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Translating Intertextuality As Intercultural Communication a Case Study Binghamton University The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB) Graduate Dissertations and Theses Dissertations, Theses and Capstones 8-2018 TRANSLATING INTERTEXTUALITY AS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A CASE STUDY Bassam M. Al Saideen Binghamton University--SUNY, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://orb.binghamton.edu/dissertation_and_theses Recommended Citation Al Saideen, Bassam M., "TRANSLATING INTERTEXTUALITY AS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A CASE STUDY" (2018). Graduate Dissertations and Theses. 85. https://orb.binghamton.edu/dissertation_and_theses/85 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations, Theses and Capstones at The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRANSLATING INTERTEXTUALITY AS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A CASE STUDY BY BASSAM M AL SAIDEEN BA, Yarmouk University, 1990 MA, Yarmouk University, 1997 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Translation Studies in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York 2018 © Copyright by Bassam Al Saideen 2018 All Rights Reserved Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Translation Studies in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York 2018 August 3, 2018 Jeanette Patterson, Chair and Faculty Advisor Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Binghamton University Michael Pettid, Member Department of Asian and Asian American Studies, Binghamton University Mary Youssef, Member Department of Classical and Near Eastern Studies, Binghamton University Elizabeth Tucker, Outside Examiner Department of English, Binghamton University iii Abstract Intertextuality refers to the textual space where texts intersect and new (hyper)texts emerge. It is the shaping of a text’s meaning by other (inter)texts present in it. As a literary device taking forms like allusion, quotation, pastiche, translation, etc., it depends on the presupposition of the presence of intertexts (or hypotexts) in (hyper)texts and on the reader’s recognition of such presence. For the recognition of intertexts, authors usually rely on shared cultural knowledge with the reader. The presence of intertexts in a text can either open it to interpretations or direct the reader towards a one in particular. If such recognition can possibly be missed intraculturally, the possibility is doubled when the reading is intercultural, as in translation. To minimize the loss of the intertextual context of the source text (ST), translators adopt certain translation strategies (such as analogous intertexts, paratextual devices, and exegetical translation) that ensure such context is relayed into the target text (TT) and recognized by the target reader. While the semantic equivalence can neutralize the linguistic difference, relaying the intertextual relations in the ST remains the daunting problem encountered by the translator. iv I argue in this dissertation that intertexts, particularly Quranic references, in the Arabic novel are a source of semantic density and pose a considerable challenge to the translator. Since semantic equivalence alone does not guarantee that the ST intertextual relations are maintained in the TT, a synthesis of other translation strategies is required to relay the ST intertextual relation into the TT. Drawing on Kristeva’s (1986) ‘vertical intertextuality,’ Fairclough’s ‘manifest intertextuality’ (Momani et al., 2010), Derrida’s ‘iterability’ and ‘citationality’ (Alfaro, 1996), Bakhtin’s ‘reaccentuation’ or ‘double-voicing’ (Kristeva, 1986), I opted for paratextual devices to ensure that the TT reader will capture those relations. Bracketed explanations were used extremely economically to avoid producing an enlarged translation. v TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER TO MY BELOVED MOTHJER AND FAMILY vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work wouldn’t have been possible without the unwavering help and support of my Committee Chair and Advisor Prof. Jeanette Patterson to whom I am immensely grateful and deeply indebted. From the day she agreed to be my Advisor until the dissertation submission, she provided me with continuous and valuable feedback and guidance. Her patience, in addition to her encouragement, are highly appreciated. I would also like to thank my committee members Prof. Michael Pettid for all his help, time, and valuable feedback. I am especially thankful for his open support and encouragement. Special thanks should go to Prof. Mary Yousef for her insights and comments. Her directions on the Arabic novel and literary tradition are extremely appreciated. And last but certainly not least, I am grateful to Prof. Elizabeth Tucker for joining the committee despite the short notice. She never hesitated when I asked her to serve as the external examiner for the committee and showed great interest in my work. She was very supportive, and her kindness will never be forgotten. vii Many thanks are due to TRIP Chair Prof. Song and TRIP coordinator Beth Polzin for their professionalism and for their support and help. I owe a great debt to my mother for her continuous prayers, support, and encouragement. I am also thankful to my wife and kids for their patience and unceasing support. A load of thanks should go to my friends Musa Alzghoul and Abdel Kareem Lababneh and their families for their support and encouragement all through my years of study. And a big thank you also goes to all my Professors and friends in TRIP. Thank you all for everything you have done that made the appearance of this work possible. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: Translation as Intervention and Activism 6 CHAPTER TWO: Ayman al-ᶜUtum – a novelist’s metamorphosis 23 CHAPTER THREE: O! My Prison Companions: Context and History 34 CHAPTER FOUR: Prison Literature 45 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. Arabic Prison Literature 54 4.2.1. O! My Prison Companions 60 CHAPTER FIVE: Translating Intertextuality 66 5.1. Introduction 67 5.2. Intertextuality and Translation 75 5.3. Translating Intertexts in O! My Prison Companions 83 5.3.1. Translating Quranic Intertexts 85 ix 5.3.2. Translating Non-Quranic Intertexts 96 5.3.3. Conclusions 102 FINAL THOUGHTS 104 APPENDIX A 108 WORKS CITED 113 O! My Prison Companions 123 x INTERODUCTION Despite the traditional view of translation as a pure linguistic activity, contemporary theorizing of translation perceives it as an act that has consequences and seeks to achieve goals in its receiving cultural context. Douglas Robison (1997) notes that translation still operates under old assumptions exemplified by scholars’ prescriptive approaches which are held by many readers and translators alike, favoring fluent translations. These approaches limit translation to a pure linguistic and impersonal process. This view of translation that renders the translator’s role to a mechanical and neutral activity has been increasingly contested in the recent and expanding field of translation studies. The last three decades of the twentieth century are marked by a shift from prescriptive to descriptive approaches to the study of translation. Recent scholarship (e.g. postcolonial studies, gender studies, and cultural studies) perceive it as a very subjective enterprise whereby translators act consciously through their textual choices and interventions to produce texts that serve their purposes and agendas. 1 I agree with the latter view, that the translator’s neutrality is a mere myth, and that translators must account for their subjective agency and take responsibility for their work. Such agency becomes immediately self-evident from the translator’s selection of texts for translation and continues through a long process of decision-making and interventions until the target text is produced, edited, and published. I will show in this dissertation how I employ my translator’s agency on two levels through my translation of the Jordanian novelist Ayman al-ᶜUtum’s (Ya Saḥibai al-Sijin”1 O! My Prison Companions2 (2012“يا صاحبي السجن novel from Arabic into English. On the first level, my agency accounts for necessary interventions during the process of translation, which are justified, not only by the linguistic differences between the two languages involved, but from the fact that this novel is laden with intertexts and cultural references, whose interpretation and implications may be obscured or significantly limited in a non-interventionalist translation. This will be illustrated through my analysis of and justification for my translation of the novel. On the second level, my 1 I used IJMES Transliteration system for Arabic for transliterating Arabic sounds available at https://ijmes.chass.ncsu.edu/docs/TransChart.pdf 2 All the titles of al-ᶜUtum’s poem collections and novels, in addition to all Arabic texts, mentioned in this dissertation are my translation from Arabic, unless otherwise stated. 2 agency accounts for using this translation as a tool of resistance against a culture of silence and oppression, and for advocating human rights and freedom of speech. It also aims at promoting this emerging writer and helping him and his work break out of their geographical and linguistic confines by providing them with a different and wider readership in the English-speaking world. The
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