R A D Y O V Rİ AZ DY OY ON QUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE / JANUARY 2016 / 5 V HAVE YOU EVER READ RADIO? İ Z Y O N TERNAL BRO F EX AD O CA RE S U T T IN U G F - E I H T : E L I

F

“Radyovizyon is celebrating the first anniversary of its stronger than ever reunion with readers. The magazine has become a breath, a voice for radio broadcasters in our country and the world. I want everyone to consider this success as a pledge for future achievements.” Şenol Göka TRT Director General THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING Dr. Süleyman ERDAL THE NEW BROADCAST PERIOD OF TRT RADIOS Amber TÜRKMEN

5 DIGITAL RADIO BROADCASTING Recep YURDUSEVEN RISE OF RADIO IN ASIA Rob GRAHAM PUBLIC VOICES BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS David Fernández QUIJADA RADIO IN 2020 Vijay SADHU TRT BIG BAND ORCHESTRA Ç. Gülruy KÖŞKER

Our colleagues are ready for 2016 with an unfailing excitement.

Şenol GÖKA TRT Director General

The voice and ast is a place of patience. The place of perseverance and submission... E This is not just waiting; there is also effort, quite a lot of effort... These lands offer the fruits of perseverance and submission only to breath of radio those who put in effort from the heart. broadcasters Perhaps it is because effort comes from the heart that offered rewards are more than initially desired. We find it rude to boast about exerted efforts. Radyovizyon is the fruit of such perseverance. Celebrating the first anniversary of its coming back to readers once again and even stronger, Radyovizyon has become the voice and breath of radio broadcasters in our country and around the world. I would like you to take this success as a pledge or commitment for future achievements. The dossier of this issue is “The Future of External Broadcasting.” International broadcasting organizations that we are a member of, national and international academicians and our colleagues have contributed to the dossier. I believe readers will enjoy articles that take up all dimensions of external broadcasting. The month of January is important to radio broadcasters. We prepare for the upcoming broadcasting season and New Year months ahead in time. New programs pursue new voices and we seek new ways to satisfy our listeners. Our colleagues are ready for 2016 with an unfailing excitement. I wish a successful year to my colleagues and all radio broadcasters.

1 Music is a part of life; the voice of chirping birds in the morn- ing, a sweet breeze as we walk down the Street, a peaceful melody at the dinner table, a lullaby you sing for your baby… Music is everywhere, Everything about music is right here…

On the rst day of every month, comes with a CD

TRT Bir Dünya Müzik birdunyamuzik 2 [email protected] Music is a part of life; the voice of chirping birds in the morn- ing, a sweet breeze as we walk down the Street, a peaceful melody at the dinner table, a lullaby you sing for your baby… One point to bear Music is everywhere, in mind, while Everything about music is right here… thinking about the future of external broadcasting, is public diplomacy as an inter-disciplinary concept. Dr. Süleyman ERDAL Head of TRT External Services Department

The Future of External Broadcasting

s a controversial field in the shadow of today’s of the possibilities on the road to be walked A sophisticated technologies, do external services because attention to the qualities and possibilities promise a bright future or can we talk about a of the target audience will make you more effective transformation? Radyovizyon magazine will be as a broadcaster. investigating this matter in the next two editions. Today, we are living in a time when technology Danish philosopher Kierkegaard says “Life can removes boundaries and communication only be understood backwards; but it must be happens extremely fast, however, do you think lived forwards.” Likewise, on the issue of external the use of technology is at the same level in every broadcasting before a future-bound perspective, corner of the world? Therefore, we should not forget backward compatibility in our broadcasts. we should absorb the past. In this edition of our Depending on criteria like the level of prosperity magazine by looking into the past we will ask and use of technology different instruments can where we are today and we will try to lay out be used to reach different parts of the world. speculations about what the future holds. One point to bear in mind, while thinking about On the rst day of every month, comes with a CD External broadcasting started out as an instrument the future of external broadcasting, is public of the Cold War period. All major organizations diplomacy as an inter-disciplinary concept. Maybe, in this field were launched after the 1930s. Later this is what should be located front and center in on, with the emergence of Cold War era it turned external broadcasting. Establishing strong relations into a total propaganda tool. This feature of in a time when mutual relationship networks are so external broadcasting is somehow still evident advanced thanks to globalization; knowing right in today’s world. It can be said that depending what you and others own; understanding other on technological advancements it will change its cultures and people; finding and creating shared form in the future and continue to exist with its values are the real functions of public diplomacy. instruments. If we accept this, external broadcasting becomes There is a famous saying everybody knows: “If more important than ever. there is road, there is chance to walk.” As TRT If we have a responsibility to introduce to the External Services Department we will continue to world what we own, our cultural elements and walk on this road with ever-improving possibilities. other values; and if there is a way to do it, then we TRT Bir Dünya Müzik However, it is crucial to determine the compounds must do it. birdunyamuzik [email protected] Quarterly RadIo MagazIne

Publisher on Behalf of Turkish Radio and Television Corporation Dr. Süleyman Erdal, Head of TRT External Services Department

Editor-in-Chief

R A D Y O Dr. Süleyman Erdal V Rİ AZ DY OY ON 3 AYLIK RADYO DERGİSİ / OCAK 2016 / SAYI 21 V HİÇ RADYO OKUDUNUZ MU? İ Z Y O N IĞIN GELECEĞ CIL İ - IN I Editorial Coordinator AY Y IŞ D : A Y Şirin Sümer S O D Editor in Charge “Yeniden ve daha güçlü bir şekilde okuyucu ile buluşmasının birinci yılını kutlayan Radyovizyon, ülkemizde ve dünyada radyocular için bir nefes, bir ses oldu. Bu başarıyı, yeni başarılar Eda Kotanoğlu Cardona için bir söz, bir taahhüt olarak kabul etmenizi isterim.” Şenol GÖKA TRT Genel Müdürü DIŞ YAYINCILIĞIN GELECEĞİ Dr. Süleyman ERDAL TRT RADYOLARI YENİ YAYIN DÖNEMİ Amber TÜRKMEN 21 ULUSAL SINIRLAR ÖTESİNDE HALKTAN SESLER David Fernandez QUIJADA 2020’DE RADYO Vijay SADHU DİJİTAL RADYO YAYINCILIĞI PROJESİ Recep YURDUSEVEN Editors TRT BIG BAND ORKESTRASI Ç. Gülruy KÖŞKER Olgu Tokdemir From the Editor Sultan Yanmaz Transnational Identity of Radio Aksel Koçak Didem Güneri Öztaşbaşı The role of radio which is the best mass medium of the 20th century in the Nurettin Turan international arena started when many governments assumed diplomatic Özlem Yalçın activities with their shortwave broadcasts in foreign languages in the 1920s Abdul Hamid Chohan and 1930s. States had the opportunity to make their cause public thanks to Advisory Committee radio broadcasts in foreign languages. Thus, public diplomacy gained great Prof. Dr. Edibe Sözen importance as a communication strategy in World War II. Public diplomacy is Doç. Dr. Enderhan Karakoç Prof. Dr. Ertan Özensel the communication process that a country carries out to enable international Doç. Dr. Halûk Bengü public opinion to understand its culture, national goals and policies as well as its nation’s opinions and ideals. The traditional concept of diplomacy changed as a Regional Representatives result of the foundations of the international order being laid after World War II Ankara • Filiz Özdemir Arıcıoğlu • [email protected] Antalya • Mustafa Cansız • [email protected] with the establishment of international organizations like the United Nations and Çukurova • Lütfi Kılınç • [email protected] advancing communication technologies. Opportunities seized thanks to quicker Diyarbakır • Fatih Yılmaz • [email protected] access to information began to be implemented in the field of diplomacy too. Erzurum • İsmail Bingöl • [email protected] Transnational radio broadcasts would not be one-sided propaganda any longer İstanbul • Osman Nuri Boyacı • [email protected] İzmir • Hakan Özalpuk • [email protected] but two-way communication by getting to know all aspects of the international Trabzon • Yiğit Yavuz • [email protected] public opinion. Thus, not only states, but also nations would be taken up at diplomatic activities. A conflict of opinions during the Cold War, elimination Translated by Web Design Özden Demiray Hilal Baysal of borders and the fall of the Berlin Wall would introduce the concept of “soft Ömer Ayvaz İbrahim Çam power” to public diplomacy. This concept which means a country obtaining the Efsun Namal outcomes it wants in world politics because other countries admiring its culture, political values and foreign policy want to follow it and attracting others in world Legal Advisor Administrative Affairs Recep Durgun Murat Baran politics, and not only forcing them to change by threatening military force or economic sanctions, appeared as a requirement of political conjuncture. Radios Advertisement engaged in transnational broadcasts turned into the most important medium of Petek Ulusoy Arıca public diplomacy as the conveyer of values and cultures of states. T: 0 312. 463 4264/65 [email protected] Today’s information age has facilitated active public diplomacy with its Social Media advancing communication technology. Satellite, internet, mobile phones and Esra Özbek real time news have been added to public diplomacy tools such as shortwave radio broadcasts, newspapers and phones. Thanks to developing information Thanks Zekeriya Aydın network, everyone has access to information. There is no sharp distinction Hakan Göçmenoğlu between national and international news in media any longer. Every political and economic event that goes down in history has brought a new understanding Headquarters Location to the concept of public diplomacy. Technology has become part of political, TRT Genel Müdürlüğü Dış Yayınlar Dairesi Başkanlığı OR-AN / ANKARA • T: 0 312. 463 2377 cultural and economic power in the 21st century. The significance of global www.trtradyovizyondergisi.com communication technologies and real time communication has increased in the [email protected] new public diplomacy. ISSN 2148-9718 • PUBLISHING TYPE General/ Periodical We have asked the question “How will worldwide radios engaged in transnational broadcasting adapt to the information age and what public diplomacy tools will Date of Publishing 15 January 2016 they use?” to our colleagues and academicians over a wide geographical area. Publishing Preparation and Design We will look for the answers in the 21st and 22nd issues of our magazine under Son1Saat Tanıtım Ajansı the title “The Future of External Broadcasting.” While examining the relationship Hüseyin Rahmi Sokağı 4/1 06680 Çankaya / ANKARA between values of international broadcasting, traditional external services, T: 0 312. 439 3075 • F: 0 312. 439 3076 www.son1saat.com radio and social media and new communication technologies as well as the importance of local broadcasting partnerships, we also display the past, present Printing House and future of external broadcasting. Fersa Ofset Baskı Tesisleri Ostim 36. Sokak No. 5/C-D Yenimahalle / ANKARA Transnational identity of radio that eliminates a country’s borders enriches T: 0 312. 386 1700 (pbx) • F: 0 312. 386 1704 with the history and culture of the country it represents. Discovering radio’s www.fersaofset.com universality by protecting these values is the key to external broadcasting… The views expressed in letters and articles published in the magazine are the Wishing you a happy New Year with the excitement and happiness of embracing responsibility of the author and have no binding on the magazine. the world on the radio. Eda Kotanoğlu Cardona All TRT Radio staff members are natural editors of the magazine. 4 Contents...

6 Interview / Amber Türkmen New Broadcasting Period on TRT Radios 6 New Broadcasting Period on TRT External Services Department Radios 10 12 Interview / Dr. Süleyman Erdal 12 “Distances Get Shorter with Us” Library / A Radio Play Penned by 15 Behçet Necatigil: Ertuğrul Disaster 16 File 44 FILE The Future of External Broadcasting 16 THE FUTURE OF After the 52nd ABU General Assembly EXTERNAL BROADCASTING 44 47 Digital Radio Broadcasting 48 TRT İstanbul Light Music and Jazz Orchestra / Turkey’s First and Only Big Band Orchestra 48 Çukurova Radio: The Only Station Bearing the Name of a Region 51 Radio Academy / Globalization The Great Story of 21st Century in Broadcasting Too 54 56 56 German on Radio Through the Producer’s Eyes / 58 Sounds from Inside Out

64 Radio Films of the Silver Screen / Long Wave Revolution Adventure of Swiss Radio Broadcasters 60 News 62 Tunes and Melodies 64 RADYOvizyon New Broadcasting Period on TRT Radios

“Turkey’s Common Voice” TRT Radios said 'Hello!' to the new broadcast period on January 1, 2016. We talked with TRT Radio Department Head Amber Türkmen about 2016 broadcast period of TRT Radios. Interview Interview

Olgu Tokdemir

he new broadcast period of TRT Radios and after the approval of Director General’s office T kicked off as of January 1. How was your we put it into practice. We made our planning preparation period for the new term? meeting for 2016 in the first week of November in the presence of Director General Şenol Göka and Preparation for the new broadcasting period Deputy Director General Erkan Durdu in Trabzon. begins 6 months ahead at TRT Radios. We make Besides managers of related units of stations, we our mental preparation by going over existing also had participants from different departments. programs; shortcomings detected by production Indeed, it is essential to work in coordination with teams and needs in the upcoming period. We other branches of the organization in broadcasting extend our expectations to radio stations about activities. This is necessary for a productive and major topics to be worked upon in the new period coherent broadcasting experience. such as the importance of the new year for our country, world history and cultural heritage; or “TRT General Broadcasting Plan” which defines the special productions that we find necessary to be roadmap of TRT Radios and TV broadcasts and in broadcast schedules. Program proposals asked which brings together our principles and basics, from radios go through a preliminary review by is like an important source for us. We have to the department management. Later on, with take necessary measures to make sure that radio the participation of related station staff “Radio programs are prepared in line with TRT General Programs Evaluation and Coordination Meeting” is Broadcasting Plan and broadcasting principles held to create a new production-broadcast order in an uninterrupted, high quality and sound way.

6 We must always have under our hands alternative Creating a broadcast schedule that does not inspire strategies and back-up plans to challenge special interest and curiosity in the listener fails to satisfy situations and emerging needs. expectations and means throwing all that effort in the garbage bin. On the other hand, we are in a Broadcasting is a constantly self-replenishing broadcasting environment, in which technological and dynamic sector. What points other advancements allow the trial of new contents than legal regulations do you consider and formats. Technology of our time does not while creating the annual production- only offer new media options in the transmission broadcasting order as public broadcasting of broadcast but also encourages more creative organization stations? content. From this angle, you understand that A successful program planning begins with a good you have to take measures to strengthen the knowledge of the world, listener perception and connection between radio and listeners as early as transformations in the social structure. When you the planning phase. Efficient and functional use of correctly determine the needs and trends and program elements, the internet and social media reflect them upon the broadcasts, your listener advantages strengthen loyalty of the listener. Our base grows bigger. The listener feels awarded. planning approach is inspired by traditions, but we avoid habitual corner-cutting.

What can the listeners find at TRT radios in the new broadcasting period?

As is known, TRT has 5 national, 5 regional and 3 local radio stations with different identities. Radyo 1 is our education, culture and news channel focusing more on conversation. Thanks to a variety of programs, listeners at all ages and from all occupations can find something related to them on Radyo 1. Here, the key point is to know which age group and which occupation group listen to the radio in which time slot. Public survey companies provide us with reliable data on this question. Creating a habit in listeners depends on continuity of the broadcast stream. Broadcast

7 RADYOvizyon

Our objective as TRT is to be the common Voice of Turkey with broadcasts in different contents and formats as well as investments made in technical infrastructure and maintain our pioneering position in worldwide radio broadcasting.

stream begins with the “Good Morning” belt in the Tune into Radyo 3 to experience a concert morning. It is followed by Morning News Analysis, atmosphere on the radio Drama, Woman, Family and Disadvantageous Radyo 3 has a special listener base with programs Groups, Human in Every Way, Mid-day News Analysis, on classical, rock, jazz and world music genres. In On Life, Language-Literature, Strategy, Politics, this station, we offer programs that present the Once Upon A Time, Religion-Morality, Citizenship- universal language of music with radio tongue Organizations and Institutions, Economy, Evening along with cherry-picked songs from world music News Analysis, City and Culture, Sports, Music culture. We try to bring the concert hall atmosphere Culture and evening slots. Well prepared various to the radio with concerts of Turkish or foreign programs offering rich content are awaiting musicians in the studio or in a real concert hall in listeners every day of the week on these slots. classical, jazz, rock or ethnic genres. Interviews with artists and listeners bring color to our programs. Most popular radio station of Turkey: TRT FM We believe the positive feedback we receive from TRT FM is our popular music channel, which our listeners and the success graph of Radyo 3 will is highly coveted by our listeners. According continue in 2016. Also in the EBU Notturno slot, to surveys it is the most popular radio station which we have been broadcasting since April 2009 in Turkey. This information should not lead us everyday between 01:00-07:00 will continue to to relaxation. Repeating yourself and closing bring the records of famous composers and major your ears to the proposals and expectations orchestras to classical music lovers. of listeners is the biggest danger. Programs TRT Nağme and TRT Türkü offer the musical that achieved their planning goals and led to heritage of our geography an addiction on listeners are included in 2016 Our thematic stations, TRT Nağme and TRT Türkü broadcast streams. Ankara, İstanbul and İzmir successfully carry on the task of protecting the Radios will address listeners with the principle musical heritage of this geography and passing it of few-effective words and lots of music. Popular on to future generations. Our goal is to make this and appreciated voices of radio broadcasting success permanent in 2016 and further improve will be on our microphones. From dawn to the content and presentation quality. dusk broadcasts will continue with content and presentation in coherence with the rhythm High ratings of TRT Nağme and TRT Türkü of the day. Most current pop music songs, list prove that it was a spot on decision to launch songs, listener requests, fun contests, sincere these stations. How do you explain the conversations, modern performances of Turkish success of these stations? Classical and Folk Music pieces, and of course, It’s actually not that surprising for these stations the interactive participation of listeners… to have high ratings as they were planned and

8 RADYOvizyon

Amber Türkmen with Radyovizyon team

realized by incumbent Director General Şenol for the target audience. When you define your goal Göka back in 2009, when he was the head of Radio and criteria clearly, whether at national, regional Department. When you bring together master or local stations, the voice coming through the vocal and instrumental artists of TRT radios with a microphone will always find listeners. rich song repertoire and experienced production- As it seems your radio broadcasts giving a broadcast team, the end product surely finds a chance to listeners to choose from a variety place in the heart of listeners. There’s also another of themes will continue to be “the common point; Anatolia has such a deep history and voice of Turkey” in 2016 as well. culture and preserving these values and keeping our collective memory alive is an important That’s what we believe in. As TRT, our goal is to responsibility. Tradition is a precious treasure. As a be Turkey’s Common Voice with our content, society, we are very sensitive about our roots and format, technical infrastructure investments and elements that make us who we are. I think these improvements. We also want to keep our leading are some of the factors that could explain the position in radio broadcasting at global scale. remarkable number of loyal TRT Nağme and TRT Taking this chance, in 2016 I wish tranquility and Türkü listeners. peace for the whole of humanity and a successful year for radio stations and radio broadcasters. So, what do you have to say about TRT Kent Radios launched in January 2015 and the Photographs by planning of regional broadcasts in 2016? Tunç Özceber - MG Agency | Püren Türker Antalya, Çukurova, Erzurum, GAP Diyarbakır and Trabzon Regional Radios have regional broadcasts in line with the cultural and socio-economic features and needs of the areas they target. In 2016, our regional broadcasts will become even Kids! Gather around the radio! TRT Radio classic “Children’s Hour” begins stronger. TRT Türkü Anatolia slot will continue on Radyo-1. Dynamic, current and educational radio dramas produced to bring folkloric motifs of regional radios to by child actors under the supervision of creative drama instructors can audiences. TRT Ankara Kent Radio, TRT İstanbul be listened to on TRT Radyo-1 every Sunday after 10:00 news bulletin. Kent Radio and TRT İzmir Kent Radio, launched in January 2015, will continue to bring tailored Wise men that constitute, feed, develop and enrich Anatolian content for target metropolitans. What’s important wisdom... Literature, knowledge, science; lives, works and thoughts of in both regional and city radios is to keep the exclusive personalities... “Dwellers of Anatolia”, which tells the stories pulse of the area, to serve as a source of news and of soul sultans that fermented Anatolia with their wisdom, is on TRT information and to make the broadcast interesting Radyo-1 every Thursday at 14:30.

9 RADYOvizyon

New Broadcasting Period at External Services TRT Radio Stations The Voice of Turkey Radio, with the responsibility of special meanings attached to itself, has been broadcasting since 1937. This special meaning is especially definitive for Turkish broadcasts because of its authentic listener base.

Şirin Sümer

urks, who jumped on the bandwagon of labor portion of our broadcasts are leaning upon these T migrations in the second half of the last century, matters. Notwithstanding, not all of our listeners created a listener base with their families in foreign are people who left the country with pain and lands. For the big masses, who suppressed the dreams. There are also Turks, whose families came longing in their hearts and promised to return to from Turkey but they were born in foreign lands, Turkey one day, the Voice of Turkey Radio carried mainly in Europe and elsewhere in the world. importance beyond the strategic targets of Indeed, they are not entirely alien to the concept external broadcasting. Our listeners living abroad of “homeland”, but they are now world citizens. know very well these special meanings that define Among them, there are those who want to return the identity of our radio and the tone of our to Turkey but they can’t, but for most of them, voice. The Voice of Turkey Radio meant the smell going back is out of the picture. of homeland, a love song, melancholy of being This is the meaning of this long intro: the Voice of abroad and hope for reunion… It meant holding Turkey Radio knows very well that we cannot just hands in Halay dance, singing a folk song together, make do as an immigrant theme station. Therefore, feeding seagulls with simit (Turkish bagel), the station renews itself with new voices. Keeping greetings with the neighbor, mother’s bosom and in mind that we are more than a radio station, we father’s home. It meant a father patting the sweaty are trying to enlarge our listener base. We planned backs for hard labor, a mother cooking soup and our 2016 broadcasts with this thought in mind. the smile of a son left behind to take care of the Throughout 2015, despite its challenges, we tried homeland. to achieve a broadcast approach focusing on For a significant portion of our listeners, we still “being there and being here” simultaneously, while mean all of these and more. Also social and including all the voices of Turkey and life. In 2016, economic problems of Turks living abroad have we will enrich our broadcasts with new targets and not been completely resolved. Therefore, a greater small but important details.

10 RADYOvizyon

The Voice of Turkey Radio broadcasts around the happy to see that our listeners have strong ties clock on shortwave, satellite and the internet. with Turkey and the Turkish language. It means we are everywhere in the world at any We invite our listeners and those curious about us given time. In the broadcasts that we planned with to visit our webpages and social media accounts this awareness, we portray Turkey in the world as on Facebook and Twitter. You can find a lot a world-class actor in our special slots and feature more about our programs and listen to sample programs. podcasts. TRT Memleketim FM, which joined our other When you say the Voice of Turkey Radio, people stations, as a joint project with Foreign Ministry, only think about the Turkish broadcast, but TRT is only different from the Voice of Turkey Radio External Services offer radio broadcasts in 37 for it is mostly based on music and conversation. languages and dialects including Turkish. Also we Our goal remains the same: offering broadcasts bring you news on the internet. Currently, we offer in connection with the past, embrace today and news on the web in 41 languages and dialects. share the joy and dynamism of the future. We have news, report files and videos from Turkey Memleketim FM broadcasts 24 hours with the and the country/countries we address in a specific support of TRT FM and for now it is only available language. Foreign language stations can be on the internet. We know from the feedback we accessed via these websites as well. receive via letters, phone calls and social media Final say: We are on air for you around the clock that it is already a sweetheart station although on shortwave, satellite and the internet. Just tune it has been around less than a year. It makes us in!

Foreign Language Broadcasts www.turkiyeninsesiradyosu.com | www.trtvotworld.com | www.trtmemleketimfm.com | www.turkiyeninsesiradyosu.com | www.trtvotworld.com | www.trtmemleketimfm.com

Foreign Language Broadcasts 11 RADYOvizyon Photograph by: Püren Türker by: Photograph Püren Interview Interview TRT External Services Department has been the heart of Turkey’s International Broadcasting since 1937. Today, the External Services carries out radio transmissions in 37 languages including Turkish, and online broadcasts with webpages in 41 languages and dialects; making the Voice of Turkey heard in the world both in Turkish and in other languages. In this sense, we had an interview with TRT External Services Department Head Dr. Süleyman Erdal on our understanding of international broadcasting. Sultan Yanmaz

Erdal can you summarize the history of TRT and has been operating under that name since then. External Services Department? At the point we have reached, we are able to broadcast Mr. online in 41 different languages and dialects. And, we Actually the External Services Department reflects a have radio transmissions in 37 languages including tradition, which is deeply rooted in our cultural history. Turkish. The extent of our broadcasts are indeed Radio broadcasts began in Turkey in 1927. And in 1937, quite large and these transmissions reach even the the External Services entered the stage of Turkey’s most remote corners of the world. The priorities of broadcasting life. Its broadcasts started with a program the External Services Department are woven around on “Hatay Question”… a speech of the then Prime a mission to inform other geographies about the Minister of Turkey İsmet İnönü that he delivered on general polices of the state. However, in the cold-war this matter was translated into Arabic and then was era, it was also used as a tool of propaganda. Actually, broadcast in that region. such quality is visible in the process and has continued Then, in 1938 broadcasts in major languages like up until today. English, and French began. All these transmissions were There are important changes in technology and launched under the body of The Directorate General of what are your predictions for the future of external Press and Information, and the number of broadcasting broadcasting in general? languages has, since then, gradually been rising. With the establishment of TRT in 1964, it transformed into a Speaking of a homogenous structure, at the phase the department called “Overseas Broadcasts.” In 1972, the world has reached today, seems not possible, both unit was renamed as “External Services Department”, in terms of economy and level of welfare. Wherever

12 RADYOvizyon you go in the world level of welfare differs. When you our External Services Department was receiving letters travel to the African Continent –despite some minor in substantial numbers and we were sending them technological reforms- you see that they are still using QSL cards, and there are enthusiastic QSL collectors. the technology of the past. And when you travel to However, today we mostly have feedback via e-mail Asia, you have to confront the same situation. So, since and we receive on average 150 thousand e-mails in a this is the case, a need for a change in method emerges. year. This is really a big and important amount... And We try to reach well-off regions or regions where that there is also another system of control carried out by homogeneity no longer exists, with new technology the Department of Transmitters. It is a system working productions. However, short-wave radio transmissions as a control mechanism to check if our radio stations are are still a necessity for the economically less developed being listened to in other geographies and whether our world. And the reason for it is that: in international broadcasts are reaching those geographies properly or radio broadcasting, there are regulars, a kind of “radio not. And this gives us some clue. station-regular listener” relation exists... In this sense, it However, there are discussions and a tendency is not possible to ignore the routine of your listeners in the world to quit short-wave broadcasting who have been following you for a really long time. completely. You inform them about the new ways of broadcasting especially about online broadcasting. Particularly in Asia But on the other hand, it is evident that short wave is and Africa, short-wave radio is still needed and we are still needed and demanded in many parts of the world. constantly receiving demands related to it. I think the That’s why quitting short wave is not applicable right most proper approach would be this: reaching people now. Besides, short-wave is an opportunity to reach living in the well-off, developed regions with state-of- wider audience and it would be wrong to reject such a the-art technology, with digital technology which is great opportunity totally. Yes, depending on the level of on the top of the communication technologies; and technology, we may withdraw short-wave from some keeping short-wave radio transmissions on air for the areas, but I think there is still a great need for short-wave economically disadvantaged countries... This question radio broadcasting in many parts of the world. indeed will be brought to the agenda again with our You have published a book titled “A Billion Letters” radio magazine quarterly “Radyovizyon”, and I hope by compiling the letters that the External Services that we will be able to find answers to it. Because we Department has received. From the perspective have obtained important information, meritorious of short-wave broadcasting, how should we read writings from broadcasters in various countries in the these letters? world, from academicians, from our colleagues who are in the business of broadcasting. And, we will be The book you have mentioned is indeed a collection sharing with our readers all of them in the next two of letters and e-mails which have been sent to us. We issues of our magazine. Therefore I think we will find have made a selection among the letters, postcards satisfying answers to the question “What will the future and e-mails we have received so far. As I have told you of international broadcasting be like?” before, there is a strong tie between the radio station and regular listeners and this relationship manifests Another important problem in external itself in letters the most. People share lots of things, broadcasting is Radio Audience Measurement… including their private matters, with us. For instance, a You are able to reach even the most remote visually impaired listener of us from Iran says, “You are corners of the world, but how can you be sure that my eyes, my window opening to the world.” Rejecting you are listened to? such a sincere approach is no way possible for us. Today, there are several different approaches related Hence, there are listeners who have been following us to this matter. One of them is the DX short-wave for maybe 65-70 years without a break; he started to radio clubs. Actually, DX clubs are important sources listen to us when he was a child and became a loyal of feedback. There are reception reports that DX club listener of the Voice of Turkey or other foreign language members are sending us, and they are really important broadcasts throughout all these years. So, it is not that for us. Short-wave may seem old-fashioned, but we easy to write off a relationship based on such sincerity... should also not forget that short-wave listeners are at Evaluations on the matter should certainly be made the same time very avid users of new technology. Our by considering today’s technological developments listeners used to send us reception reports via regular but what I think is that short wave broadcasting will mail in the past, and they wrote details about what continue to protect these areas to a certain degree. they heard in the transmission, an evaluation of the signal quality and if any interference they experienced When it comes to reaching targets in external as well as comments and suggestions about our broadcasting, what kind of a process is involved? station’s programming. Today, they directly upload the What shapes today’s international broadcasting? reception reports, DX Club reports about us on any And are there any new functions of international social media site and we can later measure.In the past, broadcasting?

13 RADYOvizyon

External broadcasting did emerge as a channel department was broadcasting in 32 languages; now for informing the general public about countries’ we are successfully carrying out transmissions in 41 state policies and then it evolved into a source languages and dialects. Hence, we are in an effort to of entertainment, like other means of mass add new languages to this total. And, a concrete step communication. It was used a tool of propaganda to this end will probably be broadcasting in Somali during the cold war period. Given the current state language. Yes indeed the Turkish support for Africa is of technology and the level of development it has very important. Within the framework of this support reached, you say “why is there a need for external may be Somalia bears a symbolic meaning, and that’s broadcasting?” Well, of course it has new functions. why may be I’m speaking of Somali language. Besides, The concept, public diplomacy, steps in the scene of there is a radio station launched by TIKA (The Turkish diplomacy where the classic approach falls short of. Cooperation and Coordination Agency) in Somalia. We Actually, “Public Diplomacy” is an old concept in terms also have plans to launch radio broadcasts from here of its roots, but when short wave is the subject, it which will be followed by online version. shoulders some other and serious functions, and I think Apart from this, with respect to South Asia, we have it will do so in future. Let me ask you a question, what already started radio transmissions in Malay. And, there lies at the core of external broadcasting? General state is again an important region out there; Indonesia. We policies. What do we mean by that? Well, that can be have great intention to be on air in Indonesian. We will diplomacy, economic policies, culture policies or it can share the details in the course of time. be the impression that you want to have in the eyes of the outer world, with regard to all your country’s values Mr. Erdal, in your department there are two global from a to z and this is exactly the point where public radio stations broadcasting in Turkish; The Voice of diplomacy comes to the forefront. When we talk about Turkey and Memleketim FM. Can you tell us about public diplomacy, generally state policies come to the your radio broadcasts in Turkish? mind, however in today’s world, public diplomacy is The most significant element of external broadcasting indeed a new channel through which you can share first and foremost is to bring your own language to all sorts of information related to the values of your the forefront. Emphasizing the language is the key country, your society and culture. And this is the point element in the emergence of external broadcasting where external services step in. or international broadcasting. When you look at Yes, we have TV channels broadcasting for national the reasons behind the launch of international audience and web sites which can also be followed. broadcasters, especially BBC and Deutsche Welle, you But what makes external services different lies in its will see their ideals of making their own languages very nature of broadcasting in different languages. dominant in the world. Of course, our main axis is That’s why I think public diplomacy should strongly Turkish. To make Turkish heard in the world, make it be underlined regarding the future of external more widespread and carry this further. And, while broadcasting. For sure, we, as the TRT External Services achieving this goal, we also want to reach the world in Department, have some future plans. For instance we other languages... However, mother language is always have an ideal and effort to reach every geography the main determinant of external broadcasting. That’s in their own language. When we took office, the why Turkish is extremely important for us...

14 Ertug�rul Disaster Yiğit Yavuz

ne of the immortal figures of Turkish literature, one way, because of his spiritual partnership born Behçet Necatigil owes his fame mostly to his out of his poet side, it makes us feel like Necatigil O himself also joined this trip. poetry. Is it possible not to embrace eternity by writing the verse “I bow and take it, it becomes In picking up 23 names for the play, Necatigil says if no one / It turns into a dead rose when touched” 23 is considered too many figures marked with “+” ? But Necatigil was also a literature teacher. could be given a second role. In doing so, number of characters could be brought down to 13 or Famous culture figures of present day Turkey even fewer than that. This proves how trained he were Necatigil’s students. One of them was Hilmi was about radio play techniques. Yavuz, who published a collection of all his works. The play is made up of 6 sections. In the 5th section, He was a translator. According to information on the sinking of Ertuğrul Frigate is portrayed in a the official website “necatigil.com”, he translated horrifying beauty through the words of those who Library 36 books. He was an anthology writer. Figures lost their lives in the accident: of our Literature and Works of our Literature Cavalier: Mountain high waves... Ertuğrul began dictionaries are important sources. He wrote radio to wobble in the afternoon. plays after the 1960s. According to the website, he Assistant Cavalier: The sails wrote 20 radio plays after 1963. Oddly, his 1974 were wrapped. How could radio play “Ertuğrul Disaster”, which was included the ship withstand such in the Yapı Kredi Publishing House’s “Complete devastating waves? Works of Necatigil” (1995), is not listed on the Osman Pasha: The mainmast website. We learn from the preface penned by collapsed at the step point. We Selim İleri that Ertuğrul Disaster was broadcast on tried to avoid the disaster by radio in 1974, but was not published in a book for connecting the shrouds. 21 years. According to İleri shy-natured Necatigil Cavalier: Some of the beams never talked about this play with publishers. He were broken. The tops of the didn’t dwell upon it and said “It was broadcast on anchor woods at the bow got radio, played on the microphone; people probably freed from the butts. listened to it…” So as expressed in the preface (...) Ertuğrul Disaster remained a “secret masterpiece.” Osman Pasha: It was dark, Ertuğrul Disaster takes up one of the most very dark. About 21:00... depressing incidents of our naval history: during (A terrible rumble. Shouting. Praying the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II, after the visit of voices. Silence) the Japanese Emperor’s nephew to İstanbul with a warship, Ertuğrul Frigate set off to return the visit Poet Ali Ruhi was taken to hospital in Singapore loaded with precious gifts. However, it was a one for he got sick. It’s not certain whether he later way trip. Despite reports of experts suggesting that returned to the ship or not. But Necatigil imagines the ship could not handle this trip, Ertuğrul was that he was among those who drowned to death given the task and it sank on its way home. Only in the accident: 69 of the 610 crew members survived the accident. Ali Ruhi: (Sonorous sound fades away) Among those who could not return on board Look, I am also here, in the middle of roaring Ertuğrul, was poet Ali Ruhi Bey, who was recruited waves... to keep the log book. In his Ertuğrul Disaster, Behçet Necatigil used this unknown poet listed Ertuğrul Disaster is an example of exceptional in the Dictionary of our Literary Figures, as a literary and theatrical achievement. Radio play fans motive in his radio play: The text begins with Ali and Necatigil readers must definitely read it. Ruhi being notified that he would join this trip. Necatigil’s inclusion of a poet in the text brings *Ertuğrul Disaster Behçet Necatigil (Complete Works- Radio Play) color to the play and draws listeners closer. Also, in Yapı Kredi Publishing House 15 FILE THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING

VALUES OF INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT IN INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING AS A STRATEGIC FIELD

PUBLIC VOICES BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS

RADIO IN 2020: DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY, SOCIAL MEDIA

RADIO IS ALIVE AND WELL IN THE WORLD!

AIR WARS

IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT IN INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING

MEDIUM WITH A MESSAGE

A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED

AUDIO: THE FUTURE OF RADIO

THE RISE & RISE OF RADIO IN ASIA

INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING

WE ARE LIKE A SINGLE HEART BEATING FOR ALL OF US

THANKS TO LOCAL PARTNERS, EVERYONE IS A BIG BROADCASTER NOW 16 Assistant Professor Dr. Assist. Prof. Enes Bal David Fernández Vijay Sadhu Ruxandra Obreja Onur Bekiroğlu Quijada Necmettin Erbakan Head of Radio Chairman of Asst. Prof. Dr.,Ondokuz University Senior Media Analyst Programming DRM Consortium Mayıs Üniversitesi, Faculty of Social and European Broadcasting Asia-Pacific Faculty of Human Sciences Union (EBU) Broadcasting Union Communication

Markos Kounalakis Barry Keohane Hugo Pinto Graham Ellis Çağda Yıldız Visiting Fellow, CEO, Top of Mind Media Macau Radio Chairman of the Deutsche Welle Hoover Institution Correspondent European Broadcasting Planning & Evaluation Stanford University Union Radio Committee and Deputy Director of BBC Radio

Rob Graham Pınar Şenel Feray Uz Dr. Bülent Namal CEO-EON­ Media Group, TRT TRT Director of Radyo TV Executive Producer Internal Production The Voice of Turkey Manas Kıyrgstan-Turkey Asia Pop 40 Coordinatorship Radio Manas University Producer Producer

17 RADYOvizyon

VALUES OF INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING

Assist. Prof. Dr. Onur Bekiroğlu

hen international broadcasting is the context, like Functions peculiar to international broadcasting W in other communication and mass communication are at the same time, important clues which processes, transmitting a message on any subject convey codes and values of such broadcasting. or problem, and having an impact on the targeted Within this framework, it can be said that states audience are the main objectives. However, to be have attributed different functions to their able to evaluate this fact in an analytical framework international broadcasting channels. Thus, in line we need to have a closer look at international with the comparative analyses of the international broadcasting to see what it alludes to. broadcasting experiences of the UK, the US, France, the Netherlands and Germany, a potentiality of International broadcasting can be defined as six functions has emerged. Most of the Western directing messages with contents of state- international broadcasting corporations have two sponsored news, information and entertainment basic functions, and the first one is acting as a towards a population living within the borders network to provide accurate information in times of a state other than the one that backs the of crisis. And the other basic function compensates broadcasting. In a certain period of international the lack of media supply in underdeveloped broadcasting in the past, the point I have just regions. On the other hand, to moot the idea mentioned above had also contained elements that France and Germany focus especially on two of propaganda. Within this context, despite the fact that the Voice of America, Deutsche Welle and distinct functions would not be wrong. These are BBC World Service are the most known examples representing a certain culture and language and of international broadcasting, there are numerous creating an opportunity for overseas citizens to others in the business. In the meantime, it should relate themselves with the homeland. also be noted that lines drawing the limits of state- Within this picture, the function which characterizes sponsorship for international broadcasting are the American perspective is “a missionary quality blurry.1 with a target to disseminate certain social and political beliefs, as well as certain understanding and ideologies.” Finally, as is the case with the BBC, we can talk about an effort for becoming a global International broadcasting is a actor by trying to encompass all other functions practice in parallel with public including being a missionary besides being a global news channel. 2 diplomacy rooted in a key factor which gives international Hence, without seeking any other particular goal beyond these functions, the pre-condition for broadcasting its own specific a successful international broadcasting reveals structure and ethical base. And itself as credibility and such credibility is only this key factor is what journalism possible to attain as long as broadcasters are able is also made of: the news. Hence, to work in a total editorial independence from when looked at from a historical governments financing them. Again, to make sure that international broadcasters are showing perspective, the strongest consistency, to a large extent, with the country’s and most effective element foreign policy targets, (opposite to their editorial of international broadcasting, tendencies), their strategic inclinations should especially when it is used in an be carried out in cooperation with ministries of foreign affairs. 3 objective way, appears as the news. On the other hand, the idea that international broadcasting is a practice in parallel with public

18 RADYOvizyon diplomacy is rooted in a key factor which gives For instance, prominent international broadcasters international broadcasting its own specific such as the Voice of America, BBC World Service, structure and ethical base. And this key factor is Deutsche Welle, and TRT World have their own what journalism is also made of: the news. Hence, web sites and strong presence on social media when looked at from a historical perspective, platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. the strongest and most effective element of This situation is a clear sign that actors in the international broadcasting, especially when it is international broadcasting arena who are highly used in an objective way, appears as the news.4 advertent of today’s internet and social media realities, are expanding the scope of broadcasting Within this context, in the process of international channels by involving in these new technologies. broadcasting, the subtle tact of choosing and omitting stories, how picked stories are put in a Therefore, it would not be wrong to claim that framework, the choice of words in news writing or traditional practices of communication/news if presentations of one-way or two-way messages reporting, identified with the one-way transmission will be used become the focus of significance and of messages as it was carried out in the first importance. At this point, in today’s international episode of international broadcasting or efforts broadcasting scope, an editorial understanding, concentrated in this direction have weakened which is identified with only propagandist, and become inadequate, if not perished totally. In aggressive and negative news presenting, is today’s world, such one-way media practices and doomed to become ineffective as well as being efforts with a partial propagandist tone can easily irrelevant with the philosophy of what public ruin credibility, trustworthiness, persuasiveness diplomacy stands for. There is no doubt that and prestige that you want to build in the eyes of such understanding is destined to fail, because different cultures and societies you want to reach. a framework of an international broadcasting Besides all the points I have mentioned so far, merged with the very concept of public diplomacy performing an international broadcasting, which that indicates more refined ways of winning is directed to “understanding” other cultures and foreign societies and public opinions, will no way societies instead of “judging” and “defining” them be in harmony with this highly authoritative, strict, from outside, is probably one of the most critical outsider and indoctrinating voice. areas of the problem. In other words, instead of New Communication Technologies and perceiving different societies and cultures from an International Broadcasting ethno-centric perspective, the effort to understand them within their own sphere of culture should be Going through the process in which means brought into the forefront, which will no doubt of mass communication and communication be the most important point of reference. Thus, technologies have been both developed and it will become more probable for international diversified, today we can say that, especially the broadcasting to put an important function like internet and social media have transformed inter-cultural dialogue into practice at an optimum practices and values of mass communication level. at large, that of international broadcasting in particular. This is because the internet and social media have provided necessary grounds for a media and communication environment in which centrifugal powers, in both national and international contexts, have reached the status of ENDNOTES 1 Monroe Price (2003). Public Diplomacy and the an important actor (in their capacity as news and Transformation of International Broadcasting. Cardozo Arts program producers and distributers). Thus, for and Entertainment Law Journal. 21 (1). S. 53. international broadcasting, new communication 2 Carola Richter (2008). International Broadcasting and Intercultural Dialogue: Deutsche Welle in theArab World. technologies, the internet and social media are Arab Media & Society. S. 1-2. both new channels of communication and a 3 A.g.e. communication environment that multiplies 4 Nicholas J. Cull (2008). Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. Annals of the American Academy of Political and sources for getting, creating and sending news, Social Science, Vol. 616, Public Diplomacy in a Changing information, and content as well as competitors. World. S. 31-32.

19 RADYOvizyon

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT IN INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING AS A STRATEGIC FIELD

Assist. Prof. Enes Bal

he invention and spread of mass communication living in foreign countries. Providing this target tools brought along various changes and audience with the right information and news T innovations. With the addition of modern flow directly and keeping their connection communication technologies to existing traditional with the motherland is the basic goal of an ones like newspapers, radios and televisions, mass international broadcaster. Besides, with culture, communication occupied most of our lives. Also, arts and entertainment programs the broadcaster the arrival of the globalization phenomenon in aims to protect the cultural identity of its own the second half of the previous century, political, people. However, broadcasts in the second group economic and cultural interaction between address foreign countries so the target audience is governments gained momentum. The interaction the people of those countries. Basic goal of these of world societies helped the spread of information broadcasters is to directly express the political and made information exchange inevitable. discourse of home country, create an effective With mind boggling changes in the field of public opinion and contribute to touristic activities communication and the concept of globalization, by promoting the home country. In this regard, the spread of information and news became the as important actors of the global scene, most biggest power in the world. international broadcasters are proud to serve as Realizing the potential of this power, the states the “voice of their countries.” moved their mass communication activities Also relaying the true information in times of crisis, beyond borders and engaged in a bigger compensating for lack of media production in competition to be more effective in this field. In underdeveloped countries, representation and historical retrospect, we can see that especially expression of a certain culture and language, during World War II, radio was used as a political promoting a social or political belief or ideology propaganda tool. Developed nations on each are other goals of international broadcasting. side of the war attached great importance to international broadcasts as much as they International broadcasts are key elements for did to domestic broadcasts. They considered public diplomacy which requires a strategic international broadcasts as a diplomatic weapon communication tone. In the public diplomacy to make themselves heard abroad. After the war, process, which is ever-increasingly becoming in the Cold War period, just like radio, television important, international broadcasting has a huge became a strong propaganda tool in international share in reaching out to the people of foreign broadcasting. In today’s globalized world, internet, countries and creating a positive image in their satellite and mobile technologies have joined the minds. traditional mass communication tools to make In achieving these goals, broadcast content, that it only more diversified and more complicated. is the message, must be effectively constructed. All developed and developing countries now This is essential to broadcasting. Generally, external continuously increase their investments in broadcasts are state-run so they have to have a international communication for a new discourse, parallel discourse to the political and diplomatic identity or a strong image more than pure approach of home countries. Even a single propaganda. word bears huge importance in international External broadcasting has two arms, one is broadcasting. Different definitions may lead to broadcasting in the native language to remind huge crises among nations. For instance, an expats in foreign countries about their roots and international branch of TRT cannot define the to hold their connection to motherland alive; the Greek Cypriot Sector as a “state” in its broadcasts. second arm is broadcasting in various languages It should be underlined once again that each to create a public opinion in other countries and international broadcaster must give priority to to promote the broadcasting country. External the interests of its home country and adopt a broadcasts in the first group target expat citizens broadcast policy of this nature.

20 RADYOvizyon

As is the case in all communication activities, the country’s political, diplomatic and economic the message to be conveyed in international interests, must be prepared by professionals that broadcasts must not confuse the target audience are well-trained in communication, have a vision so it must be clear and easy to understand. and know the world very well. So the basic success formula of international Especially in recent years, we have witnessed that broadcasting is to convey the right coded TRT assumed a special task in the international arena message from the source to the receiver in an with its initiatives and investments as the public efficient channel and at the right time. A message broadcaster of our country. TRT radio stations and that is late, difficult to understand, without a TV channels can reach all continents of the world certain target audience, not fitting the outline through satellite and internet. In reaching citizens of the channel cannot be effective in any way. living abroad, cognates and relative communities Most of the time the target audience is not only and peoples of foreign countries in various the expats so a global approach is necessary languages and dialects TRT external services in creating content. Therefore, another issue to with the contribution of universities and NGOs be underlined is that international broadcast will assume a more effective position in public contents, which serve the mission of protecting diplomacy activities on behalf of our country.

PUBLIC VOICES BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS

David Fernández Quijada

he international broadcasting services that were already developed similar growth strategies taking active during the Cold War faced a challenge after account of geo-political considerations. This is T the fall of the Berlin wall. In many cases, the post- the case for Russia with Radio Sputnik, the former Cold War world caused an identity crisis for these Voice of Russia that was relaunched in the late services as suddenly one of their main raisons 2014 and broadcasts in 29 languages, the Voice d’être simply disappeared. It took many years for of Turkey Radio that broadcasts in 37 languages some of them to redefine their value propositions including Turkish, or China Radio International, while others are still struggling with it. which is available in many European countries on medium wave. The future of international radio services, at least for public organizations, is reliant on their mission Besides this traditional soft power approach, other being clearly defined and properly fulfilled. In July broadcasters have opted to either totally revamp 2015, the public radios that are part of the EBU their key distribution platforms or their mission, to were offering 51 international radio services in the extent that they can probably no longer even 85 different languages. These were broadcast by be considered broadcasters. 28 organizations. However, their aims were not A good example of the former is Swissinfo, the always identical. internet-only international service and one of the Some of these broadcasters, such as the BBC, are five business units of SRG SSR, the Swiss public well-known throughout the world. According to broadcaster. From 1999 when it launched its first its Global Audience Measurement 2015, the BBC’s website to 2004 when it shut down its broadcast radio services in 28 languages reach 133 million transmissions, the company underwent a major people every week globally. Its example of soft strategic transformation in terms of distribution power, i.e. the cultural influence a country wields, platform although keeping its same target is followed by other public organizations such audience, Swiss expatriates. This was also reflected as Germany’s Deutsche Welle broadcasting in 30 in the company’s name change from the previous languages, or Radio France Internationale (RFI) in Swiss Radio International. 12 languages. The latter is exemplified by the Dutch RNW Other public broadcasters based in countries Media. Although it honours its predecessor that want to raise their international profile have Radio Netherlands Worldwide in its name, RNW

21 RADYOvizyon

Media only distributes its content on new media Greece, the Portuguese RDP Internacional or Radio platforms. And its mission has changed from România International 2 (RRI 2) - România în Direct. serving Dutch expatriates and connecting them In other cases, the aim is a domestic international to their homeland, to promoting free speech and audience, namely targeting recent migrants and independent journalism, targeting young people helping to assist them in their integration process. and empowering them with new media tools. For these broadcasters, this also implies creating So, the traditional concept of soft power is useful a language balance between the need to reach in defining the work of some of these broadcasters these migrants, who in many cases do not speak but the concept itself goes beyond the traditional the local language, with the migrants’ need to political and news sphere. This means broadening learn the local language as a way to fit in with their the scope to the cultural sphere, for example new community. As a result, Reshet Qlitat Aliya in through the promotion of national music such Israel broadcasts in Hebrew and in 14 additional as RFI Musique does, the widespread use of such languages while Radio Sweden P6 89.6 combines services to teach foreigners the language, or Radio Vaticana’s services targeting Christian communities Swedish with 10 different languages, including throughout the globe. some originally spoken a very long way from Sweden, such as Persian or Somali. However, not all of them are built around soft power but are focused on compatriots living As if it were not enough to redefine a mission in abroad, broadcasting in the national language and times of change, technological developments and directly linking the service to their public service pressure on these broadcasters’ funding also raise remit. This is the case of MR Sat in the Former questions for the future of public voices beyond Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Voice of national boundaries.

RADIO IN 2020: DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY, SOCIAL MEDIA

Vijay Sadhu

here are several factors that media professionals the services such technologies can provide, T have to consider when looking at the future of are emerging in quick succession. While these radio broadcasting. These include the future of technologies often lure new players to enter the the traditional radio broadcasting and services; the media market space and pose new competition continuing engagement between the new media to the existing players, these technologies also services and radio services; the impact of new and provide forward looking broadcasters with new evolving technology on radio and consequent pathways to enhance their services to their changes that this will bring about, and the evolution audiences. that the traditional broadcasters will bring about on Grappling with the Social Media their own and enhance their services. Social media are virtually omnipresent. Everything Digital Brings in a “New Wave” event that carries a message is reflected on the social media networks. These networks provide To express the dynamic changes that technology immediacy in conveying the messages the has enabled in the broadcasting media space, huge number of networked participants. The a new expression has been coined, the “Digital social media networks are thus a highly efficient Wave”. The Digital Wave is a bookmark that platform for conveying content, something which prompts broadcasters to think out of the box so as was totally in the domain of the broadcasters for to position to meet the challenges of the future in almost a century. The issue is not whether radio a sustainable way. broadcasters should stay away from this media The momentum of change in the broadcasting revolution, the crucial issue is how best to make the industry is accelerating. New technologies, and use of this tremendous opportunity to reach our

22 RADYOvizyon audiences. And what are the potential challenges case, value needs to be placed on new genres of and opportunities of radio programming for the content experience and its monetisation. social networks and how to integrate it with other Radio is Everywhere, Connects People media on these platforms? Radio is all over the place, in cars, stores, the Quality Enhancement needed to keep Radio workplace, online - no matter where you are, you moving hear content being broadcast on AM and FM Many exciting developments in content creation waves. Given the powerful competing platforms are taking radio content to a higher level. The of multimedia content, why does this century old very prospect of providing exciting content to medium exist anymore? Simply because radio offers audiences is actually quite significant. Leading so much more than just music, it is a theatre-of-the- broadcasters believe that evolution of digital mind, it involves people and radio connects people. radio keeps the radio industry moving. It should Even as compared to the online media, perceived be an avid objective of broadcasters to offer aural as providing access to vast audience, still radio content of things that people cannot otherwise connects people with its wider network e.g. from hear. As a case in point is the high quality multi- the local communities to national audiences and channel rendition of audio concerts and such internationally. Radio can be a direct link for men events, offering a deep sense of reality. and women to share information with others Digital Radio is Pervasive in their own communities. Community radio is an excellent case in point. It can also help them Digital radio is a tool in radio’s strategy to remain build bridges to connect with those in other relevant in this converged multi-media world. communities. When will analogue radio be completely turned off? This is again country and region specific and is Engaging the Youth difficult to predict. Digital radio is more spectrum Young people have a lot to think about, but not efficient and cheaper and greener and it is then enough outlets to speak about their challenges, the future. But streaming and converged content to voice their concerns, or to share their triumphs. on mobile devices will also grow rapidly into the They need the opportunity to tell their own stories future. and to learn from the stories of others. Community Smart Apps- A Powerful Pull radio production and broadcasts provide such a space. Radio professionals fear that the young are A major development for the content delivery moving away from traditional radio to new media industry is the appearance of the Smart Apps. and screens. The Apps are a great way to receive and view multimedia content on smart devices and hybrid Community Radio is part of the future radio. It is certain that use of Smart Apps will Looking ahead, community radio sector of have a profound impact on the usage of content. broadcasting represents an area of the dynamic Actually, Smart Apps “capture” programming future, in which contributions will be made content either as single piece of content or a both by community content producers and in channel offering. the messages they share with their community For radio stations to make the most of internet and audiences next door. This could be a applications, they need to be integrated into the perfect example of community journalism radio deliverable, which in turn would help attract by the people and for themselves. And this new listeners. On air promotion of the applications requires no sophisticated technology. Local is also the key to their success. community radio essentially has the attributes of a community owned and community Power of Connected Radio participation venture. Connected radio represents the success in Radio and the World’s Critical Issues harmonization of broadcasting and Internet. It provides specific information that enriches sports Raising awareness of climate change and and other content. While setting up a business environmental issues has emerged as a new

23 RADYOvizyon

challenge for radio broadcasters. Green Radio, as Radio is all about telling a story. The fundamental radio programming on environmental awareness concept for new media is the same, but now we and its protection is called, is the current focus are creating content with our audiences, not just of radio broadcasts. Climate change is a global pushing content out at them. issue and everybody on this planet shares the Conclusion responsibility. Radio, as a mass medium, has a We are in the throes of a digital revolution - a brave unique position to lead the people on global new world for content producers and consumers warming issues. alike and a daunting challenge for the traditional Future of Radio Content: Telling a Story gatekeepers of programming. In the new world As radio broadcasting continues to evolve and order, empowered viewers can now decide how, develop, one of the approaches is the creation when and where they will be informed and entertained. Who wins and who loses? It is to be of ever greater numbers of options for listeners. seen how well broadcasters can successfully adopt Experience all around the world shows that new media strategies. audience does not really mind which platform it accesses content from. Consumers who have ever greater choice need to be “grabbed” by the content otherwise they will just hit the button and Views expressed in this article are the author’s views and do not jump to other platforms. represent the views of the organization which she works for.

RADIO IS ALIVE AND WELL IN THE WORLD!

Ruxandra Obreja

espite all the occasional comments to the contrary, Fran Unsworth, Director of World Service Group, D figures from advanced media markets point to saw the main challenges for the international the increasing popularity of radio, due to its well- services linked to remaining prominent as new known attributes: universality, mobility, intimacy media explodes in size and diversity around us, and, lately, also due to the introduction of digital. “Making sure we are listened to by citizens – by Terrestrial broadcast delivery is the only free-to- ordinary people – who live in places where their air and cost-effective method for truly mobile governments block us or try and restrict our output. reception, particularly in cars. And terrestrial radio We call ourselves a public service broadcaster, and is holding its own in a fragmented world. Radio the key word there is “service”. We want to serve remains the best medium for live relaying of news our audiences, even when –particularly when– and information at home or abroad. International their governments want to control information” broadcasting seemed to be consigned to another Fran Unsworth adds to this being nimble age together with the Cold War and the image technologically: “when our audiences find new of populations as stable within borders and ways of listening or watching or reading, we want rather passive. The technological explosion and a to make sure we are on whatever platform they use”. fractious world have changed the media landscape The internet and mobiles are on every international totally but the task of international broadcasting broadcaster’s lips with one in every three people has remained the same: to reach target audiences on the planet having a smart-phone –two-and- effectively. a-half billion people. “Many people use smart- This implies two aspects: one is to do with defining phones instead of a tablet or a laptop as their the target and another one with the technologies. primary way of connecting to the internet. Already, Each international broadcaster will identify the over half of the direct visitors to our World Service first task, will reassess its priorities. Recently, at IBC, websites each week get there from their phones.”

24 RADYOvizyon

So how about the traditional platforms like radio characteristics: 3-4 programmes on one frequency and TV. Ms Unsworth was assuring her audience (as used for analogue and no big blocs of spec at IBC that: “What we are also mindful of is that trum), excellent audio, larger coverage area than traditional ways of broadcasting are not dead. in analogue, multimedia features bringing internet It’s always tempting to think the new will push content, images, disaster warning and traffic out the fuddy-duddy old. But people also like information through the medium of radio. the way they’ve done things. A friend of mine So if some of your listeners just remember your has just discovered this amazing reading device. grandmother’s old radio, digital radio is very far You can carry it around, and it works even when from the old crackly, “uncool” and antiquated AM there is no battery power. If you drop it in the radio. The new digital version offers excellent bath, it can still be used, just about. It is called a sound quality (FM quality over large areas) with book. So beware those who want to throw out 2-3 stations or programmes with different content all we’ve come to trust. It is a question of balance and in different languages simultaneously, where and wise movement forward. Radio and TV are there is now only one programme, one language still our biggest platforms, both in the UK and in analogue, or nothing at all at the moment. So internationally.” better audio and coverage, less spectrum and But if radio has great attributes, it also needs energy costs. changing and reinventing. For example it has been reliably calculated that to Any change is hard and change from analogue cover an area of about 235.000 square kilometers to digital is painful; it also seems quite lengthy or an area of about 600 kilometers in diameter you and costly. While analogue is one of the technical would need 15 FM transmitters of 1 0kW pumping wonders of the 20th century, an excellent in the air one single programme. A DRM medium achievement of the past 100 years, digital radio is wave transmitter with the same installed power the future. (100 kW), a transmitter not dissimilar to the ones that TRT has, is emanating into the atmosphere a The multi-purpose digital content, practices and power of only 40 KW. This one efficient transmitter experiences will by-pass analogue radio and would do the same job as the 15 FM transmitters make it slowly die. Digital is driven by the need and offer the same coverage with the same audio to save energy costs and spectrum, while giving quality, if not better, with about one third of the more choice and, in the case of international power. So we consume 50 kW and broadcast broadcasting, offering all listeners the same access three programmes covering about a quarter of a to information, education and entertainment, whether they are in İstanbul, Kabul or southern Italy.

Digital Radio Mondiale In the late 90s international broadcasters, aware So if some of your that FM was offering a better audio experience listeners just remember which was taking people away for shortwave and medium wave, invented the digital variant your grandmother’s of the analogue radio standard. It was called old radio, digital radio DRM (for bands below 30MHz it was DRM30). A is very far from the old couple of years later the FM version (but really the version for band I, II and III was invented and also crackly, “uncool” and recommended by ITU in 2011 under the name antiquated AM radio. of DRM+). DRM30 and DRM+ are the “daughters” of the only global, open, all frequency bands standard: DRM. As such they share a lot of the main

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million square kilometers instead of using 15 FM transmitters, consuming 250kW and broadcasting one single programme or channel. Moreover, Digital radio is real many of the shortwave and medium wave DRM and available to reach transmitters delivering this excellent service have been already acquired or are being acquired by those target audiences, countries as diverse as India, Botswana, Saudi no matter how near or far, Arabia, Morocco, Pakistan etc. effectively. Digital Radio Mondiale Revives International Broadcasting

In a troubled world international broadcasting not reduce their services. India, China, South is needed also because the distinction between Korea, Malaysia, Australia, Taiwan and Japan national and international is becoming so replaced part of their infrastructure in the past 10 blurred. The people are on the move, due to years and continue to do so. Indonesia, Vietnam, the demands of the global economy, tourism Pakistan, Bangladesh are starting to get their or global crises. Where does national stop and head around digital, with a particular interest international start? in DRM and what it can offer. They have legacy shortwave and medium wave infrastructure So in this changing world, international and are looking at using it for domestic and broadcasting seems to be needed as much, if not more, than ever. But the audiences’ profile has international audiences. Colleagues in Brazil changed, their media usage is different. What has recently noticed and recorded loud and clear stayed the same, if not increased, is the listeners’ international DRM transmissions from Radio New demand for instant both local and international Zealand International, from All India Radio and news. This places great demand on the trusted even China. On a canal in Amsterdam I listened one-to-all broadcasting via radio and TV in digital to a commentary on a Chelsea match coming formats. form the World Service sports programme broadcast from the UK to Europe (for the Broadcasting in digital is complex and involves duration of IBC). The reception was on a newly more than just transmitters and energy. Digital available commercial DRM SW and MW receiver. (and therefore DRM) is the great unifier of all The sound was clear; the football results were good content produced for different channels running on the screen. Imagine the screen as a domestically or internationally, for broadcast or place to offer pictures, English lessons, health online with the sound quality that is the same information, pop-star images, email addresses. whether listened at home, on the go, on a tablet Digital radio is real and available to reach those or on the phone. DRM is the only digital standard target audiences, no matter how near or far, that can offer a uniformly clear sound in the effectively. medium, short wave (and VHF or FM too). So let us just talk about digital radio or smart radio for Sometimes international audiences in clever people! dangerous or distressing conditions do not have internet or broadband or even electricity to turn International Broadcasting Has Maintained Its on the TV or put on the light in the evening. Role International broadcasters, humanitarian As radio has such a long history the reality is organizations could reach these people through that, while traditional analogue short wave digital radio (battery or solar-powered), could and medium wave transmissions have lost link them to the world of internet, give them a attractiveness in well developed areas of Europe chance to survive and also connect to the 21st and North America, many countries in Asia did century and be part of it.

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Technology, Content And Partnerships In the words of Fran Unsworth of the BBC: “Our are the Key mission continues to be to provide straight In technology we often and too liberally mention information that can be trusted to people around “crossroads”. But this might be the moment when the world. It is a great liberal aim in the best sense, international broadcasting has a chance, through a public service. In our exciting, changing world, I DRM, to do what it has always done best: being think this mission is even more important. We face innovative, exploring new devices, improvising, challenges of course. But our aims will continue using technology to overcome obstacles of undiluted and with great determination and, I distance, topography and sometimes the barriers like to think, with some intelligence and wisdom- imposed because of other, political considerations. making use of technology to serve our audiences. Technology only enables international Technology has changed a lot since I started in broadcasting uniting partners for the same goal: local radio, but our commitment to serve our serving audiences in a relevant way. audiences remains unchanged.”

AIR WARS

Markos Kounalakis

hina and Russia are fighting a heated war with of Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Radio C the United States. It is an intense battle of words Marti, Radio Free Asia and others is now being and ideas fought between state-sponsored challenged by growing competition in the struggle broadcasters, on the airwaves and online. to dominate global news narratives.

In 2011, the then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary In Britain, the BBC and its World Service has been Clinton said straightforwardly that the U.S. is cutting back and is under growing budgetary “engaged in an information war.” She concluded pressure. In the U.S., lawmakers argue that the her analysis to the Senate Committee on Foreign organizations underwritten with American Relations by saying that in the fight against taxpayer dollars, and managed by a relatively emerging international broadcasters, “we are independent and sometimes feckless Broadcasting losing that war.” Board of Governors, have been unable to keep up As Clinton knows, the rules of engagement have with the times or meet post-Cold War challenges. changed with new information technology and This shift occurs at the same time that traditional in the new information ecology. During the Cold market-based media properties –newspapers and War –pre-Internet, of course– American and magazines, primarily– are experiencing a business allied broadcasters used antenna-based systems model collapse. Their foreign correspondents that allowed Western news and entertainment and bureaus are now mostly part of a quaint and programming to cross the Iron Curtain and get romantic recent past.

beyond authoritarian state borders. Partly in reaction to the dynamic shift in global The general consensus is that the steady drumbeat newsgathering and distribution systems, the of credible Western broadcast news critical of the chairman of the House Committee on Foreign communist regimes during the Cold War helped Affairs, California Republican Ed Royce and ranking bring about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the committee Democrat Eliot Engel of New York, co- dissolution of the Soviet Union. But the impact sponsored a bill to harness American international

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American leaders fear that the growth of international broadcasters mainly from Russia Unlike in the past, a more and China – although there are a few others, like globally interconnected Iran and Qatar – are battling for a portion of the public raises the question ideological high ground. They sense that these of whether Al-Jazeera or new global news networks aim to instill their values, interests and preferred policy narratives Voice of America is a better to a more susceptible global audience. Western source for news regarding policymakers see a troubling trend with global Egypt, Syria, Libya, Iraq public attitudes slowly shifting and people aligning and Afghanistan. with competing systems and away from American ideals and values.

New broadcast entities with counter narratives are not the main reason for any ideological shift away broadcasting operations, dissolve the Broadcasting from America: the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan Board of Governors, and make government- and the global economic recession make up a big sponsored news and information services more part. It is not just who tells a story, or even how you nimble, responsive and forward-leaning in their tell a story. First and foremost, it is making sure you offerings. They would like these resources to be have a good story to tell, and America’s recent wars more focused on “public diplomacy” and serve were bad stories and worse realities. America’s national goals abroad. Regardless, at the same time as this public “Unlike decades past, today’s media landscape is realignment of attitudes and beliefs, there is also a highly competitive. Other countries are sprinting global move away from dependence on formerly forward,” Royce said in his April 30 committee dominant and traditionally trusted, authoritative opening statement on the bipartisan International Western news sources. Communications Reform Act (H.R. 4490). “We’re still Who are people going to trust? standing still.” Unlike in the past, a more globally interconnected The bill passed unanimously out of committee public raises the question of whether Al-Jazeera last month. Its goal is to create a “Freedom News or Voice of America is a better source for news Network” to counter contemporary challengers, regarding Egypt, Syria, Libya, Iraq and Afghanistan. and to make sure that America’s perspective They ask whether Russia Today, with its high and foreign policy goals are more systematically profile Web presence and competitive television promoted and propagated. To date, and with offerings, is presenting a more balanced story than varying degrees of success, these U.S. broadcasting Radio Free Europe about Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, entities have operated independently and with Slovakia and Bulgaria. journalistic integrity. In every one of the countries listed above, the The bill’s intent, according to Engel, is to make sure United States is invested in material terms or that American broadcasters remain trustworthy. somehow militarily engaged. In none of the “It’s absolutely critical that the news be accurate countries was there a credible alternative global and seen as credible by the foreign audiences news source in existence a generation ago. In we’re trying to reach,” Engel said at the House the new communications world where news hearing in April, and that they function “not simply and information is loudly and sometimes credibly as a mouthpiece for U.S. foreign policy.” contested, who does one trust?

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Important and reliable commercial international networks and their programming to gain a more broadcasters like CNN have been mostly motivated favorable view of its own culture, history, society, by nothing other than expanded reach in order to economic system and government leadership sell more –and more expensive– advertising. State- while having a profound impact on international sponsored broadcasters, however, are engaged in agendas and policies. This is called “soft power.” financially unprofitable activities that range from If “hard power” is the traditional understanding of informing a distant diaspora to organizing dissent boots on the ground, aircraft carriers at sea and B-2 and fueling, if not outright inciting, revolution. bombers flying overhead to make other countries Soft power + Hard power = Smart power do what you want them to do; then soft power is that intangible ability to get other countries to My work in the 1980s and 1990s at international want what you want through persuasion. One is broadcasters, including Radio Sweden International coercive; the other is attractive. Together they are and Germany’s Deutsche Welle, exposed me to a carrot-and-stick approach that has come to be how national foreign policy goals are pursued and known as “smart power.” what is considered a return on state broadcast investment. I also learned what was considered Political leaders around the world are looking to a bad investment. In one instance, I produced a find that perfect combination of hard and soft shortwave radio program that was hypercritical of power to get their smart outcomes.

Swedish political practice and, as a result, a station On the power spectrum, broadcasting and state- director told me the Foreign Ministry heard it and sponsored social media fall firmly on the soft strongly disapproved. I got the message. power end. The theory that some public diplomacy The battle for the eyes and ears –and perhaps practitioners push is that nations can use smart a path to the hearts and minds of a nation– power to avoid tough military or diplomatic advanced on New Year’s Day 2013 when Al-Jazeera confrontation. was announced as the buyer of the Current TV They believe that international cultural and network. Al-Jazeera, the Qatar-based network that educational exchange, language learning and big is at times derisively referred to as the al-Qaida broadcast networks are effective soft power tools. network because it received and aired Osama bin In their worldview, if information is power, then the Laden video messages, had been trying to break smart use of information can be very powerful. into the American television market for years. The reported $500 million purchase of Current TV not only made the owners, former U.S. Vice President On the power spectrum, Al Gore and his colleagues, a little richer, it gave the broadcast award-winning Al-Jazeera the coveted broadcasting and state- American national distribution it long sought. sponsored social media fall While money may appear to be no object for firmly on the soft power end. the Qatari emir, the question that hangs in the The theory that some public air is this: Why would anyone buy a money- diplomacy practitioners push bleeding enterprise like Current TV? Why, for that matter, does any state broadcaster expend is that nations can use smart billions of dollars annually to achieve a marginal power to avoid tough military or global viewership for programming that is often diplomatic confrontation. considered by viewers to be flat-out propaganda?

Influence is key. A nation can deploy these

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Al-Jazeera’s pursuit of a broader global audience has a Moscow parallel, Russia Today, which is also making a push to expand its network, programming and distribution. A direct descendant of an earlier, Congress is taking baby steps clunky Soviet propaganda service, the slicker Russian international broadcaster has made huge to catch up and harness the inroads with overseas audiences, in particular online. public diplomacy power

Tune in to Russia Today and you can watch of America’s international conventional programs like “Larry King Now” or broadcasters, but a future “Venture Capital.” On some recent programming, where Western values and however, Russia Today’s party line bias was so interests predominate will also heavy-handed that it prompted one anchor to resign on-air in protest over the Kremlin’s Ukraine depend greatly on the survival policy. and success of American Melting media empires private journalistic institutions.

D.C.-based Liz Wahl went off script on the RT- America program, saying, “I cannot be part of a network funded by the Russian government that whitewashes the actions of Putin. I’m proud production. As Orville Schell, director of the Center to be an American and believe in disseminating on U.S.-China Relations at the Asia Society, once the truth, and that is why, after this newscast, I’m put it: “While our media empires are melting away resigning.” Another RT host, Abby Martin, strayed like the Himalayan glaciers, China’s are expanding.” from the party line, going rogue on-air by saying, For sheer size, ambition and growth, the combined “Russian intervention in the Crimea is wrong.” Even behemoth of China’s Xinhua and CCTV stands some Russian diplomats privately complain that alone. In fact, according to the Columbia Journalism the channel’s over-the-top Kremlin favoritism is Review, the Chinese government has already “built counterproductive. the world’s largest news organization” with a well- Western politicians know there is one country in funded effort estimated to be “19 times the annual particular that has learned the lessons of a strong budget of BBC.” international broadcast presence: China. Congress is taking baby steps to catch up and Chinese state policies are focused on growing harness the public diplomacy power of America’s the print, broadcast, Web and mobile networks of international broadcasters, but a future where state-run Xinhua news agency and China Central Western values and interests predominate will Television, CCTV. Beijing is fueling a dramatic also depend greatly on the survival and success increase in foreign corresponding bureaus, of American private journalistic institutions. That reporters, editors and broadcast stations, as well outcome is far from assured. In the meantime, as information gathering and dissemination China and Russia are investing heavily to win the infrastructure around the world. The investment information war and they are doing it right in front is leading to exponential growth of presence and of our eyes.

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IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT IN INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING

Barry Keohane

he one thing that successful Content Directors commissioning some great research. If you’re a T around the world agree on is that content is music station, you also need to invest in regular king. No matter whether you’re in Australia, the music tests and ongoing music studies. Small UK, Europe or Asia, great content is the key to focus groups are also a great way to identify bigger building a successful station. With all the music issues that you can then test with a larger sample. and content options available to consumers, 2. Plan, communicate, execute having a station that delivers great content 24/7 Three simple words that I use with every station is critical to good audience share and increased I work with – plan, communicate, execute. revenue. Through your research, build a plan. Successful But the problem with some international radio businesses always start with a great plan, and stations, mainly in South East Asian countries, radio is no different. Once you have built your is they are spending way too much time and plan, communicate it to all staff and get them to money on digital and social media engagement buy into it. Everyone on your team must know without first building a great core radio product. your plan and vision if they are going to be able to execute your plan. Like anything in radio, it all Over the last several years I ‘ve worked extensively comes down to execution. with a number of Asian radio stations – China, 3. Hire, coach and grow your talent Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia and Taiwan – and watched as they madly try and focus on social The key to producing great content is having media and digital, whilst producing poor content great talent. Great breakfast and drive talent will on their stations. The lesson here is simple – learn make your station relevant, build loyalty with to walk before you run. your listeners and most importantly get your station talked about. This means identifying In May 2015 I was invited to speak at the talent and hiring them, then working with them RadioAsia conference in Myanmar on radio and daily to help produce great content. As Content social media, and how radio stations can have it Directors, you should be meeting with your key all. A very broad topic, with a lot I could say in talent daily. Products like Apple Music, Pandora, just 15 minutes. The one thing I stressed during Spotify etc. may be able to deliver music, but they my presentation is to have it all, you need to get can’t deliver local, relevant, entertaining content. your core product right. Here’s a few key points This is how your station will stand out from the to help get you started, or back on track. competition.

1. Research 4. Develop strong promotions and marketing

For any radio station to be successful, you need to Now you have great research, a strong plan and have great research. Does your station format fill excellent talent, you need a creative promotions a “hole” in the market? What content and music is and marketing plan. This includes designing on- your potential audience crying out for? Will your air tactics that fit your station brand and image, target demographic be attractive to potential and a marketing campaign that targets your key advertisers? What research can I put in place to demographic. One thing my Chinese stations monitor audience trends and behaviours? Having did poorly was marketing. They looked for the great content is about doing your homework and cheapest option, and promoted a station feature

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or tactic instead of the key talent. This was you must not try to run unless you’ve mastered because they didn’t have a clear marketing plan. walking. If you’re going to invest in marketing, get it right. No matter which country you’re in, the benefit If you don’t invest wisely, you’ll find it hard to get of producing great content is that it will make it money again for future campaigns. easier to extend this content to other platforms Developing a great radio station is not rocket and help you better engage your audience on science, but the trap content makers are falling digital and social media. into is they’re spending too much time on digital As audiences change and Generation Y, Z and and social media and ignoring the core business the Millennials get older, their consumption of of making great radio content. Don’t get me content will continue to change. Even though wrong, stations should have clear policies on they may be listening to your station through digital and social media platforms and must be their mobile or tablet, radio will still play an working to improve their audience engagement important role in their lives, provided the content in this space. But remember content is king, and is unique, entertaining and relevant.

MEDIUM WITH A MESSAGE

Hugo Pinto knew a guitar player who called the radio ‘friendly’. is a topic for debate (and that’s the case very "I He felt a kinship not with the music so much as with often), technology usually reins in. But if those the radio’s voice. Its synthetic quality. Its voice as in the media are very prone to welcome all new distinct from the voices coming through it. Its ability advances in technology and encourage its use, to transmit the illusion of people at a great distance. they rather seem less inclined to think about its He slept with the radio. He believed in a Faraway more profound implications. And I’m not talking Radio Land. He believed he would never find this about synergies, interactions, analytic tools or land so he reconciled himself to listening to it only. audience segmentation. He believed he’d been banned from Radio Land and It’s a lesson we learnt a long time ago from was doomed to prowl the airwaves forever, seeking Marshall McLuhan: “The medium is the message”. some magic channel that would reinstate him to Or have we? Are we aware – or have we forgotten his long-lost heritage.” – that the prophetic Canadian philosopher was, Sam Shepard, “Motel Chronicles” in fact, warning us against the threat of the “transformative power of new communication It was in 1979 that Sam Shepard wrote the short technologies”? Is technology so pervasive and story about the guitar player that “believed in are we so immersed in it that we even forgot a Faraway Radio Land”, but there’s something it exists? In “The Shallows: What the Internet Is timeless about it. It could have been written Doing to Our Brains”, Nicholas Carr reminds us 50 years earlier, or it could have been written that “media aren’t just channels of information”, yesterday. There is something timeless about for “they supply the stuff of thought, but they Radio. It’s this enduring quality, I think, that also shape the process of thought”. While the keeps this medium alive. Maybe it’s “its synthetic repercussions may run so deep that we are not quality”. Its simplicity. “Voices coming through equipped to fully understand what they are it”. Maybe. Whenever the future of the media and what they have done to us, we have some

32 RADYOvizyon clues of what might be in store. Because of the Internet, every broadcaster now has the chance Nowadays, because of a global audience. the audience has the Despite all the advantages, this great opportunity unprecedented power to be also brings challenges. One might stand out: the ability to save and maintain a distinct voice in a heard, to be noticed, those multi-layered environment. So, instead of blindly in charge of content are also following the appeal of globalization and instead willing to go beyond simply of adjusting characteristics in a standardising identifying what people process, we should be concerned in finding out ways to preserve specificities. We must not are listening, reading or forget: universality is not the same thing as being watching. the size of the universe, but rather a quality that allows us to be consistent anywhere. And that means that we should be true to ourselves. I the truth is that not everything that gathers believe that the media has the responsibility of many “likes” or is retweeted hundreds of times promoting differences and dialogue between all is important. This is one of the consequences of groups through mutual knowledge. These are the ever-growing immediate interaction, that the true values of peace and understanding. Yes, almost always is perceived as the necessity of technology is in constant development, and, yes, instant gratification. professionals must know how to use it in their favour. However, it’s crucial that we never forget No longer masters, we become slaves that technology is a tool, not a purpose in itself. Carr, again: “What both enthusiasts and skeptics It should be a means to an end. We must be able miss is what McLuhan saw: that in the long run a to understand that it can be our servant so much medium’s content matters less than the medium as our master. itself in influencing how we think and act. As our Nowadays, because the audience has the window onto the world, and onto ourselves, a unprecedented power to be heard, to be noticed, popular medium molds what we see and how those in charge of content are also willing to we see it – and eventually, if we use it enough, go beyond simply identifying what people are it changes who we are, as individuals and as a listening, reading or watching. In many cases, the society”. producers are actually letting the public take over Maybe we can do something about it. Maybe we and be responsible for the standards that guide have a say. Maybe Radio is the medium that is the the medium – the information, the content. The most open to the message, to the information message. That’s what’s happening when people –the content– it carries. Radio is a voice and what in the media are constantly (pre)occupied trying could be more human than the human voice? to figure out what the public wants. In this, I believe, lies one remarkable quality of New media provides an immediate and Radio: it’s a medium that liberates. It frees the interactive platform. More than ever before, body (you can do anything while listening to there are multiple analytic tools that can the radio), and it frees the mind. Radio is like a help broadcasters identify the audience’s friend (imaginary or real), that you listen to with characteristics with great detail. But one of your eyes closed. You don’t see this friend, but the dangers of allowing data analysis drive our you can feel him. You can listen. He better has a content is that it make us rely on quantity. And message..

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A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED

Graham Ellis

nce upon a time defining international culture, values and heritage. broadcasting was easy. It was the Voice of America, O The international triumph of the Turkish television the BBC World Service, Radio Moscow and others genre is now sometimes described as soft power. whose shortwave radio signals spanned the world And it is. It has strengthened cultural ties with - informing, entertaining and subtly influencing other countries, particularly in the Arab world, and countless millions on near and distant shores. it has boosted tourism to Turkey itself. Like more It was an exclusive club with high financial and conventional forms of soft power, it has also been technological barriers to entry in which the big denounced or banned by those who dislike or fear powers used radio, and later television, as an the influence of what is portrayed. extension of foreign policy in the media space - As for the internet, that is like a Wednesday market, some impartial voices, others less so, but ultimately a chaotic place where myriad organisations, big all supported out of self-interest. and small, clamour for the attention of viewers In times of war international broadcasting became and listeners paying little attention to international a weapon, cheaper than arms and arguably more borders. Whereas once international broadcasting effective. The Cold War was largely a war of words was the preserve of the wealthy and powerful, and brought to an end by words. Then we spoke today literally anyone can be an international of ‘propaganda’. Today we are more likely to call it broadcaster. ‘soft power’. The biggest media players on the internet, Google And today the old certainties have gone forever. and Apple for example, now dwarf international There has been an explosive growth in the broadcasters like the BBC in their scale and income. number of international broadcasters as more and The Swedish music streaming service, Spotify, is more countries have recognised that international said by Wikipedia to be available in more than 50 broadcasting, and particularly radio, is a cost languages. effective way to project influence, be it ideological, These are just a few of the new competitors for cultural, linguistic or religious. international attention who have sprung up over At the same time, satellite technology and the past two decades. Others include political, international media markets have revolutionised religious and single interest groups who have the way we consume news and entertainment recognised the internet’s potential as a space in made by other nations. which to influence others and seek converts to This is far from an English language phenomenon. one cause or another. Look at the success of Scandinavian television This then is the globalised media landscape in crime thrillers across Europe. Or the way popular which we must consider the future of international Turkish television drama, led by Gümüş, has broadcasting. It is complicated and crowded delighted countless millions across the Balkans, and will become more so. Within it the public North Africa and the Middle East. service broadcasters have a crucial role to play You might argue that this is entertainment or in protecting freedom of speech, informing commerce, not international broadcasting and in democratic decision making and providing a one sense you would be right - but for audiences life-line of editorially independent information to the effect is similar because when we watch or those communities where citizens are denied free listen to programmes made by and for people media. But if they are to do so they will need three in other parts of the world it tells us about their key attributes.

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The first is prominence. Broadcasters need to be Finally, and most importantly, there is trust. There where the audience is and that is likely to mean are now so many sources of information available a combination of radio, television and online that consumers have a choice between following distribution coupled to syndication by partners. It services which reinforce their own views or is a strategy which has been successful for the BBC prejudices, or selecting services which provide which this year reached a record global audience editorially independent and objective information. of 308 million and for the first time television The greater their need for reliable information, the more audiences will seek out services they feel overtook radio as the most popular platform for they can trust. BBC international news. But prominence is nothing without attractive, relevant content. Viewers and We know in our own lives that there are fair listeners have more choice than ever before. weather friends who will tell us what we want Understanding their aspirations and interests is to hear, particularly about ourselves. But it is the the key to providing services of information and true friend who tells us the truth even when it is painful. entertainment which will command loyalty. That in turn requires sufficient and stable funding. So it is with international broadcasting.

AUDIO – THE FUTURE OF RADIO

Çağda Yıldız

nlike newspapers and TV, radio has, up until now, media for news consumption are television, U had the luxury of being mostly unaffected by followed, not by radio, but by online and social the advent of online media. But having grown media. complacent with age, it is now under siege from Radio continues to be successful in some markets newcomers who are changing what listeners - either highly developed ones, such as Germany expect as well as how and what content is and the USA, or developing countries, in regions distributed. Some of DW’s strategic considerations like Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the situation is outlined in the following paragraphs suggest that deceptive. While African radio broadcasts make while there is no reason to panic, there is great up a disproportionate chunk of DW’s overall reach, reason to change: any modern radio strategy has the numbers have started to drop in recent years. to cease to be exclusively a strategy for radio. As for developed markets, much of the popularity of radio is due to one important bastion: the car, While in the first two decades of DW’s history all for radio’s primetime is the drivetime. of its broadcast languages used to rely on radio as a means of reaching audiences, the number This is the luxury that radio has come to enjoy: it only of languages that still produce radio content has thrives where it has little competition from other dwindled, and there are none which produce media. Listeners in developing countries use radio radio content exclusively. International TV in the absence of other means of information, just broadcasting, which DW, like the BBC, did not take as drivers cannot watch TV or read the newspaper. up until the early 1990s, has now outstripped radio But even the car is now being connected to the distribution. For when a region reaches a certain digital world as services like Apple’s CarPlay and level of affluence, radio audiences tend to become Google’s Android Auto prepare to capture the last TV audiences or, more recently, online audiences radio-only zone. - especially when it comes to news. While many Of course, in the past, each of the aforementioned countries in Asia and the Middle East once sported media has burst into clamorous prophecies of strong radio markets, today the most influential doom in the face of newcomers. But radio has

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for instance, an online service that until recently focussed on streaming music, has struck deals with The distinction between news providers such as the BBC and Vice News.

radio and audio triggers two In terms of forms of audio content, podcasts are questions - how to deliver the most interesting for international broadcasters. They are digital products that seek to inform, content, and what content to educate and entertain by means of the spoken deliver. With respect to the word. Only last year, the podcast Serial made first one: while it took digital headlines when it surpassed 40 million downloads audio content longer to within a few weeks and spurred a great deal of online and social media buzz. become successful than online This American Life, another podcast, has penetrated videos or online articles, such American popular culture as much as radio talk success is not unheard of. shows had in the past. In addition, such shows can be broadcast or made available for download, increasing the potential audience of audio. Shows of this kind should be particularly appealing to not signaled the end of newspapers; TV has international broadcasters focusing on news not signaled the end of radio. Even after the and information because they are longform, entry of new forms of communication, there is investigative reports – and although such content often a market for the established ones, though is conspicuously missing from the repertoire of admittedly a different one - an insight that most broadcasters, their success is better news Wolfgang Riepl hinted at as early as 1912. But than the many claims that the "old" broadcast more to the point, the online-challenge differs radio is still alive and well: it basically means that in one crucial respect from, say, the TV challenge there continues to be a market for audio content that radio faced in the middle of the 20th century: with a focus on news and information. while radio, TV and newspapers each stand for But this is where the second question arises: what a particular human activity –namely listening, do you deliver? The question indicates the wider watching or reading– online combines all three. problem of radio: in its complacency, it has become This is not a breathtaking insight, but important stale. It relies too heavily on soothing voices and a nonetheless. Radio may be besieged by online - conviction that radio is "more respectable" than TV. but audio is not. This is the core idea on which DW But rare is the radio station that has the variety of develops its radio, or more accurately, its audio content that many TV stations offer, let alone that strategies for most of its 30 languages. of the internet.

The distinction between radio and audio triggers Podcasts clearly differ greatly from formatted radio, two questions - how to deliver content, and treating a greater diversity of topics in a decidedly what content to deliver. With respect to the first more longform and monothematic way. It will be one: while it took digital audio content longer to a challenge to use the synergies between radio become successful than online videos or online and digital audios, such as podcasts. But it will be articles, such success is not unheard of. an even greater one to bring radio up to scratch, On the other hand, audio platforms not previously for Serial and This American Life are not successful associated with information content are because they are podcasts, but because they bring scrambling to diversify their portfolios. Spotify, great stories to their listeners.

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THE RISE & RISE OF RADIO IN ASIA

Rob Graham

ver the last 10 years, radio in Asia has undergone along came the Apple iPod as well as various O an incredible transformation. It wasn’t very long mp3 players. Then there were iPods built into ago that in many countries across Asia, particularly phones. All of a sudden we were experiencing those with authoritarian governments, that a music revolution. People were rediscovering radio was used purely as a tool for political music again and consuming it in ways not even propaganda. In many countries, every morning at imagined five years before. 6am, government radio would be “blasted” out of All of this music consumption made people roadside public address speakers, espousing the appreciate music more, and we were constantly day’s daily dose of dogma. being sold new ways to enjoy this onslaught of It’s fair to say that radio wasn’t seen as a very music. Everyone become music aficionados! glamorous medium in many Asian countries. Then, one day, Steve Jobs and Apple launched an From an advertiser’s perspective, it was also seen iPod that had one interesting feature on it – the as a medium for poor and rural-based consumers Shuffle. With the slide of switch, you could throw and therefore wasn’t an attractive nor effective predictability out the window and have no idea way to promote brands to potential consumers. which song would next play out on your device. It was unlikely that a rice farmer from Danang in Of course, the original “shuffler” of music was the Vietnam would be interested in applying for a Visa radio station’s music scheduler and radio itself. credit card. But then something happened. The The randomness of radio schedulers combined Internet happened, and media experts all over with the curation and trusted filter of the music the world predicted it would kill off radio once director made radio what it is – irreplaceable. The and for all. There was a sense of déjà vu to this line very fact that we don’t have any idea which song of thinking. Decades earlier, the advent of the VCR will be played next is why we love radio. to the family home was touted to bring with it the Here’s why: death of cinema. Why would you bother going out to see a movie when you could watch one in • We love a great song when we hear it the comfort of your own home? In fact, cinema unexpectedly. It’s so much better than when attendances have grown worldwide every year you know it is about to be played. That’s why since the invention of the VCR. Perhaps people exception motion picture soundtracks are, well, realized that nothing could beat the experience exceptional. of the watching a movie on the big screen. As • Nothing will ever replace the art of curating a with cinema and the VCR, many media expects radio station. foresaw the death of radio due to the Internet, particularly in Asia. And once again, the opposite • An algorithm will never be able to predict a occurred. Number One hit song.

In fact, radio consumption in Asia (and globally) Regardless of whichever part of the world you are has never been higher. The Internet simply in, radio’s strengths are the same worldwide. Radio became another method of distribution, just is immediate. Radio is relevant. Radio is personal. like another FM band. To the surprise of many, Radio is a companion. And many advertisers forget technology actually embraced radio. Mobile that radio is the last free-to-air medium in the phones were launched that acted not only a world. It is because of these unique traits that radio phones and cameras, but also as FM receivers. All continues to grow and evolve. It has embraced over Asia, people embraced this technology and the Internet; it has not been killed-off by it. It has as a result, radio was virtually rediscovered. Then embraced technology; it has not been replaced by

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it. Most importantly, it is still as relevant as ever to for the ad agencies of Asia. But even better news for people’s lives. Getting back to Asia, radio’s resurgence companies like mine who syndicate programming has been amplified by the points I outlined at across Asia. the beginning of this piece. Radio was seen as The company I founded, EON Media Group pretty ordinary: as a government propaganda of Singapore, is the first producer of locally tool or as the medium of your grandparents. syndicated radio programming across Asia. Our But as governments relaxed rules pertaining to flagship programme, Asia Pop 40, would not broadcasting couple with then onslaught of have been possible without the advent of the technology amongst younger listeners, radio once Internet and the subsequent radio revolution that again found its feet and a brand new audience. In it brought with it. India today, amongst urban dwellers aged under Across Asia, the acceptance of music from other 30, at least 50% of people listen to radio daily on markets and cultures has been accelerated by the their mobile device. And this is not a streaming Internet –there is absolutely no doubt in my mind service... I am referring to curated terrestrial radio. about this– and as a result, our audiences across Brand and advertising agencies are once again Asia have embraced music and programming embracing radio. It is regarded as a medium that from not just all over the world, but more can reach huge audiences, in an extremely cost importantly, from all over Asia. effective and highly-targeted manner, and studies Radio is not becoming extinct. show that when used with other media, advertising Radio has evolved. messages are significantly more likely to be retained Radio rocks. and recalled by respondents. All this is great news …end//

INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING

Pınar Şenel

urkey faced a new foreign policy problem 29, 1939, when Hatay became a part of Turkey. In T when the French mandate ended in Hatay on that period of time, these broadcasts served as a September 9, 1936 and the administration was ground for reaction against French colonialism handed over to Syria. In the face of the possibility and they served a role in reconciliation between of losing Hatay, state radio functioned as a tool to Turkey and Syria. It was so useful that the French declare Turkey’s views to the world. administration tried to ban the radio for it created a positive atmosphere on behalf of Turkey. On January 8, 1937, in a 15 minute long interview that started at exactly 19:50, Prime Minister İsmet Construction of Ankara Radio transmitters began in İnönü talked about Hatay issue in Arabic. The July 1937 and they became operational on October broadcast could be listened to from Syria and 28, 1938. Only 13 days later, the first external Hatay and it was seen as a turning point in Turkish broadcast to be made with the new transmitters international broadcasting history. announced the news of Atatürk’s demise in English, French, Arabic, Bulgarian and Italian. Arabic broadcasts were also launched at İstanbul Radio the following day. The first Arabic news “President Atatürk’s health condition increasingly bulletin was presented one week later on January worsened after 24:00 last night, and our great leader 17, 1937. It was followed by a 15 minute long news passed away today, on November 10, 1938 Thursday at five past nine in the morning.” program called “Havadis.” İstanbul and Ankara radios could be clearly listened to from Hatay, Syria, Test broadcasts became regular after November Iraq and Egypt. These broadcasts ceased on June 10, and by many this date is considered as a

38 RADYOvizyon turning point in Turkish external broadcasting. Services did not produce programs other than However, research of Prof. Sezer Akarcalı on the news, so the shortwave broadcasts were the same matter points to broadcasts made on the Hatay as domestic broadcasts. issue as the real launch date: Throughout World War II, other western countries’ “(…) If international broadcasting is broadcasting in international broadcasts in Turkish, especially that more than one language using shortwave transmitter of Germany, were aimed at Turkey. Turkish people antennas, November 10, 1938 is an important listened to both these broadcasts and domestic and comprehensive beginning. However, the broadcasts that tried to balance them. During war international broadcasting that started on January years, Turkey was one of the few countries, where 8, 1937 in a foreign language –that is Arabic, is truly listening to foreign radio stations was not banned. an international broadcasting action that complies Yet, listeners were told to be skeptical about the with all the features of international broadcasting for news and comments they heard on the radio… it was planned in line with international broadcasting The arrival of multi-party political life in Turkey in goals; for it used propaganda elements; and for being 1946 brought along restructuring in radio besides systematic and continuing until getting results.” 1 other institutions. 1949 Law on General Directorate Propaganda wars of Press and Tourism added the touristic promotion First shortwave broadcasts totally aimed at foreign aspect to international broadcasting. countries were made in 1939. On May 6, 1939 Law No. 359 that went into effect on May 1, 1964 President İsmet İnönü spoke in English in Ankara gave the authority on foreign radio broadcasts Radio’s shortwave broadcast targeting the USA. to Turkish Radio Television Corporation. TRT was The world was on the brink of a new war and organized as an autonomous state economic Turkey needed to reach her voice to the other side enterprise and a legal entity. Principle of impartial of the Atlantic. broadcasting was voiced more strongly compared Throughout World War II, there was propaganda to previous periods. on world radios. The reliable news source was the Next phase of external broadcasting focused on station of the country that was not a side in the the labor migration in 1961. Voice of Turkey Radio war. Ahmet Emin Yalman wrote “There couldn’t be turned into a legend for Turkish expats in foreign any better place than Turkey to watch this tragedy lands. (war)2 It’s a fun fact that foreign correspondents used Ankara Radio studios to break the news to Voice of Turkey Radio their countries. First radio program targeting Turkish workers In 1941, Turkey increased the number of foreign in Germany was broadcast in 1963. Voice of language broadcasts; Urdu, Persian, Serbian and the Homeland was the first experience that Croatian were added to the list. One year later, signaled external broadcasting could turn into Greek was added. Broadcast times in foreign an organization on itself in the coming years. languages were between 15-30 minutes. External External broadcasts were made under the name

Internet: New platform of External Services outside radio

In 1965, number of foreign Foreign language contents are offered on trtvotworld.com in; languages was 14; as of 2015 the English, French, German, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Farsi, Azerbaijan number is 41. Content of the radio Turkish (in Latin and Arabic alphabets), Armenian, Bosnian, Romanian, includes news programs, feature Bulgarian, Albanian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Hungarian, programs focusing on political Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar (in Latin and Cyrillic alphabets), developments, Turkish culture Turkmen (in Latin and Arabic alphabets) Uighur (in Latin, Arabic and and tourism; and now the newest Cyrillic alphabets) Uzbek, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Urdu, Pashtu, Swahili, platform is internet. Hausa, Dari, Afghan Uzbek, Malay, Portuguese and Japanese.

39 RADYOvizyon

“Shortwave Ankara Radio”, but as of January 1963 on cable, satellite and on the internet: TRT Avrupa it began to be called Voice of Turkey Radio. FM. The station was renamed as TRT Memleketim FM in 2015. Lazarsfeld, Berelson and Gaudet collaborated on a research titled “The Effect of Radio”, which claimed this tool gave listeners to experience ceremonial events from afar and gave listeners a feeling of intimacy and even an experience close to face 3 to face interaction. In the case of TRT Voice of FOOTNOTES Turkey Radio, this effect is self evident in the bags 1 Sezer Akarcalı, Turkish External Broadcasts on Radio and Tele- vision, İmaj Publishing House, 2003, pp.32-33 of letters from listeners that have piled up since its 2. A.E. Yalman, What I have Seen and Experienced in Recent His- inception. tory, Volume 3, Yenilik Publishing House, İstanbul 3 Arsev Bektaş, Political Propaganda, Bağlam Publishing House, In September 2009, TRT External Services 2002, p. 108 introduced a new radio station that can be listened

WE ARE LIKE A SINGLE HEART BEATING FOR ALL OF US

Feray Uz

ll countries have official broadcasting organizations; official broadcasters. We share our joy, sadness, A TV channels, radio stations, internet sites... They and stand tall as one body with all of the listeners make national and international broadcasts. we can reach, when we need unity and solidarity Organizational structures, goals, broadcasting as a nation... When a disaster, like an earthquake principles and targets are very similar to each hits Turkey, our phones ring first and people ask other. However, international broadcasts of certain us “Where do we apply for help? What are bank countries seem to carry a different spirit, a different account numbers for donations?” climate; like that of TRT Voice of Turkey, our radio Cognates being oppressed in Bulgaria? We station... immediately mobilize to help. We bring the voices We are a bit different because nomadism has of loved ones to those who cannot communicate worked into our genetic codes along with our in another way and we inspire strength to hold on ancestors, who migrated from Central Asia to (1984). Anatolia... We keep on migrating; we cannot We serve as the voice of homeland for cognates anchor anywhere. Sometimes to make a living, –young and old- massacred in Cyprus; we inspire sometimes to seek new homelands, and hope, belief and trust (1974). sometimes for educational purposes. Even in the furthest locations of the word, you can run across We reach beyond walls of captivity and inspire a Turk and hear Turkish out of nowhere. Let alone the will to live when our pilots are captured in an just hearing; you can hug that person as if you ambush in Lebanon (2014). have known each other for a thousand years and We serve as a source of information to feed the get lost in a deep conversation. Because that’s just language and culture hunger of citizens spread the way we are... Neither the roads, nor the years across the world to make a living; we serve as a school can break us apart. If we are in foreign lands, we for second, third and fourth generations in foreign embrace each other even stronger. For this exact lands to help them speak our beautiful language. reason, as TRT Voice of Turkey, we are different. Just We serve as the only connection with homeland for like the society we have grown out of, we are like sailors in the middle of oceans; we not only serve as a the lands we grew up on; warm, sincere, hearty, connection but we serve as the only news source for colorful and one within the other... their wall newspapers. And sometimes, we become Ours is not an ordinary broadcaster-listener so intertwined and so close that we serve as their relationship, like that of many other international best friends or relatives in Turkey, working hard to

40 RADYOvizyon

find a solution to their problems. student, studying in a village in Bulgaria. Desperately, Example? We have two real life experiences from she asks for help from our station. She is supposed to Producer Gül Avcı Bıçakçı: write a graduation thesis, but she has limited sources. She is studying Turcology and she doesn’t have any “For my daughter’s future” source related to her thesis in Bulgaria. Radio station A father working in Germany for years says “I only trust gets mobilized. Books, articles and even video cassettes my station.” His family is in Turkey. He was afraid to are mailed to her address in Bulgaria. Young girl bring them along. He regrets the decision, but it’s too finishes her thesis and graduates. A few years later she late. He thinks “After so much pain, my daughters must appears at the door of the station. She is now living in have a bright future.” His eldest daughter is about to Turkey and she says: “I graduated with your help. Now, graduate from high school... He can’t trust his wife to I became a teacher and got a job in İstanbul. I came choose the best prep school to make it into college. from İstanbul to Ankara, just to say Thank You...” He calls the radio station to ask for a trustworthy and This is the way we work at the station. Indeed, we successful institution. He thinks “My station would give have similar broadcasting principles and goals with me the best advice.” And that’s exactly what happens. other cross-border broadcasters. But, we are a little The daughter is enrolled in the advised institution, the different. Influenced by our geography, we are a father in Germany feels relaxed, and the girl makes it little Westerner, and a little Easterner; add a little into a good college in the end. Mediterranean flavor to the mix, along with lots of “I became a teacher” friendliness and sincerity. Therefore, it is not only a It’s back in the day, when we are not that entangled broadcaster-listener relationship that we have with with modern technologies. No other means of our listeners around the world... We are like a very communication than telephone and letters. We big family; we are like a single heart beating for all receive a letter from a young girl, a senior college of us. And we are very happy to be like this.

THANKS TO LOCAL PARTNERS, EVERYONE IS A BIG BROADCASTER NOW

Dr. Bülent Namal

orld’s giant brands of broadcasting like TRT, CNN, Finding a common language BBC, and DW can perform in any part of the W Local broadcast partners are, first and foremost, world they want thanks to their big budgets and bridges which carry our broadcasts to the experiences. Such a condition is a hardly attainable geography they live. It is evident that we live in target for broadcasters with moderate budgets. an age of ever-developing internet and satellite However, finding local broadcast partners and technologies that even a child can now start engaging in co-broadcasting can turn companies his own radio-television station on the internet with local broadcaster status into nationwide while giant brands circulate across the world. broadcasters in an instant while providing giant brands with many easiness and preeminence. However, only co-broadcasting makes it possible for a person, while driving his car in any city of There is a proverb in our lovely and rich Turkish Kyrgyzstan, to listen to TRT news, any of TRT’s meaning “one hand washes the other and programs, broadcasts of TRT Voice of Turkey or together they wash the face”. No matter how big one of TRT radio plays when he tunes in his radio we are, there is a limit for our power. And, when we receiver to Manas FM via terrestrial broadcast. cooperate with others, this limit expands allowing us to make more effective, productive, proper, and Local partners lower your broadcasting costs: a enduring jobs. In this respect, we can become world brand in broadcasting, TRT is no wonder aware once again of the strategic significance of able to broadcast in Kyrgyzstan without Manas forming local broadcast partners in the area of FM. But, such a move will also require TRT to set external broadcasting. up transmitters in every city of Kyrgyzstan, and

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complete all legal processes necessary to operate Actually, these local partners of us have also for a foreign broadcaster in the country. And, this become our volunteer reporters. Forming such situation seems not an effective and productive a broadcasting network for Radyo-TV Manas, the way for TRT, no matter how big its budget is or media organ of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, for any other corporation willing to broadcast in a could have only become possible through country so remote to its own. volunteer cooperation. To tell the truth, without the presence and support of local broadcast partners, Your partners in external broadcasting also help a non-profit media could not have dared show you to code your messages properly in broadcasts such an initiative and start such work when costs you make in their geography. Even in similar are considered. The condition I’m talking about societies like Turks of Turkey and Kyrgyz Turks there here is just a simple example for local broadcast are cultural, and social differences. Thus, your local partnerships. It is also possible to turn these co- partners are in a sense your guides helping you to broadcasts, which are carried out in a format of code your messages in the right direction, making corners in programs, into bigger broadcasting them understandable enough for the region’s partnerships with strategic planning. audience. That’s because your broadcasting partners in that particular country most probably Using interactive technologies enabling listeners have a better understanding than you in to participate in co-broadcasts makes radio identifying the perspective of the people of that programs more colorful, richer, and enjoyable country. In this way, you can protect yourself from both for the broadcaster and followers. Hence, avoidable communication breakdowns. There is such technology also gives you the chance to no doubt that finding a common broadcasting obtain information about listeners, at least their language and reaching the target audience with e-mail addresses which you can add to your the right messages have great significance in database so as to enrich it with people at the terms of public diplomacy. other end of the world, giving you the opportunity to develop policies to make them your loyal Local partners diversify the content of the other listeners. For instance, I take great pleasure when partner. With the co-broadcasts you will be able I am listening to Manas FM while driving my car to be informed immediately about developments and hearing that The Voice of Turkey Kyrgyz Desk in your partner country, hence conveying novel producers are asking the question of the month to and euphonic sounds and colors of that country listeners and sending gifts from Ankara to winners which will appeal to your own audience making who e-mail them the right answer. So that Ms. your broadcasts richer, more interesting, and more Gulsün, happy with the gift sent from Ankara, will popular. Thanks to TRT Director General Şenol Göka now tell her son Caynak, her daughter Aida, her (Our brother Mr. Şenol) who started Türkçevizyon husband Mr. Coldaş and her next door neighbor Music Festival and TRT Radio Days years ago with his Ms. Nurzat about both the gift and the broadcasts sharp and deep vision, seeing the common interest of the VOT, encouraging them to listen and in holding both events, which gather broadcasters thanks to word of mouth advertising the Voice from various countries to Turkey and provide a of Turkey will make new loyal followers. I think common platform for them to share and make no broadcasting corporation will hesitate to take good memories, thus making, us, broadcasters such an opportunity that will widen its audience. friends, leading to further cooperation with mutual Thus, those who listen to the program in, let’s say gains. As a radio-television manager when I asked it in Bishkek and call her Ms. Aygül, in Talas Mr. my colleagues, at our editorial meetings, to develop Aybek, in Narın Mrs. Gülbara, and in Issık Lake Mr. and enrich our broadcasts with broadcasters of Âdil will be interested in the broadcasts of VOT different countries, we have come across contact more and become loyal listeners. information of many broadcasting corporations and broadcasting friends within our reach. We have Your local broadcasting partners are your branches made all these friends thanks to TRT and we have in that countries, and this relation does not have to made our broadcasts richer through cooperation be ratified with a protocol. If the audience wants to and co-broadcasts we have carried out with our reach you after listening to your transmissions via colleagues from Central Asia and the Balkans. your local partners, they will go to the owner of the

42 RADYOvizyon frequency that aired your broadcast. So that’s how Amateurs, who are interested in broadcasting, you make representatives in different geographies can use technology to shoot their own short without shouldering operating expenses and video, films, news show, and music and broadcast other costs. Such representatives act as a liaison them on their own channels on the net to reach between you and individual corporations and others. Hence, such amateurish works can even agencies when you need it. Like the whole staff become broadcast materials that we can use. of Radyo TV Manas, for years they have been Via podcasts, we can present our productions to working voluntarily and with content like a TRT the audience and offer them the opportunity representative in Kyrgyzstan. When requested, to do their own streaming. In our capacity as they gather performers, artists, media members broadcasters, we enable removal of borders along form Kyrgyzstan for events to be organized by with globalization. We are connecting people TRT in Turkey and they take responsibility for living at one end of the world with the other coordination of TRT activities in Kyrgyzstan. group of people living at the other end. We host Image, corporate culture, credibility are values our broadcast partners in our own geography, and that are important for every corporation and carry out our own broadcasts by their means. For broadcasting body and all these values also a long time, TRT has been persistently present in find their reflections in the end-product of the Kyrgyzstan with its terrestrial broadcasts and with broadcasting corporation, that is its broadcasts. its satellite and internet technologies it already Your transmissions in other countries are indeed reaches everywhere in the world. The presenters a reflection of your image, culture and credibility and transferring values that have made you who of radio -TV Manas in Bishkek can reach the you are. Via your local partners you make this audience in Turkey in an instant via frequencies of transfer and you can position yourself as a brand in TRT. Statistical data by mediamanas.kg showed us the mind of the audience. that followers from different countries including Turkey, TRNC, Macedonia, China, the US, Canada, Competitive Advantage the Netherlands and many others are following Local broadcast partners also provide competitive our radio-TV transmissions that are streaming on advantage to broadcasting corporations. the net and their messages are motivating us. Competitive advantage means cooperating and After listening to a Turkish song played on our loyal audience who contribute to the development radio station, a singer in Kyrgyzstan can translate of your broadcast with active participation like the song to Kyrgyz Turkish and then can get in citizen journalism and satisfied feedbacks and it touch with us to broadcast it on the station. Hence, also means more resources, more effective and a singer in Kyrgyzstan take to the stage in Turkey productive activities with better quality. and another one can do the same in Kyrgyzstan. The future of the broadcasting and of course the To a large extend, such acts of synergy and external broadcasting is brighter, stronger with cooperation have been made possible by media local broadcast partners. Technology now makes corporations which carry out co-transmissions it easier to set up such partnerships. with local broadcast partners and introduce Thanks to communication technologies, while cultures of different societies to each other, we are planning our broadcast streaming, we enabling one to come closer to the other. Thus, can also think about having co-broadcasts with we can expand our sphere of influence to wider other broadcasters without any worry. New areas in the world with the help of local broadcast media, internet and mobile technologies inform partners and broadcasting unions; by doing so we us immediately about regions that we even are expanding the number of mutual possibilities. haven’t heard of before and you can find yourself When we are alone, we are like a nuclear family, in the middle of events happening in those but the moment we cooperate with our local remote regions via live transmission carried out broadcast partners and broadcasting unions, we by someone’s mobile phone. And, that someone can find a place inside a greater family photo. at the other end of the World suddenly becomes our volunteer reporter, local broadcast partner. I wish all of us many many nice co-broadcasts.

43 RADYOvizyon In the Wake of the R A D Y nd ABU General O V İ Assembly Z 52 Y O N The 52nd General Assembly of ABU, the Asia- Pacific Broadcasting Union, which is one of the world’s biggest broadcasting unions, was hosted spectacularly by TRT in İstanbul on October 24-31. In this issue, we are bringing again the topic, which was on our cover page in the 20th issue, to our pages to make visible the decisions and impressions to shape the Union’s future activities.

Javad Mottaghi*

urkish Radio Television Corporation hosted, in the Hong Kong have been newly elected as members T last week of October, over 600 delegates from more of the Admin Council for three years with effect than 60 countries in İstanbul, which is the cradle from 1st January 2016. of civilizations. The guests were mesmerized by ABU Administrative Council Meeting turned the hospitality and warmth of the hosts and the 100 in Istanbul splendor of one of the world’s most historic cities. The historic 100th Administrative Council of the The ABU has a potential to serve 3.5 billion people ABU was held in İstanbul in conjunction with the through its growing network, and serves to 60 52nd ABU General Assembly. It started with a small percent of the world’s population with it’s over ‘happy birthday ceremony’, and was held in a real 275 members from 65 countries and autonomous regions. working studio, the oldest in Turkey, located in the İstanbul building of the national radio. Şenol Göka is the new Vice President of ABU ABU Music Exchange Launch Mr. Şenol Göka, Director General of Turkish Radio Television Corporation – TRT was unanimously The ABU Music Exchange (AMX), which was elected as a new ABU Vice - President at the 2015 launched in İstanbul by the President, Mr. Cho Dae- ABU GA in İstanbul. TRT, Turkey and TDM, Macau Hyun, is a digital platform to enable participating have been re- elected for another term of three organization to exchange music files – from opera years for the Admin Council. DD, India, IRIB, Iran, to folk music. AMX will be fully operational in RTA, Afghanistan, NTRC, Uzbekistan, and RTHK February 2016.

* ABU Secretary General 44 aşar Y

İsmail

| R A D Y O V İ Z by:Photographs Ali Ahıskalı Y O The 4th ABU TV song Festival encourage positive measures and to act decisively. N The ABU has a major role to play in that respect. The Festival was held on 28 October at İstanbul Congress Center hosted by TRT, Turkey. More than Super Panel Session addressed public trust and 3500 audience including ABU delegates for GA spectrum for future broadcasting. The panelists gathered at the concert hall there. 12 performers/ and all members strongly supported and artists from 12 participating countries/region discussed the preservation of frequencies and staged their show and enchanted the audience. strategies of building and maintaining the trust of their audience. Participating organizations are: ATN-Afghanistan, DD-India, KBS-Korea, KMO-Kazakhstan, NHK-Japan, The Professional Discussion session addressed the PSM-Maldives, and RTM-Malaysia, TDM-Macau, crucial issue of frequency spectrum for the future TRT-Turkey, TVB-Hong Kong, TVRI-Indonesia and of broadcasting. The panel of experts, representing VTV-Vietnam. both Asia and Europe, all agreed and advocated the importance of spectrum for the future of ABU Prizes Award Ceremony was held in Conrad broadcasting. İstanbul Bosphorous Hotel, on 30 October with more than 300 hundred participants. Winners of 13 The Technical committee meeting initiated actions on developing an ABU Digital Strategy. It addresses categories, both in radio and TV, were presented digital transition, human capacity building, with trophies and certificates one by one. This year disaster communication and communication to a total of 252 entries were received for the prize. disadvantaged-people. The winners of the 2015 Please visit our website at: ABU Engineering Awards were announced during http://www.abu.org.my/ABU_Prizes-@-ABU_ the Technical Committee meeting. Prizes.aspx ABU Radio Working Party (RWP) meeting which took place on 26 October addressed many issues surrounding radio industry in this region; engaging young audience, multiplatform production and needs of audience research. New initiative ideas like launching radio drama workshop were also discussed.

ABU Programme Committee (PC) was held from 26-27 October with more than 150 delegates. Many new initiative ideas were presented and discussed. More updates from ABU ABU New Initiatives for Sports Development Women with the Wave emphasized on equality, inclusiveness and the lack of discrimination in The ABU Sports is introducing soon two new İstanbul. It also emphasized that efforts need projects: 1.Production and Transmission Service 2. to be doubled to popularize good practices, to Digital Sport Content Sharing Platform.

45 R What does radio mean to you? A D We have asked our colleagues who came to İstanbul to attend Y the ABU General Assembly O V Interviewer: Abdul Hamid Chohan İ Z Cho Dae-hyun / ABU President the population resides in rural areas and that’s really the challenge where education is not up to the mark, Y As for the importance of radio in today’s world there O are several reasons radio remains a relevant media where information is not being accessed, proper N outlet. First of all, the digital world is not invulnerable education, and the people face many challenges, and still not accessible in parts of our region, so having many unavoidable situations of the information, of multiple channels for early warning natural disaster the misinformation, and like that, those people are preparedness is essential to maintaining the safety real challenge for the broadcaster to access and to of the audiences we exist to serve. Secondly, Radio give them real information, actual information and has a long tradition of being trusted as a news source, awareness, media has a big power to change to give and entertainment, especially by persons who do not people awareness, to motivate people in the media. have easy access to multi-platform digital outlets and Radio itself is a big medium, we in the Asian countries those who tend to be more equipped for auditory have now many many radio stations working. We have learning and information recall. Finally, I want to say 74 broadcasting channels especially in rural areas, we that it is true that multi-platform content devices are are broadcasting in 35 local languages along with very powerful and are often seen as a threat to radio, English and our national language Urdu. We have very but I remain optimistic that these also provide the good results, and now we put our transmission on tools we can use as complementary media to make streaming, and we have listeners everywhere in the radio and multi-platform digital media work together world, so I as a broadcaster feel that we have a very to reach and connect with our audiences in even big responsibility, to serve the humanity to give them more powerful and influential ways. the right information which is their right, to help them Javad Mottaghi / ABU Secretary General to motivate them, to give them the services, to give Radio has been and is, and will be the most important them the proper information, and especially in those medium in many parts of Asia and the Pacific. In the areas which are poverty stricken, and unprivileged Asia Pacific Region we see countries with millions and especially during the disasters radio is the only of population, look at China, look at India, look at medium which can help a lot to people. Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, even in small countries Mary Hockaday, BBC Controller of World Service like in the Pacific Islands, radio has a very important English role. Radio will be in place in the future and will get stronger because this is an instrument that everybody Radio is a wonderful wonderful medium, I often say can get everywhere, anytime, anywhere. For the that when radio came along people say that it would region, we are focusing on radio activities, we have kill off newspapers and when television came along increased our activities in radio over the last few years, people say that it would kill off radio and when digital and the day after actually tomorrow a number of big came along they say that it would kill off everything, projects related to radio will be launched at the general and of course that did not happen. assembly in İstanbul. Hence, I can say another project, the ABU radio music exchange, which will be launched Because each particular medium has its real strength, here tomorrow, and we have also initiated many other and radio’s real strength is its simplicity, its directness, radio events. Radio is a platform for the public, and we and its technological simplicity, but also the ease will not hesitate to invest more than that. with which a broadcaster, a newscaster, or a journalist can speak very directly to the audience. Khurshid Malik / Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation, Controller External Services And for audiences radio is a really accessible It is very big job to do if we feel because, radio is the medium, whether it’s only a radio or increasingly only medium in the world and particularly in our now in a phone, there are lots of different ways to developing countries which can reach to every part access and consume radio and it’s I think the most of the globe especially you know in Asia, Africa and powerful medium for direct, person to person in some other continents, more than 80 percent of communication.

46 Recep Yurduseven*

adio broadcasting first started in America in early 1920s, What does DAB technology offer to users? spread across Europe and started in our country on DAB is a technology that provides the transmission of R May 6, 1927 with the announcement “Hello, Hello, radio signals digitally through satellite and terrestrial dear listeners… This is İstanbul wireless telephone…” means. The use of new applications in DAB technology from İstanbul Sirkeci Post Office and then with 5 KW brought along various advantages to radio broadcasting. transmitters from Ankara. The best benefit is the chance to use the frequency In radio broadcasting, although it is possible to have a more efficiently compared to analogue broadcasts; and large coverage area with single transmitter mid-wave, the prevention of frequency disturbance in analogue long-wave and shortwave modulation (AM-Amplitude broadcasts. Other than these we can make up a list of Modulation) radio bands, quality of the broadcasts is benefits: low. Along with the advance of technology, introduction 1-CD quality reception in both stable and mobile of FM (Frequency Modulation) broadcasts the quality bar increased in the 1980s. receivers like automobiles.

In one way or another, radio has always adapted itself to 2-Ability to transmit 6 programs on a single frequency new technologies and kept up with changes within its with DAB and 18 programs with DAB+ technologies, as borders. At present, radio is in the transition period from well as data services, video and graphics. analogue broadcasting –AM/FM to digital broadcasting. 3-More detailed text conveyance compared to RDS In mid-1980s, the use of digital technology in (Radio Data System) like overall program data, upcoming professional radio production became widespread and program info, and complementary advertisement the popularity of digital consumer formats like mp3 and information. compact disc (CD) led to digital audio. 4- Receivers can access to visual data about weather Digital broadcasting is as much important as production forecast, traffic and security information, or current in transmitting. The possibility of relaying more than economic figures via a small display. one program and data services at the same frequency DAB Test broadcasts of our corporation band; the possibility of using the frequency band more efficiently; and low running cost of new technology DAB test broadcasts started from the tower in TRT Oran products increased the importance of digital radio in January 2002, at VHF III band 12b channel (225.648 broadcasting. MHz) with a 250W power transmitter. Two radio channels (Radyo 3 and TRT FM) and a data channel were Digital radio broadcasting can be defined as a replacement broadcast simultaneously. After that 1 KW power second for current analogue FM and AM technology. It’s called transmitter started broadcasting from Ankara-Şentepe DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), DRM (Digital Radio station for SFN (Single Frequency Network) application Mondiale) and HD (High Definition) Radio. trials. After the SFN test broadcasts, this transmitter Innovations on digital audio broadcasting and its started broadcasting from İstanbul Çamlıca hill at the transmission were developed in the framework of same frequency. “Eureka Project 147” to bring a standard to digital radio broadcasting in Europe and around the world. DAB is In the process, DAB test broadcasts had been halted, regularly used in many countries and is at testing phase but in line with the permission received from RTUK in many others, including Turkey. (Radio and Television Supreme Council) 5 programs (Radyo-1, TRT-FM, Radyo-3, TRT-Türkü, and TRT Nağme) were launched on 03.11.2015 with a 250 W transmitter Demographic coverage area of digital radio in certain European countries

Norway England Switzerland Germany Denmark The Italy on VHF band 12B (225.648 Mhz) channel from Ankara- Netherlands Dikmen-Çaldağ station and with a 1 kW transmitter from İstanbul-Çamlıca station on 11.12.2015. DAB+ tests are being planned to be realized in the future. %99,5 %96 %99,5 %91 %98 %95 %68 * The Head of TRT Transmitter Operations Department 47 RADYOvizyon

ORCHESTRA

İSTANBUL JAZZ TRTTurkey’s First And Only Big Band

The orchestra, which was started in 1982 by a group of successful and distinguished Turkish musicians, is still “one of its kind” in its league.

48 Ç. Gülruy Köşker TRT Radio İstanbul Director

he orchestra, which was started in 1982 by a group had its place among unforgettable moments of of successful and distinguished Turkish musicians, jazz. The last concert of the summer this season was T is still “one of its kind” in its league. Successfully staged within the scope of the 22nd International presenting examples of national and universal İstanbul Jazz Festival and the orchestra shared the music to music enthusiasts and protecting its “Big night with famous bass guitarist Marcus Miller. Band” structure at the same time, TRT İstanbul Jazz When the clocks hit 21.00 hours at İstanbul’s well- Orchestra has an authentic and unique repertoire. known concert venue, the Cemil Topuzlu Open- The orchestra, which also has an arranger quality, Air Theatre, our legendary band, TRT İstanbul performs compositions and arrangements of its Jazz Orchestra took the stage and performed an own members’ and tries to reach wider audience unprecedented show with its unique repertoire, to make jazz music more widespread across Turkey. new arrangements and of course with its star Apart from its radio-television shows, TRT İstanbul members, each of which is a rare talent. On that Jazz Orchestra effectively represents both TRT and night, when they left the stage after moments-long Turkey at national and international culture and arts standing ovation of the audience, Marcus Miller was events it participates. Beginning from its foundation ready to perform his own show, on the same stage. to the year 1998, veteran musician Mr. Süheyl Let’s announce it once again: Turkey’s first and only Denizci was the first conductor of TRT İstanbul Jazz “Big Band” Orchestra meets every year with jazz Orchestra, and then another prominent Turkish lovers at concerts they give each month during the musician Mr. Neşet Ruacan took over the baton September-June broadcast season, taking place at from Denizci and acted as the conductor of the the TRT Radio İstanbul, Mesud Cemil Studios. orchestra until 2011. The current conductor of TRT İstanbul Jazz Orchestra is Kâmil Özler. Following the unforgettable performance of the And, here is the 2016 program of the orchestra, for orchestra, which took place within the scope of the first half of the year: 2015 World Jazz Day on April 30 at İstanbul’s vivid • On Feb. 12, 2016, Kadıköy Municipality Yeldeğirmeni central district and beating heart, Beyoğlu Tunnel Culture Center; Soloists Emrah Karaca, Evrim Özsuca Square; its members reached again jazz lovers on World Music Day. At the concert aired live on TRT • On Jan. 26, 2016 Cadde Bostan Culture Center (CKM); Music Channel, experienced composer, singer and Soloists Emir Ersoy and Project Kubana piano player Bozkurt İlham Gencer, Erkut Taçkın and • On May 10, 2016 Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall (CRR) Banu Kunt Işık performed jazz variations of popular Another important reminder: Concerts and recordings of the songs, which were met with great jubilation of the orchestra are broadcast by radio stations of different countries, audience in a manifestation of their interest in jazz thanks to program exchanges among corporations related to music. Another one, the Beşiktaş Square Concert, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). held as part of “Radio Days” activities in İstanbul, also

Hakan Çimenot TRT Radio Istanbul Trombonist

wasn bor in İstanbul in 1976. At the age of 10, I It was an unforgettable start for me: an open-air was admitted into Mimar Sinan University State concert at İstanbul’s Kalamış Marina. Mr. Süheyl I Conservatory. Same year, I heard about TRT Jazz introduced me as the oldest member of the Orchestra, and at every opportunity I went to TRT orchestra and during the concert I played third Radio İstanbul Studio Mesud Cemil to listen to trombone partitions just next to Fatih Erkoç. And, rehearsals and concerts. It was Turkey’s first and since 1992, when I was hired by TRT as a trombonist, only “Big Band” jazz orchestra and was a great I have been a member of the TRT Jazz Orchestra opportunity and kind of a school for those who family. Within the 23 long years that have passed were not fortunate enough to have jazz classes by, I had many opportunities to meet and work at the school. The Orchestra still preserves that together with very distinguished musicians of rare peculiar nature of it... One day, when I was just 12 talents. Indeed, I grew up, learnt and developed in years-old, I had the opportunity to play with the this orchestra. And, now I’m growing older in this orchestra upon the invitation of the founder and orchestra and I’m really happy and thankful for conductor of the orchestra Süheyl Denizci. that.

49 RADYOvizyon

Sevilay Yüksel Tunalı TRT Radio İstanbul Producer

ince the year it was founded in 1982, it has Free and open to public concerts, which we started S been Turkey’s first and only Big Band Orchestra, last year to make the mentality and concept of presenting legendary jazz pieces to music “Music for everyone, everywhere” widespread, are enthusiasts performed by Turkey’s best jazz being met with great interest. And, I would like to musicians; TRT İstanbul Jazz Orchestra is a real invite those who haven’t had the opportunity to “Group of Stars” ... Our work with the legendary meet our orchestra, which is enriching our culture names of jazz and with a team which is constantly getting younger, continues in the most harmonious and whispering the most beautiful notes of the way possible.We are meeting with jazz lovers with universality of music to our ears, to our concerts great excitement every month thanks to concerts and I also recommend them to follow our shows we give at TRT Radio İstanbul. on TRT Radio 3.

Y. Kürşad SEKBAN Ozan Musluoğlu TRT Radio İstanbul Trombonist TRT Radio İstanbul Double bassist

RT İstanbul Jazz Orchestra is the first and only jazz RT Big Band is a wonderful school that every T band of Turkey. Being part of this orchestra was my T musician dreams of playing in one day, hence childhood dream. I have realized my dream; since it has harbored for years the most meritorious 2000, I have been performing as a trombonist in musicians of Turkey under its wings. I really feel this elegant orchestra which comprises the most lucky of being a member of this orchestra and for talented musicians of Turkey. I want to express being able to perform Big Band music in such a my endless gratitude and thankfulness to TRT zestful environment. Corporation for giving us, musicians, and our respectful audience such a great opportunity by supporting the Orchestra.

50 Çukurova Radio The Only Station Bearing the Name of a Region

Lütfi Kılınç

Since the day it mixed the magic of sound with the power of words and started hosting them in the hearts of people, radio comfortably placed itself in the middle of our lives. Because we have always needed radio as a functional tool, a dear guest and a loyal friend.

ince the day it mixed the magic of sound with the radio broadcasting in our country. While keeping S power of words and started hosting them in the its ground as the most powerful means of filling hearts of people, radio comfortably placed itself in our pool of memories, radio is also a bright beam the middle of our lives. Because we have always of light illuminating our future. Radio talks about needed radio as a functional tool, a dear guest and yesterday; lives the day; and plans tomorrow. In a loyal friend. doing so, it makes use of the feature of being a magical box and the warmth of a loyal friend. In the early 20th century, radio opened a large field to dreams limited to two ends of a telephone cable. We should elaborate on the feature of radio that Therefore, rightfully radio was given the nickname we mentioned in the title as: “only”. A series of “Invisible Emperor of the Skies”. Radio has earned battles were fought and won, major decisions itself a one of a kind and beautiful place in the were taken before and after Çukurova Radio. As hearts of our people in the 90 year-old history of is known, TRT Regional Radios have always been

51 RADYOvizyon

could reach. One day, a delegation consisting of prominent figures from all circles, pays a visit to the Prime Minister of the time –Süleyman Demirel, to explain the situation and find a solution.

Ahead of the arrival of the delegation, Mr. Demirel is briefed about the situation and believes in the technical necessity of moving the station to Mersin. He also knows that the decision must be explained to the visiting delegation without breaking their hearts. He welcomes the delegation with great hospitality and listens to each one of them with respect. A cotton landlord he previously met says “Mr. Prime Minister, we do not want Adana named after the province they broadcast in. Like Radio moved into Mersin and its name changed.” Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, Antalya, Diyarbakır, Erzurum In response, Demirel says “We are not shutting it and Trabzon Radios. The only station not keeping down. We are turning it into a bigger station. The name of your station will be more comprehensive up with this trend is the Çukurova Radio, operating and historical. It will be remembered by the name out of Mersin province. Let’s answer the question of your region. The name of your station will be “Why?” by telling a real incident. “Çukurova Radio.” The delegation feels like nothing The history of Çukurova Radio dates as far back can be said over these words” and they respect the as April 1962. In that year, Adana Province Radio decision. launched its broadcasts with a 2 KW power AM The Voice of the South transmitter with the name “Voice of the South Adana Radio”. When TRT was established to In line with the decision taken in light of all carry on radio and television broadcasts in an these developments and evaluations 300 KW organizational structure and legal status, it was transmitter installation began at the site in Kazanlı, decided to move on from provincial stations to Mersin. On February 6, 1968, first test broadcasts regional radio stations. In line with this decision, were made through the transmitter. Local press Adana provincial radio was reorganized to delivered the news: “Mersin Radio, which will be broadcast in the East Mediterranean region. the voice of the south, launched test broadcasts.” Because radio broadcasts were only terrestrial at Upon positive results from the tests, TRT Çukurova the time, authorities looked for a suitable place Radio began its official broadcasting life in Mersin to erect the transmitters of the regional station. on the morning of March 3, 1968. To mark the They decided that the existing transmitter in launch of our station, TRT Director General of the Mersin’s Kazanlı neighborhood was the perfect time Adnan Öztrak issued this message: “Çukurova site. Considering the fact that communication Radio belongs to the whole Turkish nation, along with the transmitter in Kazanlı neighborhood with Çukurova and Adana locals. From now on, of Mersin would be troubled if the station were Çukurova Radio can be listened clearly from all to remain in Adana, authorities decided to corners of Çukurova region, in the dead of the move Adana provincial radio station to Mersin. night and in broad daylight.” The decision was taken but there was a serious So when it was about spring time, along with problem in the implementation and that was tulips, hyacinths, and violets on the slopes of persuasion of Adana residents. From politicians Taurus Mountains, Çukurova Radio waved over the to bureaucrats, farmers to industrialists, artists Taurus skies like a voice flag. Having left behind 47 to cotton landlords, all Adana residents wanted years of clean history and a holy voyage, our radio the station to remain in Adana. They lobbied feels proud to enter the 48th year. We continue our heavily and pressured every decision maker they programs, cultural and artistic efforts. “The Sounds

52 RADYOvizyon

and refined broadcasts. As a regional station of TRT, Çukurova Radio reaches out to audiences “We are not shutting it down. with quality programs in this age of information We are turning it into a bigger and technology that we live in. station. The name of your station TRT Çukurova Radio service building and will be more comprehensive and broadcast center is in Mersin, but the station serves Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, historical. It will be remembered Gaziantep and Kilis towns. However, thanks to by the name of your region. The rapidly increasing number of transmitters it is name of your station will be now possible to tune into the station from TRNC, parts of Syria, Kayseri, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde and Çukurova Radio.” Karaman. Besides the old-school way, the station can be listened to via TRT Satellite Pack and on the internet. Currently, broadcasting uninterruptedly of Çukurova –Turkish Folk Music Society”, which round-the-clock via more than 10 FM transmitters, was established in 1962, when the station was still 1 mid-wave transmitter, TRT Satellite Pack, and the called Adana Provincial Radio, added Karacoğlan internet TRT Çukurova Radio station is available in Dadaloğlu regional folk songs to our repertoire and introduced important artists, whom we still listen the whole region and across Turkey with original to with joy at present day. Late Müslüm Gürses, and joint productions. Nuri Sesigüzel and İzzet Altınmeşe are only a few “From the Mediterranean to Taurus” is a live of the values introduced by this station… Also program targeting average listeners aired every Halit Arapoğlu, who made a huge contribution to day of the week between 10:00-12:00. Also we the rise of “Barak Ağzı” style folk songs in the heart reach more listeners with our contributions to TRT of our nation; Abdurrahman Yağdıran, who added Türkü and Radyo-1 national broadcasts. “On the roads of Adana, cotton on the branches” In line with the directions and coordination of our song to our repertoire, were local artists introduced managers Çukurova Radio successfully commits to to our nation by Çukurova Radio. its responsibilities on matters and events related to 47 year-old voice flag culture, arts, history, actuality, education, tourism, “In the war of a maple tree against the wind, if economy, industry, trade and agriculture. We maple is not bending in, it’s because of its love extend our gratitude to everyone who has put for the soil” says a thinker. 47 year-old voice flag of up an effort in bringing our radio to where it is our region –Çukurova Radio holds onto the love today and our devoted listeners, who have always of sharing life with listeners. TRT always marks firsts considered us as a member of their families and and good works with true, unbiased, principled, supported us.

Wherever there is a Turk in the world, Memleketim FM is there! With live From Yunus Emre to Fuzuli, from Dadaloğlu to Neşet broadcasts throughout the day, we are bringing the fresh air and breath of Ertaş… the tradition of bards. Bards in the process of our country to expats living abroad with our chats and music. “Address of history, their contribution to folk music and common values the Night”, “Come, Let’s Go to Past”, “This Song is for You”, “The Sounds of of this culture... “Bards Tradition of Anatolia” is on TRT Türkü Life” are only some of the programs we offer... every Thursday at 22:00. For more visit www.trtmemleketimfm.com

53 RADYOvizyon

One of the biggest poets of Turkish literature Orhan Veli Kanık says: “Window, window is the best At least you see flying birds Instead of staring at four walls...”

GLOBALIZATION The Great Story of 21st Century in Broadcasting Too

Murat Örem

indows are the displays of homes and lives. It’s number of people, who know you and ready to W possible to judge the level of effort, attention and offer unconditional help is a lot fewer in cities… coherence put into the order of a house just by World history may tell us thousands of stories looking at the windows. Likewise, media is the surrounded by prejudices. These are prejudices display of the society it serves. One of the biggest of masses also fed by the media… The way to fairy tales of the 21st century has been the concept overcome these prejudices is learning more, of globalization and for long years, media placed having more information and asking questions. this concept at the center of its display. Those who Asking a question and looking for answers in a exaggeratively put forward this concept likened calm and unprejudiced way. This is exactly the the world to a happy village, where everyone was supposed function of media, radio and broadcasts informed about others. Both claimers and listeners of with educational purposes. As a broadcaster, you this metaphor liked it very much –in the beginning. are supposed to filter your products with the But the reality was much different objectivity of years before you make them public. We call dwellings that are a little bigger than Opinions taking their time a village as town or township. In towns and A mind looking for the truth, making comparisons townships, you don’t see the busyness brought to make a decision would not rush things. Just along by agricultural production or the rush of city like tea needs time to boil, ideas need time to be life. In towns, most of the time is allocated to gossip formed. This is just like the way Turks prepare their about who did what and buying and selling goods. tea –giving it time to boil… It’s a lot different than The difference and magic of cities are right here. the searing technique. This is why it’s important In cities, your time flies by at the speed of life, but to form opinions over time. In his famous book you can never reach your destination on time. In 1984 George Orwell says; a time will come, when city life, you must be an individual and be able to even people’s breathing air will be followed under stand up on your feet. This reality makes you feel the supervision and pressure of the “big brother.” freedom, loneliness and desperation all at the When it was written decades ago, although 1984 same time. Because when you get sick, run out looks like a dystopia, it foretold today’s world. Isn’t of money, or when you are looking for a job, the it possible to find out about people’s expenditures

54 RADYOvizyon

and their internet history within a few seconds? Just like in real life… Yes, we are living in a difficult As you can see the world has become a village for world. Life may not give us the chance to correct real… :)))) everything, but the only way to correct things more or less is through realizing that things are not But what kind of village… on track. Next up is making others realize and this is Living in the same period as Orwell, Aldous Huxley where the great joy of broadcasting begins. says although the world could be extremely Bernard Weber says despotic and horrific in the future, the methods of those responsible would be different than “Between what I think, what Orwell predicts. He also claims that instead what I want to say, of hammering information and authority onto what I believe I say, our brains, they will offer thousands of so-called what I say, information, art, aesthetics, and cultural concepts, what you want to hear, thus pushing ordinary human beings like us into what you believe to hear, this chaos, where we would get lost before reaching what you hear, virtue and beauty; and as people whose brains are what you want to understand, anesthetized with information bombardment, it what you think you understand, would be more difficult for us to stand up for we what you understand… would be unaware of the situation. They are ten possibilities that we might have some This should be the basic concern of the broadcaster problem communicating. But let’s try anyway…” and the listener: For an open minded, experienced and self- How can I stay away from the crowds and their invested broadcaster, it is a slim chance to swirl into prejudices? Where can I start as a human being and this series of mistakes. If a broadcaster is stepping a broadcaster? How can I share only the reality with wrong despite awareness on this and making bad the audience? broadcasts, there should be bad intentions laying Any new listener earned without these questions around somewhere. would be no more than a temporary statistical For all my broadcaster colleagues that will open new and numerical figure. What’s permanent in radio windows for a fair world in their future productions, broadcasting as well is the listener that knows you the formula is to seek the truth. Qualified listeners over time, prefers and does not forget you for your will always find and follow the broadcaster, who is well-prepared programs and broadcasts. in search of the truth.

55 RADYOvizyon Photograph by: Öney KalanPhotograph Ceren German on Radio

Ufuk Geçim TRT External Services, German service has been he German service broadcasts to a broad scope of reaching out to audiences on T society from students to doctors, workers to the retired, teachers to housewives and from young shortwave since 1938 and to old people. Our main goal is to promote Turkey on the internet since 2008. and Turks in our broadcasts. We want to increase interest taken in Turkey, voice the problems of expats living abroad and share unbiased information about developments taking place in neighboring countries. We are serving as a “bridge of sympathy” between Turkey and German- speaking countries.

Everyday Since 1938, the German Desk has achieved its goals We broadcast on a daily basis via shortwave radio broadcasts and since 2008, between 14:30-15:30 and the Desk has increased the number of listeners by reaching German speaking masses in Germany, 20:30-21:30 on shortwave; and Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, between 02:00-03:00 Luxemburg and Russia with internet broadcasts.

on the internet. The proof of our success on this bid is hundreds of messages we receive on a monthly basis from radio listeners and internet users. Through these messages, we receive feedback from listeners

German on Radio on the quality of our broadcast content. If their reception reports are true, we send them QSL cards,

56 RADYOvizyon

which are approval certificates with international TRT VOT validity. There are pictures of sites from Turkey on www.trtvotworld.com the back of these cards.

The German Desk has an extremely friendly relationship with listeners. We are so close that we www.trtvotworld.com often get phone calls for get well wishes for sick members of staff, celebrations for birthdays, new Reaching out to the whole world born babies, or weddings. Listeners express their heartfelt feelings to share our happiness. with radio broadcasts in 37 languages Thanks to our broadcasts promoting Turkey, and web broadcasts in 41 languages listeners interested in Turkey pay a visit to Turkey and stop by in Ankara just to say “hello”. There were even listeners who got their daughters married in Turkish traditional style. This is a reflection of the importance the German Desk attaches to radio listeners and internet followers. German Desk meticulously keeps a record of listeners’ and internet followers’ sicknesses and their happy days. We express get well wishes when they are sick and we celebrate their happy days. Because of this emotional connection, our listeners, especially The German Desk has a 6 people strong team. We keen followers of our “Letterbox” program say they broadcast two times a day –one hour each. News always feel like a family with us. from Turkey and around the world is followed by Turkey’s Ambassador stories from Turkish newspapers of the day. After One of our loyal listeners married a Turk but could that we have previously recorded feature programs not get a Germany visa for the spouse. The listener on various topics and lots of good music. From the wrote a letter to the German Desk to ask for help. political agenda to Turkish courses, near history We contacted the German Embassy on behalf of to deeper into the past, from music to tourism, to health, culture and arts, we offer a variety of the listener. The result: our listener celebrated 15th entertaining and informative content. wedding anniversary this year. This listener always mentions our contribution to the happiness of We rightfully feel proud to be one of the most their family. The German Desk is like Turkey ‘s popular radio stations on shortwave as German ambassador. Desk of the Voice of Turkey.

Voice of Turkey Radio embraces the world with radio broadcasts in 37 languages Voice of Turkey Radio brings Turkey’s memory, from past to present voice, and websites in 41 languages. People and music from folk to classical to the world. One of such programs around the world can listen and read broadcast live is “Old Tunes”... The program is prepared by artist and about Turkey, life, news and music in their own languages. Wherever you are, Turkey academician Okan Murat Öztürk and aired every Thursday at 22:00 on TRT is there! Visit www.trtvotworld.com Voice of Turkey, TRT Türkü and Memleketim FM simultaneously.

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at 16 day .05 es dn e W SOUNDSy SOUNDS r e v FROMFROM E INSIDE OUT

INSIDE OUT o n R adyo-1

Aişegül Bozkurt Through the Eyes Producer's

Through the Producer's Signal discotheque”, I discovered “Inside-out Records” while helping a friend carry the pile of records I Voice 1: The pleasures of life are hidden in details. demanded from the archive. They were bigger It’s the same in radio broadcasting… than the 33 records in our houses. They were being adio broadcasting is one of those jobs that kept in custom yellow envelopes. Right away, I R require passion. Every passion brings happiness took one out of its cover. The information on the to its executor. It brings so much happiness that record was far from explaining the content of the the troubles in the process are easily forgotten. record. There was nothing else in the envelope. I In fact, as time goes by, these troubles turn into guess people around me observed my excitement fancy memories to share with loved ones for the for this discovery. That was when the person in broadcaster. Also there are many surprises in radio charge of the archive brought me a list about the broadcasting. These surprises grasp and embrace contents of these inside-out records. I sat down the broadcaster in a happy swirl of moments and flicked through the list. There were headlines beyond time, acknowledgements, and memories. classifying the records with numbers on them. The feelings of the broadcaster in those moments Under the headlines, there was information about are similar to the joy experienced by an explorer, the themes of the records. Curiously, I picked three who realizes that he/she is an explorer, or when records I found interesting and left the archive. an inventor realizes he/she is an inventor. What The records were “Witty Man”, “Radio Cinema”, and creates this joy is just a voice. That voice remains “Musical Puzzle”. I was quite happy. I could start on the record or the cassette as fresh as the first enjoying the insatiable taste of a world of voices day, regardless of the weight of passing time or that had been left in the dark since the day they without any care to whether its owner is aware of were recorded and aired. its existence… until a producer comes along to Transition Music take it out of the box. I found out about the story of these records taking “This is how I met with inside-out records” says their place in our archives much later. It was when producer of the program Aişegül Bozkurt. I reached vinyl collector Cemal Ünlü, whom I Voice 2: “It was in 1992. In the archive section had also met in 2015 whilst preparing for a radio of Ankara Radio, in a room we call “diskotek/ program. His book “Git Zaman, Gel Zaman”(Time

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compared to 78 rpm records, but they were not suitable for events like conference and speeches, for the duration of these events could not be predicted. The diameter of these records was 40 cm and it was possible to record 30 minutes of content -15 minutes on each side. Aluminum bottoms of the records were enveloped with a thin layer of film. The recording process was similar to the method of gramophone recordings. Empty records were placed on a turntable run by electricity, which was similar to today’s record players. Sound lines were carved on the record in a radial fashion from the center to the corners. Voice 2: That’s actually the reason we called these Goes By) won the “World Music –Best Research” records “Inside-out Records” at Ankara Radio. award. This book of Cemal Ünlü includes more Signal than 15 thousand pieces released between 1905 and 1965 and listed in phonograph record catalogues. I also found information about the first sound records of our country in Cemal Ünlü’s book. The “Inside-out Records” on which I laid my hands for the first time 24 years ago were classified in this book as “steel based special radio records.” When I asked Mr. Ünlü for permission to share this information, he kindly said: “Of course” and added “Books are written to share information.” Transition Music Voice 2: The story of “steel based special radio records” meeting with audiences is follows: Voice 1: Regular recording and protection of music broadcast on radio could be achieved with the use of custom made aluminum records. This technique was introduced in 1945. Compared to others, it was a collection of complex machines. These machines were designed to be installed and used only in a studio environment. It was a precondition not to rush things and have many rehearsals before the real recording. They had a longer record time

Reflections of romanticism on music, Romantic period composers and pieces... “People of the Dream World” is on Classics Slot every Friday at 09:00 on Radyo-3 Classical Jazz, Modern Jazz, Soul, Latin Jazz... Vocal and instrumental jazz pieces and lyrical examples are on “Equinox” prepared and presented by Hülya Tunçağ. “Equinox” is on Jazz Slot every Saturday at 19:00

59 Radio Films of the SILVER SCREEN

Revolution Adventure of Swiss Radio Broadcasters LONG WAVE

Kurtuluş Özyazıcı

he film begins with a still image from a camera. This As the radio administrator was thinking about is a photo of Swiss radio broadcasters, who arrived positive aspects of Switzerland where women were T granted the right to vote a year earlier, he found a in Portugal shortly before the revolution, with a Portuguese young man. The story is told by the book about aid extended by his country to other Portuguese young man. This is the story of Swiss countries. Switzerland had extended significant radio broadcasters who witnessed the revolution in aid to Portugal which was a poor country, in recent years. Acting in accordance with the responsibility Portugal. of public broadcasting and to some extent trying Switzerland’s National Public Radio broadcast to please the government, he sent his most educational talk shows on long wave frequency. experienced programmer to Portugal along with These talk shows that expressed people’s problems a young woman who wanted to advance in radio did not catch listeners’ attention. A minister called broadcasting. These two, accompanied by a a radio administrator and made him listen to technician, set off for Portugal. Their objective was entertaining broadcasts in neighboring countries to document and inform listeners about favorable and said: “That’s what we need. You are depressing things that Switzerland had done in Portugal but people who are fed up with listening to people’s their visit coincided with the revolution in Portugal. problems. You should prepare programs that tell “You have the looks of a radio broadcaster” about good things done by Switzerland.” Swiss director Lionel Baier’s comedy “Long Wave” (Les grandes ondes, 2013) on the one hand tells the story of radio broadcasters and on the other hand displays the difficult but at the same time entertaining aspect of radio broadcasting. Seasoned radio announcer perhaps sets out on his last journey because he starts forgetting everything. His old and faithful voice recording machine is his only companion. This machine that is part of the job enables the producer to cling to life and the veteran producer uses it as a notebook. He records in this machine whatever he experiences and even people he meets all day long. The young woman working with him is inexperienced. She is an idealist and feminist. She wants to move forward in her career and produce her own programs. She is a novice and does not even know radio broadcasting terminology. When the man tells him that “she has the looks of a radio broadcaster” this makes her happy. In fact this expression is used for “those who don’t have a rather spectacular physical appearance.” The radio

60 RADYOvizyon announcer and the young girl who are poles apart as if he leads the revolution. Swiss radio broadcasters are accompanied by an experienced technician and join the other revolutionaries and clash with police. a young Portuguese interpreter who speaks French. They contribute to Portugal’s freedom adventure as What radio broadcasters expect to see and what they if they have been living in these lands for years. actually see in Portugal are totally different. They go There are many movies about radio and radio to a school where aid is extended by Switzerland. broadcaster in the history of the motion picture. They ask the principal about the aid. They have great “Long Wave” is the newest and most entertaining expectations but the principal points at the clock on among them... When FM radios were not that the wall and says: “This is what Switzerland has sent.” widespread, there were long wave and short wave Switzerland has also pledged to build a housing intercontinental transmissions. Therefore, radio was estate but when they go there they see that not even influential over a wide area. “Long Wave” brings us a nail has been hammered. Radio broadcasters are a slice of life from those years. Although the movie after aid extended by Switzerland but cannot find is about Portugal’s carnation revolution in 1974, in anything to report. Just then, there is some activity fact we witness stories of radio broadcasters. The on the streets of Portugal. No one knows what is going on. They see a team from Belgium radio and experienced producer losing his memory gradually ask them what is going on. The answer they get is and using his voice recording machine to maintain funny: “Haven’t you heard? There is a revolution in his life, the young woman working with him using Portugal. Don’t you ever listen to the radio?” her feminine charm to advance in her job and the technician’s easygoingness that “everything will be All of a sudden Swiss radio broadcasters find solved”... “Long Wave” also displays the world of radio themselves in the middle of the Portuguese broadcasters. Quarrels between a veteran and an revolution and fall under its spell. They almost become part of the revolution with the joy of inexperienced radio broadcaster, a macho man and liberties attained by Switzerland a year ago. Although a feminist before him... The director reflects the two what the veteran radio broadcaster says cannot be radio broadcasters from the silver screen by using completely understood because he does not have a clichés of the motion picture. What we have in the good command of Portuguese, he speaks excitedly end is an entertaining radio comedy.

Turkey’s most popular radio TRT FM offers a dynamic slot with magazine, music, contest, and fun with “Authorized Dealer”... Captivating the audience with Turkish expats living abroad follow Turkey’s agenda through humorous, sincere presentation and interactive features, the “Authorized Dealer” “The New Day”. Aired live between 09:00-11:00 Turkish is on TRT FM every week day between 11:00-13:00. local time, The New Day looks into news from Turkey with When the clocks hit 21:00 the people you love so much are on TRT FM journalist and academician guests. The analyses of the microphones: Enbe Orchestra, Behzat Gerçeker and Samsun Demir are on “Radio program shed light upon the new day. Club” of İstanbul Radio; Erhan Konuk with “Studio Tempo”, “A Radio Program of We are on www.turkiyeninsesiradyosu.com Superlatives” with popular DJs in Turkey; successful musician Eflatun and Banu Karakuş with “A Saturday Memory”, and Soner Arıca with “However You Feel Like”

From the oldest known date until present day: Classical Turkish Music. Lyric writers, composers, live performances and archive The winds of homeland blow from the Mediterranean. “From the records... “Turkish Classical Music in Historical Flow” is on TRT Nağme Mediterranean” program prepared by Antalya Radio for Memleketim FM is every Thursday at 13:00 with you live every Wednesday between 21:00-23:00... Popular songs, poems, guest composers, lyric writers, vocal- Visit www.trtmemleketimfm.com instrumental performers and lots of music talk at “A Pinch of Longing” every Thursday at 22:00 on TRT Nağme. 61 RADYOvizyon

Ekrem Özdemir Media Representatives of 47

Countrıes Meet at UMAP technology to our audiences. I believe training programs like this are important for improving partnerships. TRT is RT held the third “International Media Training Program” your TRT. TRT belongs to all of you. If a need arises, TRT (UMEP) between December 7 and 14 in Antalya. 115 will do its best to answer to your needs. We are opening T media representatives from 47 countries, particularly TRT to you like a brother’s dining table. Please consider from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Balkans came TRT as the media organization of your country.” together in the city, where TRT shared its broadcasting Speaking at the meeting, TRT Deputy Director General knowledge and experience with participating guests. Erkan Durdu said the developments in communication In the welcoming address, TRT Director General Şenol and media sector created a new generation and that Göka said the training program, in which representatives there is a need to produce new contents to keep up with of public and private media organizations from Asia- this new generation who communicate and express Pacific Broadcasting Union and European Broadcasting their feelings and thoughts through their mobile devices. Union took part, was in fact a program of sharing As part of the UMEP seasoned experts from inside and knowledge and experience. Göka said “We want to turn outside the organization in the fields of TV Broadcasting, TRT into an international training center” and underlined News Training, Radio Broadcasting, New Media, that they want to improve cooperation among Archive and IT Programs shared the half a century old organizations in the circumference of TRT. organizational experience and knowledge with foreign Şenol Göka said they highly value being a training center guests. In the program backed up by informative and added: “4K technology is a major leap in television presentations on newest innovations and developments broadcasting. The same goes for DAB on radio… TRT will in media, participants evaluated current developments. once again play the leading role on this… Later on, we At the end of one-week long program, participants were will introduce DAB+. In time, we will offer the benefits of given certificates.

Sultan Yanmaz | Aksel Koçak

Radio Awards Successful journalists were awarded at the Traditional Press Awards and Hasan Özkay Photography Contest organized by Antalya Journalists Community (AGC). he powerful voice of Turkey and TRT in the world “The Süleyman Değer, one of the TRT Antalya Radio Voice of Turkey Radio” added just another award to producers was awarded as “Radio Broadcaster T its collection. “Our Soul Friends” (Gönül Dostlarımız) of the Year” with his “Antalya New Year Special produced by Özkan Akın aired every Thursday at through the Night” program. “Successful Journalists 17:05 was selected as the best radio program of of the Year” Award Ceremony organized annually the year. “Bests of the Year Awards” organized for by Southeast Journalists Community (GGC) was the second time by Moon Life magazine was held held. TRT GAP-Diyarbakır Radio program “From our in İstanbul. Presenter of the program, Hakan Sarıca Region” (Yöremizden) was given the “2015 Radio said in his acceptance speech: “We are very happy to Program of the Year” award. Antalya Industrialists and receive this award as TRT the Voice of Turkey Radio Businessmen Association (ANSIAD) traditional media on behalf of ‘Our Soul Friends’.” Lots of guests from awards were delivered. “Those Who Left a Mark / business, art and TV world were present at the award Tunes of the Strait” (İz Bırakanlar /Boğaz Havaları) radio ceremony. program of Mustafa Cansız was given the winning 7th “Worthy of Applause” (Alkışı Hak Edenler) prize in “Audio Media, Radio News Program” category. award ceremony organized by International Radio Organized by TMMOB Urban Planners Chamber every Broadcasters Union was held at Pursaklar Selçuklu year as part of November 8 World Town Planning Day, Culture Center. TRT Radio Department Head Mrs. Town Planning Press Award was given to “City and Amber Türkmen was awarded as “Worthy of Applause Life” (Kent ve Yaşam) program of Hasan Uğurlu in Executive of the Year” and TRT Radyo-3 was selected Radio Broadcasting and News category. The program as “Worthy of Applause Radio of the Year.” is aired on TRT Radyo-1.

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to become intern artists by succeeding in a 7-stage examination in which masters like Alaeddin Yavaşça, New voices echo Bekir Sıtkı Sezgin, Ferit Sıdal, Ahmet Hatipoğlu, on the radio Saim Konakçı, and Ekrem Vural served as judges. I experienced those feelings once again and saw the same excitement in my young friends. I believe our oung artists, who won TRT Vocal and Instrumental new voices will raise the bar higher and leave nice Artists Examination have begun their work as intern- echoes in the sky. They will correctly and beautifully Y artists at Ankara Radio in November. TRT Director perform our music and pass it on to future generations. General Şenol Göka brought the issue to the agenda and We are ready to share our experiences with our new with the contribution of TRT Executive Board Members, artists. On behalf of myself and my friends, I wish them Deputy Director Generals, Radio Department, Music all success in their artistic career.” Department and Human Resources Department candidates who successfully completed the 3-month Producing programs with daily live and recorded long examination process became the new voices of performances of its own artists is what sets TRT apart TRT. First days of interns at the Radio House turned Ziya from the crowd. As a responsible organization for Taşkent Studio into a festival ground. passing on to future generations the rich cultural TRT Ankara Radio Turkish Classical Music Manager and artistic tradition and diversity of our country, TRT and vocal artist Cemile Uncu expressed her thoughts creates the most productive works in this field with as follows: “My eyes were full of tears on the first day artists and art communities. As the flagbearers of this of my young colleagues. In 1983, after a challenging tradition, these young artists, who joined TRT staff will training marathon, my friends and I earned our right take their places in history.

TRT Radios Coordination Ottoman period in Meeting Harem Ballet

Olgu Tokdemir Sultan Yanmaz

nter-radios Program Planning and Assessment aving been performed for 17 years, the Harem Ballet is Meeting", in which broadcast streams of TRT radio with art lovers in Ankara once again. TRT instrumental "I stations for 2016 were determined, was held in H artists are also contributing to Harem. Popular TRT Trabzon in the first week of November. vocal artist Cemile Uncu has also been performing on the stage for 2 years. TRT Director General Şenol Göka, Deputy Director General Erkan Durdu, Radio Department Head Amber TRT Ankara Radio Turkish Classical Music Manager Türkmen, Foreign Relations Department Head Çağlan and vocal performer Cemile Uncu says: “Never Tankur Yörümez, External Services Department Head before sung pieces are now being performed by Dr. Süleyman Erdal, Transmitter Operations Department Ankara Radio artists. As a vocal artist I also joined my Head Recep Yurduseven, Advertising Department friends. I hope the audience enjoys our performance.” Head Ahmet Akçakaya and representatives from other Choreographer of Harem Merih Çimenciler says they departments of the organization and managers of played Turkish Classical Music in reference to the related radio stations were present at the meeting. Ottoman era for the play is a synthesis of the east At the 3-day long meeting, 2016 production and and west. Çimenciler also said that Harem has been broadcasting schedules of Radyo 1, TRT FM, Radyo meeting audiences for 17 years full-house. 3, TRT Nağme, TRT Türkü stations; Antalya, Çukurova, Harem Ballet opened its doors for the first time in Erzurum, GAP Diyarbakır, Trabzon Regional Radios, 1998 on the 700th anniversary of the foundation and TRT Kent Radios were determined. The meeting, of Ottoman Empire. It tells the story of fights in the which focused on expectations and goals of TRT Radio palace for the throne, days in the harem, the life stations’ broadcasting strategy, ended with the closing of Kösem Sultan and the battle of odalisques for address of TRT Director General Şenol Göka. power.

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R A D Y O V Rİ AZ DY OY ON QUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE / JANUARY 2016 / 5 V HAVE YOU EVER READ RADIO? İ Z Y O N TERNAL BRO F EX AD O CA RE S U T T IN U G F first came sound - Şirin Sümer E I H nce upon a time there was a little girl who would were not talked to or touched, died less than one T always dream she was hugging a big tiger. Her year of age whereas babies who were cuddled while : O biggest dream was to place her head in that thick E being fed and touched did not die. L and warm fur beneath which heartbeats were heard. I Our sorrows stem from this, don’t they dear reader? She would cry due to many reasons and dream the F tiger on those nights when her pillow was wet with Aren’t you ill at ease most of the time because your her tears... head is not caressed? Isn’t life easier when there is a bosom where you take refuge by running away from As time went by the little girl grew up and became all evil in life? a young girl. One day, she was looking at a tiger in a zoo where she went every now and again in You know best that sound is as warm as a human pursuit of her childhood dream. All of a sudden, the hand dear reader. If neither of the two exists, then you tiger jumped towards the cage roaring. The girl was lose the joy of life. Don’t you like us, radio broadcasters, afraid at first but actually the tiger was asking her for this reason? Because we always hug you with our to play with him. He was making sounds like a cat voice. So, you never feel lonely. This is the most known who wanted to be stroked and jumping backwards side of the story. The less known side of the story is and “Radyovizyonforwards. The girl responded is celebrating to this call, started the firstours. Whenanniversary hugging you withof itsour voicestronger and breath, jumping in harmony with the tiger and saying terms we do not tell much of what is going on in the world of endearment. All visitors were watching them than ever reunion with readers. Theinside us. Wemagazine need you too...Talking has become to you makes a us astonishingly. On that day, the young girl learned to breath, a voice for radio broadcastersfeel better...The in our bond country that we have and established the with love and to hug without touching. world. I want everyone to consideryou this is curative. success We are onas the a microphone pledge everyfor day As you know dear reader, sometimes we fondle and to hear your heartbeat and hug you with our voice... kiss futurewithout touching; achievements.” we hug with our eyes. To bury our heart in your warm life... Naturally, touching is as magical as sounds. May This article ends here,Şenol dear reader. Göka I know that you be you have heard of this story. Once upon a time are going to listen to a radio station now. You will find THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING Dr. Süleyman ERDAL pharaohs and kings wondered what language TRT Director General your voice among frequencies. We will hug and be primitive men spoke.” What would be the first word THE NEW BROADCAST PERIOD OF TRT RADIOS Amber TÜRKMEN one another’s cure. that a baby would say if no one spoke near him/ 5 DIGITAL RADIO BROADCASTING Recep YURDUSEVEN her?” they asked. They conducted an experiment on If you wonder about the young girl... She grew up over babies. They took the babies from their families and the years and one day a wonderful thing happened RISE OF RADIO IN ASIA Rob GRAHAM only fed them when they were hungry. Babies who to her. She became a radio broadcaster... PUBLIC VOICES BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS David Fernández QUIJADA

[email protected] RADIO IN 2020 Vijay SADHU 64 TRT BIG BAND ORCHESTRA Ç. Gülruy KÖŞKER

R A D Y O V Rİ AZ DY OY ON QUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE / JANUARY 2016 / 5 V HAVE YOU EVER READ RADIO? İ Z Y O N TERNAL BRO F EX AD O CA RE S U T T IN U G F - E I H T : E L I

F

“Radyovizyon is celebrating the first anniversary of its stronger than ever reunion with readers. The magazine has become a breath, a voice for radio broadcasters in our country and the world. I want everyone to consider this success as a pledge for future achievements.” Şenol Göka TRT Director General THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING Dr. Süleyman ERDAL THE NEW BROADCAST PERIOD OF TRT RADIOS Amber TÜRKMEN

5 DIGITAL RADIO BROADCASTING Recep YURDUSEVEN RISE OF RADIO IN ASIA Rob GRAHAM PUBLIC VOICES BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS David Fernández QUIJADA RADIO IN 2020 Vijay SADHU TRT BIG BAND ORCHESTRA Ç. Gülruy KÖŞKER