turn, originated an expansion in all the urban capitals, attracting people from rural areas. A more recent trend is associated with commuting. This means that, thanks to the extensive use of cars, the geographical distance between the house and the workplace has widened, leading to the consolidation of residential areas located in the surrounded areas. In this sense, Seville has been no exception. The last decade has seen a higher population growth in the Metropolitan Area as a whole, meaning that more dwellers are, for several reasons, choosing to live in less densely populated, nearby towns. However, they still have permanent jobs in the city of Seville, making the traditional distinctions between local administrations blurred, and giving credit to a new way of thinking urban development, a new philosophy in which the Metropolitan Area has a pivotal role as the relevant scale where to focus political action. As the administrative capital of the Andalusia Regional Government, Seville performs a dynamic role at the economic and demographic dimensions, attracting a large inflow of businesses and people. However, as it happens with the rest of the region, Seville remains relatively isolated from the main European urban network because of its geographical position in Southern Spain. Nevertheless, the city has a strong potential to build stronger links at the international level, given its strategic position between Europe and Africa. Since the 1992 Universal Exhibition Seville has greatly improved its infrastructure and communications base. With regards to land communications, the city has a direct link with Madrid, through the only High‐Speed Train [AVE] in Spain and by road with the E‐05 highway. Two other highways connect Seville with the Mediterranean urban network and Portugal, and there is another one under construction that will assure better communications with Morocco and the rest of the African Continent. Although Seville is not a coastal city, it has the unusual feature of being Spain’s only commercial port located in a river, providing easy accessibility to the production centres and markets. In the last years, there has been an important investment in port facilities, qualifying the place not only as a trade area, but also as an industrial site itself, with nearly 500 hectares of land designed to that use. About air communications, the international San Pablo Airport boasts an strategic location close to the city centre and reckons with wide and high‐quality premises, with a 9 million passengers per year capacity that is still underused. Its main flights are those connected to Madrid and Barcelona airports but it also has an important number of European and International links. In 2006, 10% of San Pablo flights were done with EU countries. 3 Seville is way ahead from other Andalusian cities in terms of industrial land availability, with 2,000 hectares in the Metropolitan Area. From these, more than a third part is located in the main city, followed by the towns of Alcala de Guadaira and Dos Hermanas. These three urban centres concentrate the vast majority of industrial land, accounting for nearly 90% of the whole Metropolitan Area. The most emblematic site in the area is the Cartuja 93 technopole, established in the area that sheltered the 1992 World Fair. Its location, next to the city centre, and its R&D vocation, has made this site one of the most requested places to set up new premises, specially in the ICT field. To this day, Cartuja 93 is the most important technopole in Spain, due to higher sales from the enterprises located in the site, surpassing €690,000 in revenues. Accordingly to the innovative nature of its future projects, SEVILLA GLOBAL has chosen Cartuja 93 as its permanent address. Although the agricultural sector in Seville retains a small fraction of the metropolitan Gross Added Value, this is not really significant, being industry and services the real engines of the economy. In this sense, Seville metropolitan area represents a large share of the Andalusian industry. The five bigger firms in the region are based in Seville, shaping among them the industrial hub along which other smaller enterprises grow. These firms cover a wide spectrum of activities, from aeronautics to beverage, from utilities to the car industry, being part of strategic sectors with a high degree of importance for the development of the area. Generally speaking, the lion’s share of Seville production is concentrated in the car industry, electronics and plastics, accounting for nearly 90% of the industrial investment. The differences between industry and services are becoming more blurred each day, when large amounts of the production in traditional industrial sectors are being focused on inmaterial activities. Due to its condition of being the administrative capital of Andalusia, public services in Seville have a great impact in its economy. Besides, its wide cultural heritage, along with newly‐constructed attractions, like the Isla Magica theme park, exert a big influence in the tourism sector, making it one of the most meaningful activity in the city. Its charm lays in its beautiful urban landscape, with the historical city centre looking itself in the Guadalquivir River, its rich gastronomy and the warmth of its inhabitants. Taking care of the affiliation in the metropolitan area, the total number of companies affiliates has grown in December of 2007 a 4.7%. Except in the industrial sector, where the number of companies has descended (affiliates ‐ 0.4%), the rest of sectors has increased their quantity, mainly the sector services, That increased a 5.4%. Although this sector continues representing the greater percentage of companies affiliates, you have reduced its weight 5 points in December of 2007 with respect to the same period of the previous year. Generally, the evolution of the number of societies created in Seville has been positive in 2007, although second half of the year has demonstrated a less dynamic tendency. According to the Central Directory of Companies of the INE, the 1 of January of 2007 115,491 companies were registered in Seville, more than 5,300 new companies over 2006, which has supposed a inter‐annual increase of 4.6%. To review that, with this volume of companies, Seville it positioned like a economic and enterprise center of Andalusia, and concentrate 22.6% of the regional enterprise tissue.
Table 2.1 ‐ Afiliates/economic sector Dec ’06 Dec ‘07 % change Sectors Enterprises Self‐employed Enterprises Self‐employed Enterprises Self‐employed Agriculture 835 933 857 968 2,63 3,75 Manufacturing 3.199 3.687 3.187 3.777 ‐0,38 2,44 Construction 4.225 5.378 4.365 5.846 3,31 8,70 Services Total 36.122 50.357 38.065 51.961 5,38 3,19 Trade 11.093 20.070 11.260 20.410 1,51 1,69 Hotels 3.509 5.284 3.611 5.471 2,91 3,54 Transport 2.224 5.290 2.276 5.357 2,34 1,27 Other services 19.296 19.713 20.918 20.723 8,41 5,12 TOTAL 44.381 60.355 46.474 62.552 4,72 3,64
Table 2.2 ‐ Unemployment by sectors second semester 2007
Yearly Yearly Yearly Unemploy Yearly Manufac change (%) Construc change (%) Services change (%) ed change (%) Total Alcalá de Guadaíra 1.115 ‐5,3 486 ‐1,9 2.927 ‐0,2 824 ‐11,8 5.515 Algaba (La) 69 16,6 153 12,5 458 2,0 279 ‐1,8 1.025 Almensilla 25 ‐10,9 42 20,4 181 4,9 27 ‐16,3 280 Bormujos 70 ‐5,8 101 3,4 788 ‐0,3 135 19,9 1.125 Camas 177 ‐2,5 241 4,9 1.291 2,9 434 6,0 2.200 Castilleja de Guzmán 10 67,6 9 ‐17,7 101 18,1 15 45,2 135 Castilleja de la Cuesta 101 1,7 100 ‐7,1 851 ‐3,7 198 1,3 1.284 4 Coria del Río 118 ‐3,4 253 10,6 887 3,9 216 ‐5,7 1.586 Dos Hermanas 1.297 ‐4,5 1.051 3,5 5.294 2,0 1.031 ‐2,1 8.917 Espartinas 31 ‐0,5 41 28,5 318 20,4 49 11,9 450 Gelves 42 19,0 42 17,1 330 0,4 72 11,9 492 Gines 46 ‐5,2 47 19,8 412 ‐1,6 78 ‐11,3 596 Mairena del Aljarafe 257 ‐0,3 197 10,8 1.662 1,3 345 ‐10,2 2.493 Palomares del Río 20 4,3 35 29,8 206 19,6 30 ‐0,6 296 Puebla del Río (La) 44 7,3 135 11,2 430 ‐5,7 80 ‐16,5 754 Rinconada 212 3,9 345 48,4 1.117 5,5 368 ‐3,5 2.354 Salteras 22 3,1 17 ‐21,8 165 0,1 44 2,4 253 San Juan de Aznalfarach e 127 ‐0,8 183 ‐1,1 1.093 1,6 315 ‐6,4 1.772 Santiponce 71 37,8 65 10,5 344 13,3 121 ‐1,6 632 Sevilla 3.659 ‐3,4 3.691 3,7 29.008 ‐0,7 9.013 5,9 46.273 Tomares 81 ‐0,8 67 ‐4,5 734 ‐2,3 146 ‐4,5 1.052 Valencina de la Concepción 41 ‐8,1 39 2,2 278 ‐0,7 82 4,5 453 Total área metropolit ana 7.633 ‐2,8 7.341 5,5 48.872 0,3 13.900 2,3 79.936 Área sin Sevilla 3.975 ‐2,3 3.650 7,5 19.864 1,7 4.887 ‐3,8 33.664 Total Province 12.236 ‐1,3 13.894 7,7 64.809 0,6 19.735 1,1 117.755
The evolution of the main indicators of the labour market shows a favourable balance in the 2007, which can be inferred form the good trajectory of contract in the city of Seville and the metropolitan area, being particularly positive in indefinite contracts, which contributes to equip with greater quality employment. The labour market of Seville maintains its strength in 2007 in the city of Seville like in the set of the metropolitan area from a more general approach. The INE, Statistic National Institute, through the Survey of Active Population, allows to establish as a reference an approach to the labour panorama of Seville and its area of influence by the analysis of the data regarding the province. Taking care of this information, generally, a favourable behaviour of the main indicators of the labour market in the province can be showed during year 2007. In average in the year the good rate of growth of the active population stays next to the 2.2 percent, reaching a number of 858 thousand people, so the rate of activity is placed in the 57.6 percent in the provincial scope, 6 points more than in the previous year. In terms of use creation the balance also has been very positive, after registering an increase of the 2 percent in the occupied numbers, reaching 746.3 thousand workers, 14,900 people more than in 2006 on the provincial scale, although with regard to unemployment, a slight rise is observed, of the 3.3 percent in the average of the year, although the rate of unemployment stays around the 13 percent. Paying attention to the occurred thing during second half of the year, the province of Seville continues reaching historical levels according the 750,200 occupied in the second semester of 2007, the 23.3 percent of the total workers in the region of Andalusian. By sectors, the data of the second semester reveal an increase of unemployment in the sector of the construction, showing that the deceleration that lives this activity has moved to the work market. Thus they corroborate individual increases of unemployment registered in the city of Seville (3.7 percent), the set of the metropolitan area (5.5 percent) and the provincial aggregate (7.7 percent) in this period, against the reductions of that indicator in the first half of the year. These data show in addition that the effect has taken place with greater intensity in the populations that compose the metropolitan areal, emphasizing the cases of the Rinconada (48.4 percent), Palomares del Río (29.8 percent) and Espartinas (28.5 percent). In this sense, it is possible to emphasize that unemployment in the sector only registered reductions in Salteras (21.8 percent) and Castilleja de Guzmán (17.7 percent) and to a lesser extent in Castilleja of Cuesta.
Section 3: Policies POLICY CHALLENGES Seville Municipality stresses the themes of age and the economy and age and insecurity. In fact, it promotes employment, especially re‐entry the labour market and upskilling, and entrepreneurship among older workers, particularly women, is municipality main
5 policy challenge. Seville aims to achieve those targets through training, intergenerational transfer of skills and ICT.
Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 4
Elderly active social life 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 4 Other (specify)
SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers:
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy - Diversified Economy. - Few policies consider the workforce of ageing - Good infrastructures. people as new working force - Municipal Program for support to entrepreneurship - Skilled elderly people not exploited through use of the capacity of ageing people. Care and insecurity Care and insecurity - Contracting population and expanding dependent - Strong capacity to mobilize the efforts of population. stakeholders in the implementation of policies. - Barriers for people over 45 face to the inclusion in - Network of municipal district centers that can arrive the Information Society. to citizens easily. -
Opportunities Threats Economy Economy - Development of policies for active ageing. - Economical crises and budgetary problems. - Encouraging entrepreneurship among elderly. Care and insecurity Care and insecurity - Increasing rates of migrants. - Integration of Ageing people in the Information - Info‐marginality of elderly. Society. - Development of new programs for elderly.
POLICY EXPERIENCE
Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
6 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 2
Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 2
Elderly active citizenship 2 Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (specify) Municipality of Seville current policy experience with demographic ageing involves: Age and economy • Program of Aid for New Enterprise Initiatives: promotes self‐employment through the creation of new enterprise initiatives and provide support to those people in the start‐up phase. The project favour groups in risk of social and labour exclusion included unemployed People over 45 years old. The program experiences an increasing demand coming from over 45 people (Policy Description Table attached). Age and care • National “Dependency law” provide for support to people with lack of physical, mental, intellectual or sensorial autonomy and need of carers. Elderly people and carers, particularly women, are currently benefiting from Dependency law provision at municipal level (Policy Description Table attached). Age and insecurity • Plan for financial help of I+D projects in the field of Health in Andalucía (Policy Description Table attached): provide financial resources and promote research and social involvement, training and education about problems of demographic ageing. • Concrete actions developed in relation to the ICT through 4 transnational experiences (ARC ATLANTIC CONFERENCE, Atlanti.net, Revita, Prince; EURADA, EURBEST; C2M platform, metropolis for the Mediterranean; EBSN, Euroepan e‐Business Support Network)
Section 3: Policies POLICY LEARNING NEEDS: Existing programs on “E‐learning”, “Senior Assistance”, “Senior Enterprises” and “Senior Employment Programme” provided by some Local Support Group members (Centre for Advanced Business Resources of Seville – CREA, and the Spanish Senior Association for Technical Cooperation – SECOT) and the Economic and Employment Ministry need to be developed in order to attain the targets of older workers upskilling, intergenerational transfer of knowledge and self‐employment promotion. The Local Support Group suggests to do a benchmarking of good transnational practices, to combine policies for both unemployment and elderly, and to promote the following new activities in group: *Incorporate Ageing people to the Information Society *Promote entrepreneurship among elderly +45 * Increase the effectiveness of local policies based on the advise from elderly to young entrepreneurs.
Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
7 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 2
Elderly health 2 Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly 2 within the city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 2 Elderly active citizenship 2 Elderly active social life 2 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify) Conclusions: In the city of Seville, between 1997‐2007 the over 45 age group increased by 13%. In 2007, the over 40 year olds account for 30% of total unemployment. Promotion of employment of older workers, in particular re‐entry in the labour market, up‐skilling, and entrepreneurship, with a special focus on women, is the municipality’s main policy theme. Seville aims to achieve these targets through training, intergenerational transfer of experience and skills, and ICT. Presently, the municipality of Seville is focusing its policy efforts on enterprise development. It wants to develop further an already existing “Program of Aid for New Enterprise Initiatives” to meet the increasing demand for services and support for over 40 year olds starting new enterprises. A national “Dependency law” provides support to people with lack of physical, mental, intellectual or sensorial autonomy, as well as to their (family) carers. Elderly people and their carers, mostly women, are currently benefiting from Dependency law provisions at the municipal level. The “I+D project” provides support to training initiatives and sustains research on demographic ageing, with special emphasis on health care.Existing programs on “E‐learning”, “Senior Assistance”, “Senior Enterprises” and “Senior Employment Programme” provided by some Local Support Group members (Center for Advanced Business Resources of Seville – CREA, and the Spanish Senior Association for Technical Cooperation – SECOT) and the Ministry for the Economy and Employment pursue the targets of promoting the up‐ skilling of older workers, support intergenerational transfer of knowledge and self‐employment promotion.
8 Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – Dependency Law – Spanish State and Seville Municipality
Summary table City Sevilla Country Spain
Name of the measure Law on the promotion of the personal autonomy and care of dependent persons. Approved on the 30th of November 2006 (“Dependency law”). Governance level National level Actors involved in the policy – National politicians making process Financing National level and EU co‐financing (ESF,..) Target population This Strategy has a following title name: Dependency, Discapacidad and Personal Atonomía. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Still in preparation. Policy debate Policies results Strengths Weaknesses Decentralize services for ageing people and Necessary changes in the state regulations people on dependency situations (Social Security for non‐professional carers, the Natural Persons ,Income Tax Act, the Is a combined action of all public powers regulations on disability, major invalidity (state administration and Regional and the need for third‐party assistance, as administration) well as an explanation of the modifications that are necessary for regulating private coverage for situations of dependency. Definition of the collaboration with local authorities
Opportunities Threats
Implementing the measures of care of Limited financial resources dependent persons strengthen the model of social state
Increasing intergenerational solidarity
Name of the measure Plan for financial help of I+D projects in the field of Health in Andalucía, 14th June 2005 Governance level Regional level
1 Actors involved in the policy – Regional politicians making process Financing Regional level Target population Between the high‐priority lines of investigation in the plan there is one : " ageing and incapacities. Care of ageing people at home” Monitoring/evaluation activity? Policy debate Policies results Strengths Weaknesses
Training and education in the field. Slow evaluation process of the results. Increasing the social involvement and improve the innovation system to solve problems of ageing people.
Opportunities Threats
Involvement of the research world on the Financial support in the long run. resolution of problem of ageing people. Training, education and social involvement in the problems of ageing people.
2
POLICY SUMMARY TABLE
Summary table City Sevilla Country Spain
Name of the measure Program of Aid for New Enterprise Initiatives Governance level Local level Actors involved in the policy – Local administration making process Financing Local level Target population The purpose of this Program is to promote self‐employment through the creation of new enterprise initiatives and provide support those people who initiate their activity in such a regime. The project favour groups in risk of social and labour exclusion included unemployed People over 45 years old. Monitoring/evaluation activity? Policy debate Policies results Strengths Weaknesses A project based on the public assessment Older people has latent and experience skills district by district, thud with a personalise in enterprise development that can be assistance. better exploited on the local economic Project are designed with a context and system. environment focus. Parallel Programme developing skills.
Opportunities Threats
To guaranty the re‐entry of older people Limited financial resources ‐ few venture over 45 years old. capital. Level of services for over 45 in unbalanced Economic Crisis ‐ there exist new within the region entrepreneurs during the crisis step? The high‐tech image of Seville might completely help the generation of new companies from skilled older people
3 Annex 2 ‐ POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ Dependency Law ‐ Spanish State and Seville Municipality
Describe the Who has Who carried out Inter‐ Who delivered the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has financed the monitoring and institutional intervention (services need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility it? the evaluation allocation of or provisions)? criteria? activity? resources %.
State (national or federal Spanish Secretary of Spanish Secretary Spanish Spanish Spanish Secretary of Spanish Secretary of level) State for Social of State for Social Secretary of Spanish Secretary Secretary of State for Social State for Social Services, Families and Services, Families State for Social of State for Social State for Social Services, Families and Services, Families Disability and Disability, Services, Services, Families Services, Disability, Minister of and Disability Minister of Labour Families and and Disability, Families and Labour and Social and Social Affairs Disability, Minister of Labour Disability Affairs Minister of and Social Affairs Labour and Social Affairs
Region (Specify) Equality and social Equality and social welfare Ministry welfare Ministry
Province (or other subregional authority, specify)
Municipality (or other Municipality of Sevilla local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify) NGO
Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE (I+D Plan)
Describe the Who carried out Who has Who delivered Who has assessed Who has Inter‐ the monitoring defined the Who has the intervention the need of planned and institutional and the eligibility financed it? (services or intervention? designed it? allocation of evaluation criteria? provisions)? resources %. activity? State (national or Health Ministry Health Ministry Health Health Ministry Health Health Ministry Health Ministry federal level) Ministry Ministry Region (Specify) Region of Andalusia Province (or other subregional authority, specify) Municipality (or other local authority, specify) Other institution (specify) NGO Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE (Program of Aid for New Enterprise Initiatives)
Describe the Who carried out Who has Who delivered Who has assessed Who has Inter‐ the monitoring defined the Who has the intervention the need of planned and institutional and the eligibility financed it? (services or intervention? designed it? allocation of evaluation criteria? provisions)? resources %. activity? State (national or federal level) Region (Specify)
Province (or other subregional authority, specify) Municipality (or Municipality of Municipality of Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality of Municipality of other local authority, Sevilla Sevilla of Sevilla of Sevilla of Sevilla Sevilla Sevilla specify) Other institution (specify) NGO Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
No one
STAROGARD ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile Partner Profile GENERAL INFORMATION City STAROGARD GDAŃSKI Country POLAND Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n) NO ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n) NO ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n) YES SECTION 1: Demographic structure Starogard Gdański is, in terms of size, the 4th town in the Pomerania Province and in 2006 had 47970 inhabitants. Where 47.87% were men and 52.12% women. The number of inhabitants within the years 2000‐2006 is presented in the table below.
Table 1.1: Demographic trends in Starogard 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Specification
Total number of citizens, including: 50,423 50,268 50,174 49,994 49,884 49,469 49,075 48,551 48,297 47,970 47,806 Women 26,101 26,018 25,954 25,905 25,879 25,674 25,515 24,934 25,143 25,008
Men 24,322 24,250 24,220 24,089 24,005 23,795 23,560 23,617 23,154 22,962 Women per 100 men 107.31 107.63 107.16 107.54 107.81 107.90 108.30 105.58 108.59 108.91
Population density (person/km2 ) 2.021 2.015 2.011 2.004 1.974 1.957 1.930 1.909 1.911 1.898
The division of the town population in terms of economically active age in the researched perios was as presented in the following table. Table 1.2: Demographic trends by active age status Specification 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Population at pre‐working age Women 6171 5955 5682 5428 5156 4973 4816 0‐17 years old Men 6673 6377 6031 5736 5489 5271 5062
Total 12844 12332 11713 11164 10645 10244 9878
Participation in % 26 25 24 23 22 21 21 Population at economically active age Women (18‐59 ) 15420 15491 15496 15528 15140 15523 15416 Men (18‐64 ) 15608 15756 15814 15821 16080 14941 14893
Total 31028 31247 31310 31349 31220 30464 30309
Participation in % 62 63 63 64 64 63 63 Population at post‐working age Women (60 and more) 4314 4433 4496 4559 4638 4647 4776
Men (65 and more) 1808 1872 1950 2003 2048 2942 3007
Total 6122 6305 6446 6562 6686 7589 7783
Participation in % 12 13 13 13 14 16 16 Total 49994 49884 49469 49075 48551 48297 47970 47806 The number of the town inhabitants at the pre‐working age was decreasing within the years 2000‐2006, both among men and women. However, the number of people at the economically active age was characterised by stable tendency and constituted about 63% of the town population in each consecutive year of the researched period. The last researched age group of the town population, the population at post‐working age, was characterized by constant increase. It was in particular visible among men, where within 6 years, the number increased by further 1199 persons. From the above conducted analysis it turns out explicitly, that despite the still young population of Starogard Gdański, the number of the town inhabitants at the post‐working age is growing. If this tendency continues, in the near future the town will start wrestling with ther problems of ageing population.
1 In order to show the state of the Starogard Gdański population in a complex way, it seems reasonable to present at this point the inhabitants’ natural movement and the migration within the researched period of 2000‐2006.
Table 1.3: The inhabitants’ natural movement Specification 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Starogard Gd. Pomerania Province Births 509 505 433 461 460 544 514 24259 Deaths 407 387 406 374 381 423 369 18766 Birth rate + 102 + + 27 + 87 + 79 + + 145 + 5493 118 121 Inflow 398 344 333 437 405 352 448 34859 Outflow 863 608 737 845 1002 907 920 35793 Migration balance ‐ 465 ‐ 264 ‐ 404 ‐ 408 ‐ 595 ‐ 555 ‐ 472 ‐934
Within the researched period, the birth rate index turned out to be very positive for Starogard Gdański. Each year, within the researched period, the number of births considerably exceeded the number of deaths and in 2006 reached the level of +145. Within this scope, Starogard Gdański did not differ much from the Pomerania Province, where positive birth rate index was also observed. In 2006, the birth rate index for Starogard Gdański and the Pomerania Province was shaped at the levels of 3.02 and 2.5 respectively. However, the migration balance turns out to be disadvantageous for the town; in each consecutive year of the researched period it was negative. The smallest number of inhabitants left Starogard Gdański in 2001 – 264 people, and the largest number in 2004 – 595. Since 2005, we have been observing a little decrease in the number of people migrating from the town to the level of 472 in 2006. In comparison to the Pomerania Province, taking into consideration the mumber of the province and town population, Starogard Gdański does not look too well. To sum up, the above shown data and analyses unambiguously prove that the decreasing number of Starogard Gdański inhabitants is mainly affected not by a decreasing number of births or by an increasing number of deaths, but by migration outside the town and the growing number of people going abroad for permanent or temporary stay. In order to appropriately present the phenomenon of migration in Starodard Gdański as a problem of significant meaning in the contracting town population, it seems reasonable to distinct migration abroad.
Table 1.4: migration phenomenon within the years 2000‐2006
Specification 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Official change of address for Total 57 55 62 55 27 45 107 permanent stay abroad Women 20 15 10 20 10 20 50
Men 37 40 52 35 17 25 57 Official change of address for Total 15 13 10 13 35 44 202 temporary stay abroad Women 6 4 4 6 11 10 48
Men 9 9 6 7 24 34 154 Total number of absent inhabitants 72 68 72 68 62 89 309 (permanent and temporary official change of address)
The data presented in the table above clearly show the progressing increase of official change of address for permanent stay abroad. In total, within the researched period, 408 inhabitants officially changed their address of stay abroad, among them, 65% were men who left their families in the town. The dominating group of emigrants were people aged 24 – 45. The inhabitants of Starogard Gdański most often migrated for permanent stay to Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Finland. Data concerning foreign residents are insignificant due to their marginal importance. The number of foreign residents, registered in Starogard in recent years has oscilliated within 40‐50 people. Please cross one of the following: [ ] the population is expanding [ x] the population is contracting
SECTION 2: Economic conditions
2 Starogard Gdański is the center of an ethnic and cultural region called Kociewie, which covers an area of about 3000 km2. Starogard Gdański, a county town of an area of 25.27 km2, is located in the southern part of the Pomerania Province, 50 km south of Gdańsk, next to the state road no. 22 Berlin – Kaliningrad. A railway line which connects Gorzów Wiielkopolski with the junction in Tczew, runs through the town. The town location is made more attractive by the picturesque valley of the Wierzyca river. During the last century, the main motive force of economic development of Starogard Gdański was industry. Within the in‐between wars period, Starogard used to be one of the most important industrial centers of the Pomerania Province. In 1927, in the town there existed industrial plants employing over 1300 workers. At that time, great development was seen in the following branches: distillery and vodka, tobacco, footwear, milling, metal, brewery and chemistry. The largest manufacturing plants were: Factory of Liquors and Cognac – Wilkenhausen, State Factory of Tobacco Products, Steam Mill – Wichert, Chemical Factory “Ergasta”, Shoe Factory “Balorient”, Shoe Factory Kauffmann, Furniture Factory, Machine Factory – Hortsmann, three Lumbermills: Kreński, Scheidler, Munchau, Public Brewery and several other, smaller ones. In the town there were seven hotels, four restaurants and twenty taverns and inns. As a result of destruction during World War II, 17 of Starogard factories were completely destroyed. New post‐war town authorities faced enormous difficulties of economic nature. Within a short period, thanks to great effort of Starogard inhabitants, the factories were rebuilt. Industrial plants were developing at a quick pace. Within the years 1960 – 1980, Starogard was a resilient industrial center of Pomorze Gdańskie. An example may be here the Pharmaceutical Industry Plant “Polfa”, which exported its products to over 60 countries on all continents and employed over 3000 workers. Later, the firm changed its name into Pharmaceutical Plant Polpharma and after the introduction of the most modern production equipment and new technology, it radically lowered employment. Currently, it is one of the largest and most modern plants in the pharmaceutical branch in Europe. At present, apart from pharmaceutical industry, distilling, furniture and footwear‐leather industries are developing in the town. Currently, the largest industrial plants are Pharmaceutical Plant Polpharma, Innovation‐Implementation Pharmaceutical Laboratory Labofarm – producer of medicines, Sobieski Vodka Distillery, Ship Furniture Factory FAMOS. In Starogard Gdański, despite the location of several large plants there, a gradual process of de‐industrialization is taking place. This trend was initiated by economic reforms after 1989 and the consequent privatization of state‐owned enterprises, as a result of which several large manufacturing plants went bankrupt, among others: shoe factory NEPTUN and STAMO – producing excellent corn produce. The structural unemployment resulting from it was compensated by great resourcefulness and thrift of Starogard inhabitants, thanks to which a lot of them retrained themselves after losing employment in factories, and opened their own, small and medium‐size enterprises of commerce and service nature. A part of the former NEPTUN staff managed to open their own manufacturing firms conducting business in the footwear – leather industry, which are thriving till the present day. Gradually, the town is transforming from a typically industrial center into the largest commercial and service center south of the Tricity in the Pomerania Province. In the town, there takes place localization of large‐area shops like Carrefour Polska, commercial galleries, and slightly smaller chain shops – Lidl Polska Sklepy Spożywcze Sp. z o.o. Sp. k, Jeronimo Martins Dystrybucja S.A., as well as branches and departments of numerous Polish and foreign banks. For the first time in history, Starogard Gdański is transforming from a strictly industrial town into a commercial and service center, which poses a new challenge for its inhabitants. The statistical data within the field of economic conditions presented below refer to the Starogard County due to lack of possibility to gain such data in reference to the town itself, although Starogard Gdański is taken into account in some specifications.
Table 2.1: The structure of the employed according to sections in the Starogard County in 2006. Participation in the Number of the Section Name of section number of the employed employed in total A Agriculture, hunting, and forestry 1712 5.1 C Mining 20 0.1 D Industrial processing 8830 26.2 E Generation and supply of electric power, gas, water 354 1.0 F Building 3070 9.1 G Wholesale and retail trade 7326 21.7 H Hotels and restaurants 648 1.9 I Transport, storing management and communication 1713 5.1 J Financial agency 550 1.6 Real estate management, renting, science and services associated with K 2085 6.2 conducting economic activity Public administration and national defence; obligatory social insurance L 763 2.3 and general health insurance 3 M Education 2696 8.0 N Health protection and social care 2904 8.6 O Other municipal, social, and individual service activity. 1070 3.2 Sum 33741 100.0 Source: IBnGR (The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics) study on the basis of GUS (Central Statistical Office) data.
Figure 2.1: Active REGON subjects according to sectors and the number of economic subjects registered in REGON per 1000 inhabitants in the communes of the Starogard County in 2007
Number of economic subjects registered in REGON per 1000 inhabitants
Skarszewy 17.0 - 21.0 29.0 - 33.0 Starogard Gd. 47.0 - 59.0 84.0 - 87.0
Zblewo m. Starogard Gd.
Kaliska REGON subjects according to sectors Bobowo Czarna Woda Agriculture Skórcz Industry Building Osieczna Lubichowo m. Skórcz Services
Osiek Smętowo Graniczne
82 2136 4190
Source: IBnGR(The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics )study on the basis of WUS (Province Statistical Office)in Gdańsk data.
Table 2.2: The employed according to PKD (Polish Classification of Economic Activities) branches in the Starogard County in 2006. Participation In Number of PKD Name of PKD branch the number of the the employed employed 521 Retail sales in non‐specialist shops 2288 6.8 851 Activity within human life protection 2250 6.7 Erecting complete building objects or their parts; land and water 452 2012 6.0 engineering 244 Manufacturing of pharmaceutical products 1788 5.3 602 Other land transport 1629 4.8 801 Primary and junior high school education 1528 4.5 361 Furniture manufacturing 1375 4.1
524 Other retail sales of new goods in specialist shops 1149 3.4
802 Post‐primary education 977 2.9
741 Legal, accounting‐bookkeeping activity; advisory; holding management 722 2.1
020 Forestry, together with service activity 712 2.1 Wholesale of half‐products and waste of non‐agricultural origin, and 515 700 2.1 scrap metal 4 526 Retail sales beyond chain shop 700 2.1 853 Educational and social care 597 1.8 453 Performing building installations 588 1.7 011 Agricultural crops; vegetable‐growing; gardening 549 1.6 751 Public administration and economic and social policy 536 1.6 252 Manufacturing goods made of plastics 527 1.6 351 Manufacturing and repair of ships and boats 490 1.5 519 Other wholesale 490 1.5 287 Manufacturing of other ready‐made metal products 480 1.4 454 Performing building completion works 409 1.2 151 Production, processing, and conservation of meat and meat products 406 1.2 502 Maintenance and repair of cars; road help 377 1.1 930 Other service activity 357 1.1 156 Production of corn milling products, starch and starch products 341 1.0 Auxiliary activity associated with pension ‐ allowance insurance and 672 329 1.0 funds 553 Restaurants and other gastronomic institutions 328 1.0 158 Production of other groceries 319 0.9 Other Total 33741 100,0 Source: IBnGR study on the basis of REGON data.
National economy subjects according to size In 2007, in the Starogard County, economic activity was conducted by 7267 economic subjects. These are data from the Province Statistical Office in Gdańsk and they take into account only active subjects. For the most part, nearly 95 percent, they are small firms employing fewer than 10 employees. The second largest, in terms of number, group (4.1percent of firms in general) is constituted by subjects employing between 10 and 49 employees. About 40 entrepreneurs employ between 50 and 99 employees and a little smaller number – 28, between 100 and 249 employees. In four enterprises, the employment exceeds 250 employees, where in two of them, it exceeds 500. The numbers in individual groups allows us to believe that the job market condition is to the greatest extent determined by the situation of the smallest enterprises – employing fewer than 10 employees. The largest, in terms of numbers, section of economy is wholesale and retail trade, mechanical vehicles, motorcycles, as well as personal and household goods repair. Enterprises included in this category constitute about 36.8 percent of the total number of firms conducting economic activity in the Starogard County. Represented in large numbers, are building firms (14.1 percent), firms dealing with real estate management, renting, science and services associated with conducting economic activity (12.1 percent of active enterprises), and industrial processing (10.5 percent). 73.5 percent of the enterprises registered in the REGON register fall in four of the listed sections.
Figure 2.2: Active enterprises registered In the REGON register according to sections in the Starogard County in August 2007.
5 14,1
12,1
10,5
36,8
8,8
0,1 1,1 6,7 2,5 4,3 2,9 Generation and supply of electric power, gas, water Education Hotels and restaurants Agriculture, hunting and forestry Heath protection and social care Transport, storing management and communication Oher muinicipal, social and individual service activity Industrial processing Real estete management, renting, science, and services associated with conducting economic activity Building Wholesale and retail trade; mechanical vehicles, motorcycles, and personal and household goods repair
Source: IBnGR (The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics) study on the basis of WUS (Province Statistical Office)in Gdańsk data.
The condition of the job market is for the most part determined by the situation of the micro enterprises – employing fewer than 10 employees. Such small subjects have limited possibilities of personnel training and additional education. That is why an important role in this process is played by services provided by external institutions of the job market and the offer of vocational schooling.
Figure 2.3: The number of the employed in the Starogard County within the years 2005‐2007
31,4 31,3 31,2 31,2 31,2 31,1
31,0
31,0 30,9 30,9 30,9 30,8
30,8 30,7 30,7 tys. 30,6 30,6 30,6
30,6 30,5 30,6 30,5 30,6 30,6 30,6 30,6 30,6 30,5 30,5 30,5 30,4 30,3 30,3 30,3 30,4 30,3 30,3 30,3 30,2
30,0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 2007 2006 2005 Source: IBnGR (The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics) study on the basis of GUS (Central Statistical Office) data.
Table 2.3: The dynamics of employment according to economic sectors in the Starogard County and in the Pomerania Province within the years 2004‐2006 [the previous year =100] 2004 2005 2006 Starogard County Total 100.0 99.5 105.6 Agriculture 100.1 99.9 100.4 Industry 99.3 99.1 107.5 Market services 98.2 100.9 113.3 Non‐market services 10.,2 98.8 102.1 6 Source: IBnGR (The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics) study on the basis of GUS (Central Statistical Office) data.
Table 2.4: Unemployment rate in % within the years 2005 – 2007 2005 2006 2007 Poland 17.6 14.9 11.4 Pomerania Province 19.3 15.5 10.9 Starogard County 30.0 26.7 19.6
Figure 2.4: The increase and decrease in the number of the unemployed in the Starogard County within the years 1990 – 2007.
15000 14000 13114 13000 12075 11568 12000 13188 13482
11000 10041 11 96 10000 8982 9000 960 9018 9369 94 6 8000 8451 8041 6543 6889 7155 7000 6067 6712 5938 6884 6000 6686 5276 5939 5114 5000 5049 4000 4487 4671 4598 5348 3970 3843 3000 4038 3193 2770 2000 1000 1588 0
1990r. 1991r. 1992r. 1993r. 1994r. 1995r. 1996r. 1997r. 1998r. 1999r. 2000r. 2001r. 2002r. 2003r. 2004r. 2005r. 2006 r. 2007r.
Women Total Table 2.5: The structure of the unemployed in the Starogard County according to gender, state as of 31.12.2007 Total Women Men
7960 5276 2684
Table 2.6: The structure of the unemployed in the Starogard County according to age, state as of 31.12.2007 Age group The unemployed in total Women 18 – 24 1818 1179 25 – 34 2062 1533 35 – 44 1599 1128 45 – 54 1917 1239 55 – 59 487 197 60 – 64 77 ‐
The increase of Gross Domestic Product within the period from 2005 r. till 1st quarter of 2008 r. 2005 – 3.4 % 2006 – 5.8 % 2007 – 6.5 % st 1 quarter of 2008 – 6.4 % While undertaking the SWOT analysis, we should keep in mind that it is made only from the point of view of the situation of people over 50 years old. In the strengths, we can notice that there takes place an improvement of entrepreneurship and economic infrastructure dynamics, but it is not reflected in the age group of people over 50 years old, in particular those who are excluded from the job market. A strong point is the activity of non‐governmental organizations, willingly associating those people and the activity of social assistance institutions. A weakness, having general impact on such a state of affairs, is the fact of low professional qualifications of people over 50 years old. Very poor health care, no prophylaxis, but also lack of those people’s will to take adventage of prophylaxis. No job offers for people over 50 with low qualifications, without benefits. A chance for the elderly is economic growth and thuss an increase in the number of offers of their activation. Gaininig European Union resources for activation of the elderly, also constitutes a chance not to be overestimated, which in the nearest years should bring on results. A threat may surely be the slowly progressing marginalization of the elderly, the worsening financial situation because of the increasing prices of bills and medicines, as well as the progressing loosening of family and social ties.
SECTION 3: POLICIES
7 POLICIES CHALLENGES Development challenges have been described, among others, in the Strategy of Solving Social Problems of the Town of Starogard Gdański for the years 2005‐2015, approved on 23 November 2005 with the resolution No. XXXVII/346/2005 of the Starogard Gdański Town Council. Social policy towards the elderly faces incredibly difficult challenges. The task of social policy is to set such hierarchy of aims, that senior citizens’ needs are equally important as other groups of citizens’ needs. Ageing of society causes changes in the job market: there increases the need for workers within health protection, improvement and development of services within social care and other services for the elderly. A large growth of population at post‐working age will result in burdening the national budget with pensions and allowances; it will increase the demand for places in social care houses, and will cause a growth of tasks within social assistance and medical care. Care services The need for various kinds of services for the elderly will increase. Also, other types of services will be needed, e.g. providing the elderly with groceries, performing some chores at home. Reaching senior age by more and more numerous population will create the need of quick development of gerontology, especially geriatrics. Advisory, prophylaxis and geriatric treatment should be broadened, since diseases which affect the elderly to the largest extent, will occur more and more often. Connected with it, is the necessity of creating a larger number of surgeries and an increase in the number of doctors and nurses with geriatrics specialization. Also geriatric rehabilitation should be developed, there should be manufactured more rehabilitation and disability equipment for the growing number of the elderly, for whom long term hospital or ambulatory treatment will be necessary. Economy New workplaces should be created through the development of small and medium‐size enterprises as a result of broadening the possibilities of undertaking economic activity, and employability should be increased through development of skills, qualifications and changes of labour law regulations, making it easier to find employment, including development of alternative forms of employment (teleworking, limited time work, part‐trime jobs, etc.). We should undertake activities based on the principle of dialogue, mutuality and equality, whose goal will be to pursue a society based on democratic participation, rule of law, and respect for cultural diversity. Active ageing to fight insecurity There emerges a necessity of limiting the sphere of extreme poverty through professional activation of people who have been unemployed for a long period, including also forms of social employment and socio‐therapeutic programs for coming out of poverty. A serious social problem still remains the need of better using knowledge, qualifications and life experience of people at the post‐ working age, often enjoying good health and will to act. There exists a need of organizing courses and trainings which allow learning new skills – which is worth mentioning – not only associated with the acquired profession, among others: trainings and language courses, operating modern devices, driving courses, artistic courses. There should also be created more offers of various forms of physical ‐ sports activity for the elderly. We should undertake activities which would aim at retraining for professions connected with “assisting” services for the elderly who experience difficulties in everyday life. An important problem to be solved is elimination of mental barrier, i.e. “pulling the elderly out” of their homes and convincing them, that it is worth doing something with themselves.
Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 4 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 4 Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 4
Elderly active citizenship 4
Elderly active social life 4 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 4 Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers:
8
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy High dynamics of entrepreneurship Low professional qualifications/skills hampering Economic infrastructure improvement employment Quite good supply of information and advisory services offered Informative exclusion within public support for enterprises Unfavorable employment structure Broad offer of vocational education Poorly developed economic infrastructure Care Lower dynamics of employment changes observed in the Good background of healthcare units micro‐enterprises sector Activity of non‐governmental organizations focusing on the issue of Low supply of specialists in selected professions the elderly Vocational education offer maladjusted to the job market The University of the Third Age activity needs The Senior Citizens’ Club activity Care Functioning of the Social Assistance Houses Limited access to specialist doctors, including geriatric The Daily Stay House activity rehabilitation The Town Center of Social Assistance Insufficient number of places in Social Assistance Houses Opportunities Threats Economy Economy The presence of the Pomeranian Special Economic Zone Unsatisfactory level of pensions and allowances Development of industrial and service zone beside the A‐1 highway Society impoverishment Possibility of gaining EU resources for activation of the elderly Care and insecurity Making the job market independent from the local Marginalization of the elderly entrepreneurship development level, associated with the growing Lower life‐comfort of the elderly number of offers from outside the town Vegetation and apathy of the elderly, wrong habits Growing demand connected with services The worsening situation in health service Lowering the labour costs through, among others, releasing Increase of the medicines and various bills prices employers from payment of contributions for Labour Fund and Development of areas inhabited by the elderly Fundusz Gwarantowanych Świadczeń Pracowniczych (Guaranteed Loosening of family ties (lack of direct care) because of Employees’ Benefits Fund) after the age of 50 young family members’ emigration Adjusting working conditions of employees after the age of 50 to Loosening of neighbouring and social ties their needs and possibilities Support of people actively seeking employment Increase in the number of trainings and courses allowing to gain new skills Care and insecurity Possibility of improving health condition thanks to improvement of medical services quality and realization of health service prophylaxis program Eliminating architectonic barriers Increase in the number of offers activating the elderly Improvement and development of services within social care Increase in the number of surgeries, nurses, and doctors within geriatric specialization Increase of employment of social workers
Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
9 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 2
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 2
Elderly health 2
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 2 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 2
Elderly active citizenship 2 Elderly active social life 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 2 Other (specify) Starogard has experiences useful to share with Active A.G.E. partners, especially in the areas of care and unsecurity. Care and social services to face health problems and unsecurity In Starogard Gdański there exist labour clubs, where people interested may learn about advertisements placed in current press and on websites. At a labour club, one can find help in writing application documents and also sending them by e‐mail and fax to an employer. The scope, tasks and legal grounds of the state social assistance functioning are set out by the act of 12th March 2004 about social assistance (Jounal of Laws No. 64, pos. 593 as amended). This act defines social assistance as an institution of the state social policy, which pursues enabling people and families to overcome difficult life situations, which they are unable to overcome with their own resources, possibilities and rights. The basic principle of social care towards the elderly is based on the assumption of those people remaining in the so far existing environment as long as possible. It is assumed, that help in the place of residence, the natural life environment of the elderly, is the best, the most effective for their health, as well as a cheaper form of institutional help. In addition, it fosters leading, as far as possible, independent existence and social integration. Modern environmental assistance pursues a multi‐ direction help, being a response to the needs of a given person. It is characterized by individualization and diversification of such help and services forms. The employees of the Town Center of Social Assistance, in particular social workers, deal with organizing and realization of environmental help. They cooperate with other institutions, health service units, and social organizations. Services for the elderly are directly provided by e.g. volunteers and social workers. The social workers’ task is a diagnosis of the needs and life situation of the elderly, an analysis of the needs of the existing difficulties, as well as evaluation of the possibilities of help from family and close people. After the recognition, social workers undertake activities which are to provide social benefits to the elderly. Services provided for the elderly are realized in their homes, social assistance houses, and daily stay houses. The system of help in services also covers social work, e.g. advisory, enabling contacts with the surrounding environment, help in dealing with official or existential matters. Help in services may be realized with the cooperation of the elderly themselves, thus constituting a form of activization, preventing loneliness and isolation. An example of active social life of the elderly may be senior citizens’ clubs and the Univeristy of the Third Age. The main guideline of the Senior Citizens’ Club is to create conditions for spending free time in a pleasant way, to fulfill higher rank needs, most of all the need of social contacts, relaxation, entertainment, activity, and cultural and educational needs, as well as continuation or arising interests. The Senior Citizens’ Club helps to establish social contacts and continue the existing ones, create social ties, which in consequence prevents loneliness, emptiness and boredom. Activities conducted within the University of the Third Age operation, activate and give the chance of creative use of free time; they make the elderly undertake efforts for development during the ageing period, prevent the decline of physical and mental strengths, and also encourage to undertake activities for the environment, self‐transformation, change of attitude towards knowledge and society. In particular in the annex policy tables and policy synopsis tables we present detailed information on:
Insecurity The University of the Third Age (UTW) The organizer of the UTW „S‐CENTRUM” is the Starogard Culture Center in Starogard Gdański. Its activity was initiated in October 2006. In the academic year 2007/2008, in UTW classes there participated about 170 students in 10 thematic laboratories. The University organized lectures, educational trips, integration meetings, etc. At present, UTW “S‐CENTRUM” offers the following activities: computer classes, handcraft activities (embroidery, macramé), touring activities, art classes, drawing and painting classes, theatre group, choreography and dance classes, English language course, German langage course, pro‐health gymnastics and art history. The classes in the above mentioned laboratories take place in a two‐year‐long cycle in a semestral course, from October to June, from 1 to 2 hours a week for each section. Each participant may take part in any number of classes. Classes in laboratories are chargeable. Moreover, every second week there take place thematic lectures from various fields for all the students. After getting a credit in a certain number of lectures (minimum 50%), a UTW student receives a diploma of completing the 1 st and 2nd year of studying respectively.
10
Care services Daily Stay House The Daily Stay House was opened on 26th May 1992. The institution provides care services for the elderly and the mentally ill, requiring support due to loneliness, decreased psycho‐motor efficiency, bad accommodation conditions, family conflicts and psychical disorders. In 2007, 30 people took advantage of the service offer of this institution. Because of age and health condition of the people using the institution, its main goal is providing care for the participats and organizing their free time. The service offer provided by the Daily Stay House covers the following services: care, providing meals, physiotherapy, healthcare, hygienic treatment, occupational therapy, occasional meetings, reading newspapers, table games, etc. Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – DAILY STAY HOUSE
Annex 2 ‐ POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – DAILY STAY HOUSE
POLICY LEARNING NEEDS Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3
Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly 3
within the city?)
Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3
Elderly active citizenship 3 Elderly active social life 3 Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3 Other (specify)
The Stargard Gdański Municipal Community is very interested in gaining any possible information on the job market, social care provided for the elderly and their activation. We would be interested in the answer how knowledge, qualifications and life experience of the people at a post‐working age, often enjoying good health and will to live actively, are used. We are also interested in the fact how the job market was prepared for the services provided to the gradually growing group of people over 50 years old. We would like to find out what the solutions at the national policy level are, but also what the possibilities of local decision makers are. We would like to learn in what way the situation of the elderly from the moment of noticing the problem till the present day has changed; whether the effects of the undertaken activities are satisfactory both for the people implementing the activities and for the elderly, for whom the activities were undertaken. We care about gaining knowledge on the activity of non‐governmenrtal organizations for the elderly and what the rules of the cooperation betweem the commune with ngo (non‐governmental organizations) are, including the system of awarding grants. Conclusions: Population in retirement age is expected to almost double between 2004 and 2013 (from 13.8% to 25.6%), while long‐term structural unemployment among over 50 is already very high. Progressive loosening of family and social ties owing to young family members migrating is leading to solitude, depression, vegetation and unhealthy lifestilesCare services for elderly self‐sufficiency is the key area of intervention of the Starogard municipality. Social inclusion activities, management of free time, daily routine activities, and the use of technological device (mobile phone, cash dispenser, credit card, and the internet) are major sources of difficulties and exclusion for elderly people. These are therefore the main areas targeted by the municipality. Worsening conditions of health services and a progressive marginalization of ageing people makes social inclusion a priority policy issue.The “Daily Stay House” of Starogard has been providing physiotherapy, health care and hygiene treatment to old as well as disabled or mentally ill people. elderly marginalization is a major issue. A Third Age University is providing different activities and courses to 228 (elderly) students.Starogard municipality’s expectations concern the exchange of experiences and information on employment and social care, and the inclusion of severely marginalised or isolated elderly people. The municipality is also interested in learning how to develop forms of cooperation between the various levels of governance and, at the local level, how to promote cooperation with groups, institutions
11 and NGOs.
12 Annex 1 1. POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – STAROGARD GDANSKI CULTURAL CENTRE 2. POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – DAILY STAY HOUSE – TOWN CENTRE OF SOCIAL AID IN STAROGARD GDANSKI
POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – STAROGARD GDANSKI CULTURAL CENTRE Summary table UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – STAROGARD GDANSKI CULTURAL CENTRE City Starogard Gdański Country Poland Name of the measure Starogard Culture Center (SCK) Governance level The University of the Third Age (UTW) S-Centrum is in the structures of the Starogard Culture Center and is fully governed by SCK employees with the participation of The University Self- government. A Program Council supervises the UTW substantial activity, and the assisting and opinion giving body is the Students’ Self-government. Actors involved In the policy‐ The Starogard Culture Center as an institution which is involved in the whole planning process making process and the task realization. Financing The task is financed from two sources: 1. Stargard Culture Center – 50 %, i.e. 50,000.00 PLN. Participants – 50% i.e. 50,000.00 PLN. Target population The UTW participants are people within the 50‐70 age group; 80% of the participants are women and only 20% men. 160 people completed their studies in the academic year of2007/2008. Monitoring/evaluation activity? During the task realization, monitoring is conducted, which allows to currently identify and solve problems. People on behalf of the organizer, keep statistics of the students during classes, as well as the progress in realizing the intended program. An analysis of the program achievements in relation to the panned assumptions is the basis to draw conclusions and necessary for the Program Council to work out a Program for the next academic year.
1 Policy debate The first University of the Third Age was established In Warsaw In 1975. At present, in Poland there are about 110 Universities, which associate 25 thousand students. Periodically, at the central level, there take place conferences, attended by University representatives from the whole country, aiming at popularization of this type of education of the elderly, and also being an opportunity to exchange experiences and contacts between all Universities of the Third Age. Policies results Strengths Weaknesses ‐ Full access to infrastructure ‐ Limited financial resources, enabling conduct of classes /SCK building/, ‐ Participants’ chargeability for ‐ The only of this type education of classes, the elderly in the area, ‐ Lack of sufficient information on ‐ Development and diversification of the needs of the people participating In the educational offer, classes, ‐ Established position – two years of ‐ Lack of scientific supervisor of the experience, University and patronage of a university ‐ Experienced didactic personnel, ‐ Insufficient SCK provision in didactic equipment, ‐ Poorly developed cooperation with other institutions Opportunities Threats ‐ Broader access to external sources ‐ Low level of spreading adults’ education, of financing, ‐ limited number of students, ‐ Development of this type of institutions In neighboring towns and cooperation with them, ‐ Increasing life‐span and increase in the number of people at post‐working age, ‐ Unfulfilled needs of the elderly, ‐ Intellectual development of inhabitants,
In 2006, SCK launched in its structures the activity of the University of the Third Age. At present, there continue preparations for starting another year of study. The main goals of the activity include among others: intellectual, mental, and physical activation of the elderly, broadening interests and skills of senior citizens, involving senor citizens in the activity for the surrounding environment. The primary goal is the change of the stereotypical view of an elderly person as a passive person, concentrated exclusively on his/her own needs. An advantage of this type of education is the lack of any age barriers and requirements within the acquired education. The rich offer attracts people who find something interesting for themselves. Thanks to the two‐year‐long activity, UTW has found permanent and professional personnel of lecturers in their fields. One of the strengths is also the access to the SCK halls where the classes take place, as well as full service in terms of organization. A serious threat, and at the same time a challenge for the organizers, is the chargeability for the classes, which constitutes 50% of all the costs borne in connection with the UTW. The remaining part is covered from the SCK budget. Further variety of classes will require involvement of means from external sources. They will allow reaching an even broader group of participants through making the activities more diversified. From the conducted research, it turns out that within the next 15 years, the number of the elderly will be constantly growing in relation to the total population, and satisfying higher needs will be a challenge for various kinds of institutions. The University of the Third Age S‐ Centrum will be able to help in realizing them thanks to its activity.
POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – DAILY STAY HOUSE – TOWN CENTRE OF SOCIAL AID IN STAROGARD GDANSKI
2 Summary table City Starogard Gdański Country Poland Name of the measure Town Center of Social Aid (MOPS) Governance level The Town President, as a body of territorial self‐government, the Town Council and problems commission. Department of social Affairs. The Director of the Town Center of Social Aid, Support Centers Coordinator. Actors involved In the policy‐ In the field of involvement In policy making, apart from the above mentioned, we should list making process such institutions, which deal with the issue of the elderly In their activities; they are: Związki Emerytów i Rencistów (Pensioners’ Associations), Housing estates’ Councils in Housing Association, the “Można inaczej” Association. The scope of responsibility has not been established there; they are a source of information for the self‐government social services, and exchange information and report the problems of the elderly to institutions like MOPS, or health service. Within cooperation with basic medical care, there exists an arrangement with MOPS as to the procedure of dealing with the elderly, showing problems in functioning in their environment, including providing help through taking part in the Daily Stay House (DDP) activities Financing DDP financing cymes from self‐government funds and governmental donation. The total amount of financing annually ‐ 206,500 PLN, where: from own resources of the commune_ 141,500 and 65,000 of governmental donation. Target population The potential beneficiaries and participants of the Daily Stay House are people at post‐working age, i.e. women over 60 and men over 60, as well as disabled people to a large extent, not necessarily meeting the age requirements, however being in such a situation that they cannot independently function in the environment, among others because of mental illnesses. DDP participants are in 67% women and in 33% men, where the total percentage of people below the post‐working age is 7%. Qualification is done on the basis of the provisions of the act about social assistance and its decrees. The Town Council Resolution about the terms of payment for stay in the House is also in force. Verification is made by a social worker of Social Aid center. Monitoring/evaluation activity? DDP is monitored within the following scope: appropriate qualification of people, establishing payment, rational use of places. Moreover, evaluation of clients’ satisfaction with the provided services is made up to date. The scope of meeting the clients’ expectations and their current needs is verified. Those activities are made directly by the conducting institution. Indirect evaluation is made by the founding body and the Town Council. External financial supervision, as well as the internal one, is made in terms of lawfulness, purposefulness, and observing the rules of economy of the entrusted property. Policy debate At the level of self‐government, public debate on the issue of the elderly and providing care for them takes place within evaluation of the MOPS activity by the Town Council. In the entire Poland dimension, the issue has been discussed at numerous conferences organized by the labor and social policy resort, and within the activity of associations such as: Ogólnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Pracowników Socjalnych (Polish Association of Social Workers), Stowarzyszenie Samorządowych Ośrodków Pomocy Społecznej (Association of Self‐government Centers of Social Aid), the Association of Polish Cities, and many others. The issues of the elderly in the medical and demographic dimension have also been discussed. The organizers of those debates were associations and organizations conducting activity within health policy and social security.
3 Policies results SWOT analysis for the Daily Stay House Strengths Weaknesses The building is after two renovations, in a No town communication system, lack of good technical condition, the ground floor access for disabled people (floors), without architectonic barriers, professional personnel rotation, high average age of the personnel, experience in running the house, participants. knowledge gained during study visits in Denmark, high level of satisfaction of the people‐participants of the house, possessing own transport for transporting disabled people, the green areas around the House. Opportunities Threats Advantageous local legislation, No tradition in using external services, no conducting information campaign In cooperation with other houses of this type, numerous media, publishing leaflets. the house maintenance costs, tendencies to Possibility of relaxing in the open air. put the elderly In houses of all‐day care.
The first general renovation of the building took place before its opening, i.e. in 1991, As a
result of this, rooms were rebuilt, the heating system was exchanged into gas central heating;
the previous system was based on stoves. A platform for people in wheelchairs was built and
the inside of the building was redecorated and upgraded. Subsequent renovations: further
improvement of functionality inside the building, roof repair, arrangement of the green area
and creating a garden, and further modernization of the gas heating system for more economic
one. Bathrooms were also modernized in accordance with current regulations in the building
sector. The personnel employed at the House holds qualifications consistent with the
Resolution about qualification requirements specified by the Minister of Labor and Social
Policy. Another advantage is the knowledge gained during study visits both by managing people
and the personnel. A car adjusted for transportation of people in wheelchairs was purchased to
serve the needs of the participants. A second car is already in use. The green area around the
House covers an area of 1000 m2. A chance for further development of such services is the
effective local legislation in the form of a resolution, which states that stay and participation in
the Daily House activities are free of charge. The possibility of advertising this service in the free
Town Bulletin, and in numerous media in connection with reports from the life of the House.
Having a large garden allows to make the offer more attractive through the possibility of stay in
the open air.
A weakness is the building location, which is far away from the stops of the town
communication system. Another disadvantage is the fact that the personnel in this type of
institutions is young, using maternity and parental leaves, which causes great rotation. The high
average age of the participants is also important as it results in limitation of the offered
services. From this fact there also arise threats, that is – cooperation with other institutions of
this type beyond Starogard is limited. Another threat is the fact that the families of the elderly
prefer to provide care in the form of putting their family members in all‐day institutions.
Maintenance costs are growing, and reason for that is the need of securing a larger umber of
personnel due to diseases and limits in the participants’ functioning.
We evaluate our effectiveness as 3 on the scale.
Justification: Maintaining the elderly for a longer period in good mental and physical condition.
Lowering the demand for more expensive form of care of an elderly person, in the form of services provided in the place of accommodation or putting him/her in Social Aid House (all‐day ones). Uplifting, human revalorization of the elderly through their taking part in public life of the town, strengthening family and inter‐generation ties.
4 Annex 2 POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE– UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – STAROGARD GDANSKI CULTURAL CENTRE POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ DAILY STAY HOUSE – TOWN CENTRE OF SOCIAL AID IN STAROGARD GDANSKI
POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE– UNIVERSITY OF THIRD AGE – STAROGARD GDANSKI CULTURAL CENTRE Who has Who has defined Describe the intern‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned and the eligibility institutional allocation of intervention (services or monitoring and the need of intervention? financed it? designer it? criteria? resources %... provisions)? evaluation activity?
State (national or federal level
Provice
Disrict
Local self‐ government
Other institution Starogard Culture Starogard Starogard Culture Starogard 50% Starogard Culture Center (specify) Center Culture Center Center Culture Center
Not for profit actors
For profit actors
Other social actors
Other, not Program Council Program Concil Students‐ 50% Firms or people meeting specified participants reirements in a given sbject
POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ DAILY STAY HOUSE – TOWN CENTRE OF SOCIAL AID IN STAROGARD GDANSKI Who has assessed Who has Who has defined the Describe the Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has financed it? the need of planned and eligibility criteria? intern‐institutional intervention monitoring and the intervention? designer it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? resources %.. provisions)?
State (national The Polish Ministry of Parliament In the act State budget within the ___ Ministry of labor and or federal Republic Labor and about social assistance, field of specialist services Social Policy level) Parliament Social Policy the Ministers’ Council In for the mentally ill the decrees to the act
Province ______
District ______
Local self‐ The Town The Town The Ministers’ Council In Self‐government budget for 97 % Self‐government The Town President – government President + the Center of a resolution constituting the elderly and the disabled, Unit (MOPS) external inspection. Self‐ Town Council Social the rules of payment and state donations for the government Unit within Assistance and service availability elderly with mental illnesses internal inspection The Town Council, problem council, The Province Head Office within government donation
Other ______institution (specify)
Not for profit ______actors
For profit ______actors
Other social ______actors
Other, not ______Own resources of the 3% ______specified participant
WOLVERHAMPTON ANNEX 4 –Partner Profile
Partner Profile General information
City: Wolverhampton
Country: England
Please answer to the following questions: ‐ Is your city the Country Capital City (y/n) no ‐ Is your city the Regional capital (y/n) no ‐ Is your city the County or Province capital (y/n) yes Section 1: Demographic structure of the city
Wolverhampton is a spearhead area; it ranks in the bottom 20% of English Local Authorities and Primary Care trusts across a number of indicators including life expectancy and deprivation indices (Public Health Annual Report 2007). Wolverhampton experiences on average poorer health than England, and also has significant variation within the city (Health profile 2008). Between 1981‐2006 the population of Wolverhampton declined by 8.2%, whilst England increased by a comparable amount (Office for National Statistics, Regional trends, 40 2008 edition), thus presenting it with key demographic challenges.
1. Priority wards: Eight of twenty wards within the city are priority wards; they are amongst the 10% of wards in England with the greatest levels of deprivation (Public Health Annual Report 2007). Understanding the relationship between these and the rest of Wolverhampton is essential, and as illustrated below (Figure 4, Figure 5) such deprivation is associated with mortality rates greater than nonpriority wards and England overall.
2. fertility rate, birth rate and death rate: The West Midlands has the highest Total Fertility Rate (TFR = 1.97). The TFR in the UK rose from 1.82 in 1981 to 1.86 in 2006 (National statistics (2008) Population & migration Highlights http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget_print.asp?ID=1962). Wolverhampton has a TFR slightly greater than the regional and England rates (Office for National Statistics, Regional trends, 40 2008 edition).
NB which west mids figs use in table at end of document?
A slightly greater proportion of Wolverhampton’s population is under 5 or above pensionable age compared to the rate for England (Office for National Statistics, Regional trends, 40 2008 edition). Together with a declining population this creates a contracting population of working age.
The SMR and death rates are above the regional and England rates, as are the live birth rates and infant mortality rates (Office for National Statistics, Regional trends, 40 2008 edition). Nationally however, the population has increased due in part to increased birth rates and decreased death rates (National statistics (2007) Population Change http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=950).
3. Migration: Nationally net migration has had increasing influence on the population; more people enter the UK than leave (see figure below). Inter‐regionally there is an outflow from the West Midlands, and internationally an inflow (see table below). In Wolverhampton, although there is an inflow from the UK that is greater than the England and Wales average (2.6% vs. 0.1% of population), and inflow comparable to the England rate (0.5% vs. 0.7%), movement out of the area which is much greater than the England and Wales rate (3.3% vs. 0.3%) eradicates potential growth. Overall, the West Midlands population growth has been under half that of England (1981‐2006) (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/Regional_Trends_40/3.1.xls). In contrast Wolverhampton has a declining population (see table at end of document).
Figure 1.1: National statistics (2007) Population Change
1
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=950
4. population profile and dependency indexes: The UK population is getting older, and is a trend that will continue for a number of years. 16% of UK population is now aged 65 or over and under 20% are aged 0‐15; growth has been most significant in the 85+ age range (National Statistics (2007) Ageing http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949).
Figure 1.2: Population: by age, United Kingdom (National Statistics (2007) Ageing
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949).
The number of children per hundred people of working age is declining in the UK (43.8 in 1971 to 30.5 by 2006) (National Statistics (2007) Ageing http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949). The old‐age dependency ratio changed little during this time (30.0 per hundred working‐age people in 2006) National Statistics (2007) Ageing http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949). The ageing index (ratio of older people to children) however increased from 64.0 to 97.8 in the same time period (National Statistics (2007)
Figure 1.3: Age structure indicators, United Kingdom (National Statistics (2007) Ageing
2
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949).
5. Deprivation indices: significantly worse than the English average (local value: 48.8; West Midlands: 27.4; England average: 19.9; England best: 0.0; England worst: 89.2 (West Midlands Health Profiles 2008). Like most areas within the West Midlands rankings are not improving, suggesting deprivation is entrenched (Policy Team (2008) Indices of Deprivation 2007: Detailed Analysis. Information and Research Briefing Office of the Chief Executive). There is evidence of increasing comparative deprivation:
6. Life expectancy and infant mortality: life expectancy at birth in years (for years 2004‐2006, National Indicator 2007) is significantly worse than the English average (Male: local value: 75.4; West Midlands: 76.6; England average: 77.3; England worst: 73.0. Female: local value: 80.1; West Midlands: 81.1; England average: 81.6; England best: 87.2; England worst: 78.3 (West Midlands Health Profiles 2008). The tables below highlight this for men and women.
Figures 1.4: Life expectancy at birth
Source: Wolverhampton Public Health Report 2007.
3
Source: Wolverhampton Public Health Report 2007.
Life expectancy despite increases continues therefore to lag behind both the West Midlands Region and England (Public Health Annual Report 2007). Infant mortality in contrast has not decreased in recent years in Wolverhampton, or regionally, despite a continuing overall decline nationally (Public Health Annual Report 2007).
Figure 1.5: Infant mortality rates, 1996‐2005
Source: Public Health Annual Report 2007.
Table 1.1: Total foreigners residents 1997 % 1998 % 1999 % 2000 % 2001 % 2002 % 2003 % 2004 % 2005 % 2006
242.2 n/a 241.6 n/a 240.9 n/a 240.5 n/a 238.0 24.7 238.1 25.2 237.7 25.3 237.0 26.0 236.9 26.3 236.6
Source: Total Resident population and % of foreigners residents from 1997 to the last year available (in 1000s. 1997‐200 from City Council website, 2001‐2005 from ONS website and based on ethnic grouping, 2006 from ONS neighbourhood statistics)
Please cross one of the following: [ ] the population is expanding [X] the population is contracting
Main communities by ethnic grouping – June 2001‐Jun 2005 (more than 2%): white British, Asian/Asian British (Indian), black/black British (Caribbean), mixed race(ONS 2007).
Table 1.2: Population by age group and gender
4 2006:
0‐15 N (%) 16‐29 N (%) 30‐44 N (%) 45‐64(men)/60(women) Over 60/65 N (%) N (%) M F M F M F M F M F
24.142 22.54 22.873 22.259 25.575 24.902 27.189 21.234 17.395 28.504 (20.6) (18.9) (19.5) (18.6) (21.8) (20.8) (23.2) (17.8) (14.8) (23.9) 2001:
0‐15 N (%) 16‐29 N (%) 30‐44 N (%) 45‐64(men)/60(women) Over 60/65 N (%) N (%) M F M F M F M F M F
25.5 23.9 (19.8 22.0 21.6 (17.9 26.2 (22.3 25.9 (21.4 26.5 (22.5 20.6(17.0 17.2 (14.6 28.8( (21.7 ) ) (18.8 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 23.9)
Section 2: Economic conditions
1. Employment by economic sector (April 2001, Neighbourhood Statistics) • Total (94,926) • Agriculture and Forestry (444 (0.46%)) • Fishing (4 (0.00%)) • Mining and Quarrying (95 (0.10%) • Manufacturing (22,617 (23.83%)) • Energy and Water supply (617 (0.65%)) • Construction (6,240 (6.57)) • Wholesale trade (17,444 (18.38)) • Hotels and Restaurants ( 4,198 (4.42)) • Transports and Communication ( 5,822 (6.13)) • Financial activities (3,208 (3.38%)) • Business Services and Real Estate activities ( 8,706 (9.17)) • Public Administration ( 4,167 (4.39)) • Education (6,922 (7.29)) • Other services ( 3,849 (4.05))
Employment by occupation groupings in the table below shows that the nature of employment in Wolverhampton diverges from the regional and UK patterns. Groups 1‐3 (professional groups) are underrepresented, groups 4‐7 (skilled manual, administrative, service workers) are comparable, and groups 8‐9 (manual workers) are overrepresented.
Table 2.1: Employment by occupation groupings Wolverhampton (%) West Midlands (%) Great Britain (%)
Soc 2000 major group 1‐3 32.4 39.5 42.9
Soc 2000 major group 4‐5 24.8 23.5 22.6 Soc 2000 major group 6‐7 14.9 15.5 15.6 Soc 2000 major group 8‐9 27.8 21.1 18.6 Source: ONS annual population survey 2007 (Numbers and % are for those of 16+% is a proportion of all persons in employment)
2. Number of firms by sector (Agriculture and Forestry, Fishing, Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, Energy and Water supply, Construction, Wholesale trade, Hotels and Restaurants, Transports and Communication, Financial activities, Business Services and Real Estate activities, Public Administration, Other services, Total) and size (0‐9 employees, 10‐49, 50‐249, 250‐999, 1000+)
VAT based enterprises by industry group (n): • Total (4,575) • Agriculture (15) • Manufacturing (705) • Construction (510) 5 • Motor trade (235) • Wholesale trade (355) • Retail (755) • Hotels and Catering (340) • Transport (165) • Post & Telecommunication (90) • Financial activities (20) • Business Services and Real Estate activities (1,060) • Public Administration (270) • Education (35) • Health (20)
3. Activity rate: The 2006/2007 economic activity rate at 73.6% is lower than the West Midlands region (77.3), England (78.6) or the UK (78.3), as is the 2007 rate:
Table 2.2: Economically active (Jan 2007‐Dec 2007):
Wolverhampton Wolverhampton West Midlands Great Britain (n) (%) (%) (%) All people Economically active† 106,000 71.9 77.1 78.6 In employment† 96,600 65.4 72.4 74.4 Males Economically active† 59,500 78.3 82.5 83.2 In employment† 53,300 70.1 77.1 78.6 Females Economically active† 46,500 64.9 71.3 73.5 In employment† 43,300 60.3 67.3 69.8 Source: ONS annual population survey (https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038431971/report.aspx) † numbers are for those aged 16 and over, % are for those of working age (16‐59/64)
4. Employment rate The employment rate is below the regional and national average for men and women and overall (see table above).
5. Unemployment rate
Figure 2.1: Unemployment rates
6
Source: Unemployment Briefing May 2008.
The unemployment rate thus runs at a higher rate for Wolverhampton than for the region and UK. This applies to both men and women: Table 2.3: Unemployment rates
Wolverhampton (%) West Midlands (%) Great Britain (%) All 8.5 5.9 5.2 Men 10.4 6.3 5.5 Women 7.0 5.4 4.9 Source: ONS annual population survey (https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038431971/report.aspx).
Wolverhampton has a higher rate of claimants than the region or UK, and this applies to men women and overall: Table 2.4: Claimants at May 2008
Source: Unemployment Briefing May 2008.
6. GDP growth: Most recent figures available relate to Gross Value Added, are for 2001 and incorporate Wolverhampton and Walsall. They indicate an increase, but remain under England’s per capita rate: o 1999 – 5,810 million pounds (£11,742 vs. £13,691 per capita) o 2000 – 6,010 million pounds (£12,195 vs. £14,260 per capita) o 2001 – 6,199 million pounds (£12,611 vs. £14,781 per capita)
Manufacturing in the West Midlands contributes almost 20% (in 2004) to GVA compared to 14% for the UK. Business Services and Real Estate activities make the greatest contribution (22%), but this is slightly lower than for the UK overall. West Midlands GVA per capita in 2006 remained lower than the UK (£16,600 vs. £19,100), illustrating a continuing regional discrepancy.
Section 3: Policies POLICY CHALLENGES Main barriers for elderly people are:
• Economy: lack of training, qualification and confidence, low expectation and esteem, long‐term and growing unemployment, poor health and impaired ability, and age and sex discrimination.
7 • Care and insecurity: Rapidly growing imbalance of elder against younger residents, High levels of dementia, Challenge of elder abuse, particularly ‘behind closed doors’, Keeping residents healthy and active,
Issues raised in priorities are community cohesion, empowerment, engagement and access, health and wellbeing, enterprise and employment, housing and transportation, strategic planning, and education.
Please score the policy challenges from 1 to 5 (1 – not important, 5 – very important) in your city.
Table 3.1: Policy challenges
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5
Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 5
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 4 Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 5 Elderly active citizenship 5 Elderly active social life 3
Digital divide and ICT related challenges 5
Other (specify) SWOT analysis referring to barriers/opportunities for older workers:
Strengths Weaknesses Economy Economy • increase trend in Gross Value Added per capita; • The unemployment rate thus runs at a higher rate for Care and insecurity Wolverhampton than for the region and UK; • Increasing awareness of local actors about ageing Care and insecurity problems; • Suggesting deprivation is entrenched Eight of twenty • Integrated approach to demographic ageing, “Facing the wards within the city are priority wards; they are amongst challenge of an ageing community” programme”; the 10% of wards in England with the greatest levels of deprivation, while overall deprivation indices are significantly worse than the English average ; • Wolverhampton experiences on average poorer health than England, and also has significant variation within the city; • poorer health profile compared with English average; • contracting population of working age. Opportunities Threats Economy Economy • Municipality aims at: increase the number of over 50 • Age and sex discrimination; involved in community‐based activities, in setting up new Care and insecurity businesses and more people using on line facilities for an • Social exclusion of minorities; independent work; • Lack of confidence and esteem among elderly people. Care and insecurity • The programme “Facing the challenge of an ageing community” involves a partnership between public, private and third sector groups and is targeting 2000 people over 50.
POLICY EXPERIENCE Issues raised in priorities are community cohesion, empowerment, engagement and access, health and wellbeing, enterprise and employment, housing and transportation, strategic planning, and education.
Please score in the following table your city policy experiences, according to the following scale: We have implemented measures in this policy area (score = 3), We have started to address this issue (score = 2), We do not have much experience in this field (score = 1).
Table 3.2: Policy experience
8 Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 1 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 1 Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3 Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3 Elderly active citizenship 3 Elderly active social life 3
Digital divide and ICT related challenges 1
Other (specify) The Municipality has experience on: • "Putting people first" initiative for older people • Safeguarding elders from abuse • Health, Activity, Leisure and Opportunity (Halo) • Promoting enterprise and entrepreneurship amongst older people • Bringing cultures and generations together through active engagement i.e. • Facing the challenge of dementia In particular, a set of measures are interesting for Active A.G.E. partnership: “Facing the challenge of an ageing community” programme is the municipality integrated approach involving 6 different type of policy measures that embrace all the three areas of Active A.G.E. projects (age and economy, age and care, age and insecurity): • promote older workers entrepreneurship; • encourage social inclusion of local minorities (mostly African Caribbean and Asian) in the community; • introduce ICT to promote older workers adaptability; • prevent isolation and improving opportunity through education; • combating the effects of diminishing resources (credit constraints); • accessibility of transportation and housing.
The programme involves a partnership between public, private and third sector groups and is targeting 2000 people over 50. Annex 1 – POLICY SUMMARY TABLE – Facing the challenge of an ageing community Section 3: Policies POLICY LEARNING NEEDS
Please score in the following table your city policy learning interests, according to the following scale: We are very interested in learning (score = 3), We are interested in learning (score = 2), We are not interested in learning (score = 1).
Table 3.3: Policy learning needs
Improve employability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3 Improve adaptability of older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3
Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre‐retirement age) 3
Elderly care/ self sufficiency 3 Elderly health 3 Residential marginal patterns (is there a residential concentration of elderly within the 3 city?) Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people 3 Elderly active citizenship 3 Elderly active social life 3
Digital divide and ICT related challenges 3
Other (specify) Municipality expects: • to share best practice across Europe • to contribute to European understanding of common issues around demographic changes
9 • to develop professional expertise across all sectors and looking at ways in which member partners can use expertise from other countries.
Conclusions: Wolverhampton ranks at the bottom 20% of English Local Authorities and Primary Care trusts over a number of social indicators, including life expectancy, deprivation and health. In Wolverhampton, eight out of twenty wards within the urban area are priority wards: they rank amongst the 10% wards with the highest level of deprivation in England (but the local authorities do not report a particular concentration of elderly people in these areas). The municipality of Wolverhampton also signals the problem of inclusion and combating the isolation of the elderly in local minorities, mostly African/Caribbean and Asian. Issues raised as priorities are community cohesion, empowerment, health and wellbeing, enterprise and employment, housing and transport, strategic planning, and education. Main barrier for elderly people are lack of training, qualification and confidence, low expectation and esteem, long‐ term and growing unemployment, poor health and impaired ability, and age and sex discrimination. “Facing the challenge of an ageing community” programme is the municipality integrated approach involving 6 different types of policy response: promote older workers entrepreneurship, encourage social inclusion of local minorities (African Caribbean and Asian) in the community; promoting the use of ICT to improve adaptability of older workers and foster job upgrade or change; prevent isolation and improving opportunity through education; contrast the effects of diminishing resources (credit constraints); improve access to transport and housing. The programme involves a partnership between public, private and third sector groups and is targeting 2000 people over 50 year old. The municipality expects to exchange experience on how to use community based activities (local centres) to promote cohesion, to set up new businesses (local centres and specialists IAG) and to ease elderly approach to technology to promote independent life and work.
10 Table in annex ‐ Local authority1 population2 and vital statistics3: West Midlands 2006 Infant Standardised Total Percentage of Total mortality Mortality population population: fertility rate per Ratio Live percentage rate birth rate Death rate 1,000 of pension 5 (UK=100) change aged 4 (TFR) , 6 per 1,000 per 1,000 live age (SMR) , 1981‐2006 under 2006 population, population, births, or over 2005 5 2006 2005 2005
England 8.4 5.8 18.6 1.86 98 12.5 9.5 5.0
West Midlands 3.5 6.0 19.1 1.97 102 12.6 9.9 6.4
West Midlands (Met ‐3.1 6.6 17.9 2.03 14.3 County) 105 9.7 7.2
Wolverhampton ‐8.2 6.2 19.4 2.01 108 13.5 10.9 6.4
1 See Notes and Definitions. 2 Mid‐year population estimates. 3 See Notes and Definitions for the Population chapter. 4 Pension age is 65 for men and 60 for women. 5 The total fertility rate (TFR) is the sum of the age‐specific fertility rates (ASFRs). The average number of live children that an average woman would bear if she experienced the 2006 ASFRs throughout her childbearing years. Births where age is not stated are excluded for Scotland and the UK. 6 The Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) takes account of the age structure of the population.
Source: Office for National Statistics
11
12 Annex 1 ‐ POLICY SUMMARY TABLE ‐ ‘Facing the challenge of an ageing community’
Summary table City Wolverhampton Country England Name of the measure “Facing the challenge of an ageing community” programme is the municipality integrated approach involving 6 different type of policy response: promote older workers entrepreneurship, encourage social inclusion of local minorities (African Caribbean and Asian) in the community; introduce ICT to promote older workers adaptability; prevent isolation and improving opportunity through education; combating the effects of diminishing resources (credit constraints); accessibility of transportation and housing. It is developed under the auspices of improving: Health and Social Care Care in the Community Welfare to Work Transport Social Inclusion Governance level All funded activity is based upon legislation created by central Government arising out of the original National Assistance Act 1948. There is a raft of legislation and regulation surrounding activities and support to over 50’s which are too numerous to detail but the 5 main Government departments are Department of Health Department of Employment and Pensions Department of Trade and Industry Department of Transport Education and training
All our based in London.
Health Care is delivered through Regional Strategic bodies and local Primary Care Trusts Social care id provided through the local authority but most services other than acute hospital and medical care are developed and often managed through Partnership Boards established by both bodies
Employment and pensions are now largely delivered through Regional Offices with local access points. Special programmes are delivered increasingly by Private and 3rd Sector Groups
Trade and Industry initiatives is largely provided through regional development Agencies who are also responsible for Business help and support
Transportation is co‐ordinated regionally
Funding for Education and Training for over 50s is largely funded by the Learning and Skills Council and must be qualifications lead Actors involved in the policy – The construction of our initial Local Steering Group shows the agencies outside central making process Government involved in the delivery of these services. Much of this is Partnership based and reflects the complexity of service delivery in this country
It involves partnerships between public, private as well as 3rd Sector groups i.e Voluntary and Community groups at national, regional and local levels.( Please append the list sent under separate cover with full details of these agencies) Private Sector is still viewed largely as a Delivery vehicle but not usually involved in strategy
1 Financing For the delivery of our specific programme of work to be developed corporately through the measures as above we are anticipating developing a Budget of around 3million Euros for Wolverhampton
This will come in equal parts 500,000 Euros from Local and Health Authority Department of Works and Pensions Learning and Skills Council National Lottery Voluntary agencies Target population We are targeting and overall group of up to 2000 people over 50 covered by a number of programmes already under way or to be developed as part of this programme Activities will involve Information Advice and Guidance Training and Education Community Engagement Business Advice and development Community engagement Monitoring/evaluation activity? Monitoring of this measure has already started through the University of Staffordshire but, because of the active engagement in delivery we will be seeking external independent evaluation from another academic institution. All money given to external projects in Britain has to be monitored with measurement of targets etc. therefore each delivery agent has to make its own monitoring tools and provide evaluation reports. However we are seeing this measure as an opportunity of making a contribution to national policy so additional evaluation will be made through central Government Departments Policy debate The challenge faced by Society by the growth in numbers of older people has become a national issue of debate with an indication that most commentators believe the matter to becoming worse unless radical steps are taken
Policies results SWOT diagram
Strengths Weaknesses Integrated approach to demographic ageing Difficulties to manage a set of many different measures
Opportunities Threats The programme “Facing the challenge of an Lack of confidence and esteem among ageing community” involves a partnership elderly people between public, private and third sector groups and is targeting 2000 people over 50.
2 Annex 2 ‐ POLICIES SYNOPSIS TABLE ‐ “Facing the challenge of an ageing community” ‐ Wolverhampton
Who has Describe the Inter‐ Who delivered the Who carried out the Who has assessed the Who has planned defined the Who has institutional intervention monitoring and the need of intervention? and designed it? eligibility financed it? allocation of (services or evaluation activity? criteria? resources %. provisions)?
State (national or federal UK Government UK Government It involves National 20% and 20% It involves level) partnership lottery and partnerships between public Department between public, authorities at of Works and private as well as different levels Pensions 3rd Sector groups Region (Specify) Local and 20% i.e Voluntary and health Community authority groups at national, regional and local Province (or other subregional authority, levels specify)
Municipality (or other local authority, specify)
Other institution (specify) Learning and 20% University of Skills council Staffordshire
Not for profit actors Volunteers 20% agencies
For profit actors
Other social actors Social debate promoted by the society
No one
ACTIVE A.G.E. Thematic Network URBACT II Programme 2007 – 2013
SYNTHESIS
1. Active A.G.E. city partners in the European Demographic context
1.1 Main Demographic trends in the EU27 The EU is facing a substantial challenge due to population ageing, which poses a threat to the sustainability of its social protection system and to competitiveness and macro-economic performance. EU population ageing is the result of several underlying trends:
Reduction of birth and death crude rates across Europe (-0.074‰ and -0.582‰ respectively in the EU-27 in the past 10 years) A low and declining fertility rate in recent decades (1.5 children born per female currently, well below the replacement rate of 2.1 needed to maintain the current population, disregarding migration contribution). Increasing life expectancy for both males and females (75.2 and 82.5 in 2004 in the EU-27).
The main consequences of these trends are the progressive ageing of the EU population and the expected impact on its age structure. By 2005, according to Eurostat projection forecasts, the over 64 age group is expected to rise significantly to reach 22% of EU-27 total population (from the present value of 17%). Demographic ageing is also deemed to affect the size of the overall working age population (aged 15-64) (to decrease by 17% between 2005 and 2050) as well as its structure, following the different developments of the cohorts in the working age sub-groups. The dependency ratio (Older Dependency Index – ODI – is defined as the share of people aged 65 years and older to those of working age) is expected to rise from the current 25% to 40% by 2030, and to reach 53% by 2050. The result of this trend is that by 2050 we will have only two people of working age for every person aged 65 and over, as against the four to one we now have. In accordance with the European trends, all the Active A.G.E. network partner cities but Dobrich show or foresee a rising dependency ratio, and quite independently of the trend recorded by their resident population (see table 1). In some cases both indexes (the share of population over 64 and the ODI) are already well above the EU average, such as the municipalities of Wolverhampton (respectively 19.4% and 31.9% in 2006) and Rome (20% and 31.6% in 2007). Despite a common negative trend in their natural population growth, with Starogard Gdański as a remarkable exception, partner cities experience quite different changes in resident population, which are driven by net migration dynamics. In fact, Edinburgh, Maribor, Prague, and Rome are facing a more or less marked population expansion due exclusively to continuous positive migration balances. On the other hand, Dobrich and Starogard Gdański experience a population decline owing to the young inhabitants’ out-migration (mainly 20-39 and 24-45 age groups) to the rest of EU, which leads to a marked increase in the share of elderly over total residents. Demographic ageing is also expected to impact working age group size and structure1. The 15-64 age group will continue to rise until 2010 and is expected to start its decline soon after, and to decrease by 17% between 2005 and 2050. Working age sub-groups will develop along different paths, with the number of people aged 55-64 growing by 9.5% up to 2010. Partner cities’ shares of working-age people to total population range from 60.9% in Wolverhampton (where, as in Rome, it already started a declining trend), to 70.8% of Maribor. As a consequence of changes in the size and structure of working age population, some EU member states are expected to face greater challenges in terms of workforce availability, among which Czech Republic, Italy, Slovenia, Spain and, in particular, Poland.
1.2 Demographic ageing problems in the European context
1 Eurostat population projections, 2004.
1
SYNTHESIS PAPER A number of contextual factors currently lying across the European landscape at the political, social and economic level and impacting on the overall theme of Demographic ageing need to be stressed in order to frame partner city profiles and the main themes raised: o Policymakers across the EU need to catch up with the realities of rapid changes in demography and family and social patterns. They also need to understand the changing nature and diversity of the population, including the elderly, all too often described as one homogenous group. Greater awareness is needed of the variability of sub-national demographic changes and the need for strategies at regional and local level. Currently, the impact of demographic change is not being “integrated” into broader sustainable urban regeneration programmes/strategies. o Most EU policies are affected one way or another by the demographic change the European Union is facing. Policy developments in such diverse areas as employment, pensions, social inclusion, health, transport, urban development, housing, research, education and citizenship, need to be better coordinated to develop an accurate understanding of what demographic change means in order to support the right policy response. o So far, the debate has focused excessively on the quantitative changes in an ageing society: pensions and health care expenditure, older worker employment rates, old-age dependency ratios etc. These are important points, but the necessary qualitative changes to the economic, social and political structures of society deserve equal attention. o At present, the main challenge faced by many European labour markets is the stagnating demand. Local labour market policy aimed at reducing age-related discrimination in the labour market need to take into account the economic background. Labour market reforms targeting individuals (active labour market policies) need to be complemented by labour market reforms aimed at increasing demand. o Pension systems should not erect barriers to labour market participation of older people. This implies abandoning mandatory retirement ages, reducing the punitive nature of taxation on earned income during retirement, as well promoting pension arrangements that permit part-time employment. o With the ageing of the population and new trends in family structures, the need for long-term care will increase and there is an obvious added value for Member States to discuss the development of adequate and cost-effective long-term care. In some member states, the increase in the number of women working and the harsh working conditions in the care sector led to an increased demand for (mostly female) migrant workers to provide formal and informal child and eldercare. o European poverty statistics show that whereas some older people enjoy high levels of income from private sources, 16% of older men and 21% of older women are at a risk of poverty and in some Member States the at-risk-of-poverty rate among older women is as high as 51%. o Poverty and social exclusion among older people is set to increase in the future as many people, especially women, will not enjoy full pension rights due to long spells of unemployment, family/carer’s breaks, forced inactivity (for example due to partner’s mobility), diminishing pensions’ income (as a result of systems moving from defined benefits to defined contributions).
1.3 An overview of Active A.G.E. partner’s city The partner cities involved in the Active A.G.E. thematic network are a group of 9 European municipalities. The balance, in terms of size, geographical location and institutional features, allows for a comprehensive collection of local initiatives and an effective assessment of the impact of the demographic ageing process. Five cities belong to old European member states (Edinburgh and Wolverhampton in the UK, Rome in Italy, Seville in Spain, Thessaloniki in Greece) while the remaining four belong to countries that joined the EU in 2004 (Maribor in Slovenia, Prague in Czech Republic, Starogard Gdański in Poland) and in 2007 (Dobrich in Bulgaria). Rome and Prague are the metropolitan centres with the largest resident population (2,705,603 and 1,212,000 respectively). Seville (699,145), Edinburgh (463,51) and Thessaloniki (386,627) are cities with over 250,000 inhabitants. Wolverhampton (236,600), Maribor (111,340), and Dobrich (101,308) are medium-sized towns with populations ranging between 50,000 and 250,000, while Starogard Gdański, with a population slightly below 50,000 units, is a small town (see table 1 population trends). The partner cities’ economies are mostly based on the service sector in terms of both value added and employment. SMEs and microenterprises are common throughout most of the local business
2 environments, measured as the share of both total firms (90% in Dobrich and 95% in Maribor, Rome, and Starogard) and employees. The nine partner cities also differ in terms of labour market, pension systems, and welfare state regimes, as will be illustrated in greater detail in sections 2 and 3.
2. Local environment and policy challenges of Active A.G.E. city partners in a demographic ageing perspective
Ongoing demographic ageing processes and policy challenges collected among partner cities suggested three main themes which the Active A.G.E. Thematic network wishes to address: Age and the economy, addressing constraints and opportunities more directly related to the labour market. It will focus on the factors affecting both the supply and the demand side of the labour market, with specific reference to the older workers’ participation: the older workers’ job retention and quality; employability, adaptability and re-entry; enterprise development. Age and care services, covering new demands for long-term care and home-based care services, as well as innovative ways of financing independent living. Age and insecurity, embracing an integrated approach to demographic ageing and social inclusion concerns such as older people in conditions of poverty, housing, the social life of the elderly and active citizenship.
2.1 Age and the economy as a priority challenge According to the local challenges score, Age and the economy is a priority topic addressed by most of partner cities. The issue, however, presents different problems according to the specific labour market conditions and trends: in Edinburgh, for instance, labour market participation is mainly affected by supply side factors: the participation of older workers and longer working life is thus dependent on incentives to remain at work. Job quality (both working conditions, health, wages, and qualification) represents one of the municipality’s key sub-themes. In Dobrich, Maribor, Rome, Seville and Thessaloniki, on the other hand, the labour market participation of the older workers depends very much on job opportunities in a context of high unemployment and low overall labour demand. These factors are driving local policy makers to promote older worker re-entry, employability and adaptability through lifelong learning schemes, qualification and direct hiring. Longer working life is the major policy sub-theme for a municipality like Edinburgh, where supply side factors are affecting the older workers’ labour market participation. The municipality of Edinburgh has expressed great concern for labour market challenges (4 out of 5 score for both “employability” and “adaptability” sub-themes). This, despite very favourable (in comparative terms) labour market indicators for older age groups (72.2% employment rate for people aged between 50 and retirement age, above the Scottish average and Glasgow working age rate in 2007). And indeed, work represents a major concern for people in their 50’s and 60’s, although the city of Edinburgh has one of the smallest differences between the activity rates of older people and the average of the working population. The municipality of Edinburgh thus interprets labour market challenges in terms of the provision of incentives for elderly people to stay at work, and this concerns primarily the quality of jobs. The older workers’ motivation to extend their working life is undermined by several factors, such as work-related health problems, lack of recognition of mature workers’ experience by younger workers and managers, discrimination, and inappropriate equipment and training. Early retirement is deemed important also in cities with less satisfactory activity indicators. Here there are obvious reasons of macroeconomic and financial sustainability. On average, in the EU-25 people exit the labour force and become inactive at the age of 60 (in 2001). Given improvements in life expectancy in older age (life expectancy at 60 rose to 20 years for men and 24 for women), policies targeted to increase participation and delay retirement age are deemed essential to improve the sustainability of the pension and healthcare systems. At the local level, the extension of working life is deemed especially important for the economic and social inclusion of mature people, and for active citizenship. In Maribor early retirement is a key policy challenge sub-theme and is mostly driven by health problems, lack of suitable knowledge and competence, poor working condition and weak incentives for companies to encourage older workers to retire later. In the past three decades early exit from the labour market has also affected the Italian welfare system, particularly in the service sector. At the local level, this factor accounts for the
3 high share of retired males in Rome (37.4% of the over 45s), while the early exit of women has to do with problems of reconciliation of family and working life. Older workers re-entry in the labour market is a primary sub-theme in those cities affected by lack of labour demand, where overall labour market conditions are worse, unemployment starts earlier and progressively deteriorates with increasing age. High unemployment rates among older age groups are widespread in Mediterranean and Eastern European partner cities: 36.2% among people aged 50 and older in Dobrich in 2008, and steeply increasing (+6% compared to 2007); one fourth of job seekers in the city of Rome are over 40, while 31.2% are over 45 in Starogard; in Maribor the unemployment rate for the 50-60 age group was 28.5% in 2007; 30% of total unemployment involves over 40s in Seville; the proportion of residents unemployed in the 55-64 age group in Thessaloniki is 4.76% (2004), of whom 67% are long-term unemployed (the low unemployment rate is explained by older workers’ outright exit from the labour market). A common factor affecting the effectiveness of policy action at the local level, in the area of older workers’ labour market participation, is represented by lack of data and specific knowledge, expertise and analytical tools on the part of the local actors, and the insufficient coordination of policy efforts between different levels of governance. The integration of tools and methodologies for assessing the impact of demographic ageing in comprehensive urban development is indicated as another crucial sub-theme for partner cities, particularly in Dobrich and Rome. The municipality of Dobrich identifies the lack of skilled staff in support of the city’s main actors and stakeholders (municipality and NGOs) and development of an apposite database as key policy challenges. The municipality of Rome expects to receive support, information and expertise to formulate appropriate indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of active ageing policies and support the programming capacity of policy-makers and other relevant stakeholders. The coordination of state and local level policy efforts needs enhancing in order to avoid overlapping or conflicting legislative frameworks, and to better exploit the policy-makers’ increasing awareness of the challenges entailed by an ageing population in partner cities. In the past few decades the UK Government has been particularly active in the domain of older worker employment, promoting legislation to reduce age discrimination (2006 Employment Equality Regulations) and postpone retirement (see the 1995 Age Pension Act and the announced increase in the retirement age from 65 to 68 between 2024 and 2044). National strategies or programmes targeted to demographic ageing problems are also under way in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovenia. Municipal level plans and policy measures adopted by each of the partner cities need to be coordinated with their specific national strategies in order to produce synergic results. Bulgaria is a case in point. A long-term demographic strategy has been devised through the National Strategy of Demographic Development. The low impact of the national law on employment at the local level, coupled with the need to improve the focus of the Municipal Development plan 2007-2013 on older age groups, is making the employment issue in the municipality of Dobrich more challenging. Low levels of education, lack of competence, qualification and incentives for additional learning among the 45-60 age group and a limited access to training, particularly for women, are deemed to be important reasons for the older adults’ low level of participation in the labour market and their increasing propensity to inactivity in Dobrich, Maribor, Rome, Seville and Thessaloniki. A strong policy focus on lifelong learning policies has been clearly indicated by the municipalities of Edinburgh, Rome and Prague, while Maribor and Starogard Gdański also say to be concerned by low levels of qualification of the over 50s driven by the gap between educational or vocational systems supply and labour market demand, to contrast.
2.2 Age and care: health, care and self-sufficiency as early stages in partners’ active ageing efforts With respect to the Age and Care domain, although elderly health and self-sufficiency are not listed among key challenging sub-themes in partner cities’ ranking, many partner municipalities show deep concern over these issues, as evidenced by the rich and solid policy background in care service provision for the elderly. Moreover, many municipalities are planning to develop home-based care and support for family and carers, in accordance with the overall shift from institutional care towards independent living of the elderly in their own homes. Dobrich and Starogard Gdański report growing needs for health and social services. In the municipality of Starogard, care services for elderly self-sufficiency are signalled as the most challenging sub-theme shaping the municipality’s policy orientation. The context is one of worsening conditions of 4 health services, limited access to medical specialists, including geriatric rehabilitation, and insufficient numbers of places in Social Assistance Houses. According to the local mapping reports, these conditions are aggravated by the isolation of elderly people, which makes implementation of policies and activities targeted to management of free time, daily routine and socialisation indispensable for social inclusion. The municipality of Prague placed the implementation of a long-term care system among its major challenges. Its aim is to improve the overall quality of social services supply, increase the provision of home health care and domiciliary care services, and monitor older people exposed to health and social risks. Active ageing policies targeted to the 4th age group involving the improvement of urban mobility, health and care services for self-sufficiency is one of the sub-themes identified by the municipality of Rome as most relevant. Patterns of residential marginalization are signalled as an area of concern by Starogard Gdański, which is experiencing the development of areas where elderly people tend to concentrate. In Edinburgh and Wolverhampton the development of affordable and accessible housing to promote social integration and respond to the needs and physical limitations of older people is placed among the key sub-themes of both municipalities. Resort to technology and domotics to assist elderly people in their home, which is expanding in many Nordic countries (see the Background paper, “What can active A.G.E. working group learn from other European projects?”) is an opportunity that Seville is willing to develop, and that the active A.G.E. group should consider.
2.3 Age and Insecurity: active ageing as an all-encompassing issue The main spheres of concern within the Age and Insecurity domain are the progressive marginalization of the elderly and the resulting risks of poverty and abuse, while active citizenship is one of the most challenging areas of policy intervention for partner cities. Elderly people, and especially women, are exposed to the risk of poverty, due in part to the scaling down of pensions and social welfare contributions, making the issue of their economically driven social inclusion crucial to local policy. Partner cities have experimented with policies targeted at improving social participation and active citizenship among elderly people, mostly through day centres or community centres. Access to tailored financial services for older people in poverty is also an issue receiving increasing attention. In Edinburgh, elderly active citizenship is the policy challenge sub-theme with the highest score. The municipality of Prague focuses on the challenge to create an age-friendly environment and an inclusive community. The aim to support an independent, safe and active life needs to be pursued through a comprehensive ageing-sensitive policy to be attained through the development of more comprehensive social services. Difficulties in the use of technological devices (mobile phone, cash dispenser, credit card, and Internet) and ICT are reported to be further sources of difficulties and exclusion for elderly people in Prague and Starogard, and policies are needed to turn these challenges into opportunities, as argued above. Finally, a common main area of concern for partner cities is the progressive marginalization of the elderly and the resulting risk of poverty. Poverty is becoming an increasingly important issue in several partner cities owing to inadequate levels of pensions and social welfare contributions, especially when compared to losses of regular income due to more precarious working conditions before retirement, and increases in health-related and living costs. In Maribor, it is single retired women who are more commonly at the poverty line. Progressive loosening of family and social ties owing to young family members migrating is leading to solitude, depression, vegetation and unhealthy lifestyles in Starogard Gdański. In Wolverhampton, eight out of twenty wards within the urban area are priority wards: they rank amongst the 10% wards with the highest level of deprivation in England (but the local authorities do not report a particular concentration of elderly people in these areas). The municipality of Wolverhampton also signals the problem of inclusion and combating the isolation of the elderly in local minorities, mostly African/Caribbean and Asian.
5
Figure 1 City partners’ policy challenge scores related to demographic ageing a b
a b Glossary of sub-themes: Scoring scale: 1 – not important, 5 – very important Employ: Improve employability of older workers (pre-retirement age); Adapt: Improve adaptability of older workers (pre-retirement age); Entrepren: Promote entrepreneurship among older workers (pre- retirement age); Poverty Poverty/social exclusion of elderly people; Resident: Residential marginal patterns; Care: Elderly care/self-sufficiency; Health: Elderly health; Act Citiz: Elderly active citizenship; Act Social: Elderly active social life; ICT: Digital divide and ICT related challenges.
3 Active A.G.E. network main themes in partners’ policy experience 6
Demographic change affects partner cities in different ways, according to their specific socio- economic environments and their stage in the demographic ageing process. If city partners face largely similar problems and policy challenges, as grouped in the three main themes identified above, their policy experience is affected to a greater extent by the economic and institutional frameworks in which they are embedded. Thus, local policy orientation and experience in the demographic ageing domain have been driven jointly by the local factors highlighted in the previous section and by the characteristics of their national policies (or welfare regimes). The Nordic countries have a long history of universal rights to welfare services and the sustainability of the Nordic welfare system is founded on a policy of full employment obtained through the full implementation of active labour market policies. The Liberal welfare state system is more fragmented and dispersed but, in the case of the UK, has made use of a wide range of direct and indirect policy instruments to target the obstacles to the labour market, health care, and inclusion. In Continental Europe (and in the Mediterranean countries) the primary target has long been to ease the younger generations’ entry into the labour market, encouraging early retirement. Generous pension systems and cohesive families guaranteed elderly people inclusion. Social and demographic change is now dictating radical changes in labour and welfare policies for the older population. The Central and Eastern Europe welfare states are still in the making and reflect the socio-economic transformations experienced by these countries since the beginning of the ’90s: the problems related to a rapidly ageing population are compounded by those more closely connected with economic transformation, such as elderly unemployment and poverty, social exclusion and isolation, as well as constraints on governance capabilities.
Figure 2. City partners’ policy experience scores related to demographic ageinga
aScoring scale: 1 – we do not have much experience in this field; 2 – we have started to address this issue; 3 – we have implemented measures in this policy area.
3.1 Age and the economy in city partners’ experience: older workers retention and re-entry in the labour market, quality of job and enterprise development
Matching the relevance of the Age and Economy theme in local contexts, all partner cities report having at least started to address this policy area, while several municipalities already show strong, substantial experience. In accordance with the specificities of its labour market trends, the municipality of Edinburgh is pursuing the targets of older workers’ retention in the labour market, the enhancement of job quality and enterprise development through the local plan for older people called “A City for All Ages”. The plan brings together the City of Edinburgh Council, the National Health Service (NHS) Lothian and other actors in the voluntary and private sector, including the Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce, to develop policies and services for older people in different areas of intervention. Priority areas include encouraging 7 generations to work together, the development of employment opportunities for people over the age of 50, older people taking on more responsibility for their futures and business involvement in the creation of suitable services and products. The first action plan gained national (Scottish Government document “All Our Futures”) and international recognition (nominated for a 2007 Eurocities Award for Innovation). Again in the UK, Wolverhampton is promoting the use of ICT to improve adaptability of older workers and foster job upgrade or change. At the national level, in the past decades the UK Governments have passed legislation to reduce age discrimination and postpone retirement in order to attain the goal of longer working lives for older workers. In 1995 the Age Pension Law delayed pension age to 65 for women, and the UK Government has announced a further increase to 68 for all, to be achieved between 2024 and 2044. The Employment Equality Regulation (which was approved in 2006) bans age discrimination in terms of recruitment, promotion and training, and unjustified retirement under 65, and removes the current age limit for unfair dismissal and redundancy rights. It has been in operation for only two years but is considered a success in terms of increased debate around the topic and for the development of guidelines for employers As discussed in the previous section, partner cities experiencing high levels of unemployment need to devise policies to support the re-entry of older workers in the labour market. The municipality of Rome has implemented a policy targeted to the over 45s. The objective is to narrow the imbalance between professional education and the workforce qualification required by firms through lifelong learning programmes and the provision of orientation services. The “Education for Adults” (EDA) project integrates formal education, professional training and informal training and can be regarded as a good practice for the innovative working methodology implemented: the establishment of Local Committees allowed for the assessment and planning of training programmes, while personalized training programmes targeted the needs of over 45 participants on the basis of an individualized approach. Labour orientation centres (COL) specific for the over 45s are operating in two municipal districts of Rome to encourage training and give advice on the opportunities to re-enter the labour market. These centres are reaching a significant share of otherwise socially excluded beneficiaries. The municipality of Thessaloniki is operating in a situation characterised by very high overall unemployment. Its main policy measures are therefore aimed at tackling older workers’ unemployment by training and direct hiring, that is, by devoting a share of the new job openings to unemployed people over 50. Direct hiring by the municipality is deemed necessary to foster local economy by supporting incomes as well as to re-activate older people into social life. Training courses for the elderly unemployed are also provided at both the local and national level and are mostly financed by national and EU funds. The municipality of Seville is currently focusing policy efforts on enterprise development. Seville runs a “Program of Aid for New Enterprise Initiatives” for the promotion of self-employment and the start-up of new enterprises. The increasing demand coming from people over 40 years old, particularly women, suggests developing these policies further, placing greater emphasis on the older age groups. The project provides personalized assistance through municipal districts. Existing programmes on “E- learning”, “Senior Assistance”, “Senior Enterprises” and “Senior Employment Programme” provided by some Local Support Group members (Centre for Advanced Business Resources of Seville – CREA, and the Spanish Senior Association for Technical Cooperation – SECOT) and the Economic and Employment Ministry target older workers upskilling, intergenerational transfer of knowledge and self-employment promotion, and deserve to be carried through. Increasing the effectiveness of local policies based on intergenerational transfer of experience is also suggested by the Seville Local Support Group. The municipality of Wolverhampton is also engaged in entrepreneurship promotion among elderly people as part of its integrated approach to the challenges of an ageing community.
3.2 Age and care services: from daily care facilities to long-term and home-based care system Partner cities show solid and assorted policy backgrounds and experience in elderly care and health services for self-sufficiency. The municipalities of Dobrich, Rome, Starogard and Thessaloniki provide institutional care to elderly people through daily or community centres. The long-term policy is to shift the provision of long-term care services progressively towards home-care. In Dobrich, the “Old people house”, an institution with a capacity for 115 people, provides 24-hour social services aimed at supporting elderly people in daily activities, such as the organization of free time, an active social life, nutrition and medical care. The measure is part of a broader and long-term vision for urban development “Dobrich 2020” and benefits from the availability of qualified staff and municipal buildings. 8 Since 1999 the municipality of Rome has been running day centres for elderly people with reduced self-sufficiency and in need of care services that cannot be provided through home care. These centres provide support and socialization activities to users living in their own homes, prevent psycho-physical pathologies and depression due to isolation, and provide support to the families and carers. A similar network of day centres (10 centres, denominated KAPI) has been developed in Thessaloniki with the aim of providing tailored facilities and socialization activities. Since 1992 the “Daily Stay House” of Starogard has been providing physiotherapy, health care and hygiene treatment to old as well as disabled or mentally ill people. With this institution there is a reduction in the demand for more expensive forms of elderly care, such as home-based services or Social Aid Houses (all-day care), while the social life of the elderly and family and intergenerational ties are enhanced in a city where the risk of elderly marginalization is a major issue. To develop a long-term care system based on the integration of health and social care is one of the explicit policy targets and key challenging sub-themes for the municipality of Prague. It is at present running a wide-reaching network of social services for older people (elderly homes, homes with day care, home care, day centres) as well as social housing. It also runs a community planning system for the development of social services which involves districts, providers and users. This system represents an interesting methodology for the design and provision of social services attuned to users’ needs. A phone emergency care service called “Senior Lighthouse” is also provided by the municipality of Prague in cooperation with a member of the Local Support Group (Life 90) and is expected to further enhance capacity to link up network participants through the use of IP/GPS technology. Improving the availability of home-based care to elderly people and support for families and carers is a key policy focus for the municipality of Dobrich. The “Project for a dignified life” is a municipal programme for the provision of care in a family environment. Social and domestic workers assist people with permanent disabilities or seriously ill lonely people, mostly elderly. So far, the programme has had some success despite the fact that the policy is still not fully developed and lacks coordination with the National strategy on demographic development 2006-2020. The municipalities of Seville and Maribor provide yet another policy response in the domain of health and care. The “Plan for financial help of I+D projects” (in which Seville is involved) aims at promoting research and social involvement, training and education on problems of demographic ageing, and in the field of health in Andalusia. Seville is also working on the implementation at the local level of the national “Dependency law” regulating the provision of long-term care and support for carers (mostly women) and family members. This law makes it possible to decentralize elderly care services while seeking to coordinate all state level actions in the field. The municipality of Maribor gave the maximum score to policy experience in the field of health and social care. It is currently running gerontology centres and is also co-financing social care programmes with civil society organizations.
3.3 Age and insecurity: the missing link in partner cities’ policy background Demographic ageing is a comprehensive policy challenge that calls for an integrated policy response involving the interaction of all factors and addressing all generations. Such a “life-cycle approach” focuses on age-based discrimination as the source of demographic ageing problems and combines active employment strategies, pension systems reforms, innovative approaches to health and care services provision, and, crucially, active citizenship. Although the need for such a holistic approach has been recognised extensively in research and policy circles, actual policy reforms and policy measure are still far from the target, and far from arousing awareness and affecting behaviour in the public and society. With respect to the Active A.G.E. partner cities, despite a keen awareness of the need for a combined intervention and the implementation of some policy measure in the field of active citizenship and social inclusion, a fully developed integrated approach is still lacking. Elderly people’s active social life is one of the main targets in the partner cities’ supply of day care facilities targeted to combat marginalization and favour socialization. In Starogard, the local Culture Centre in coordination with the third-age University aims at broadening the interests and skills of senior citizens by involving them in the activities of the University and the surrounding environment. The University organizes lectures in a wide range of different classes, educational trips and integration meetings. The municipality of Wolverhampton also tackles the isolation of elderly people by improving opportunities through education. Moreover, it takes care of transport accessibility, as Rome does, by devoting greater attention to urban mobility in a social inclusion perspective. Wolverhampton also 9 endeavours to combat the exclusion of local minorities (mostly African-Caribbean and Asian) from the community, in a city where deprivation indexes are significantly worse than the English average. Finally, the municipality of Wolverhampton is already committed to tackling the effects of diminishing financial resources and credit constraints on elderly people with limited access to formal banking. The experience acquired by Wolverhampton, together with the good practices produced by other projects at the EU level on the design and implementation of financial mechanisms targeted to older people in poverty, possibly through microfinance, can represent an important issue for discussion and exchange within the A.G.E. group.
Conclusions: Partners’ expectations and sharing opportunities
Each of the partner cities demonstrated a keen interest in sharing competences, practices and experience. Employment and enterprise development for older workers, the Age and the economy main theme, have been clearly identified by many partner cities as the domain in which they are most interested in developing and implementing their local action plans. The municipalities focusing on both re-entry and retention for older workers stressed the need to define active labour measures more closely targeted to the individuals. This means, for instance, combining lifelong learning schemes with a special emphasis on the digital divide in the case of the self-employed, paying attention to the need to relax credit and other constraints in the case of entrepreneurship promotion, combine flexible times and gradual retirement measures with measures aimed at promoting the intergenerational transfer of experience and skills to strengthen retention of mature workers. Age and care is the other main theme in which network members are most focused, according to their expectations and local support group arrangements. This is also the domain with the most widely assorted and solid policy experience. A greater emphasis on day-care, the development of long-term care systems and home-based care facilities is expected, as well as the sharing of experience in innovative financing methods, given the strong policy background on the theme on the part of most of the partner cities. ICT is recognized as a necessary tool of urban policy intervention in the promotion of employability, self-sufficiency and social inclusion for elderly people rather than a target sub-theme per se. Intergenerational solidarity is seen as a crosscutting issue and a driver of elderly-sensitive urban development policies. How to increase the effectiveness of local policies through the intergenerational transfer of knowledge in both directions has been signalled as a primary expectation by partner cities. More methodological issues which have been signalled by partners as both experience and expectations involve the design and implementation of tools and methodologies for better assessing the impact of demographic ageing in urban landscapes, and the set up of detailed databases of target group profiles in order improve the municipalities’ capacity to analyze and categorize elderly people’s needs, define tailored policies and mobilize stakeholders.
10 Table 1. Active A.G.E. partner cities demographic and economic profile
Population trends Age structure and dependency Labour market trends & indicators
101,308 ‐ contracting since mid‐’80 as the birth rate 68,25% of the pop are 15‐64,; over64 are 10.1% (2006). Unemployment rate – total: 10.5% in 1998 (19.9% in 2001); over50: Dobrich decreased in 1986‐2003. Dependency indexes are decreasing. ODI: 25.48% in 2001 and 36.2% in 2008 (+6% compared 2007, monthly avg); 45‐49: 12.7% (+0.9 24.78% in 2003. compared 2007, monthly avg)
463,510 (223,028 fem + 240,482 males) ‐ expanding % of children dropped: 16.31% in 1999, 15.18% in 2005; % of Employment rates ‐ 50‐Retirement Age: 72.2%; Working Age: 77.2% Edinburgh (448,430 in 2000). work.age increased: 65.94% in 1999, 67.81% in 2005; (worsen during 2005‐07). expected to drop; % of pens.age (64 m., 60 f.) dropped: 50‐60 are presently 21% of the workforce in Edinburgh 26% of Scotland 17.75% in 1999, 17.01% in 2005; expected to rise as a whole. Activity rates ‐ 50‐Retirement Age: 73.8% 111,340 ‐ slightly expanding in the past 8 years Ageing Index: has been rising from 92.1% to 122.6% (1999‐ Unemployment rate (2007) ‐ 10,2%; Maribor despite a constantly negative natural growth, 2006, Podravje region); ODI: 21,4% in 2004 and by 2050 it is 40‐50: 21.4%; 50‐60: 28.5%; >60: 1.9% because of an increased foreigners resident projected to almost triple its current value to 55,6%. % Unemployed women increased during 1999‐2007 from 49.9% to population. Over 50 are 37% in 2007 (34.3% in 2003), above national avg 56.6%. of 35.8% (33.1% in 2003) Prague 1,212,000 ‐ since 2002 total population has been Prague has the oldest age structure of the population in the Unemployment rate is 3.2% (2005, below national avg , 7.8%). slightly rising owing to migration. Czech Republic. 14.7% of job seekers are aged 50‐54 (2005, 1/3 are females); ODI: 21.63%; YDI:16.72%; AI: 129.4%; ADR: 38.35% (2007) Economic activity rate (61.3%) above national avg (59.2%). 2,705,603 (1,429,308 f. and 1,276,295 m.) ‐ In 2006, over 45 were nearly half of the resident population, (2007) Unemployment rate (15‐64): 7.24%; employment rate (15‐64): expanding since 2003 (2,540,829), as birth rates are over 65 became one fifth (+24.24% in the past 10 years). 61.42%. Rome raising and mortality rates are dropping and net ODI (31.6% in 2007) AI (154.3% in 2007) and ADR (52% in Over 45 high propensity to inactivity (in 2004, 62.7% are inactive). migration is positive (almost 3‰ in 2006). 2007) increased by 7.1%, 16.7% and 9.8% respectively during Over 40 unemployed (Province of Rome) about 29,000, ¼ of seeking for 1997‐07. a job (2007, unemployment rate is 3.3%). Activity Rate (15‐64): 66.26% (2006) 699,145 (333,182 m. and 365963 f.) ‐ population is ODI: 21.28% in 2006 (+0.15% compared to 2005) Unemployment rate: around 13%. Seville contracting since 2003 (709,975) YDI: 23.52% (dropped during 2004‐06); ADR 44.8% (slightly Rate of growth of the active population (2007): 2% (reaching 858,000 below the national avg) people). Activity rate (provincial scope): 57.6% (2007, +6% compared to 2006). 47,806 (47.87% m. And 52.12% f.) ‐ contracting trend pre‐working age group (0‐17): 21% (26% in 2000, 23% in Unemployment rate: 19.6% (26.7% in 2006, 30% in 2005), 66.3% are Starogard (50,423 in 1997, 49,884 in 2002) is affected by the 2003)); Working age (w. 18‐59 and m. 18‐64): 63% stable in women, 31.2% are over45. Gdański negative migration balance despite a positive natural 2000‐06; Post‐working age: 16% (12% in 2000, 13% in 2003), change particularly among men (+1199 in 6 years). Thessaloniki 386,627 25‐54: 43.57%; 55‐64: 10.4%; 65‐74: 11.45%; ODI: 26.67%; % residents unemployed 55‐64: 4.76% YDI: 28.9%; ADR: 55.57% (2004) % long‐term unemployed 55‐64: 66.75% Activity rate 55‐64: 42.34% (total is 66.18%) 236,600 ‐ between 1981‐2006 population declined (2006) over pension age (m. 65, women 60) 19.4% (higher Economically active (2007): 106,000, 71.9% (working age, UK 78.6%). by 8.2% (whilst England increased by a comparable than West Mid and England; 19.3% in 2001); working age Employment rate (2007): 96,600, 65.4% (working age, UK 74.4%). Wolverhampton amount). 60.9% (59.9% in 2001); ODI 31.9% (32.2% in 2001); YDI 32.4% Unemployment rate: 8.5% (UK 5.2%). (34.6% in 2001); AI 98.3% (93.1%); ADR 64.3% (66.8% in Economically inactives: 28.1% (UK 21.4%, “not wanting a job” group 2001). particularly overrepresented (22.4%) compared to UK levels, 16.1%). Economic activity rate (2006/2007): 73.6% lower than W.Midlands (77.3%), England (78.6%) or the UK (78.3%). Main Acronyms: Age Dependency Ratio (ADR); Aging Index (AI); Older Dependency Ratio (ODI); Standardized Mortality Rate (SMR); Younger Dependency Index (YDI). 11