R R A A NN D D Y Y O O V V Rİ Rİ AZ AZ DY DY OY OY ON ON QUARTERLYQUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE MAGAZINE / APRIL / APRIL 2016 2016 / 6 / 6 V V HAVEHAVE YOU YOU EVER EVER READ READ RADIO RADIO? ? İ İ Z Z YE YE ON ON EE NG NG L L I I FILE:FILE: THE THE FUTURE FUTURE OF OF EXTERNAL EXTERNAL BROADCASTING - - S S IIII WW H H NN

SS WW E E

S S “We“We have have some some words words to tellto tell the the world. world. This This country country has hasa lot a lotto to say,say, and and people people of this of this country country have have a lot a lotto say.to say. TRT TRT is a is powerful a powerful tooltool to tomake make this this voice voice and and these these words words heard heard all allaround around the the world.world. TRT TRT External External Services Services Department Department is bringingis bringing ’s Turkey’s EXTERNALEXTERNAL BROADCASTING BROADCASTING THROUGH THROUGH Naci Naci KORU KORU voicevoice and and words words to theto the whole whole world world through through radio radio broadcasts broadcasts in in A FOREIGNA FOREIGN POLICY POLICY PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE 37 37languages languages and and web web broadcasts broadcasts in 41in 41languages.” languages.” INTERVIEWINTERVIEW WITH WITH EBU EBU DIRECTOR DIRECTOR GENERAL GENERAL Ingrid Ingrid DELTENRE DELTENRE THE THE FUTURE FUTURE OF OFINTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING Steve Steve Ahern Ahern ŞenolŞenol GÖKA GÖKA DIGITALDIGITAL RADIO WAVE CROSSES CROSSES EUROPE David David Fernández Fernández QUIJADA QUIJADA TRTTRT Director Director General General 6 6 AN ANEVALUATION EVALUATION OF OFEXTERNAL EXTERNAL BRODCASTING BRODCASTING WITHIN WITHIN Assoc. Assoc. Prof. Prof. Enderhan Enderhan KARAKOÇ KARAKOÇ THETHE CONTEXT CONTEXT OF OFPUBLIC PUBLIC DIPLOMACY DIPLOMACY BROADCASTING BROADCASTING WITHOUT WITHOUT BORDERS BORDERS IN THE IN THE 21st 21 CENTURYst CENTURY Dr. Dr.Mike Mike McCLUSKEY McCLUSKEY TO THETO THE WHOLE WHOLE WORLD WORLD FROM FROM A TINY A TINY MICROPHONE MICROPHONE Serkan Serkan ERSÖZ ERSÖZ | Tayfun | Tayfun YÖNLÜ YÖNLÜ Turkish Folk Music repared in collaboration of TRT and Kalan Music, the Aşık VEYSEL Project was created Pwith the recordings from TRT archives and a selection of pieces from Aşık Veysel gramophone records. Voice restoration was handled by Kalan Music. You can purchase the album through www.trtmarket.net and TRT Market stores.

In the first one of the albums prepared in two discs Aşık Veysel performs his own works. In the second album, Aşık Veysel performs the pieces of masters that lived before him. TRT is a force, whose weight is felt ever more in the global scene.

Şenol GÖKA TRT Director General

e make words out of sounds. When sounds turn into words a We Have Some song, a strongly effective piece of news or a comment comes out. WFor instance, certain geographies are a touching song for us. Our Words to Tell hearts hear certain parts of the world like a song, that’s how our tongues voice them... Certain geographies are ancient lands that we the World embrace and protect with our words. Yet, some parts are wounds in our hearts; tongues are tied and voice just turns into a scream buried in our hearts. And there are things that need to be said to the word as a responsible global actor. Like the words of Turkey –such an actor and regional leader... We have some words to tell the world. This country has a lot to say, and people of this country have a lot to say. TRT is a powerful tool to make this voice and these words heard all around the world. TRT External Services Department is bringing Turkey’s voice and words to the whole world through radio broadcasts in 37 languages and web broadcasts in 41 languages. TRT is a force, whose weight is felt ever more in the global scene. On top of radio and web broadcasts delivered to parts of the world in their own languages, we have added our TV channel in English. TRT World news channel has already become a standout global brand. Our magazine Radyovizyon contributes to our efforts in this field and current affairs from an academic perspective. First part of our file on external broadcasting met with positive interest from broadcasting networks, radio stations and radio broadcasters. I believe the edition in your hand will also receive the same attention. We will continue to meet in a song, a news item or in a magazine, but always in words.

In our day, communication is quite a powerful force in propagating from local to global or in establishing perception management. Dr. Süleyman ERDAL Head of TRT External Services Department Future of External Broadcasting II

ear readers, certain thoughts or used merely as a propaganda asset have presently changed their forms and Radyovizyon is investigating the future of external D nd expressed themselves as “soft power” to back up broadcasting in its 22 edition as well and bringing classic diplomacy. In other words, they introduce us you the views of experts in the field. In the previous to the concept called “public diplomacy.” edition, we tried to portray the historical background and present picture of external broadcasting. In this In fact, public diplomacy is not a new term but in edition, you will find future-bound perspectives. recent times it has become extraordinarily popular. If we take public diplomacy as a process of persuasion World famous self-improvement expert and or perception management, communication tools strategy developer Anthony Robbins’ findings on are irreplaceable tools for the purpose. Whatever communication are extremely precious: “Efficient is “good, beautiful and right” for you in culture, communication is a two-way process; it is an economy, society, technology and traditions and exchange of ideas between a giver and a taker. what have you; when you express it to target minds Participation of each part in this process is based or cultures in the right way, there cannot be a single upon past experiences, values, needs and personal winning side. There will not be active or passive. perceptions earned through feelings. In order to have efficient interaction, we should realize that Evolution of these processes into public diplomacy we all perceive the world in a different way and -in the context of external broadcasting- makes that we use these perceptions as a guide in our our broadcasting mediums even more precious. communication with others.” Now, the next step is reforming the dimensions of the influence of these mediums considering In our day, communication is quite a powerful the prosperity level of nations and rates of force in propagating from local to global or in technology usage. It must be understood that establishing perception management. Those, who external broadcasting will continue to exist ever use this force properly, can promote and infuse more strongly. Maybe its present form will evolve their values, thoughts and cultures to different into an even more complex nature in the future. parts of the world through communication tools What matters is the “correct” use of technology and they can “create awareness.” They can change and terminology of the time without making any others’ opinions and assessments of themselves. concessions on “ethics, aesthetics and dialectic” in In this regard, the field of external services holds a communication between the giver and recipient of distinguished place for it picks people in different the message. parts of the world as “target audience and basic work field.” Media elements that assume mediation From now on, external services will become the of such intense and varied “exchange of values” and multi-verses of broadcasting, which is evolving from their use of ways and purpose bring them closer biased news outlets into instruments of “building a to spotlight. Communication tools that enforced social future.” Quarterly RadIo MagazIne

Publisher on Behalf of Turkish Radio and Corporation Dr. Süleyman Erdal, Head of TRT External Services Department

Editor-in-Chief

R A N D Dr. Süleyman Erdal Y O V Rİ AZ DY OY ON QUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE / APRIL 2016 / 6 V HAVE YOU EVER READ RADIO? İ Z Editorial Coordinator YE ON E NG L I FILE: THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING - II Şirin Sümer S W H N Editor in Charge Eda Kotanoğlu Cardona S W E

S From the Editor “We have some words to tell the world. This country has a lot to Editors say, and people of this country have a lot to say. TRT is a powerful tool to make this voice and these words heard all around the world. TRT External Services Department is bringing Turkey’s EXTERNAL BROADCASTING THROUGH Naci KORU Olgu Tokdemir voice and words to the whole world through radio broadcasts in A FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVE 37 languages and web broadcasts in 41 languages.” INTERVIEW WITH EBU DIRECTOR GENERAL Ingrid DELTENRE External Broadcasting on Radio THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING Steve Ahern Şenol GÖKA WAVE CROSSES EUROPE David Fernández QUIJADA TRT Director General Sultan Yanmaz 6 AN EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL BRODCASTING WITHIN Assoc. Prof. Enderhan KARAKOÇ THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY BROADCASTING WITHOUT BORDERS IN THE 21st CENTURY Dr. Mike McCLUSKEY In this issue we continue to take up the future of external broadcasting in terms Aksel Koçak TO THE WHOLE WORLD FROM A TINY MICROPHONE Serkan ERSÖZ | Tayfun YÖNLÜ of radio. We have laid the past, present and future of external broadcasting on Didem Güneri Öztaşbaşı Nurettin Turan the table with international radio broadcasters, academicians and high level media Özlem Yalçın managers. Abdul Hamid Chohan Radio is emotional. External broadcasting on radio is a smile on expats and Advisory Committee cognates’ faces and longing in their hearts. It is so good for home sickness that Prof. Dr. Edibe Sözen Doç. Dr. Enderhan Karakoç it shortens distances and eliminates borders. It builds a solid bridge between Prof. Dr. Ertan Özensel expats, cognates and their homeland. We see the most concrete examples of these Doç. Dr. Halûk Bengü communication activities in external broadcasting in two programs broadcast Regional Representatives on TRT Memleketim FM and the Radio: we introduce these two • Filiz Özdemir Arıcıoğlu • [email protected] programs in Merhaba Dünya (Hello World) and Dünya Dönerken (As The World • Mustafa Cansız • [email protected] Rotates) that meet listeners on the morning slot. Çukurova • Lütfi Kılınç • [email protected] Diyarbakır • Fatih Yılmaz • [email protected] Radio is knowledge. External broadcasting on radio is countries transferring first Erzurum • İsmail Bingöl • [email protected] hand and accurate information about themselves. External broadcasting that • Osman Nuri Boyacı • [email protected] İzmir • Hakan Özalpuk • [email protected] enables correct messages to be given in the international public opinion is in fact Trabzon • Yiğit Yavuz • [email protected] an active tool in foreign policy. We have taken up in detail the effective role of the concepts of “public diplomacy” and “soft power” that come to light within this Translated by Web Design Özden Demiray Hilal Baysal scope in our File. Ömer Ayvaz İbrahim Çam Radio is harmony. External broadcasting on radio consists of communication Seher Cemre Aytekin activities such as news items and programs that conform to the language and culture Legal Advisor Administrative Affairs of international public opinion targeted. The understanding of enlightenment Recep Durgun Murat Baran in communication with listeners has turned into interaction. Radio started these Advertisement activities with shortwave broadcasts and its harmony with technology, Petek Ulusoy Arıca digital technology and newly rising media platforms are areas that international T: 0 312. 463 4264/65 [email protected] radio broadcasters have embraced and harmonized with. We have also shared with you views expressed by international radio broadcasters in different geographical areas on new strategies to compete with these constantly evolving and popular Esra Özbek social media products and harmony of new media platforms with radio. Thanks Radio is an art. Radio is the art of words, stories and narratives in external Zekeriya Aydın Cenk Ünal broadcasting being presented with correct information. Radio text writing that we İlker Çaltık have taken up in “Radio Academy” tells you about this art... Headquarters Location Radio is confidence. Radio is offering accurate and dependable information TRT Genel Müdürlüğü Dış Yayınlar Dairesi Başkanlığı in external broadcasting. The most important value of international radio OR-AN / ANKARA • T: 0 312. 463 2377 broadcasting is to instill confidence in listeners who need dependable and correct www.trtradyovizyondergisi.com [email protected] information and always know their destination. Confidence is the most important virtue in the present and future of radio broadcasting. ISSN 2148-9718 • PUBLISHING TYPE General/ Periodical

Radio is our future. The future of external broadcasting in radio is directly Date of Publishing 15 April 2016 proportional to correct determination and implementation of job definitions of international radio broadcasters. We express our gratitude to esteemed Publishing Preparation and Design Son1Saat Tanıtım Ajansı academicians and high level media managers who have contributed with their Hüseyin Rahmi Sokağı 4/1 06680 Çankaya / ANKARA articles to our magazine on the future of external broadcasting. Opinions that you T: 0 312. 439 3075 • F: 0 312. 439 3076 have shared with us are an extremely valuable roadmap that will serve the future www.son1saat.com of external broadcasting on radio. Printing House Fersa Ofset Baskı Tesisleri Radio is personal and absolutely gives a message. Radyovizyon is the magazine Ostim 36. Sokak No. 5/C-D Yenimahalle / ANKARA of radio lovers and,in this issue, gives a special message to every individual on earth: T: 0 312. 386 1700 (pbx) • F: 0 312. 386 1704 The most important tools in terms of frequency are Peace and Love ! We hope that www.fersaofset.com every time you turn on the radio you will remember this frequency. Stay with love! The views expressed in letters and articles published in the magazine are the responsibility of the author and have no binding on the magazine. Eda Kotanoğlu Cardona [email protected] All TRT Radio staff members are natural editors of the magazine. Contents... 10 Interview/ EBU President Ingrid Deltenre: “We are effective, because we create together” 6 In the Aftermath of February 13, World Radio Day 10

File: 12 12 The Future of External Broadcasting II 38 FILE TRT Antalya Radio/ To the Whole World from THE FUTURE OF a Tiny Microphone from the Mediterranean 38 EXTERNAL BROADCASTING - II Radio Academy/ Radio Text Writer or 40 the Wizard of Words

Her Çarşamba Library: Republication of a Dictionary TSİ 21.00-23.00 arasında canlı yayındayız. 41 Reşad Ekrem Koçu - A Dictionary of Turkish Garment and Adornment

Hidden Folk Songs are 44 42 No Longer in the Closet

TRT GAP-Diyarbakır Radio/ Lower 44 Right Artery of Our Heart: Radio Spreading Turkey’s Scent 47 TRT Documentary Days to Meet Viewers for the 8th Time 48 50 From the Studio/ "Hello World" and "As the World Rotates" 50 52 52 Spanish on the Radio

That was my Last Look at the Toklumen Village 54

Through the Producer’s Eyes/ The Trail of Life 56 58 Radio Films of the Silver Screen / 58 60 60 From the News 62 Tunes and Melodies 64 RADYOvizyon

EBU Director General Ingrid Deltenre: We are effective because

Interview we create together Interview

European Broadcasting Union (EBU) of which Turkey is also a partner, has been working for broadcasting since it was launched in 1950. In order to learn about EBU in detail for it has been offering broadcasting solutions to members and partners for 66 years, Hilal Şen from TRT Foreign Relations Department made an interview with EBU Director General Ingrid Deltenre. The interview offers everything about the history, services, and its current position...

Interview | Hilal Şen

ould you please briefly tell us about the history and the raison d’être of the EBU as C well as its membership profile? In 1950, public service media from 23 countries, including Turkey, joined forces to create the European Broadcasting Union. Its first meeting was held 13 February 1950 at the Imperial Hotel in Torquay, England. Since then we have grown to be the most influential broadcasting union in the world with 73 Active Members in 56 countries across Europe and beyond. We are happy to say, that beyond our active Members all relevant broadcasters on all other continents are linked to the EBU as highly appreciated Associate Partners. The EBU was founded on the principle that we share what we own, we share what we

6 RADYOvizyon know and we work together to create something that we could not acquire the better than we could do on our own. Based on rights for the Olympic Games this philosophy all our current services have been 2018/2020 we still manage established and evolved over time. contracts with 28 federations, in 19 disciplines, for 120 The news, sports and music exchanges are events per year with more than indispensable today not only because of the 500 days. contribution of our Active Members but also because of our cooperation with Associate Our Technology and Innovation Members and partners including CBS, CNN, ABC as team is working hard to well as NHK, KBS and CCTV to name just a few. Co- support our Members with productions such as the Song Contest, regard to the transition from initiated 60 years ago, are still popular. Our large analog broadcast to digital satellite and fibre network transmits over 100’000 terrestrial broadcasting. EBU Director General hours of live transmissions per year which makes us In this context we Ingrid Deltenre the world leader in this business. And by negotiating successfully lobbied sports and music rights on behalf of our Members to secure sufficient spectrum for an attractive we establish the necessary economy of scale. terrestrial broadcasting platform until at least 2023 during the World Radio Conference of the ITU in The purpose of our Technology and Innovation which just concluded. With a view on the department is to ensure that members learn long term we work on 4K and respective standards, the latest developments fast and their needs are on the use of IP technology for studios and on data coordinated with equipment manufacturers. analytics for recommendation systems and other On top of this the scarce resource of frequencies purposes. (eg. Radio spectrum) need to be coordinated but also secured against other emerging demands With regard to commercial activities we are very from telecom operators. Our Legal and Public proud that we could prolong all our transmission Affairs departments make sure that evolving contracts, especially the transmission services for media regulation ensures the best possible legal all UEFA football games. Other highlights in 2015 framework for public broadcasters at a national have been providing host broadcasting services level and more and more at an EU level. for the FIS World Alpine Skiing Championships in Vail and the FINA World Aquatics Championships What are the activities and projects you in Kazan. recently carry out? Would you please give us detailed information The EBU today provides services in two distinct about the activities of the EBU specifically on areas: Services for Members and services for radio? customers. Let us start with the services for Members. We have modernized our news Last year we saw the 20th anniversary of the exchange to make it internet first, HD ready and much more flexible. We are now exchanging more than 150 news items a day. With a view on the long We are very proud of this year’s in where we oversaw the term we work on 4K production of the 60th event, which was seen and respective standards, by nearly 200 million viewers in 45 countries. The biennial Eurovision Young Dancers competition on the use of IP technology was also staged in Pilsen in the in for studios and on data June. And the Junior Eurovision Song Contest was successfully staged in Bulgaria for the first time on analytics for recommendation November 21. systems and other purposes. Securing sports rights for our Members is of course still an essential service. Despite the fact

7 RADYOvizyon

(phones and tablets) to include in their products a which would transform the device TRT has always been a into a normal radio as well and allow people to listen to the radio without using an intermediary generous Member, hosting the telecom operator. Eurovision Song Contest, two What are the challenges and opportunities general assemblies, as well as that PSM could face in the future? What actions does EBU take in that respect on behalf of its many sectoral assemblies and members? conferences. We are grateful for We see two sometimes interlinked topics: its contributions. Political independence and sustainable funding. Most of the public broadcasters today have less money than they had 5 years ago to invest in programmes. Their drive to develop and adapt their services based on technical developments is Euroradio Summer festivals and offered 375 slowed down by additional procedures at national programmes to our members over summer alone. and at EU level. New global players compete for Every year we exchange 4000 concerts ranging rights, content and talent with us. This is why our from classical, jazz, pop, rock, folk and world music. Members are increasingly willing to cooperate, use Our music library is impressive and is probably one shared services and to exchange best practice and of the largest in the world. Last year more than 80 expertise. But we also see that public broadcasters participating radio stations picked up concerts for need to invest more to demonstrate the positive a total of more than 25,000 broadcasts. impact of their programmes on society, democracy, One of our biggest annual radio events – the economy and culture. Eurosonic Festival held in the every Being one of its founding and active members, January involves around 24 Member stations all what does TRT mean to the EBU? giving exposure the best new artists. The EBU is a Member-driven organisation. It is Radio Members have now also have access to shaped by its Members and its services depend the TV-news exchange, and we coordinate and on the contribution of its Members. We live the negotiate sports rights for radio Members only. spirit of solidarity. We have influence, because we Various co-productions also take place and we co-operate, we co-ordinate and we co-create. The share expertise and knowledge with regard to more Members are involved, the richer and better radio specific strategic topics at various assemblies, our services are and the more our Members can conferences and in expert groups. get from the EBU. Many TRT representatives have The EUROVISION Academy provides training served in the Executive Board, in the Operations opportunities which have been widely used by Council and in the various committees of the EBU our Members. It’s worth mentioning the executive and have contributed to what the EBU represents leadership training provided together with IESE and does today. TRT has always been a generous and UCLA, the hostile environment training for Member, hosting the Eurovision Song Contest, journalists as well as many masterclasses relating two general assemblies, as well as many sectoral to social media. assemblies and conferences. We are grateful for its And last but not least we work hard to promote contributions. digital terrestrial networks for radio. FM is of radio channel : 1. A radio organization course popular and reliable. But we believe that offering broadcasting services in line with a terrestrial networks make more efficient use of the broadcast stream chart through an assigned scarce spectrum, are cheaper to operate, use less frequency or other medium on terrestrial, energy, offer better quality of reception and allow satellite or cable –encrypted or free-to- additional very attractive features for radio. air. 2. The frequency band allocated to the We also lobby the mobile device manufacturers transmission of radio signals.

8

RADYOvizyon In The ath Afterm of

13 FEBRUARY World Radio Day

Panelists: (left to right) Amber Türkmen, Head of TRT Radio Department; Yusuf Gürsoy, Chairman of the Executive Board of RATEM; Prof. Sezer Akarcalı, AU Faculty of Communication; Dr. Hilmi Bengi, Advisor to the Rector of TOBB University of Economics and Technology

At the 36th General Congress of UNESCO in in 2011, launch day of UN Radio –February 13 (1946) was proclaimed as “World Olgu Tokdemir Radio Day.” Every year radio is taken up in with a different umanitarian emergencies and disasters are theme, and this year’s theme was increasing worldwide with terrible consequences “Radio in Extraordinary Situations "H for human lives, sometimes reducing years of development to dust. Amidst the ruins and in and Disasters.” AU Faculty of the face of an emergency, radio is often the Communication hosted the panel first medium for survival. Its durability is an organized with the cooperation incomparable advantage, often enabling it to resist shocks and retransmit messages of protection and of UNESCO Turkey National prevention to as many people as possible, better Committee and Professional Union and faster than other media, saving lives.”* of Radio Television Broadcasters. We If we are to ask what separates radio from other covered for Radyovizyon readers , we would say without hesitation, that “Radio is imagination, sound; it can accompany the panel that brought together you wherever you are and under all circumstances; communication professionals. it is affordable, sincere and intimate. What other medium, apart from radio, would we own so

10 RADYOvizyon

The panel took up problems, in the context of social crises and disasters, caused by war and conflict, especially migration in the Middle East with regard to refugees and refugee children. Amber Türkmen: “If information is power, the fastest mass communication tool providing this power is still radio.”

deeply, that we call “my own...”? Either it denotes crises and disasters, caused by war and conflict, the radio station or the receiver, it belongs to me. especially migration in the Middle East with regard It is special to me. The fact that radio is one of the to refugees and refugee children. best companions of our daily life gains deeper Addressing the first session of the panel, where meaning in times of emergencies or disasters. In academics, experts and radio professionals these moments, which we hope never happen, exchanged information, TRT Radio Department radio becomes a vital medium. Head Amber Türkmen touched upon the influence UNESCO set this year’s theme for World Radio Day on masses and functions of radio, which offers as “Radio in Times of Emergency and Disaster”. The different options to listeners on a range from local theme aims to underline the role of radio, the world’s stations to world services; made mention of main most common mass medium, with an ability to principles of radio broadcasting during times reach 95 percent of global population, especially of crises. Assessing radio broadcasting process in times of natural disasters. With its technological in three stages during times of emergencies superiority, radio is almost like a bridge of life for and disasters, Türkmen told about strategies rural communities. According to the International implemented in pre-event planning, the moment Union data, 75 percent of of crisis and post-crisis, by giving examples. households around the world have a radio. Since “Radio is power... 1999 earthquake in Turkey it is relatively simple and inexpensive compared demonstrated to us all that radio is indispensable. to present-day communication technologies, We received the initial news from radio. We dashed radio serves as a vital medium for communication off our houses towards morning and listened during disasters, when all communication and to latest developments from in our cars. If transportation infrastructure are damaged. It is the information is power, radio is still the quickest mass most effective means to coordinate basic needs medium that enables this; and at a speed that goes of survivors and provide secure information flow. beyond the limits...”** Internet and mobile applications enhance sphere of influence and potential of radio. “Radio in Times of Emergencies and Disasters” Photograph | Hüseyin Öğretmen panel of the Turkish National Commission for UNESCO, which was organized by Professional Union of Broadcasting Organisations (RATEM) * Message from Ms. Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, and Anadolu Agency, was hosted by the Faculty on the occasion of World Radio Day. Source: Turkish National Commission for UNESCO official website. of Communication of Ankara University. The **TRT Radio Department Head Amber Türkmen panel took up problems, in the context of social

11 FILEDOSYA THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING - II

EXTERNAL BROADCASTING THROUGH A FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVE

DIGITAL RADIO WAVE CROSSES EUROPE

THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING

AN EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING AND NECESSARY MEASURES

BROADCASTING WITHOUT BORDERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

SBS RADIO: 40 YEARS OF HELPING YOU FEEL AT HOME IN

RE-STRATEGIZING THE ABU FOR BETTER SPORTS COVERAGE

THE FUTURE OF RADIO AS A MEANS OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING

THE FUTURE OF RADIO AS A TOOL OF INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING

THE EFFECTS OF WEB DIPLOMACY, SOCIAL MEDIA AND NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING – FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE

INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING - CHANGES IN TARGET AUDIENCE

VOICE OF TURKEY RADIO WHEN RADIO WAS LISTENED ONLY THROUGH A RECEIVER

12 N

W E

S

Naci Koru David Fernández Steve Ahern Assoc. Prof. Wang Gengnian Quijada Enderhan Karakoç Ambassador, Deputy AHERN China Foreign Minister European Broadcasting Media and Training Faculty Member at the Radio International Union (EBU) Senior Director General Department of Radio- Director General Media Analyst Television-Film Faculty of Communication Selçuk University

Dr. Mike McCluskey Mandi Wicks Jiang Heping Assoc. Prof. Paul FIRTH Metin Kasım International Media and SBS Director of Audio & Chairperson of the ABU International Group Broadcast Consultant, Language Content Sports, and the Controller of Faculty Member at the Radio Director Australia (SBS Radio) Sports at CCTV-China Department of Radio-TV and Cinema, the Faculty of Communication Selçuk University

Assist. Prof. Miroslawa Wielopolska Eugene Cojocariu Turgay Pasinligil Ali Murat Kırık Szymura, PhD Head of Radio TRT İzmir Radio Marmara University University of Silesia in Romania International Producer Faculty of Communication , Radio, TV and Cinema Department

13 RADYOvizyon

EXTERNAL BROADCASTING THROUGH A FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVE

Naci Koru

n our day, concepts like “soft power” and “public ambassador who promotes our country. It is of I diplomacy” fall short of explaining the connection great importance that our civilian ambassadors between external broadcasting and foreign keep their connections with their homeland policy. I think there is a relation between external strong, keep a close eye on developments and broadcasting and our foreign policy that goes know the country’s theses on various matters. beyond these concepts. Therefore, radio broadcasting is crucially The era in which relations between states of important for it can help our youth and people of the essence in terms of international relations, is Turkish origin born and raised abroad to improve rapidly nearing its end while perception of publics their knowledge on , to continue is gaining importance. In a world, where public their interest in Turkish music and to bring them opinion is so powerful, if a country is unable to current news about Turkey. manage its own perception and reputation, the Regular radio broadcasting which started in reputation loses its own natural rhythm and is Turkey in 1927 had a direct relation with our manipulated by others. This is not an acceptable foreign policy and since then it has constantly risk for a country that wants to rule its own destiny. evolved and got stronger. Gazi (Veteran) Mustafa Traditional diplomacy is defined as an instrument Kemal Atatürk delivered a keynote speech at the in handling relations between states, while public opening of Turkish Grand National Assembly in diplomacy refers to a concept on the management 1935 and said that the radio was highly important of relations between states and domestic/foreign for international relations as much as it was for public opinions. The vital importance of public national culture. This proves that radio has always diplomacy is that it can reach far beyond the had a place in our foreign policy since the early scope of traditional diplomacy. days of our Republic.

Prof. Joseph Nye, who introduced us with these Explaining our theses to the nation during concepts says in our time ‘access to information’ Hatay province’s joining Turkey, providing moral is no longer a limited resource but ‘grabbing the support for our troops that fought in the Korean attention of the public’ has become a limited resource. Meanwhile, the trend of “informing the public” has been replaced by “mutual interaction” Gazi (Veteran) Mustafa Kemal in relations of the state with the people. Atatürk delivered a keynote From this angle, external broadcasting must be seen as an effective foreign policy tool speech at the opening of because it offers us invaluable possibilities like Turkish Grand National strengthening mutual interaction through direct communication with citizens and people of Assembly in 1935 and said that Turkish origin; because it easily reaches crowds the radio was highly important that traditional diplomacy cannot; and because for international relations as it delivers the right messages to the international community. In this way countries want to deliver much as it was for national first-hand, correct information and positively culture. This proves that radio shape their image in the eyes of other nations. has always had a place in our More than 5 million Turkish people living abroad are one of the most important elements of our foreign policy since the early soft power arsenal. Each of our citizens is an days of our Republic.

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War, disseminating our point of view on Cyprus , and mobile applications in a bid to issue since the late 1950s to domestic and bring the homeland to those who long for it. foreign audiences and many more examples are I spared the final part of my article specifically historically important headlines proving the direct for TRT Memleketim FM. I personally attach great connection between radio and our foreign policy. importance to the development of Memleketim The milestone marking radio’s becoming an FM, which we have launched with a protocol inseparable part of our daily lives is broadcasts signed between our Ministry and TRT, and that it that targeted our fellow workers who went becomes the meeting place of our citizens and abroad in the early 1960s. The first program people of Turkish origin living abroad. specifically produced for our citizens that went to It has always been our greatest desire to help Germany as foreign workers was broadcast on the our citizens preserve their ties with homeland Voice of Turkey Radio in 1963. I always remember and to adapt to life abroad without forgetting with a warm smile the happiness I felt in my 35 their mother tongue and traditions. Our efforts year-long career and in every country I have in realizing this desire were solidified with the served, where the Voice of Turkey brought an air “Communication Portal for Turks Abroad” that was from my homeland. Prior to tools like the internet launched on www.memleketim.gov.tr on May 7, and satellite channels that brought news easily 2015. In order to bring followers on a common at massive speed, for us communication from ground, the portal offers content on a variety of homeland meant the voices we heard through topics like education, youth, sport, art, culture, the Voice of Turkey. science, economy, trade and family.

As time went by, Voice of Turkey grew larger to One of the crucial pillars of this portal is offer broadcasts in 36 foreign languages and web Memleketim FM. Memleketim FM is available journalism in 41 languages, which is a source of online and we gladly observe that broadcasts with pride for all of us. Making use of all the possibilities a wider perspective ranging from art to consular offered by modern technology, our radio is set to affairs and from news to music are reaching out reach all our citizens through internet broadcasts, to larger crowds. As the Foreign Ministry, we do our best to support this extremely important initiative of TRT. To this end, Ministry staff from different levels take part in I always remember with a live broadcasts every week to share our views on current affairs and they respond to questions of warm smile the happiness I our citizens. Also our heads of missions in foreign felt in my 35 year-long career countries join the broadcasts via phone calls to and in every country I have share useful information related to regions they serve. This way we intend to strengthen direct served, where the Voice of contacts between our citizens and officials who Turkey brought an air from represent them. my homeland. Prior to tools Voice of Turkey Radio’s decades-old successfully accomplished tasks of bringing the voice of like the internet and satellite the homeland and appeasing the longing channels that brought news for motherland are now being carried out easily at massive speed, for by Memleketim FM. Supporting this new field, which uses all technological means and us communication from modern communication tools, is an honorable homeland meant the voices responsibility for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and I am extremely happy to be a part of this we heard through the endeavor. Voice of Turkey.

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DIGITAL RADIO WAVE CROSSES EUROPE

David Fernández Quijada

n late 2015, TRT started testing new digital radio euros in the Czech Republic, car manufacturers I services in Ankara and İstanbul. As a result, Turkey are gradually including it in their vehicles and the is now one of the 22 European countries that business model is starting to work. Markets using broadcast digital radio in its national market. DAB, an older standard, are migrating to DAB+, as it is much more efficient and cheaper. Some highlights of the past year show that digital radio is gaining traction across Europe: in Norway, not an alternative Switzerland and the , more than Despite the fact that digitization has brought 60% of the new cars sold are now fitted with many new opportunities for distributing radio digital radio as standard; two commercial radios in services, terrestrial radio is still the backbone of its Germany and Norway have switched off their FM consumption. In countries with high penetration of transmitters voluntarily to concentrate on digital DAB or DAB+, the consumption of broadcast radio radio; and Germany, the largest European market, is much higher than internet radio: the proportion is accelerating its adoption of DAB+, with more is 4:1 in the United Kingdom and 2:1 in Denmark than 4 million households owning at least one and Norway, with Switzerland the only leading DAB+ receiver. On top of that, Norway has taken country in digital radio where the audience listens a historical decision: to become entirely digital by to both of them in similar proportions. switching off nationwide FM radio in 2017. Obviously, there are differences between markets Digital is necessary and many factors have an influence, such as internet penetration or the offer available in In most European countries, including Turkey, online, digital terrestrial and analogue. But in most the FM dial is crowded and there are almost cases, internet radio is not significant in terms of no technical solutions to meet the demands of audience figures, even if DAB or DAB+ are not broadcasters that want to expand their offer or join massively developed. In Germany, the offer of the radio market. At the same time, more than 2,500 German internet radio stations radio is fading out: Germany switched off medium had only a 6.2% daily reach in 2014. In Spain, the wave in 2015 and only one station remains in that same figure for 2015 was 3.7%. band in France. Not only digital, but also hybrid In this context, digital radio provides a solution for With or without DAB or DAB+, there is a clear trend those broadcasters while at the same time adding on the radio market in the expansion of hybrid value to the offer received by the audience. For radio devices, capable of receiving both broadcast example, seven public and one commercial digital – analogue or digital – and internet content. In radio station in Europe target children, which Europe, there are an estimated 21 million Samsung have no specific offer for them in analogue. Senior devices that can already receive the FM signal and people also have the opportunity to listen to combine it with metadata from the internet, and digital stations talking about their specific topics therefore enriching the user experience. In 2016 in their language and with their music while hybrid radio is also possible in the first themed digital stations for news and sport, not fitted with a DAB+ tuner, developed by LG. And so widespread in FM, have popped up in several thanks to the internet connectivity of many new European countries, not to mention minority vehicles, the car has become the new domain music genres underserved in analogue. where hybrid radio services can be received. While services using the DRM standard may have a That’s why RadioDNS, the industry body fostering market opportunity in other areas of the world such hybrid radio, allows broadcasters to push their as India, DAB+ is the only standard likely to become own metadata, visuals and interactive features, firmly established on the European market: devices thus adding a sophistication layer to the much are widely available from entry prices as low as 12 appreciated simplicity of radio.

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Future steps Similarly, regional and local services are expanding dramatically, including cheap transmission Digital radio is moving forward in some key areas. solutions that make DAB+ affordable for smaller For example, the penetration of cars equipped broadcasters. with digital radio is rapidly increasing in the leading markets, including easier and cheaper aftermarket All these developments mean that we will be solutions. This trend is likely to accelerate as listening to and talking more about digital radio in major car markets, such as Germany and Italy, are the next few years. We expect a future that is more growing fast, making digital radio more attractive complex, richer and, hopefully, more attractive for for car manufacturers as a sales argument. listeners.

THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING

Steve Ahern

y the end of this decade nearly all of the world’s stage now needs to combine web diplomacy B population will have access to a smart phone. with its other traditional international broadcast Developments in technology and content strategies. Reports, opinions and discussions must delivery are fundamentally changing the way be packaged in bite-sized chunks and needs to be international radio broadcasting is delivered and searchable, sortable and accessible in a range of consumed. Connected are putting formats so people can consume them wherever communication and knowledge into our pockets. and whenever they want. But let’s call them what they really are, they are Traditional radio or television program formats, not phones, they are the world’s most powerful, delivered in a one-way linear broadcast stream, portable, personal media and information creation are no longer the only way to reach your audience. and consumption devices. They put the world’s Consumers now expect to find content easily, knowledge into your pocket. With them you can cross-check it and interact with it through multiple access the world’s media, from your earbuds and the media strategies. At times they also want to create palm of your hand. Everything has changed... again. their own content. We have evolved from a time Transformation of international broadcasting when broadcasters created content for their Media have been adapting to changing audiences, to a time when they create content technologies and consumption patterns for with their audiences. decades, but this current consumer revolution Changes in target audience is one of the most significant that we have seen. International broadcasters who want to stay The power balance has changed. International relevant into the future must embrace the change broadcasters can now expect to have their content and adapt to a world where our audience now dissected, analysed, challenged and mashed-up by have more control than they did in the past. anyone who has a different viewpoint and access to a smartphone and the internet. To be successful International broadcasting began with short in the new era of web diplomacy, politicians, wave radio transmissions, which could transcend foreign affairs ministries and broadcasters need to national borders. Television joined radio when satellite delivery and retransmission arrangements craft more sophisticated messages that embrace made it possible to improve signals and further discussion and on multiple platforms, or risk extend international broadcasters’ reach. The being bypassed, while audiences have a discussion world’s biggest transmitter, the internet, enabled without them. Any international broadcaster in a third expansion of reach, and now mobile this modern era must be pushing out its content technology has taken that reach beyond the as metadata rich chunks of audio and video that desk top and put it in our pockets. Any country are searchable, and that engage with audiences that wants to make its views known on the world on a range of social media platforms.

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Values of international broadcasting in smart devices and are turned on. The mobile phone is the new radio receiver, and free to air Now more than ever, it is important for an digital radio transmissions must be able to be international broadcaster to be trusted. Trust heard in these devices. comes with honesty, consistency, balance and engagement. As international broadcasting uses the tools of this connected world to transcend borders, local Audiences are becoming ever more sophisticated broadcasting partnerships are evolving. At present, because they can now access the world’s local rebroadcast arrangements are still important, knowledge in their pockets. To retain trust, but over time the strategic importance of these international broadcasters must craft programs partnerships will change, and broadcast partners that both espouse their own national views, but will value strategic content sharing arrangements also acknowledge that there are other viewpoints. more than simplistic rebroadcast deals. Content Increasingly more sophisticated audiences now that is reusable for broadcast partners on their accept that there is more than one way of looking website, in their apps and on air will become more at a topic and they expect programs to present a valuable that just simply flicking the switch to an range of facts and opinions. Balanced content and international program feed. debate are more successful in convincing modern Importance of content in international audiences than myopic, repetitive propaganda broadcasting programs. Audiences can, and do, check what has There is a battle going on in cyberspace between been put to air, and if they think you have deceived clicks verses credibility. Some web content creators them you will lost their trust. want the highest number of clicks they can get. New strategies in international broadcasting That’s easy - just put the name of a pop star in your tweet, or write a headline with ‘5 weird ways to...’ in Engagement, balance and trust are the new the title and you will get clicks. But will those clicks strategies for content. Indexed content that can translate into engagement, trust and credibility? be consumed in both a linear form or in non-linear Probably not. There’s a lot of bubblegum content bite-sized chunks is the new strategy for program out there - it looks enticing, tastes sweet for a structure. Transcoded multi-platform content moment, but has no nourishment. that plays properly on any device and can also be delivered on social media is the new strategy for Credible international broadcasters should be delivery. seeking credibility first, by creating intelligent, well researched content that is honest and The future of radio as a tool of international balanced. In the short term this may not bring an broadcasting avalanche of clicks, but over time it will build an Free to air analog broadcast radio still remains an image of credibility and reliability that will serve important tool for disseminating international the broadcaster better than bubblegum clicks and broadcast content for now. It is free to the consumer ensure a long tail of credible content is there for audiences when they need reliable information. and receivers are plentiful. In the long term however, the future lies with digital transmission and mobile Starting over smart receivers. Digital radio broadcasting delivers If I were asked to build a brand new international better quality transmission and is in a format better broadcasting organisation now, I would not build suited to smartphones and other a company structured like broadcasters of the consumption devices. past. That would be too slow, too bound up by To be successful in delivering digitally, broadcasters bureaucracy and limited by old technology. need to adopt a range of strategies, which include I would build an organisation that is nimble and digital radio transmission, multiplatform delivery, not afraid of constant change. It would have a flat apps, podcasts and internet delivered chunks of organizational structure that would be team based. social media content through platforms such as There would be no big engineering departments Rewind Radio. Broadcasters also need to lobby because technologists would be integrated into governments and smartphone manufacturers to program making teams, as would social media ensure that digital radio receiving chips are put specialists. Intelligent content would be the focus,

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with delivery to many platforms at once being the standard modus operandi. Multiplatform engagement with audiences before, during

and after the programs would be mandatory. REFERENCES Monitoring incoming content through tools such 1. Ericsson Mobile Report, www.ericsson.com/ericsson- as Hootsuite and Tweetdeck would be the norm in mobility-report 2. Rewind Radio, www.rewindradio.com production offices and newsrooms. 3. Hootsuite, www.hootsuite.com There is a brave new world out their for international 4. Tweetdeck, www.tweetdeck.com broadcasters. It is frightening, exciting, but above all it is different from what we used to do. Are you ready for it?

AN EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

Assoc. Prof. Enderhan Karakoç t is historically possible to retrace the concept of diplomacy differs from traditional diplomacy, since public diplomacy. Rapid advances in technology, it interacts not only with governments but also I globalization process and the end of the Cold with individuals, institutions and organizations. For War thrust public diplomacy to the forefront, a country, public diplomacy is an effort to protect particularly in the last quarter of the 20th century. its own interests, as a means of understanding, The method for communication that arose informing, influencing and steering other countries because of developments in communication in cultural, economic, social and other issues. technology, which left their mark on the 20th Developed central countries utilize mass media and 21st centuries, exceeded geographical effectively in public diplomacy, while developing boundaries and rendered the concepts of time peripheral nations fail to use systems of informatics, and space more understandable. Mass media, economy, culture and politics in a productive way. the cornerstone of relations established with the Under these circumstances, even though relations outside world, increased in importance. These of the state on the international medium are means of communication, which we call global perceived multifaceted, they develop on the basis external broadcasting, become the key power of a of one-sided benefits. country’s public diplomacy, if technical capabilities For instance, the Information are wisely utilized. Agency carries out its operations in more than It is a necessity to take into consideration the fact 100 countries through various mass media and that we live in a world where not only states and different organizations. Particularly, the Voice of politicians, but also NGOs, economic institutions and America (VOA) Radio is estimated to reach 141 media are influential in the international arena. The million people around the world through 1500 basic factor underlying this process is undoubtedly hours of broadcasting in 43 languages every week the overwhelming advances in technology. As (voa.com). Similarly, during the war between the Canadian philosopher of communication theory, US and , CNN and broadcasting organizations Marshall McLuhan mentioned in his book “The partnering with CNN, carried transmissions that Global Village”, the spread of mass media has turned favoured US interests. In addition, BBC, founded the world into a global village. This age, which we in 1932 in the United Kingdom and carrying can also call , has affected societies international broadcasts in 32 languages, played than ever before. an active role in protecting the interests of its home country. The organization assumed an active role The question that needs to be asked here at this during the Suez Canal crisis, which broke out in 1956 point is what functions public diplomacy assumes after the World War II with Egypt against England and why it is so important. Undoubtedly, public and France and continued for a while, as people

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of Egypt followed BBC World Service broadcasts and Turkey in eight languages spoken in these during the war. Again, TV5 Monde and France countries, TRT Avaz, whose transmissions are 24 channels are known to be effective means of directed at Turkic people living in an area stretching French public diplomacy. Just like BBC broadcasts, from the Far East to the Balkans, forms a unity of TV5 Monde broadcasts were arranged according to language and opinions between Turkey and other the needs of colonies once under French rule or the Turkic Republics. needs of the African continent. Similar examples TRT Belgesel HD (TRT Documentary), promoting could be seen in international news agencies and Turkey in five different languages, namely English, their broadcast stream. AP (Associated Press/USA), German, French, Russian and Turkish, began AFP (Agence France-Presse/France) and Reuters broadcasts on October 17, 2009. The channel airs (England) exercise considerable influence in documentaries focusing on history, society, nature, countries these states colonized. environment, sports, culture-arts, science and As the abovementioned examples indicate, the technology. way a country is reflected in foreign media is Broadcasting across the world mainly in Turkish, important during public diplomacy process. For TRT Türk aims to maintain the connection of broadcasts through media affect the perception Turkish citizens and cognates living abroad with of a country in the international arena. This Turkey and Turkish culture, with news programs, perception brings about the emergence of broadcasts focusing on culture and arts and positive or negative view in the development of that particular country’s image. Therefore, mass introducing Turkey and Turkish people. media becomes a part of public diplomacy. TRT-Al Arabiya, founded to contribute positively to In his book “Images of Nations and International Turkey’s relations with regional countries, began Public Relations”, published in 1997, Michael broadcasts in April 2010. The channel offers a rich Kunczik said there is no doubt that thanks to content, aimed at bringing Turkey and the Arab the influence of mass media, a country’s people world to a common ground. TRT-Al Arabiya, whose are able to shape the image of individuals and target audience consists of 22 Arab countries and governments of another country, adding that -speaking peoples, aims at consolidating mass communication spreads the greater part bonds between Arab nations with a population of of information about foreign countries. To create 350 million and Turkey. an effective public diplomacy, it is important Finally, TRT World, a news channel broadcasting to set the media tool and form messages to be around the world in English, was launched in 2015. transmitted via this tool. The method used in (http://www.trt.net.tr/kurumsal/TelevizyonTanitim .aspx). sending messages is also another factor raising the In addition, TRT Radio broadcasts are the flagship effectiveness of public diplomacy. of external broadcasts, which positively affect Media tools such as television, newspaper, radio, Turkey’s international relations as well as its cinema, magazine, Internet and so on should be domestic relations. TRT VOT, TRT Radyo Kurdi, TRT used all at once and by a team of specialists. Radyo-3, TRT Nağme, TRT Türkü transmissions can External broadcasting in Turkey be reached via satellite and online in Turkey and around the world. Turkey has made a breakthrough in the field of external broadcasting in recent years. In this Based on the examples we have mentioned, it is context, TRT-Kurdi, TRT’s international Kurdish possible to consider public diplomacy as a part of channel, launched in 2009, contributes positively states’ “soft power”. For a state, it is only through to Turkey’s international relations and particularly external broadcasting that it is able to transport, relations with regional countries. promote its ideas on economics, politics, culture, tourism and so on to other states, share its TRT Avaz, which began broadcasting in March knowledge and integrate with the world. 2009, targets a geographical area with a population of 250 million in 27 countries and 13 In issues of international significance, external autonomous entities from the Middle East to the broadcasts assume a critical role for a country to Caucasus. Broadcasting to eight countries, namely win the support of world public opinion, render Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, other states’ propaganda activities ineffective to , Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania defend its arguments or solution proposals.

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To sum up, we can say that using media effectively is In a competitive global system, each country has to a basic factor defining the impact of messages given create strategies for competition and cooperation in public diplomacy. For, various researches have as part of its policies. In this context and in the proved that media can attain results that are more face of realities in the 21st century, Turkish external effective if employed with the aim of transmitting broadcasts should be able to compete with other accurate information and correcting wrong ones. Undoubtedly, an effective and uninterrupted countries which take into consideration new communication is the only way for the sides to strategies that assume multiple functions and use understand each other correctly and fully. technology effectively in all fields.

CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING AND NECESSARY MEASURES

Wang Gengnian ince its birth, international broadcasting has been The only national radio broadcasting to the S a multinational communication activity, carried world out by media corporations with certain purposes. Founded in 1941, China Radio International (CRI) This activity has certain qualities, such as enabling is the only national radio broadcasting to the long distance communication, coverage over a whole world. China Radio International is also wide area, effectiveness and reaching large masses. known as the radio having the most language broadcasts have long been the services in the world. Main principles of China main method used for international broadcasting. Radio International have been set as “promoting Since the 1990s, broadcasts on the FM band, new China globally, introducing the world to China, communication technologies such as satellite informing about global matters and consolidating television and Internet have been manifesting the understanding and friendship between China themselves more efficiently in the international and world peoples”. broadcasting platform. Keeping pace with rules and developments in Today, new emerging media platforms, accelerated the field of international broadcasting, China by rapid development of digital technology, Radio International has, in recent years, registered Internet technology and large data technologies, significant achievements in terms of capabilities, are constantly changing, which brings about impact and competitiveness with regard to an unprecedented impact on traditional radio communication, and closed the gap with the broadcasting. International broadcasting now world’s leading media institutions, in line with its faces an immense transformation. With the strategic targets of “integration of multimedia, globalization of economy and deepening of development of comprehensive media and political diversity, basic interests and concerns formation of a new style, international media of all countries are rearranged every day, while group with modern content.” comprehensive changes are experienced in the public opinion. In the face of these new changes, China Radio International has become a key force international radio broadcasting is up against both in China’s external communication and promotion challenges and opportunities. efforts. China Radio International is among the International radio professionals will be able to world’s leading media institutions, in terms of gain competitive superiority in the media world, the number of foreign language broadcasts, the have a say in international public opinion and duration of broadcasts and the positive reaction it upgrade their competitiveness and influence of creates among the audience. Given the factors such communication, only if they keep up with these as China Radio International’s system of operations, rapid changes, take measures accordingly and its ability to produce, broadcast and publish, the transform themselves in an active way. number of its foreign offices, human resources,

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technical equipment and communication effects, Comprehensive media development strategy China Radio International is gradually closing the China Radio International carries out various work gap with media institutions of developed states; in on comprehensive media development strategy some indexes, it has reached or is close to the most under three headings; advanced level in the world. 1. Transformation from traditional media to China Radio International broadcasts in 65 languages modern media daily, among them Turkish. The duration of audio There is a relatively huge gap in terms of programs offered daily is 4800 hours, while visual development between developing and developed programs run longer than 560 hours. In addition, countries in the field of traditional international China Radio International makes the best use of radio broadcasting. different communication devices, such as radio, television, newspaper, Internet and cell phones. This gap cannot be closed in a very short time. However, the use of several new media tools in Official website of China Radio International, international radio broadcasting, also offers a CRI Online, broadcasts in 61 languages. This decent opportunity for developing countries to website currently has the most languages for improve their related skills. web broadcasts in the world. Broadcast services in several mother tongues currently cover 98 percent Besides preserving its quality in traditional radio broadcasting, China Radio International has of the world population. China Radio International also been making efforts to improve radio and plans, in the coming days, to solidify its mobile television broadcasts via the Internet, or on mobile new media development, thereby increasing its phones as well as mobile Internet. global impact. This way, it has accelerated interaction and China Radio International intensifies its quest cohesion between traditional media and new for new measures to keep up with new trends media. Today, a new media system, consisting of in international broadcasting. China Radio PC, mobile and TV, is being operated under the International has prepared comprehensive media roof of China Radio International. development strategy in the face of changes in media, and comprehensive communication Making the best use of digital, Internet and large content strategies in the face of changes in data technologies, China Radio International has improved, to a great degree, its abilities of collecting international public opinion. and producing news, as well as production. China Radio International has expanded its coverage area, increased its productivity and competitive capacity, by using social media tools, China Radio International is such as miniblog, Webchat and APP. among the world’s leading 2. Transformation from a one-way broadcasting media institutions, in terms to comprehensive broadcasting of the number of foreign Today, there is a deep combination between various media branches. Following this trend language broadcasts, the demonstrated by global media, China Radio duration of broadcasts International has accelerated its development and the positive reaction of multimedia, consisting of visual media, print media, Internet and mobile applications. China it creates among the Radio International unveiled in 2012 a strategy audience. titled “The combination of multiple media branches and improvement of comprehensive media”. China Radio International put together a team of broadcasters to oversee radio broadcasts,

22 RADYOvizyon visual media, Internet media, print media and shooting of films and TV series, thus creating a comprehensive combination among these five media branches in terms of ideas, brand, platform, China Radio International has subscriber, structuring and capital. expanded its coverage area, China Radio International will continue its quest increased its productivity and for dynamism of combination bringing these five competitive capacity, by using media branches together, and for various methods, thus will attempt to create a multifunctional and social media tools, such as comprehensive, modern communication system. miniblog, Webchat and APP. 3. Transformation from a media concept providing only foreign language broadcasts to a concept carrying out international communication Comprehensive strategy on communication content The main difference between foreign language With regard to comprehensive strategy on radio broadcasts and international communication communication content, China Radio International is: foreign language radio broadcasts are a has focused its efforts on three main areas: communication model where the broadcaster controls the content; while international 1. Making sure the world is well-informed communication is steered by the audience. This about China: The international public opinion model, which is also in accord with international already acknowledges that developments in China communication rules, is processed in accordance have contributed to the improvement of the world. with current conditions and developments However, with the deepening of interaction with regard to content, method and style of between China and other states, China is frequently international communication, cares for artistic misunderstood by the international public, and is quality and gives particular importance to quality even faced with prejudiced behaviour. Thus, an and productivity in communication. important mission for China Radio International China Radio International stays committed to the becomes, the promotion of real China in the world “Chinese perspective, global vision and people- and provides detailed information to peoples of oriented understanding”, thereby creating a style other countries. of statement in the international public opinion China Radio International expresses to the and in the meantime seeks new concepts and international community that the people of China new expressions that would be acceptable both are ready to connect with other peoples based to China and the West, thus increasing sincerity, on equality and mutual gains. As a matter of fact, innovation, productivity, effect and credibility of the values of Chinese people are the results of communication. While China Radio International continuous change throughout history and also tells stories about China, it is conveying China’s the products of years-long interaction with other voice in an effective way, thus representing various states. qualities that are trademarks of China. The choice of political regime in China is also a Significant improvements have been made in natural and historical process and is in compliance China Radio International’s strategy to develop with China’s specific conditions. China Radio media. International offers Chinese vision to the world Noteworthy achievements have been registered while carrying out international communication, in the building of a new type, modern and describes China in a vivid and tangible way that comprehensive communication group and would appeal to all audiences in the world and functioning capacity and communication conveys in an objective manner, China’s approach productivity has constantly been expanded. towards regional and global issues.

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Today, China is the champion of the concept of the society of mutual destiny. Favouring the settlement of disagreements through peaceful In the forthcoming term, methods, China wants the acceleration of China Radio International dialogue and change among different civilizations, intensification of cooperation based on mutual is ready to strengthen its gains, thus ushering in an era of prosperity and cooperation with media improvement for all humanity. institution in all countries, 3. Creating a just and rational global system of government including Turkish media International radio broadcasting also serves a institutions, and make sure that country’s development strategy and diplomacy. international radio broadcasting In the global government system, when reform significantly contributes to the movements are at a critical point, emerging markets and developing nations such as Turkey protection of national interests and China improve rapidly, increasing their of states and acceleration of influence on global matters. development of humanity. Thus, a recent change has been observed in the international power distribution. At a time when globalization trend deepens and interests become intertwined, China asserts that global matters require joint effort for coordination among world nations. Seeking solutions based on conflict and war is incompatible with the age we are living in. International relations or rules should not be 2. Conveying China’s peaceful and friendly decided upon by a few states. thoughts to other countries That is why China Radio International will lead the China is a staunch supporter of peace. During the system of global government system based on past two thousand years, Chinese philosophers consultation and coordination, as it carries out its declared their insights on the “merit of peace” and international broadcasts. “harmony but diversity”. Representation and the right to create new rules Philosophers place great importance on harmony of rising markets and developing nations in between man and nature, man and man, and man international organizations should be updated. In this way, the global government system should and his inner world; they seek peace among family reflect political will and interests of more countries. members, neighbours and different countries. In the forthcoming term, China Radio International Another key work of China Radio International is ready to strengthen its cooperation with media on the matter is to transmit such thoughts to institution in all countries, including Turkish media the world. Nevertheless, the People’s Republic of institutions, and make sure that international China led the principle of peaceful coexistence radio broadcasting significantly contributes to of international relations when it was first the protection of national interests of states and founded. acceleration of development of humanity.

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BROADCASTING WITHOUT BORDERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Dr. Mike McCluskey

he exponential growth of digital media is leading achieved by the simple offering of domestic T to astounding increases in the choices available content globally via the internet. Domestic to audiences, and national borders no longer content targets the languages and cultures of a restrict audiences to domestic content. Every country’s own population, and while some will broadcaster is now an international broadcaster be of appeal to international audiences (including via web, broadband and mobile delivery and over expat and diaspora groups), many of the domestic 40% of the world’s current population is actively issues and much of the entertainment will be using the internet and could therefore aspire neither relevant nor of interest to people from to be a content provider. The word ‘prosumer’ is other cultures, unless it is repackaged to reflect the now often used instead of consumer because a interests and aspirations of the target audiences. significant percentage of 21st century audiences From the perspective of ensuring that the “voice of both produce and consume content on a daily your country” is still being heard around the world, basis. this role of contextualising content for different Citizen broadcasters crossing over cultures is more important than ever. international borders The great challenge for international broadcasters In order to be an international broadcaster a is to package their programs and other content person only needs a computer or smart phone including news and social media, so that it is as and the capacity to publish to internet based attractive, stimulating and relevant to the diverse platforms such as YouTube, their own websites, audiences they are targeting. It needs to be as blogs or social media. The world’s largest amount attractive as other social media products that of uploads on YouTube was for the Pew Die Pie reach billions of people. channel and had accumulated over 10 billion A new model for international broadcasting uploaded video views as at September 2015 and had over 39 million regular subscribers globally. International broadcasters will need to adapt to new and emerging media platforms as the Compare these audience figures with some large digital media landscapes continue to change international Broadcasters. The BBC’s combined at an accelerated pace. Evolving rapidly by weekly global audience in May 2015 was 308 being prepared to experiment and start up new million and the Cosmos series on National enterprises quickly is essential for international Geographic Channel recorded a total global broadcasters to ensure that audiences anywhere audience of 135 million over 13 episodes. These in the world can find their content at any place and broadcasters are now competing with entertainers, any time of their choosing. celebrities, individuals, corporations, advertisers and domestic broadcasters who are all capable of In this new and changing environment reaching massive international audiences through international broadcasters will need to focus on their web based and social media content. their core business of providing culturally relevant content that reflects the broadcasters’ values and Why bother with international broadcasting? objectives and broadcasters need to have their One of the primary purposes of any country’s content in multiple versions on multiple platforms international broadcasting service, especially for so that it will be repeated, re-Tweeted, and relayed public broadcasters, is to provide domestic issues in different versions by social media users and and the perspectives of a country’s people, in a other broadcasters. contextualised form, to audiences of different Radio’s strong future cultures and different language groups in diverse nations around the world. This contextualisation Currently over 40% of the world’s population of content, for the specific interests of culturally actively uses the internet. However, there are still diverse international audiences, cannot be large numbers of people who cannot regularly

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or effectively access the web, either because of resources, literacy, interest or opportunity. For these people radio remains the cheapest and most accessible form of media. Radio is an audio medium passively received (but equally capable of interactivity) offering attributes that remain desirable to many audience members. Some links used as references for this article. Effectively you can listen while driving, studying, Netimperative http://www.digitalstrategyconsulting.com/netimperative/ working or exercising, whereas almost every other news/2015/03/top_100_youtube_channels_double_ form of media content requires active participation audience_in_a_year.php with two other senses, being vision and touch. BBC Media Centre http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/ In addition, Radio remains the most robust form of combined-global-audience communication when infrastructure is devastated Socialbakers YouTube Channels http://www.socialbakers.com/statistics/youtube/channels/ by natural or man-made disasters. When electricity Internet World Stats fails in major disasters, all TV, mobile phone http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm and internet will cease to operate. Therefore, in World Radio Days Statistics the interests of community resilience and the http://www.diamundialradio.org/en/content/celebrating- radio-statistics continuation of important communication in times of need, radio remains the most robust and reliable form of mass communication.

SBS RADIO: 40 YEARS OF HELPING YOU FEEL AT HOME IN AUSTRALIA

Mandi Wicks n Australia, a new migrant arrives every 2 minutes I and 12 seconds. 1 in 4 Australians speaks a language other than English. SBS Radio’s aim is to In 2015, the number of first generation Australians contribute to breaking down hit its highest point in 120 years – with 28 per cent cultural barriers of the Australian population born overseas. within society, to tell more It is this hugely diverse mix that makes modern stories that will contribute Australia the successful multicultural society we are today, and sets Australia apart internationally. to shaping a cohesive Supporting this melting pot of cultural diversity society and to help is Australian public broadcaster, the Special all migrants participate Broadcasting Service (SBS), a media organisation whose purpose is to inspire all Australians, via in Australian life. television, radio and digital platforms, to explore, appreciate and celebrate our diversity, and in doing so contribute to an inclusive and cohesive society.

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When Australia first established its policy of multiculturalism in the early 1970s, the Government of the time quickly realised it needed a way to communicate with the newly arrived SBS Radio’s language migrant communities, and to ensure they were offering has continued to evolve able to access key Government services and as Australia’s multicultural profile information, and settle into life in Australia. Out of this need was born SBS Radio, which started has expanded. out as a volunteer-run radio station broadcasting in eight languages, and has grown into the world’s largest multicultural media organisation with 74 languages on its radio schedule, and four music channels, producing over 265 hours of original, information, and international news through the Australian focused news and information each ‘eyes’ of the relevant community in Australia. week. SBS has a Charter to provide balanced and impartial SBS Radio’s focus is to help migrants feel at home news and increasingly audiences internationally in Australia by providing them with information, are tuning in for unbiased coverage of news and in their language of origin, about how to access current affairs. Thanks to digital technologies, services or resources which will help them settle including podcasting and streaming, people into life in Australia. It covers Australian news, gives around the world can now access our services on them a voice, shares their stories and celebrates every platform and device they are using. their culture. Into the future As Australia continues to grow in cultural SBS has long been at the forefront of technological complexity and the nation’s economic and social development and innovation in the delivery of its prosperity becomes increasingly dependent on its content devices. continued success as a diverse migrant society, the services provided by SBS are more relevant today SBS Radio is dedicated to providing its unique than at any other time in our 40-year history. content, anytime and anywhere, as it continually evolves to meet the needs of today’s Australia. SBS Radio’s aim is to contribute to breaking down In the past, if you were a Turkish speaker and you cultural barriers within society, to tell more stories missed your 14:00 o’clock , that that will contribute to shaping a cohesive society was it, you missed it. Now you can listen live or and to help all migrants participate in Australian catch up online, on mobile, and via the SBS Radio life. app. SBS Radio’s language offering has continued There has been a 77% increase in streaming to SBS to evolve as Australia’s multicultural profile has Radio programs year on year and a 61% increase expanded. When SBS Radio was first launched, in podcasting. all but one program was broadcast in a European language, which reflected Australia’s migration With so many languages, so many platforms and patterns at the time. so many issues to cover – the role for multicultural However, 40 years later, more than a third of broadcasters will continue to intensify. One thing language programs are from the Asian region. remains the same though effective storytelling These languages are driving audience growth, cuts across all cultures. along with the newest language programs on Through all the technological and demographic the radio schedule, including Swahili, Dinka and changes, storytelling will continue to be at the Tigrinya. heart of what SBS Radio does. It will continue to These new language programs are having a large focus on those things that unite us and those impact internationally, even though the content that divide us, in order to break down barriers and is primarily focused on Australian news and inspire understanding.

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RE-STRATEGIZING THE ABU FOR BETTER SPORTS COVERAGE

Jiang Heping he sports rights market is changing so fast that Cup are entitled to broadcasting on the public T the tide is not in favour of the public service service channels. broadcasters. Different players including agents As the Chairman of the ABU Sports Group, I are now playing a major role. Sky-rocketing rights proposed the following recommendations for the fees and technical costs continuously haunt ABU to promote and develop sports in the Asia- almost all of us. Pacific region— New media has created opportunities as well as 1. Re-define our agenda. The members and challenges. The broadcasters, especially the public decision makers are committed to supporting the service channels, have elevated the awareness of ABU Sports initiatives. the fact that audiences are increasingly shifting away from traditional TV channels to mobile and 2. Re-unify the members in the face of challenges in social media. right acquisitions and production. The leading and developed members are entitled to supporting These difficulties and more are sure to arise in the the initiatives towards this endeavor. years to come, but this much is certain: none of broadcasters will be confronting these challenges 3. Resume the national pool for the listed events alone. with the backing of relevant laws and policies. Confronting these complicated circumstances, 4. Reinforce communications and information there is a need for the unions to re-assess and re- sharing between the Union and its members. strategize its role. Take the ABU for an example. As Although the developments in the sports market a union reaching an audience of over 3.5 billion have brought us enormous obstacles, we should people in the Asian-Pacific region, the ABU is take them as challenges and entertain no fears stronger when all the members act together. about them. The current circumstances call for a Members must listen to one another, seek greater role for the Union. On one hand, the Union common ground, build on our mutual interests, has to adapt itself constantly and give its members and rise above our differences. It is a duty as well as the greatest degree of support and assistance. a responsibility for all the members. On the other hand, the members must stick During the 57th ABU Sports Group Conference together to form a united front to create favorable & Associated Meetings in Istanbul, I moderated circumstances and overcome the challenges. a panel discussion participated by the directors of the EBU, ASBU, AUB and ABU, who shared the trends and developments in the sports broadcast It is also heartening to industry, in their respective regions. The Sports Directors are well aware of the challenges ahead hear that the Unions are and are willing to work hand in hand to tackle exploring possibilities and them. It is also heartening to hear that the Unions are exploring possibilities and opportunities, even opportunities, even if it if it means re-assessing the role of the Union itself. means re-assessing the It is important for us to do our utmost to make the sporting events accessible to our viewers. role of the Union itself. It is In my humble opinion, the Unions should shape a important for us to do our common strategy through sharing of information utmost to make the sporting and cooperation. But it is also equally important for the national governments to look into legislating events accessible to our relevant laws and regulations so that such gala viewers. Games as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World

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THE FUTURE OF RADIO AS A MEANS OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING

Assoc. Prof. Metin Kasım

he word ‘radio’ is the short version of the term ‘radiophone’, derived from the Latin word ‘radius’ T (beam of light) and the Greek word ‘phone’ (sound), , which allows while ‘radio broadcasts’ mean, under Law No. 6112 on the Establishment of Radio and Television communication, is not Enterprises and their Media Services, currently in considered as mass medium, force in Turkey, audio and data transmission via while radio and television are terrestrial, cable, satellite and other broadcasting media, excluding individual communication categorized as mass medium services. Turkish Language Association dictionary due to their accessibility to denotes that ‘radio broadcast’ is the transmission of sounds thanks to certain properties of several people simultaneously. electromagnetic waves, while ‘radio station’ is the station conducting regular broadcasts via electromagnetic waves, and the organization responsible for regulating the content of this Radio broadcasts serve four functions; namely station. informing, educating, advertisement/propaganda, entertainment. Telephone, which allows communication, is not considered as mass medium, while radio and We can define the following purposes in the television are categorized as mass medium due to transmission of radio broadcasts to foreign their accessibility to several people simultaneously. countries: ensuring that people, living abroad, are In today’s world, advanced state and continuous informed about the news, music and other cultural improvement of mass medium brings about the events in their home country; preventing them increase of communication possibilities. Besides from feeling alone and forgetting their mother transmitting via antennas, radio and television tongue and cultures; helping them ease their stations also make use of satellite and internet longing for the homeland; ensuring that they act to conduct their broadcasts. Today, radio and in accordance with the national interests of their television receivers are small enough to fit in a cell home country; helping the broadcaster country to phone and this allows users to reach broadcasts have accurate promotion in the target country and in all kinds of environments and watch/listen to correct misinformation or allegations presented them by way of earpieces if necessary, even on about itself; ensuring the accurate representation tramways and buses. Such mass medium is crucial of the broadcaster country or restoring its both for broadcasters and politicians, advertisers tarnished image etc.. and for those ruling the state, who have a message It would be fit to break down the future of radio to convey to society. into two categories. The first of these is the future of Basic functions of radio broadcasts radio broadcasts and of devices and the second is the future of external broadcasts operated via radio. Differently from newspapers and television, people do not have to stop what they are doing The future of radio depends on how radio while they listen to the radio; giving an ear to transmission technologies will develop in the the sound is enough for them. Radio is the best future, as well as on other devices besides radio, way to create an image in the mind because which people could substitute. Because, if we are listeners constantly try to picture to whom and to remember the purposes or functions of radio where the sounds they hear belong. Radio also broadcasts, it is necessary as well to evaluate the creates a personal environment, because listeners advancement of other devices that fulfil these perceive that broadcasts directly address them. purposes. Various games and other apps, which run

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on smart phones, video calls, performing various smart phones, no one will be devoid of radio and actions on tablets or phones, rapid development radios will not be devoid of listeners. in TV display technologies, HD broadcasts, even Another development is the integration of internet holographic broadcasts and new technologies, into automobiles, which indicates that in the near which we are not able to anticipate today, and future, all possibilities we mentioned for radio apps connected with these technologies could listeners and broadcasters will be within reach in all shorten the time listeners allocate to radio. cars. It is also evident that these technologies will be However, despite all these, the fact that radio available for countries in their radio broadcasts. We could be listened to while doing other things can also say that governments of several countries is its biggest advantage. Furthermore, all these will attempt to use the same technologies for the technologies could be used in favour of radio. benefit of their countries owing to reasons which In case imaging technologies are applied to radio, constitute a basis for foreign broadcasts. For this listeners could have access to footage of the reason, from now on, broadcast contents for radio presenter or of the guests and even hold live video in Turkey will have to be prepared in the light of calls with these people. In that case, thanks to recent developments.

THE FUTURE OF RADIO AS A TOOL OF INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING

Paul Firth

here are numerous claims to the first truly Leading the way in the decline was shortwave T international radio broadcast; whether it was the broadcasting, shortly followed by medium wave, Morse code operators of the RMS Titanic in 1912, and along with many others in the industry I felt credited with saving up to 700 passengers, the this trend would continue. That was until about “14 points” blueprint for world peace broadcast two or three years ago, when we suddenly started during World War One by the US Radio Navy to get an increase in enquiries for international Service in 1917 or Marconi’s 1923 transmissions radio services on shortwave and medium wave. from Cornwall in the UK to his own yacht in Cape Customers who had long since left the shortwave Verde. Either way, international radio broadcasting and medium wave platforms were scrambling to is now approximately 100 years old, and thus it get any time slots they could. might seem appropriate to take stock of where we The driving force behind this reversal was the Arab are, what has been achieved and what the future Spring, with broadcasters wishing to target Libya, holds. Iraq, Sudan, Yemen and , where their own These days international broadcasting is less in-country FM signals or TV broadcasts had been about propaganda and more about access to switched off or destroyed. Suddenly broadcasters international press, education, increasing trade, had been shut out of key markets – markets, in promoting tourism and reaching ex-pats in far- this case, for a free and fair international press or flung parts of the world. The Cold War days are a market for religious broadcasters keen to share a long gone, and along with them many hours of message of hope in desperate times. international radio broadcasts that were based on During this time the ability to broadcast across propaganda. boundaries seems to be the key benefit that As a provider of radio services to international broadcasters are focusing on and thus the broadcasters, we at Babcock Media Services, predicted demise of shortwave broadcasting may witnessed the decline of international radio have been a little premature. Regardless of the broadcasting for some time: the number platform (shortwave, medium wave, FM or Digital), of broadcasts reduced and the number of and regardless of whether it is international or decommissioned transmitter sites increased. domestic, radio continues to be as popular as

30 RADYOvizyon ever. There is both a nostalgia for and a future hope around radio, whether it be grandparents reminiscing about how they used to huddle round These days international the radio for news during World War Two or today’s children listening to the latest new song release, broadcasting is less about or lifeline broadcasts into war-torn countries: thus propaganda and more about radio is as relevant now as it has ever been. access to international press, Radio is portable, accessible and inexpensive and you can listen to the radio while performing any education, increasing trade, number of tasks. The same cannot be said of TV or promoting tourism and computer gaming – neither of which you can do while driving a car! reaching ex-pats in far-flung One of the biggest international broadcasters, parts of the world. the BBC, has just broadcast (21/5/15) its global audience figures, which shows that 133 million people per week around the world listen to the medium wave, shortwave and bands I, II (FM BBC on radio. This demonstrates that radio is alive band) and III. The medium wave flavor of DRM and well and remains a key market for international is now being considered by many countries for broadcasters. their domestic radio consumption. Indeed, India The key question, though, is what happens is in the process of installing 27 DRM transmitters next. As long as listeners consume content which will broadcast programmes in 23 languages across the full radio spectrum there will be a and 146 dialects; it will also provide coverage for market for international broadcasters. However, 92 % of the Indian territory, reaching 99% of its if the consumption comes from a narrow, more people. The same could not be said of DAB or domestic, part of the spectrum it becomes harder analogue FM radio. for the international broadcasters to penetrate the The benefits of DRM are obvious to those who market. The recent turnaround in shortwave and listen to it: excellent sound quality, broadcasting medium wave’s fortunes only occurred because to many people from few transmitters with a more of civil unrest in the Middle East and the fact that efficient use of power. It’s a leaner and greener technology in those countries had not sufficiently form of broadcasting radio to the masses. moved away from the older technologies of After a slow start, DRM is beginning to convert shortwave and medium wave, and been restricted many people around the world, with India leading by an FM or DAB only audience. the way. As DRM grows, so does a market for Many countries are at a critical point in their radio international broadcasters. Both state broadcasters futures as they decide on the digital platform for and religious broadcasters are keen to see the their domestic markets. In Europe countries such take up of DRM as it will give them the ability to as the United Kingdom have already agreed on broadcast high-quality audio into hard-to-reach a national digital standard, DAB. However, for territories from many miles away – just as they countries with large land mass or for those with used to do with shortwave broadcasting. less densely-spread populations, the DAB signal Therefore with the take up of DRM, the future of simply doesn’t travel far enough and so DAB is a international radio broadcasting is safe and has the less practical option due to the sheer number of potential to grow to levels not seen since the Cold transmitters that would be required for a good War. More importantly, this means that listeners level of coverage. The cost of building such a vast around the world will continue to be able to network would be prohibitive for many countries. enjoy a fair and free press, learn from educational Fortunately there is an alternative – Digital Radio programmes and have more choice in the types of Mondiale (DRM). DRM is the universal, openly- programmes they listen to – all at an exceptional standardised digital broadcasting system for all high quality to match other media platforms broadcasting frequencies, including long wave, around the world.

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THE EFFECTS OF WEB DIPLOMACY, SOCIAL MEDIA AND NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON EXTERNAL BROADCASTING

Assist. Prof. Ali Murat KIRIK

n today’s world, when communication Most of the time, external broadcasting offers I technologies are in a trend of constant guidance to the public. That is, broadcasts about development, the face of broadcasting has also an issue, which is directly linked to a certain changed rapidly; digital systems and the internet country can be defensive and may provide news- have introduced a fundamental transformation in information to foreign lands in this direction. this field. Especially the emergence of new media As can be understood from here, external has pushed traditional broadcasting technologies broadcasting may be an asset in the fight against into a phase of evolution. In Turkey and elsewhere smearing campaigns or disinformation. on earth, media has always been at the forefront Transformation from traditional external and always had the potential of influencing broadcasting to present day masses. Therefore, today, media is defined as the Traditional external broadcasting is rapidly losing fourth power. its importance with the power of new media. With When we look at the world, we can clearly see the the emergence and rise of new media, internet existence of a firm competition. Economic, political, technologies have come to the forefront and social, military and technological competition interaction has become the epicenter of our lives. is at its highest and sometimes, it even leads to We can define new media as “media that help cold and hot conflicts among nations. In the us produce, spread and share the content in an competition processes, media has an undeniable interactive way and digital form.” role. Because the media is an effective asset for New media has not changed the content of mass countries to promote themselves, make their communication tools but the method of delivery voices heard, and for having the psychological and because of the notion of interaction it is a upper hand against their rivals. Individuals can freer and more democratic platform. be informed, entertained and educated through mass communication tools like radio, television, Both in Turkey and around the world, new media newspapers, magazines and so on. has had a direct effect on external broadcasting like giving listeners and viewers the chance to At the same time, these media serve as a ground for follow broadcasts regardless of the boundaries of propaganda. This is where external broadcasting space and time. comes into place. Traditional external broadcasting in Turkey started A look at the phenomenon of external with the emergence and spread of radio. August broadcasting 18, 1936 marks a turning point for transformation In its general sense, external broadcasting can be in the history of Turkish broadcasting history. defined as “the activity of a country’s promoting Because, as of this date, radio services were taken and explaining itself through radio and television from Turkish Telephone Limited Company to its bordering neighbors, countries in the bloc and given to the responsibility of PTT (Mail, it belongs to in a bid to adapt to the world.” Telephone and Telegraph) organization. TRT also Through external broadcasting countries hear started taking big steps in each other and expats living abroad are able to in Turkey and first increased the number of its follow developments taking place in their home feature TV channels and then launched TRT countries. External broadcasting also consists of Avrasya project, which was a major transformation national values and provides viewers or listeners in external broadcasting. In later times, TRT Avrasya with flow of information about the country. was replaced by TRT Türk.

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Current state of external broadcasting in It’s also possible to say that TRT is efficient in Turkey social media. Especially on Facebook and Twitter, TRT has a huge follower base. Forthcoming TRT Efforts made by Turkey in external broadcasting are extremely interesting. National satellites accounts on Twitter for external broadcasting come at the top of these efforts. Production of are @trtturk, @trtworld, @TRTalarabiya, @trtavaz, homemade satellites expanded the coverage @trtavazturkmen, and @trtavazozbekce. On area of broadcasts and increased the number of Facebook, popular TRT pages are TRT Arapça, TRT channels. Turksat 4B was manufactured and tested World, TRT Avaz, Trt Bosanski, Trt Hungarian, TRT at a Japanese Company’s satellite manufacturing Uyghurche, Trt Persian, TRT Arabic, Trt Hrvatski. center in Kamakura. Turksat 4B satellite was also In conclusion, internet and digital technologies built upon the DS2000 platform. Ku-Bant coverage brought interaction to the foreground and areas of Turksat 4B are Turkey, East (Turkey, Middle broadcasting picked up speed. The ability to East, Asia) and West (Turkey, North Africa, Europe); transmit TV and radio broadcasts over the Ka-Bant coverage areas are Turkey, Central Asia internet devoured concerns for time and space and Europe. TRT continues moving forward in boundaries. Therefore, external broadcasting external broadcasting with the efforts of TRT became very important and competition became External Services Department. quite fierce. Likewise, social media also became TRT World is another flagship project. TRT World is a major platform for external broadcasting. planned to serve as a TV channel, radio station and Broadcasting organizations can share news and on the internet. Other than TRT World, TRT-6 (TRT information with the rest of the world through Kurdi), TRT Avaz and TRT El Arabia assume a huge their social media accounts. TRT took quite role in Turkish foreign policy and have an effective successful steps in Turkey in the name of external position for the prestige of the country. broadcasting.

INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING – FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE

Miroslawa Wielopolska he desire of messaging beyond the borders of one’s T own country is the basis of radio broadcasting. It pushed inventors to the initial and subsequent Radio waves are also attempts to transmit electromagnetic waves which could reach across the ocean to distant places and the best solution people. Since its beginnings radio has been used where undemocratic as an instrument of international communication. It is the essence of radio. The discovery of radio governments restrict waves enabled sending information on long citizens’ access to reliable distances without wire and that is why the new and independent device was firstly called “a wireless telegraph”. This invention gave the new possibilities to information. International communicate between continents, from ships broadcasting in such to shores and back, or between military troupes during wartime. International broadcasting was situations still remains the also used to communicate with allies and with best option. enemies during military conflicts. Broadcast stations sending messages abroad began to appear shortly after the first wireless transmissions

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were successfully performed with the use of English Section – transmit programmes in eastern the Morse code. The pioneering one was a languages 24 hours a day via the web radio called broadcasting station established in 1906 in Nauen “Eastern Channel”. Radio transmission and all its (Germany). The second was The Company “Radio- content are also available through the Polish Radio France” established in 1921 in Sainte-Assise (France) application installed on mobile devices and, of which in exchange for a license to broadcast course, are transmitted on the air – mostly on the overseas had an obligation to support the transfer middle waves – to Eastern Europe in the form of of correspondence of the French officials to the half-hour broadcasts hosted by local radio stations. overseas territories. At that time an ability to The English Section transmits online via “English transmit voice using radio waves had already been Channel” and is rebroadcast partially in United developed, so there was no longer a need to send Kingdom and Ireland by its local radio stations, and brief messages with the use of the Morse code. in the USA via World . Then radio transmissions entered the dimension of The Future of is difficult to predict. entertainment as well as political communication The only research conducted among Poles in with citizens and foreigners. Not only did radio a few years ago – in 2010 – showed transmission become a necessary medium but that only 0.1% of them listen to Radio Poland also an attractive one. The first international voice with the reference to the period of one year, a broadcasting service was the BBC Empire Service weekly listenership was estimated as zero. This (now BBC World Service) established in 1927 prompted Polish authorities to change the forms with the purpose of keeping Britain’s colonial civil of broadcasting in Ukraine. However, neither Polish officials in touch with the mother country and Radio nor Polish governments conduct regular also of helping the government to disseminate surveys devoted to listenership of Radio Poland the British culture throughout the world. In fact, abroad, therefore it is difficult to assess whether the British economic interests were developed on anybody listens to it and who it is. In times of a large scale, therefore good public relations with easy access to information through new media contractors and residents of foreign countries were and mobile applications, the demand for news principal. The next external services were Radio delivered by the Polish broadcaster may appear Moscow (1929) carrying propaganda broadcasts smaller than in the years 1945-1989, until the fall in German, English and French and concentrating of the communist regime in Poland and in Central its efforts on promoting the Communist ideology; and Eastern Europe. But we must remember that then French Radio Le Poste Colonial (1931), a not all modern technologies are available in all predecessor of Radio France International, linking corners of the world. In less urbanized areas where France with its colonial possessions; and finally economy is poorly developed traditional radio - Radio Bari from Italy (1934) the first regular being broadcast by radio waves is the only chance international station broadcasting in Arabic to allow people to contact with the world and with language established because of Italian interests in their country of origin. Radio waves are also the Africa; and many other. In 1936 Polish Radio External best solution where undemocratic governments Service was founded to guarantee communication restrict citizens’ access to reliable and independent with Polish citizens living abroad, nowadays it is information. International broadcasting in such known as Radio Poland. situations still remains the best option. Radio Poland is divided into several sections devoted to editing broadcasts. These are: English In times of easy access to Section, Ukrainian Section, Belarusian Section, Lithuanian Section, Russian Section and Polish information through new media Section. Broadcasts of all sections contain national and mobile applications, the information, foreign affairs, political events and business, sport and cultural topics as well as demand for news delivered Polish music. But the content of each section in by the Polish broadcaster may particular auditions and on the websites varies appear smaller than in the years depending on a target group of Polish and foreign listeners. All sections – with the exception of the 1945-1989

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INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING - CHANGES IN TARGET AUDIENCE

Eugene Cojocariu The undergoing crisis of e are in the middle of harsh times for the international broadcasters, even though the challenges of the immigrants and refugees W very present should give new dimensions to the fleeing from the Middle East cross-border broadcasting. Numerous military, political, social crisis, natural disasters, oppressive and Africa towards Europe is, regimes, all these should boost international paradoxically, an opportunity for broadcasting. Or, it is not all the case for the majority of the international stations, which have seen a clear the international stations to reach decrease in importance, in number of languages, in new targets. classical shortwave transmission. The big global broadcasters such as Al Jazeera, Russia Today or Trans World Radio, which do not 80% of the immigrants coming to Germany have define themselves as international broadcasters, a smartphone. have dramatically changed the world of classical International broadcasters have a very strong international radio or TV stations. The concurrence point in easily dealing with foreign languages. for markets and audiences is rough and without They have a unique competitive advantage. mercy. The old audiences (Europe, , So they should push the national authorities parts of Asia mainly) are over saturated with media to accept and build together projects to offers. The explosion of the online offer is much inform the refugees, in the transit camps or more rapid than we can imagine. From all these in the areas their are dispatched and housed, reasons, the classical international broadcasters through newsletters, websites, apps, blogs have to reinvent themselves. or even through loudspeakers airing radio The accelerated race for new target audiences is programmes in different languages, such as a must. All the eyes are mainly targeted towards Arabic, Urdu, Pashtu, and, of course, English Africa, but big spaces of Asia and of Latin America in the buildings, camps and yards of the hosting can still offer new audiences for the international compounds. For instance, Romania will host broadcasters. In my opinion, the continuous around 6,000-7,000 of refugees in the coming search of niche audiences, the very fast reaction 2 years and Radio Romania, the public service, and adaption, the seize of new opportunities seem is preparing such a project, of informing the the most important ingredients. refugees in the 6 compounds for refugees and The undergoing crisis of immigrants and refugees immigrants across the country managed by the fleeing from the Middle East and Africa towards National Immigration Inspectorate. For Radio Europe is, paradoxically, an opportunity for the Romania it is not an economical opportunity, international stations to reach new targets. The but the project perfectly fits in its public mission. hundreds of thousand of man, women and The troops under United Nations Organization, children leaving their countries due to the wars , Organization for Security and or extremely bad living conditions have to be Cooperation in Europe or NATO command, informed in the transit or in the final destination displayed in different areas, have to become more countries, if possible in their languages. and more audience targeted by international The players in the market have seen an economic stations. The growing number of conflicts and opportunity. For instance, the IT companies in crisis in the world can only "feed" these audiences. Germany try to develop new multilingual networks Radio Romania International hosts for many years and platforms for the people coming. At the same a 100 minutes weekly programmes for the military, time a giant like Google tries to improve its German police and gendarmes under UN, EU, OSCE or to and from Arabic or German to and from Farsi NATO command in displayed over time in different translation services. Why? Simply because up to countries and territories.

35 RADYOvizyon

The areas hit by natural disasters (earthquakes, of public is represented by foreign students. Radio typhoons, hurricanes, floods, volcanoes eruptions, Romania International started to partner with tsunamis etc.) can become sources of audiences expats associations and universities in Bucharest for the international stations. These stations should and in the country and regularly includes in its be able to instantly switch towards the Radio In editorial offer reports about expats and foreign A Box mode, to establish a real radio station in students in Romania. remote or disaster locations in case of necessity. Finally, a new type of target audiences could On the other hand, the international stations be foreseen for the international broadcasters, should turn more towards domestic audiences, at least from the EU, taking into consideration the communities of expats living in their countries. In developed or less developed countries there conflict areas such as Ukraine, Crimea, Syria, Iraq: are dozens of thousands of people working in the correct, continuous and complete information companies. They are often with their families, so of the local populations, in their languages, about the international stations can try to reach these the European Union’s values, principles, policies, significant new audiences. Another good source actions, legislation, priorities.

VOICE OF TURKEY RADIO WHEN RADIO WAS LISTENED ONLY THROUGH A RECEIVER

Turgay Pasinligil ither take me with you, or don’t you go either” ... It program names, during the 70s and maybe 80s, "E was one of the most played and requested songs on the Voice of Turkey Radio focused on broadcasts the Voice of Turkey radio in the late 1970s and early for workers living abroad. We are talking about 1980s. Previous TRT General Directorate building Turkish broadcasts, of course. There were several on No. 37 Mithatpaşa Avenue was used as the broadcasts also in foreign languages that were Department of External Services and the Voice of successfully carried out at that time. Another Turkey Radio, and with its hundreds of employees, practice that helped preserve and strengthen it was transmitting radio programs and news to Turkish expats’ connection with the homeland Turkish nationals living abroad. On the top floor, was the lack of limitation and control over musical a somewhat large room was used to categorize pieces in Turkish broadcasts. At a time when there incoming letters according to the programs they were private radios and TV channels, popular were sent for. Every day, letters filling mailbags singers and listeners could only meet at the Voice arrived, were opened by 3 to 4 people and of Turkey Radio. “Arabesque music” which could evaluated. Some of the letters contained a packet not be played in national broadcasts, was easily of cigarette, some embroidered handkerchiefs and featured on the Voice of Turkey Radio, and popular others German Marks. People enjoyed a sincere, singers of this genre, , İbrahim Tatlıses, warm connection with the station and the Voice of Huri Sapan, Ferdi Özbeğen, Ümit Besen and Orhan Turkey Radio was the only station Turkish people Gencebay received quite a number of requests, could turn to... People coming from Germany, thanks to their interviews, voices and records on France and travelling to their hometowns, stopped the station. Speaking of singers, Turkish diva Sezen by the station as they passed through Ankara, Aksu used to come by the station and attend chatted with producers they loved and went on radio shows with great enthusiasm and then go their way after having a sip of tea or coffee. downstairs by sliding down the banister holding a “A Letter from Libya” and “Warm Lands” programs meatball sandwich, ordered from a restaurant next were intended for Turkish workers living in Saudi door. Another legendary Turkish singer Emel Sayın, Arabia and Libya. The program was acting as a in her prime, used to go past the boiler room in the bridge between workers and their families, and basement of No. 37 and through the corridors that tried to receive news about the workers and were dimly lit, to attend minutes-long recording helped ease their longing. As is obvious by the sessions in the studio. Turkish musician Yurdaer

36 RADYOvizyon

Doğulu walked in a radio studio for the first time Beginning from the second half of the 80s, Turkey here. As we bustled about ahead of the radio began to undergo significant changes. Turkish program, we learned long afterwards that the economy entered an integration phase with guest waiting kindly and silently in a corner of the the global economy. Major developments took room, was famed Turkish folk singer Neşet Ertaş. place in the economic field. Changes in customs He was a role model for all of us with his grace, practices, regulations on foreign currency, rapid personality and kindness. advancements in technology, the entrance of private radio and TV channels into peoples’ Loyal listeners abroad never moved away from the lives and the emergence of second and third box emitting intermittent and falling/rising generation of youth who were born and raised sound of shortwave transmissions and never gave abroad by first generation workers, transformed up listening come what may. They might have several things. There were no longer studios at reproached from time to time, but they never let the basement flat converted from boiler rooms. the radio out of their sight. One of the presenters in All benefits of technology are enjoyed today by the 80s Hayat Akar, who used to speak clearly and Turkish Radio Television Corporation. Today, the understandably, became an irreplaceable persona Voice of Turkey Radio is at a much better place for Voice of Turkey listeners. At a time when there with its qualified employees, transmitters and were no internet, social media or cell phones, the program content... Voice of Turkey Radio replaced these mediums. In those years, the Voice of Turkey Radio “touched The real success of the Voice of Turkey Radio is its people” and maintained warm relationships with ability to maintain the warm and humane approach its audience. towards its listeners who feel this deeply.

THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL

FILE FILE BROADCASTING - I FILE BROADCASTING - II

R A D R Y A O N D V Y Rİ O AZ V Rİ DY AZ OY DY ON QUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE / JANUARY 2016 / 5 OY V HAVE YOU EVER READ RADIO? O QUARTERLY RADIO MAGAZINE / APRIL 2016 / 6 İ N V HAVE YOU EVER READ RADIO? Z İ Y Z O YE N ERNAL B ON XT RO N E AD E G OF C L A I RE S FILE: THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING - II U T S W T IN H U G F - E I H N T : E L I

F S W E

S “Radyovizyon is celebrating the first anniversary of its stronger “We have some words to tell the world. This country has a lot to than ever reunion with readers. The magazine has become a say, and people of this country have a lot to say. TRT is a powerful breath, a voice for radio broadcasters in our country and the tool to make this voice and these words heard all around the world. TRT External Services Department is bringing Turkey’s world. I want everyone to consider this success as a pledge for EXTERNAL BROADCASTING THROUGH Naci KORU future achievements.” voice and words to the whole world through radio broadcasts in A FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVE 37 languages and web broadcasts in 41 languages.” INTERVIEW WITH EBU DIRECTOR GENERAL Ingrid DELTENRE Şenol GÖKA THE FUTURE OF EXTERNAL BROADCASTING Dr. Süleyman ERDAL THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING Steve Ahern TRT Director General THE NEW BROADCAST PERIOD OF TRT RADIOS Amber TÜRKMEN Şenol GÖKA DIGITAL RADIO WAVE CROSSES EUROPE David Fernández QUIJADA DIGITAL RADIO BROADCASTING Recep YURDUSEVEN TRT Director General 6 AN EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL BRODCASTING WITHIN Assoc. Prof. Enderhan KARAKOÇ 5 RISE OF RADIO IN ASIA Rob GRAHAM THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY PUBLIC VOICES BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS David Fernández QUIJADA BROADCASTING WITHOUT BORDERS IN THE 21st CENTURY Dr. Mike McCLUSKEY RADIO IN 2020 Vijay SADHU TO THE WHOLE WORLD FROM A TINY MICROPHONE Serkan ERSÖZ | Tayfun YÖNLÜ TRT BIG BAND ORCHESTRA Ç. Gülruy KÖŞKER

www.radyovizyondergisi.com 37 to the WholeWorld from a Tiny Microphone anean from diterr the Me Serkan Ersöz | Tayfun Yönlü

Every now and then, regional radios produce programs that go beyond their borders and make an impression in both national and international platforms. With "From the Mediterranean" TRT Antalya Radio is reaching out to the whole world via joint broadcasts of the Voice of Turkey and Memleketim FM.

n the early 2016, TRT Antalya Radio, in collaboration and harmony with the I Department of Radio and the Department of External Services, launched “From the Mediterranean” program, which reaches out to the world from Antalya, the centre of Turkish tourism. All sounds coming out of a tiny microphone at TRT Lara Studios, right next to Lara Beach, echoed all over the world. This international broadcast also marked a first in the history of TRT Antalya Radio...

As a joint venture of the Voice of Turkey Radio and TRT Memleketim FM, the program in question is co-produced by Serkan Ersöz and Anastasia Pankratova and broadcast live between 21.00 and 23.00 hours. Tayfun Yönlü and Cansu Oktay are on the microphone for the show, while Ramazan Vuran assumes the duties of technical director.

The warm breeze of the Mediterranean and Antalya fans out to the whole world through TRT Antalya Radio microphones. The show, which comes to life in a friendly tone with the audience, greets listeners at 21.00 hours, after which contact information and weekly topic are announced. The weekly topic is chosen from among general subjects to which everyone could relate. The production team is never idle during the production process. Team members put microphones and recording devices into their bags and go out on Antalya streets to ask the opinions of Antalya residents for the weekly topic. Sometimes, these visits are

38 RADYOvizyon conducted also in neighbouring cities, Burdur and Isparta. On the broadcast day, after interviews for the weekly topic are aired on the program, listeners are asked their views through social media, phone calls and on-air interviews. It is easy to connect to the show from all parts of the world because we are only a click away from listeners... There are many ways to connect to the program as long as you want. It seems listeners have picked up friendship spreading from the microphone, so they call Antalya Radio from four corners of the world... “News From the Homeland” The weekly topic is shared with listeners through have a friendly conversation with them about the social media. They can also express their opinions weekly topic and about their lives. to through this platform. In addition, guests from different occupations also After the street interviews are aired, “News From enrich the program with an exchange of ideas. the Homeland” segment begins. In this segment, These guests could be famous actors, authors or striking subjects, compiled across the beautiful sometimes an everyday citizen with an interesting country of Turkey and of particular interest to story. The least we wish for is a little chat. As the listeners in the rest of the world are shared with poet says “Neither coffee nor the coffeehouse is the audience. In this way Turkish nationals living what the soul longs for. A friend is what the soul abroad receive news from the homeland and ease longs for. Coffee is just the excuse.” their longing to some extent. The team does not forget to offer a dark tea or a Hosts of the program, Tayfun and Cansu first ask freshly brewed coffee to its guests. They also have a each other and then their guests at the studio thing to say to their listeners about this. They expect about their views regarding the topic of the people, travelling to Antalya from all parts of the program. Guests could be from a wide spectrum. world, at the studio; to have a cup of tea or coffee, Every week, musical guests are invited to the and most importantly to have a warm conversation... program. Depending on the day, performers of Turkish Folk Music, Turkish Classical Music and We invite you to lend an ear to “From the Pop Music, who have proved themselves and are Mediterranean” program, broadcast live every well recognized in and around Antalya, join the Wednesday between 21.00 and 23.00 hours Turkish program and have a chance to make themselves Time, from the studios of TRT Antalya Radio, and heard. We do not only listen to their music but also available via the internet and satellite...

TRTAkdenizden @antalyaradyosu

We every go live Wednesday www.trtturkiyeninsesiradyosu.com between 21.00 and 23.00 Turkish time. www.trtmemleketimfm.com 39 RADYOvizyon

Radio language is a different one... It must be spoken with short and easy-to-understand sentences so that listeners can instantly picture what they hear. A style that does not lead to confusion and does not urge listeners to wonder “is this what they mean or something else?” but a style that delivers the meaning in all its simplicity... Radio Text Writer of the Wizard of Words Esra İlkkurşun

ost radio programs being aired live and far Each word is a brick from production require presenters to speak in M When one decides to write a text, the author must daily language in a fluent and witty fashion but have the introduction, development and conclusion documentary productions still require a written ready in mind. The author first imagines the text. As text. Indeed, there are multiple types of texts for old folks say “First impression is important...” How radio: Radio news bulletin, , interview will the first hook be thrown: with a question? A and the texts to be used in the program... Each definition? Or with a call full of exclamation marks? text has its own delicacies and differentiating Every word of the text is a brick of the scene to be story-telling styles. Radio text is entirely different created in the imagination of the listener. Every from printed texts. Radio text writers do target brick forms a new wall of the décor. The matter people’s ears rather than their eyes. The listener is explained in multiple forms with no space for –quite obviously, listens to the broadcast and repetition and unnecessary words are avoided. For does not have the chance to go back and re- instance in the sentence “In the new album that will read the sentence. While the reader can go over meet art lovers in the year 2016”, omitting the word an article in a magazine multiple times to digest “the year” would not disturb the listener because the meaning, radio focuses on a matter to capture obviously 2016 is not the name of a perfume. the attention of the listener. Therefore, a radio text Definitions not entirely outside of daily spoken must be more literary to have a poetic language, far from digital numbers, sincere and but without flamboyance. More creative but less visual enough to help listeners imagine the ostentatious... More personal but appealing to story are what make a radio text understandable everyone... The mindset should be like addressing and listenable. Spicing up the text and using one person but making all listeners feel unique... supporting elements to draw the image in people’s When radio text writer sets out on a journey to minds is also important for the visual quality of the explain a matter, initially everything related to text. Selection of music to reflect the time, a pause that matter floats at freestyle in his or her mind. to increase emphasis, an effect to explain the Starting from the right point, explaining the situation can help strengthen the radio text. matter in a short time, reaching a conclusion If radio is a magical box that creates different rapidly and leaving a taste of the story in listeners’ worlds in the mind of every listener, radio text ears is the first principle... writer is the wizard of words.

40 W from oftheBlackSea, Sultansto thefishermen Ottoman Ottoman mostlyfocuses onthe The 250pagedictionary has becomemore enjoyable andvaluable. time thathasgoneby thepiece sinceitwaswritten, It’s better tounfair: say thatdespite halfacentury’s Actually, style. and colorful theterm “still attractive” is bothforfirst initsfieldanditisstillattractive itscontent for Culture beinga isimportant Publications in1967.It 1975. was first published by Sümerbank The dictionary authorwholived 1905- between this popularhistory AndAdornment, oneofthegreatestGarment of works of Publishing House republished ADictionary Turkish whileago,not even beengathered. Doğan Ashort but acomprehensive have compilationofhistexts works. books,wrote Besides Koçu hundreds ofarticles hasmany otherinteresting Koçu Ekrem Reşad fact, In almost becomealegend... the project and therefore, has the encyclopedia the definitionof “Gökçınar.” Nobodyiswillingto finish financial problems andwashalted atletter “G” and couldnotbecompleted becauseof encyclopedia g the outfitsandador famous the firstthingthatpopsupinone’s mindisthe ismentioned, Koçu Ekrem hen thenameofReşad Republication of aDictionary the dictionary. Iwanted this.” tothe dictionary. underline fromuse ofthemasanacademicgift my archive to them. But I did not exploit anyone’s and I made effort specifically drawn for to thebookandIown therights rather thanphotographs. oftheimageswere Some can becriticized- Ipreferred handdrawn cute images preparing theimagesonbook–maybe I “While follows: The authormentionsthesefigures intheprologue as appear onthepagesofbook rand publishingandauthorshipadventure, this A Dictionary of TurkishA Dictionary Garment And Adornment, ReşadEkrem Koçu, Publishing Doğan House, November 2015.

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fans.” broadcasters, allreaders and especially “dictionary AndAdornment to writers,Garment translators, radio I strongly recommend “A of Dictionary Turkish of “jeans”: definition verse of “great poetAliÇamiç Ağa modern underthe includesthis Koçu poems andballads, Ekrem Reşad Accompanying with many items in the dictionary wealthy families, andlowlifes.” hobos, workers jeans were sonsof quite popularamongtheshow-off andspreadAmerica around theworld... especiallymen’s According to the author, jeans “were introduced in big smileonthefacesofreaders withhiscomments. Giving afew outfits,putsa examplesofmodern Koçu is tempting for out. men,butthatthebansdidnotwork revealing onthestreets dressesinway that andwalking the 18thcentury, women were banned from wearing we findoutfrom thebookthatfor acoupleoftimesin us aboutstrangeincidentsfrom history. For instance, Koçu’s doesnotonlydefineobjects,italsotells dictionary is placedonto theheadgearofjanissaries. and that “kaşıklık” is a piece in which a spoon or feather are old-fashionedshoeswithpointy, tips, curled-up a thin, light hat made of angora wool; “çakmak papuç” that instance wefrom learn thedictionary “arakiye” is except for the placeslike Topkapı Palace For Museum. wegarments couldn’t or we couldn’t know have seen texts, accompaniedby “The “cute images”, portray “Take theonewithjeans.”“Take whichsaid: myAsked heart, Thought to myself to chooseone roosterMy to eyes dump turned Two ofthelife. fifties The wolf isoldnow, whatto do? laughs, They threw sneaky girlsjustpassedby “Three ceremonial outfitand kitchen Janissary Chef(Cook)Janissary in maid. (R.E.K. Archive)maid. (R.E.K. Yiğit Yavuz Girl workingat theoffice in blue-jeans. (R.E.K. Archive) (R.E.K. blue-jeans. 41 LibraryLibrary RADYOvizyon

Hidden Folk Songs are No Longer in the Closet

“Hidden Folk Songs” program that was launched on TRT Türkü’s new broadcasting season brings to the radio microphone folk songs that have never seen the daylight... The program is prepared by Kubilay Dökmetaş, Levent Çelik and İlkim Eylül İlk. The staff of the program had a conversation to introduce their program to Radyovizyon readers.

Levent Çelik: So tell me Kubilay, why were folk İlkim Eylül İlk: Master Kubilay exerted a lot of songs hidden until today? And hidden from effort in training me, and I followed him around whom? to benefit from his expertise. One day, he told me Kubilay Dökmetaş: Folk songs inscribed on to about “Hidden Folk Songs” project and offered me the social memory are not and cannot be hidden. to join the project. In fact, I was a little hesitant in They may only be aired or not. In his collection the beginning, because every week, we had to do bid, Muzaffer Sarısözen compiled thousands of a lot of research for the program. On top of that, folk songs. But as you would appreciate, it ’t every week, I was supposed to come across notes I possible to include all of these compiled folk songs had never seen before, I had to decipher them and in the repertoire. Also there are still folk songs compiled in Anatolia but not have been listed perform on air. Despite all the drawbacks, with the in the repertoire. Therefore, the songs were not encouragement of master Kubilay, I took the offer hidden anywhere from anyone. and joined the program. Later on, we shared our Levent Çelik: How was the “Hidden Folk Songs” views with you (Levent Çelik) and transformed the project born and how did it come to production project into a . On January 7, 2016 we phase? aired the first program.

42 RADYOvizyon

Kubilay Dökmetaş: Yes, just like you say listeners want to hear the songs that have left a mark on their ears. Do you recall when you told me about your concern when we launched “Hidden Folk Songs” and I told you that these songs had to come out of darkness into broad daylight and that Kubilay Dökmetaş and listeners would rapidly embrace the program? İlkim Eylül during first recording It’s been weeks and we all saw from the listener messages on our Facebook page that they approve Levent Çelik: Master Kubilay, how do you the program and we are on the right course. determine the repertoire? How do you pick the folk songs? Levent Çelik: I have a final question for both of you, İlkim and Kubilay... When we come to the end Kubilay Dökmetaş: While preparing the repertoire of the broadcast season, that is the end of the year, of “Hidden Folk Songs” we especially try to pick folk what is the target you want to reach with “Hidden songs that serve a common theme. For instance, Folk Songs?” if we start with Celaloğlan song from Sivas region, we continue with different versions of the same İlkim Eylül İlk: To be honest, my personal goal is to song and try to portray the transformation of our learn whatever I can from master Kubilay, to learn songs. broadcasting and to make positive contributions to my repertoire. Levent Çelik: Do you claim to play songs that no one has ever heard before? Kubilay Dökmetaş: “Hidden Folk Songs” has been a long awaited project I had been thinking Kubilay Dökmetaş: We cannot have such a claim, about and waiting for it to get mature. The because someone should have certainly heard project matured, the right people came together about these folk songs, someone should definitely and it was launched on TRT Türkü. It’s a beautiful know. But we can say that most of our listeners program... My first wish about “Hidden Folk Songs” hear for the first time. is to reach a large number of listeners and I want Levent Çelik: İlkim, can you tell us a little about to contribute to Turkish Folk Music by adding the format of the program? unlisted folk songs to TRT repertoire. I also want İlkim Eylül İlk: I personally love and enjoy the this program to last for a long time to introduce format of “Hidden Folk Songs.” We have a wonderful more hidden folk songs to our repertoire. orchestra. We usually perform 3-4 folk songs live Levent Çelik: I thank you both. And I want to add with our orchestra and play about as many from a few things. “Hidden Folk Songs” is a really good our archives. Master Kubilay shares beautiful program, and it excites me. I eagerly wait for 18:05 information on folk songs with our listeners thanks every Thursday. Thank you for all of your efforts... to his in-depth knowledge about Turkish Folk Music; he also makes a huge contribution to the program with his decades old archive. Medium wave : Frequency band width Levent Çelik: So, master Kubilay, listeners usually between 550-1500 kHz want to hear the folk songs they know, love and Short wave: Frequency band width cherish. How did they react to the songs they between 3-30 MHz heard for the first time?

43 Lover Right Artery of ur Heart o Radio “I want a country Let there be no pain in the head, no yearning in the heart"

Fatih Yılmaz*

Photograph | Archive of Diyarbakır Governorship

et there be an end to brothers’ quarrels...” said famous poet native to Diyarbakır, Cahit Sıtkı L Tarancı, in a part of his poem, “I Want a Country”... As if he felt, from the 1950s, the state and fears of this distinguished city, which is going through lean times... Yet, Diyarbakır is an ancient city that hosted a total 33 civilizations throughout history. From Assyrians to Urartians, from Medes to Persians, from Romans to Byzantines, from Merwanis to Seljuks, Artuks, Ayyubids, Akkoyuns and finally Ottomans; they left countless works of art that were indicative of their reign in these fertile lands in Upper Mesopotamia...It welcomes visitors as an outdoor museum boasting 683 cultural assets in this historical land with many mysteries... Year 1959 It is year 1959 in Diyarbakır. Decision No.4/11296, passed by the then Council of Ministers on February 10 in order to establish a radio station in Diyarbakır, is announced. Within the same year, a company is awarded the contract and an agreement is signed. However, this decision taken by the government of late Adnan Menderes, is terminated by Decree No.5/1260 by The National Unity Committee. Although amateur radio enthusiasts of Diyarbakır are saddened by this development, they do not give up their hope of having their own radio station. Seven radio volunteers gather at the Agricultural Products Office, and with materials available, lay the first stone to Diyarbakır Radio, which is to broadcast on shortwave with a signal strength of 300 W. There are no words to describe the joy and happiness created by the first announcement, first music and first show. Those who are aware of the show spread the word. Even during the limited broadcasting hours, listeners are all ears by their lamp radios. They await patiently for the news hour and listen to it attentively. This amateur radio station draws intense interest, even during its infancy, and after some time, it grows out of its limits. Finally, in 1961, it is incorporated into TRT and given an official name as TRT Diyarbakır Radio.

44 RADYOvizyon

With the installation of 300 kW Çınar transmitting Today, our terrestrial broadcasts are listened to in station in 1964, Diyarbakır Radio Station becomes 23 provinces and their districts, towns and villages, a Regional Radio. The headquarters is moved from located in Eastern, South Eastern and partially Lise Avenue to Kurt İsmail Paşa Area. Today, the Central Anatolia regions via FM transmitters of place is still called TRT Street. Radio-1...In addition, our voice reaches almost all parts of the world via satellite and internet As the years pass broadcasts... About our broadcasts...Like other It is now 1980. With each passing year, TRT, as Turkey’s regional radios, we still meet our listeners everyday first and most effective power in broadcasting, between 10.05 and 12.00 hours at “From Our Rural grows and becomes stronger, Diyarbakır Radio Areas”...Again, every day at 15.00 hours, we play the also takes its share. Due to reorganization efforts, best folk songs, maya songs (a type of unmetered Van and Hakkari Radios are shut down, resulting folk song), hoyrat folk poems (melodious), odes in the transmitting stations of these two radios and folk dance music specific to our rural areas in airing Diyarbakır Radio broadcasts. Thus, coverage one-hour TRT Türkü show. of Diyarbakır Radio expands and the number of Every Sunday on Radio-1, we unite our listeners listeners grows. Infancy years of the Station ends, together in the mystery of legends and stories leading to the beginning of early teen years, so to in the show “Legends, Stories”, dubbed by way say. In 1987, the Station moves to the new service of dramatization. In addition, we have a 15-year building on İstasyon Avenue, which is still in use. experience in programming for children, which It is 1991. In honour of Southeast Anatolia Project we are proud of saying. We are the only station (GAP), the biggest state investment project in the among Regional Radios that produce shows for Republican era, the name of the Station is changed children. We are also happy that our “Special Time to TRT-GAP Diyarbakır Radio. As our broadcasting with Children” made it to the last four shows in its network, reinforced with Middle Wave and FM category in the international contest organized by transmitters grows along with the introduction the ABU in 2011. Another one of our distinctions of new technologies, Diyarbakır Radio enjoys the among Turkey Radios is that we have been incorporating a local musical ensemble for the biggest regional coverage area not only in its past 12 years. Selected from among members region but also in Turkey. of THM-TSM Amateur Youth Choirs, a total 22 With this new name, our Station assumes a talented local musicians and singers were brought regional identity covering especially GAP Area and together in 2004 by the approval of our Director neighbouring provinces. Its responsibility with General, under the name TRT GAP-Diyarbakır regard to production and broadcasts increases in Radio Performance Band. This band represents our line with its new role. Special programs such as Corporation in all sorts of events and also performs “GAP from Past to Future”, “What the Water Brings”, one-hour long live concerts every week for “The “From Yesemek to Hoşab”, “Travelling GAP”, “GAP Land of Folk Songs” at TRT Türkü channel. As TRT Agenda”, “Studio GAP” are produced and aired. GAP-Diyarbakır Radio, we wholeheartedly support During this time, duration of regional broadcasts the plan for Regional Radios to participate in not reaches 12 hours a day. only in regional broadcasts but also in all national TV

45 RADYOvizyon

channels. This way, our production team, who have thanks to a battery-powered radio which I won been keeping to themselves for years, were given from one of your knowledge contests. Apart from the chance to introduce themselves and our radios my lambs and sheep, which I put out to grass, you to larger audiences. We have also contributed to are the only one in my life for months as I wonder in TRT Türkü, TRT Nağme, TRT FM and TRT Radio-1 with plateaus... I learned what goes on in our area, thanks several shows. We hope more will come. to you. I improved my Turkish. When those were not enough for me, I put my feelings and thoughts “My kids learned beloved Turkish thanks to into poems. My second book was published this you...” year. I also founded an NGO, and currently publish a Our radio has established such a warm, tight-knit, and periodical to prevent Hasankeyf from submerging love and respect-filled relationship with its listeners under water. I exchange messages with friends and that it is not possible to put it into words. One has to volunteers for Hasankeyf, and gather support. You live those feelings. For instance, our visually impaired will see, perhaps I will be the one to save a historical listener Ergun Katı says the following words in his asset such as Hasankeyf, from submerging under letter: “My eyes do not see but I do not care for the waters of Ilısu Dam!”

the world. I already see and live everything thanks This love should never end ! to you. You are my best friend and confidante. You To sum up, we love our listeners and they love us. are with me day and night. You are by the side of Even if we are in a different state of mind when my pillow. Thanks to you, I hold on to life now. My we begin our broadcasts every day in this region, kids grew up listening to you. They learned beloved which shows a different tone of sensitivity in all Turkish thanks to you. Long live you.” aspects, we make sure listeners feel our smile and Selma Budak from Kovancılar in Elazığ province hear our smiling voice. Sometimes we leave the says the following: “My family did not let me have studio and pay them a visit, to drink a cup of hot tea education but I have learned everything that or bitter coffee with them. Sometimes we are in a happens in the country, thanks to you. After hearing field in Harran, at the top of Mount Nemrut during your announcement on the radio, I enrolled in the sunrise or by River Dicle at sunset, on city walls of Bitlis Castle, in the bluest depth of Lake Van, at Adult Education Centre in our district. Now I know the garden of saints in Siirt, in the candle dance of how to read and write, and I was educated about Elazığ, in Munzur Plain of Tunceli, by the Şal-Şepik lots of artistic forms. I am now a useful person. You counter in Şırnak, in Prophet Abraham Quarters in enlightened and guided me, as I gave up all hope. Şanlıurfa, in an oil well in Batman and on the City Thank you very much.” Walls of Diyarbakır, and share what we have seen What about the things Ahmet, who is a shepherd and heard at a current event...We hope this love in Hasankeyf, has said?: “While I was a lonely never ends and radio and radio broadcasts live shepherd at the end of nowhere, I became this long. Like it was from past to today...So long with whole other person, known around the world, lasting love...

46 * Director of TRT GAP-Diyarbakır Radio Spreading

In writing my articles I usually can’t 's stop going back into the past to look for examples reinforcing my arguments. Don’t tell me “What can you find in history Scent to back up an article on “The Future of External Broadcasting?” There is a lot! Mehmet Emin Genç

t is a wonder for all historians to think about the reasons behind of carrying out the task of “keeping open an official channel.” They the inability of extending the more than 600 years-old life of the knew the state well and infiltrated into its veins. Up next, they had I Ottoman Empire. For years, they thought and wrote about this. to know the people and in relation, to promote themselves. That Now, we know all of the reasons... The results have turned into is broadcasting... axioms. However, one detail should not be overlooked! And that Embassies “broadcast” to the regions they served in local is having missions in foreign capitals, like embassies... It could be languages. When we say “broadcast” we mean it figuratively; at ambassador or consul level... Those messengers come and go they contacted people, made friends, travelled around, attended between states when needed. They would deliver the message conferences and exhibitions. These are all actions of “spreading and offer the letter of the sultan. Indeed, the message bringer the scent.” These were all good things but they had their limits. cannot be held responsible for the message but sometimes their Whereupon, came the need to bring that scent to everywhere, heads would roll. That’s how difficult the task was... As time went even every house. And at that point, “Marconi’s invention” came to by, the position of the message bearer evolved: the West changed help: the radio... Indeed, the first nation to realize the potential of the façade of the task with a new definition of message bringing. radio was the British; that’s why they established the BBC. Now, the The embassy was no longer a branch that worked every now and British had a chance to make “The Voice of Britain” heard in every then; it became permanent. And not just a couple of them, but home. Other states followed their lead. “Voice of the owner” could quite as many –if need be in every capital- were necessary... be heard in every residence. th The legation institution of the 16 century among big states became Thankfully, our country did not go over the “Printing Press widespread in time and was adopted by all states. In today’s world, Syndrome” once again on this matter. In fact, we did, but the almost all states have missions and ambassadors in other countries. syndrome did not become chronic: Finally, “Turkey’s Voice” began So, what does legation mean in its “most primitive sense?” In to resonate in homes elsewhere in the globe. Today, we have having diplomats in each capital, the owner of the legation says the Voice of Turkey Radio, which offers web broadcasting in 41 to its addressees “You should know that I also exist in here.” Some languages and is a source of pride for our citizens. The station kind of saying “my interests extend as far as this location...” is expressing our position to both our citizens across the world and citizens of 160 countries with whom we are connected This is where the Ottomans failed; they failed in the operation in our hearts. The station does that in local languages of those of “leaving a mark, having a border stone” in vast geographies; countries and takes them the beautiful scent of our nation. This they were too late to begin. Just like they were slow in bringing scent consists of smells of peace, justice, affection, patience, printing press to the country... Western states began as early as the tranquility, prosperity, tolerance and reclusion. This scent consists 16th century to erect the “legation stone” in İstanbul. That is, in the of civilization, love and knowledge. This scent consists of helping years when Germany’s master Gutenberg invented and spread the each other, sharing, the honor of humanity and mercy. It’s not an printing press... Ottoman Turkey sent its first ambassador to Paris easy task. Huge thanks to those who make it possible. I hope their in the 18th century that is 200 years after its rivals. And even that efforts will not come to nothing. was a botchy appointment; like going into one’s summerhouse, the messenger was sometimes in Paris, sometimes in İstanbul... So, is it enough? This is why our Radyovizyon magazine is opening the file by investigating “the Future of External Broadcasting...” In The latency in Ottomans’ “diplomatic mission” endeavor led them order to underline that it is not and cannot be enough. Maybe, to fall behind in the global race for power. Westerners had begun in old Turkey, officials were satisfied with their performance, but to know us and solve our secrets as early as the 1500s. They the current vision is “New Turkey...” So TRT should have a “New repositioned themselves accordingly. We, on the other hand, felt the Broadcasting” concept in the field of broadcasting. The new urge to know them in the 1700s, but it was a day late and a dollar slogan should be “Reaching every home in the globe.” That is, short action. And the Ottomans could not catch up with its rivals. broadcasting in 41 languages is not enough; all languages should That’s not all... Western missions, which grew larger with talk about Turkey. Broadcasting at certain hours of the day, is not consulates and increased their “footprint”, did not stop at the level enough; “24/7” should not be a dream for the future.

47 8.TRT 8.TRT BELGESEL GÜNLERİ BELGESELDocumentary GÜNLERİ�����������:���� �����������:����Days TRT TH TO MEET VIEWERS FOR THE 8 TIME

����:�:��:�:�:���:�::��:���:��:����::: Tülay Akca

Organized by TRT for the first time in 2009, “TRT Documentary Awards” -then

Gösterim Programı ve Film Bilgileri için::::::::::::::::::::: called “TRT Documentary Films & Screening Schedule::::::::::::::::

Film Competition” was �������:�����:����������:������ held at national level to ����:�:��:�:�:���:�::��:���:��:����::: make a contribution to the development of Turkish

documentary film-making RT Documentary Awards is intended to support and to bring quality films T amateur and professional documentary filmmakers and to serve as a host platform bringing together to audiences. In 2010, “TRT national and foreign documentary filmmakers. The Documentary Awards” competition is held in two main categories -national and international and the national category has two earned an international sub-categories: Student Films and Professional. identity with a broader Stepping up its game every year, TRT Documentary scope. Awards received 427 applications from 47 countries for this year’s event. Held for the 8th time this year, now-traditional “TRT Gösterim Programı ve Film Bilgileri için::::::::::::::::::::: Documentary Days” activities will host audiences Films & Screening Schedule:::::::::::::::: in İstanbul on May 12-16. As a platform bringing together national and foreign documentary filmmakers, TRT Documentary Days is eagerly �������:�����:����������:������awaited by documentary film lovers and emboldens

48 RADYOvizyon

the place of the activity in culture-arts agenda of Migration” themed documentaries. Films in this our country. segment called “Panaroma” offer different angles to the “refugees” issue, which has become top Film Screenings priority in global agenda. Films in this segment Besides the finalist films, quality documentaries have been selected from among the most popular from around the world will be shown to public films of recent years for effectively and thoroughly free of charge at the presence of the directors of taking up this tragedy caused by wars. Panaroma those films. screenings and conversations with directors can This year, the activities will be held at TRT İstanbul be followed at Tarık Zafer Tunaya Culture Center in Radio in Harbiye, Notre Dame de Sion French Beyoğlu on May 14-15. High School halls and Tarık Zafer Tunaya Culture Together for Documentary; İstanbul Commerce Center in Beyoğlu. Besides film screenings and University conversations with directors, a documentary panel and open air concert will also be offered to visitors One of the solution partners of TRT Documentary for free. Awards activities intended to support amateur documentary filmmakers is İstanbul Commerce The Competition University. With various activities mutually planned This year, two separate pre-selection boards as part of the “Partner University” approach, evaluated 427 documentary films from 47 countries cooperation between the two institutions will at national and international level. Pre-selection expand over a variety of fields. boards consisting of representatives from Culture Award Ceremony and Gala Night and Tourism Ministry and BSB (Documentary Film Makers Union) concluded the process by the end TRT Documentary Awards Gala Night and Award of February. In line with decisions of pre-selection Ceremony will be held on the night of May 16 at boards, 13 films in National Student Films Category, TRT Tepebaşı Studios. Awards will be delivered to 12 films in National Professional Category and 12 winners in 3 categories. films in International Category were selected as finalists. Program of the 8th TRT Documentary Awards Special Screening: War and Forced Migration and TRT Documentary Days and other details can be found on: TRT Documentary Days out-of-competition www.trtbelgesel.com screenings special file is “War and Forced

49 RADYOvizyon The World Rotates With Our “Merhaba”

Two programs on TRT Memleketim FM and the Voice of Turkey Radio... Merhaba Dünya (Hello World) and Dünya Dönerken (As The World Rotates)... Both programs meet listeners on the morning slot. "Hello World" airs between 07:00-09:00. "As The World Rotates" airs between 09:05-12:00

Gülnur Akalın is on the microphone on Hello World We want the sounds of our homeland be heard and Gül Bıçakçı presents As The World Rotates.. and its smell be felt everywhere our voice reaches Every morning, the winds of homeland blow throughout the show. In Hello World, we travel the

From the Studio From across the world with their voices. Wherever there world, share news of our homeland and the world is a Turk, we are there. With love, conversation and and play songs that remind us of our country. From the Studio From good news from the motherland... Sometimes we roam on the lands and shores of our homeland with our listeners; and sometimes Hello World we altogether leave for a world tour. We become the voice of Turks living in far corners of the world... Hello World team got possessed by the magic of voice and set off. We are actually a small team In short, we say “MERHABA” every morning on TRT made up of a radio-loving presenter and two the Voice of Turkey Radio and Memleketim FM to producers. We first said “Merhaba” to the world in give domestic and external, good and bad news the morning of January 1, 2015... Since then, we from everywhere and about anything and touch have been saying a sincere, warm and homeland life together. smelling “Merhaba” to listeners of all ages and If you want, you wait for us, you listen to us... after all, professions in geographies where our voice we are you* echoes via TRT the Voice of Turkey Radio and We are on TRT the Voice of Turkey Radio and Memleketim FM. Our intention is to put a smile on Memleketim FM... the face of our listeners, and of course to share joy and sadness with music, which is indispensable TRT Merhaba Dünya for our program... @merhabadunya

Siirt Pervari "Hello World" listeners at Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School

50 RADYOvizyon

It is indeed an ambitious challenge to demand 3 hours of time from listeners every day... We try to do our best and have high energy all the time. Our biggest support comes from the technical staff.

As The World Rotates Our program airs every weekday between 09:05- completely prepared by listeners and we air them 12:00 Turkish local time on TRT Memleketim FM; every day. on the internet and on satellite. We have a shared It is indeed an ambitious challenge to demand 3 slot with Komotini Joy FM, so we can also be heard hours of time from listeners every day... We try to in and around Komotini town of Greece. do our best and have high energy all the time. Our For us, As The World Rotates program brings biggest support comes from the technical staff. wealth to pockets and pleasures to souls. Indeed, Sergül Doğan, Dursun Böke and Hakan Gülercan wealth for pockets part is a joke... But it’s true that are the three masters behind our work. Every one we try hard to bring pleasures to souls... Is this not of them tirelessly reflects their own color on the the ultimate goal of external broadcasting? Above show. They also serve as the welcoming voice of all, we are trying to boost some morale and energy As The World Rotates on the phone and patiently for our listeners. listen to the requests of our listeners.

As we try to keep strong the connection of our Friendships beyond borders are also born out listeners with Turkey, we also try to contribute of our program. You know what they say in to their cultural adaptation with the society they theater? “Two beams one enthusiasm”... That’s the same for As The World Rotates... One live in. It actually means to have two agendas in microphone, one mixer, lots of enthusiasm and the program... As we report developments taking lots of friendship... place in our country concerning our listeners, we try to keep a close eye on external matters that could directly affect the lives of listeners abroad.

We also proudly talk about the achievements *Şenol Göka, "The Magic of Voice" Radio March of Turks abroad in sports, politics, and scientific world. We particularly focus on our people, who are successful in the international arena. TRT Dünya Dönerken We are certainly present on social media, where we @dunyadonerken are trying to create a platform in which listeners can express their feelings and thoughts. We respond to all comments and even chat with those who radio receiver : The machine that helps want. In doing all these, we should indeed not receiving, recording or listening to the radio get lost in words... Most of the time, we play songs broadcasts. requested by our listeners, in great thanks to our FM band : Frequency band width between e-radio application. Our biggest effort is to make 88-108 MHz the program with our listeners. We have sections

51 RADYOvizyon

TRT VOT www.trtvotworld.com

www.trtvotworld.com

Reaching out to the whole world

with radio broadcasts in 37 languages and web broadcasts in 41 languages Spanish on the Radio Photograph | Ceren Öney Kalan

The Spanish Desk’s radio story began with a 30 minute broadcast on March 3, 2000. Since that day, we have been informing the grand Latin world, with which we have thousands of kilometers between us in distance but not that far in our hearts; people who look different than us but not that different in character.

Selin Saral

n January 2006, with massive demand from our listeners and the I rise of Spanish speaking societies across the world, we extended We are our broadcast to one hour a day: 19:30-20:30. When we say on air every day on shortwave, Spanish speaking societies, we are talking about 21 independent satellite and on the internet states and 468 million people. When we factor in those who speak Spanish as their second language and those studying between 19.30-20.30 and Spanish, the number easily reaches 559 million.

04.00-05.00 Turkish local time. In Latin American countries –especially in recent years- there has been a stronger awareness of and growing interest in Turkey. Turkish TV series breaking ratings records in these countries and the rising number of tourists coming into Turkey from Latin America are a clear indication of Turkey’s popularity.

52 RADYOvizyon

Countries in regions where we are heard can first Photograph | Ahmet Gök and foremost have access to true and unbiased news about Turkey and its region. They can also learn Turkey’s position on foreign policy matters through our special analysis reports. Indeed, news bulletins and feature programs on politics and economy are not enough to explain Turkey. We also have programs on culture, history and arts to tell our listeners about Turkish people, Turkish lifestyle, culture and traditions. For instance, “Turkish Traditions” and “Ottoman Breeze” are our popular programs.

We understand very well from mounting feedback we receive from our followers in Spain and Latin America, which is far away from us International Cooperation only in kilometers that our ties with people in One of the steps we took to overcome distances those regions are growing stronger. We even was to sign a cooperation protocol with Cuban have followers from Brazil, which is the only Radio and Television Corporation. Negotiations are Latin American country, where the language is still underway to relay our radio broadcasts over the Portuguese not Spanish. FM band in Cuba. Efforts are underway to realize There is no doubt that internet has boosted similar projects in Mexico and Colombia. We also interest in us. The whole world is going through prepare special programs for important national the internet age and TRT mission of “never and religious days (like April 23 Children’s Festival, remaining behind the technological curve” led us August 30 Victory Day, October 29 Republic Day, to launch our website in October 2008. Today TRT Ramadan Festival and Sacrifice Festival) in Turkey External Services is offering radio in 37 languages to tell the world what they mean for us. We also and dialects and websites in 41 languages and don’t forget days that matter for the rest of the dialects. Spanish is one of them. world like “Women’s Day” and “Human Rights Day.” Through interviews we make in cultural and social events (like concerts, exhibitions etc.) we contribute to the promotion of our country “Why should an Argentine learn Turkish?” on the radio and on the internet. We also hold We have the answer to this question... interviews with academicians and diplomats “Let’s Learn Turkish” has been one of our most as high as ambassadors about issues related to popular programs for many years; we even Spain and Latin America and relations between receive special requests for this program. these regions and Turkey. As the Spanish Desk, we Although it looks surprising, it is not. Because, are working hard to promote Turkey and Turkish in Spain and Latin America there is an people from the farthest locations of Mexico to the apparent growing interest in Turkey’s socio- southernmost spot of Chile in a bid to eliminate cultural structure. Besides, Turkey has become geographic measures in today’s globalized world. a major player that is heard ever louder in I can explain dynamism of our 7 people strong international political platforms. Therefore, team with these words: It’s impossible not to have people in Latin American countries –be it an fun while undertaking such an enjoyable mission! Argentine or Peruvian- want to learn Turkish. The easiest and funniest way to do that is to In our world that is getting smaller and smaller tune in and enjoy the broadcasts of Voice of because of mindboggling advances in technology, Turkey Radio. we hope we can reach peaceful, safe and happy days in solidarity...

53 RADYOvizyon That was my last look at the Toklumen village

Every folk song has a story. Some make you dance, and some make you cry. With some you do the Halay** dance, with others you mourn.

Sebahattin Yaşar*

his incident took place, I think in 1951 or 1952.1 In say ‘Hikmet’s sister comes home with a broken heart our village; Kırşehir’s Toklumen village... It was in the every few days.’ Your brother is not happy with this. T summer months; we were harvesting crops. Maybe Don’t come home like this. Try to make peace or go it was August. It was either Sacrifice or Ramadan Fest throw yourself in the river, but don’t come home like times. This woman in the story –Zeynep, was the this.” She said this but she didn’t mean it. And then daughter of Ali Akdağ, who was brother-in-law of my they took her to her own house. aunt Nadiye Akdağ. Zeynep married Ömer Aydın’s Come night time, Ömer and the mother-in-law went son Rıza, who was also from our village –Toklumen. a little harsh on Zeynep and said “If you were going They had a daughter and they named her Hacer. to come back, why did you leave the house in the Rıza’s late mother’s name was also Hacer. His father first place?” On one side there’s the mother-in-law Ömer married another woman from Ömerhacılı. And then Rıza left for military service; he was in Erzurum. making her unhappy and the fear of his brother on Zeynep’s mother-in-law was a step mother, so she the other side. She was apparently depresses... Who wasn’t that easy on Zeynep. They couldn’t manage to would have thought? get on well. A few times, Zeynep left the house and The next morning, Zeynep takes her daughter Hacer went to his brother. in her arms. The baby was not even 2 years old I guess. Hikmet Akdağ’s house. Like I said, it was a religious Kızılırmak River flows near our village. There was this festival time. I went to the house of Hikmet Akdağ for place we used to call “Boydaşı”; she goes there. The a festival visit. We are relatives, and I am younger than shepherd of the village –Battal Baysal, was in that him. I saw that Zeynep was also there, apparently area herding the flock. She talks to the shepherd: “I heartbroken by her mother-in-law. Hikmet was angry want to cross the river; is it too deep in this part?” Of saying: “A man’s sister shouldn’t come home in this course, she can’t swim. The shepherd yells in panic: mood.” It was almost night time. Hikmet and Zeynep’s “No! Zeynep stop! It’s too deep. Stop!” It wasn’t her mother Kiraz were also in the house... Hikmet wanted intention to cross the river. She wanted to drown to take his sister Zeynep to her own house. As they herself. She just tried to deceive the shepherd, in were leaving the house, Kiraz said: “Don’t let people order for him to not get suspicious and rescue her.

54 At that moment, the flock rushes to eat the crops, and dies as soon as it was taken out of the river. Zeynep the shepherd rushes to stop them. Zeynep has the is alive when she is recovered from the river, but she baby tied up to her arm with a dedicated mind. She also passes away as she was being taken to hospital throws herself into the river. And it turns out, she was in Kırşehir. Over this incident, Zeynep’s family filed a pregnant. She changes her mind and tries to get out suit against their in-laws for they led her to suicide but of the river to no avail. the case was dropped. I was deeply affected by what happened, and about a week later, I wrote a folk song.2 We have a highland above our village. As most villages are there, no one is around the river to see We sing this in “Said Ağzı” style, like a folk song. In our and rescue her. The shepherd realizes what’s going region, men are generally shy about singing songs. I on and asks for help from a few people. There was this sang this song myself many times as I was working in man called Tarık. He comes with a few guys. The baby the fields and mountains.3

That was my last look at the Toklumen village FOOTNOTES 1 I went to the river side, crying 1. According to Kırşehir Citizens’ Registration Office records, I looked at the water flowing like blood Zeynep Aydın was born in 1928 and passed away in 1952. That means the time of the story of the source matches the Cry mother, cry for my destiny. records. I killed myself and my baby 2. Some artists, who sing this song, utter the name of Aşık Seyfullah but the song actually belongs to his son Kani I threw myself from Boydaşı, and got out from the shallows Değirmenci. (This was also confirmed by other residents of I looked once again at this mortal world Toklumen village and Fuzuli Değirmenci)The song performed 2 I saw Hacer and I cried. by artist Gürbüz Sapmaz is as follows: 1) That was my last look at Toklumen village Crying, I went to the riverside Death came, but I didn’t get the message To see the water flowing like blood Step-mother had no mercy Cry mother, cry for my fate, my destiny 3 Don’t blame me folks, I had loads of problems I killed myself and my child 2) I threw myself and I came up My uncle’s son Bekir was my only brother Took a final look at this mortal world Don’t be mad, I did wrong to you I am tired of my life, tired of my world 4 3) I am writer Seyfullah, came and gone That was my destiny, show mercy to me Bended over and drank its water Left this world for heavens I pressed Hacer to my bosom and cried 3. Over this we insist and Kani Değirmenci sang the song, 5 Washed her with my tears which he possibly has not sung for the past 40 years. Abdals I tied my baby to my right arm (Wandering dervishes) used to come to the village to visit Aşık Seyfullah and for that reason the villagers used to mock No mother, don’t drink water from the river his children saying: “Are you also abdals?” And the children Don’t walk near the river would be saddened by this. When we were in Toklumen, chatting in the house of Fuzuli Değirmenci, he went out for 6 Even an in-lamb ewe is not sacrificed some reason and his son said to us “I am also writing poems, but my father doesn’t know, please don’t tell him.” Because Don’t forget us sisters, cry for us of all of these, record companies easily label the songs they Had no way out, it was destiny produce as “anonymous” in order to avoid copyright fees. 7 Not a single moment, without pain in my heart They attribute the songs to long-gone bards. Both the writer and composer of this folk song is Kani Değirmenci. Çekiç Ali is Don’t cry mother, this world is mortal only the singer who made the song famous. Who walked happily on earth? 4. Other than this one, Kani Değirmenci composed about 10 folk 8 Kani shall turn my misery into a saga4 songs in his youth. 5. TRT Repertoire No: 535, Source: Çekiç Ali, Location: Kırşehir

SOURCE

Kani Değirmenci. He lives in Ankara. He worked in Europe and retired in there. Kani Değirmenci is the grandson of Aşık Sadi, who is a famous folk singer from * Researcher-Author Kırşehir’s Toklumen village. This song has entered TRT ** Halay: A Turkish folk dance style, in which dancers form a line Repertoire. arm-in-arm, or holding hands. Compilation Date and Place: 26.03.2001/Ankara

The song is listed in TRT Repertoire.5

55 The Trail of Life Hilal Ertan

“The Trail of Life” is a program on diaries prepared at “... Night and Day, which L. (Leonard) has spent the İstanbul Radio. The type of diary into which literary past two mornings and evenings in reading. I own or private, people share their feelings; diaries, in that his verdict, finally pronounced this morning, gives which we can find the inner world and conditions me immense pleasure: how far one should discount it, of the era they were written in utmost clarity. On I don’t know. In my opinion, Night and Day is a much January 29, 2016 the program looked into the more mature and finished and satisfactory book than diaries of Virginia Woolf. In her diary, published The Voyage Out; as it has reason to be. I suppose I lay under the title “A Writer’s Diary” Virginia Woolf myself open to the charge of niggling with emotions sincerely shared how she wrote her books, her that don’t really matter. I certainly don’t anticipate thoughts on certain writers and books –because even two editions. And yet, I can’t help thinking that, English fiction being what it is, I compare for Through the Eyes Producer's she was also a critique, what she did in her spare originality, and sincerity rather than well with most of time, her attitude on various incidents, her feelings the modern. L. finds the philosophy very melancholy. It and thoughts. Early in the show, Virginia Woolf’s Through the Producer's too much agrees with what he was saying yesterday. life is briefly mentioned and parts of her diary are Yet, if one is to deal with people on a large scale read for listeners. If the section is about her own and say what one thinks, how can one avoid such works, we also give some information about that melancholy? I don’t admit to being hopeless though: particular book. “The Trail of Life” airs every Friday only the spectacle is a profoundly strange one; and as on Radio 1 at 14:32. The program lasts 28 minutes, the current answers don’t do, one has to grope for a and here is one of the editions... new one, and the process of discarding the old, when Voice: Virginia Woolf started writing professionally one is by no means certain what to put in their place, in 1905 and her first novel “The Voyage Out” was is a sad one. Still, if you think of it, what answers do published in 1915. Woolf wrote this book in a Arnold Bennett or Thackeray, for instance, suggest? very long time and wrote it over for three times. Happy ones –satisfactory solutions- answers one Her second book was “Night and Day”, which would accept if one had the least respect for one’s soul? she wrote in a classical realist style rather than Now, I have done my last odious piece of typewriting, her later modern experimental novels written and when I have scribbled this page, I shall write and in “stream of consciousness” style. The book suggest Monday, as the day for coming up to lunch with Gerald.* I don’t suppose I’ve ever enjoyed any stands out for its plot, real setting descriptions, writing so much as I did the last half of Night and Day. meticulously defined characters and for its ability Indeed, no part of it taxed me as The Voyage Out did; to portray the atmosphere of the era. Published and if one’s own ease and interest promise anything in 1920, the story takes place in of pre- good, I should have hopes that some people, at least, World War I. Woolf depicts the intellectual elite will find it a pleasure. I wonder if I shall ever be able to of the period, their mindsets and spiritual worlds read it again? in a canny but warm and human language. She discusses topics like women’s rights, class Is the time coming when I can endure to read my differences, love, marriage and freedom on the own writing in print without blushing –shivering axis of the characters’ lives, their battles, hopes and wishing to take cover? and sufferings. Let’s see what she wrote in her Virginia Woolf also wrote about the day she took diary’s page dated Thursday, March 27, 1919 her book to her step-brother Gerald Duckworth for about her novel “Night and Day”: him to read:

56 “Wednesday, April 2, 1919 skipped a winter; had a season like the midnight sun; a new return to full daylight. So I hardly notice that Yesterday I took Night and Day up to Gerald and had chestnuts are out –the little parasols spread on our a little half domestic half professional interview with window tree; and the churchyard grass running over him in his office. I don’t like the Clubman’s view of the old tombstones like green water.” literature. For one thing it breeds in me a violent desire to boast: I boasted of Nessa and Clive and Leonard; Jingle and how much money they made. Then we undid the Virginia Woolf was also a critique, she was writing parcel and he liked the title but found that Miss Maud literary critiques. She penned her thoughts in her Annesley has a book called Nights and Days –which diary on James Joyce’s Ulysses on September 6, may make difficulties with Mudies. But he was certain 1922. he would wish to publish it; and we were altogether cordial; and I noticed how his hair is every blade of it “...I finished Ulysses, and think it is a mis-fire. Genius white, with some space between the blades; a very it has I think; but of the inferior water. The book is sparsely sown field. I had tea at Gordon Square. diffuse. It is brackish. It is pretentious. It is underbred, not only in the obvious sense, but in the literary sense. Jingle A first rate writer, I mean, respects writing too much to She says the following on the page dated March 9, be tricky; startling; doing stunts. I’m reminded all the 1920, about keeping a diary: time of some callow board schoolboy, say like Henry Lamb, full of wits and powers, but so self-conscious “In spite of some tremors I think I shall go on with and egotistical that he loses his head, becomes this diary for the present. I sometimes think that I extravagant, mannered, uproarious, ill at ease, makes have worked through the layer of style which suited kindly people feel sorry for him, and stern ones merely it — suited the comfortable bright hour, after tea; annoyed; & one hopes he’ll grow out of it; but as Joyce and the thing I’ve reached now is less pliable. Never is 40 this scarcely seems likely.” mind; I fancy old Virginia, putting on her spectacles to read of March 1920 will decidedly wish me to After these harsh words, Woolf makes a confession: continue. Greetings! my dear ghost; and take heed “I have not read it carefully; and only once; and it is that I don’t think 50 a very great age. Several good very obscure; so no doubt I have scamped the virtue books can be written still; and here’s the bricks for of it more than is fair. I feel that myriads of tiny bullets a fine one.” pepper one and spatter one; but one does not get one On the page of the following day, Saturday, March deadly wound straight in the face--as from Tolstoy, 10, she talks about the preparation of a new novel: for instance; but it is entirely absurd to compare him with Tolstoy.” “I am planning to begin Jacob’s Room next week with luck (That’s the first time I’ve written that.) It’s Signal the spring I have in mind to describe just to make this note-that one scarcely notices the leaves out on the trees this year, since they seem never entirely to have gone –never any of that iron blackness of the chestnut trunks –always something soft and tinted; such as I can’t remember in my life before. In fact, we’ve

57 Radio Films of the SILVER SCREEN

Love and Hatred TALK RADIO

Kurtuluş Özyazıcı

Barry Champlain is e chats with listeners during his late night and does not hesitate to go H into “dangerous” topics. Most of those who call him say that they don’t like or even a radio broadcaster hate him but they still listen to his talk radio show. Champlain is quite pleased who hosts talk radio with this interest shown in him. Being disliked and receiving death threats due to his remarks on the talk show is all part of the show for him. This hatred has made shows in a local radio his show more popular and drawn the attention of prominent broadcasting station in . institutions that made him serious offers to make nationwide broadcasts. Barry Champlain’s story has been inspired by a real radio broadcaster called Alan Berg who drew reaction for his sharp-tongue and remarks that were abhorrent to conservative Americans and was eventually killed. Stephen Singular wrote his biography and Eric Bogosian adapted the book into a play. The story of Alan Berg that started in a clothing store and made its way to become a radio star, was adapted into a movie by Bogosian and Oliver Stone who was at the same time the director of the movie.

Talk Radio (1988) gives us the impression that we are in a radio drama. The first half an hour of the movie is filmed in a radio studio and we listen to a talk show. The late night show hosted by Barry Champlain who argues with listeners rather than talking to them is before us in all its clarity. Many Americans who are looking for someone to talk to in the dead of night join Champlain’s show to unburden themselves to him. Some tell about things that are very important to them and others touch on political issues. The talk show is like a confidant at that hour for

58 RADYOvizyon listeners. Champlain talks to all of them. Sometimes makes self-criticism. It is as if he is a listener who has he tries to solve their problems like a psychiatrist called in to the show. He talks about his mistakes and sometimes he enters into serious political and loneliness. This is an emotional speech, a kind discussions with them. Most of the time he scolds of judgment of life. Phones ring and Champlain his listeners and takes those whose conversation he answers the first call. He tells the listener about his gets bored with off the air. Champlain’s strong voice, own problems as if he was not the person who made witness and outspoken attitude has made him the that speech a little while ago. Just then Champlain king of radio. understands that everything is nothing but a show. Barry Champlain has become a “star” but he has, Not only him but also listeners are part of this show. at the same time, become one of the most hated Large companies that are impressed by popularity people in the area. Champlain faces this truth in one of the local talk show want to broadcast Champlain’s of the off location scenes in the movie. He has been show nationwide. This means that he will be known called to make an announcement in a basketball nationwide. However, the production company has game. Spectators boo him except one of two people some conditions. They do not want Champlain to who ask for his autograph. They throw their food and touch on every issue. Champlain does not accept this drinks at him. Despite this, Champlain says that they condition. He says that what makes him different is “love him.” According to him any publicity is good his bluntness and he will absolutely not censor his publicity and being hated serves his talk radio show. words. Thus the talk show continues to be a local one.

Talk radio shows were quite popular in the U.S. in the Talk Radio is a movie that imprints in our minds the 1980s. Contrary to talk show hosts who preferred to fact that radio has a function besides music too... The have stars on television, radio broadcasters preferred voice that comes from the radio in the stillness of talking to ordinary people. Daytime shows were the night becomes a companion or confidant to the more educational/informative whereas late night listener who feels lonely. Although there are some shows appealed to people who felt themselves examples on a program basis in Turkey, talk radio lonely, had things to say or were isolated. Listeners’ shows that cannot be completely materialized aim not appearing on the screen on the radio and to guide listeners in overcoming difficulties in life. only their names being mentioned enabled These talk radio shows that offer uncensored and them to express themselves more freely. Thus, the unlimited talk, on the one hand succeed in reaching country’s marginal culture appeared at nights. Radio out to listeners from all segments of society and on broadcasters hosting late night talk shows touched the other hand, disturb some people for mentioning on challenging issues and became listeners’ things that are not generally said. Many radio confidants. Therefore, the line was overstepped broadcasters who host talk radio shows are forced most of the time. Sometimes this line was crossed by to take a step back due to people’s reaction. Talk listeners while at other times the radio broadcaster radio that has been adapted into a play and movie drew serious reaction with his sentences without based on the true story of a radio broadcaster called predicting the listener’s reaction. Alan Berg who was eventually killed, is one of the In one of the most impressive scenes in Talk Radio, most successful movies that highlights the power of Barry Champlain who usually gets on his soapbox, radio.

59 Archive: Sibel-Ceyhun Ergüven

Aid Communication Seminar | Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan | August 22, 1967 A fitting picture with our cover story, in which we open for debate the future of External Broadcasting. From the History of Radio From Jülide Gülizar of was one of the participants of Aid Communication Seminar, where broadcasters from around the world came together (Front row, third on right) . From the History of Radio From

TRT Ankara Radio Presenter Jülide Gülizar is in an Anatolian town with her mobile audio recorder (nagra)...

60 Photographs and texts: Ozan Sağdıç

Three presenters in İstanbul Radio Durnev Tunaseli, Tarık Gürcan and Orhan Boran; Three unforgettable announcers of İstanbul Radio are on the microphone... Their sobriety reflects in their faces; radio is a serious business, it requires labour, it requires love. All radio broadcasters know that if their voices reach even one person on earth, that person should be respected...

Discotheque at İstanbul Radio Records have been brought from the US and England to İstanbul Radio which began broadcasts in 1949 at its new premises. These records are placed on shelves with great care and archived under the supervision of music critique Faruk Yener. İnci Baylav as well as Tarık Gürcan and Orhan Boran, from time to time, lend a helping hand to this job.

İstanbul Radio Master Control Producers make all preparations before the broadcast. They read, conduct research and try to have a good grasp of the subject. They contact experts on related subjects and invite them to join the broadcast, if need be. Speakers are the life-blood of programs with their decent and eloquent Turkish. Technicians are responsible for communicating to the audience all the excitement, sound, music and effects at the studio. Being a technician requires craftsmanship. Aesthetic presentation of the show depends on technician’s skills and this craft is passed down from the master to the youths he has trained.

Taken from the book "First, There Was Radio" published by Radio Department, with the permission of its author Mr. Ozan Sağdıç. 61

The World of Radio Olgu Tokdemir Meets in Antalya

RT celebrates May 6, the day when the first official Radio Village, Radio Days will be experienced to T radio broadcasts began in our country, under the fullest with public concerts and live broadcasts the name “Radio Days”, with a series of events from the glass studio. At the event to be joined by appealing to international guests. Radio Days, representatives of foreign broadcasting institutions, the first of which was held in 2009, will be held in producers will address their own countries from Antalya through May 2-6, 2016 to bring together TRT’s glass studios. broadcasters, listeners and all those who share a On the occasion of Radio Days, TRT Radio will bond with the radio. soon introduce a new program, with a new theme and format to its listeners...TRT radio family is As part of the events, a Radio Village will be set up. expanding. The Radio Village will allow visitors young and old alike, to experience radio with interesting activities Meet us in Antalya through May 2-6, 2016 to be at its training hall, stage for radio plays and exhibition a part of radio and share the joy of Radio Days area, and at its karaoke studio. Besides events at the with us.

We Remember...

he following names are TRT veterans who served TRT Radios and Turkish music for long years. We remember T with respect the faithful TRT employees who passed away in recent months. Altan Demirel | Beginning his TRT career in 1989, Selma Sağbaş | A soloist of Turkish Classical Music Altan Demirel worked at TRT Music Department as an at TRT İstanbul Radio, Selma Sağbaş worked with expert on Turkish Folk Music and Folk Dances. He was Alaeddin Yavaşça for long years. She was deemed a member of Supervisory and Repertoire Boards of worthy of “Best of World Music” award among 650 TRT Turkish Folk Music. Demirel was instrumental in records by the Association for Independent Music notating more than 400 Turkish folk songs and dance (AFIM), together with Lalezar Company, whose art tunes for TRT Turkish Folk Music Collection. director was his husband Reha Sağbaş. Selma Sağbaş produced several shows and concerts at TRT and Zehra Eren | Becoming a singer in 1951 of tango songs won people’s sympathy and affection. orchestrated by Niyazi Erdem at Ankara Radio, Zehra Eren was the soloist of various ensembles at Ankara and İstanbul Radios and participated in numerous shows. One of the greatest female performers of Kahraman Özlü | Music professional Kahraman Özlü Turkish tango songs, Zehra Eren was also the recipient passed away at the age of 64. He was employed at of the 7th Golden Plane Lifetime Achievement Award. TRT Ankara Radio as a researcher in his first few years Bircan Pullukçuoğlu | Born in Söke district of Aydın in civil service; and besides his duties at TRT Turkish province on August 15, 1948, Bircan Pullukçuoğlu Classical Music Office, he also participated in radio was tutored by Coşkun Güla. A player of bağlama and shows and concerts of amateur choirs, the Singing , Pullukçuoğlu became a vocal artist at TRT. The Choir of Engürü Turkish Music Society in particular, TRT singer, who notated several Turkish folk songs for as a tambourine player and vocalist. For a while, he the TRT Collection, also took part in various television was the producer of "Hidden Tunes" broadcast by shows. Before passing away, Pullukçuoğlu was chief TRT Nağme, and carried out performances with his technician at Ankara Radio. tambourine and singing.

62

“The Two-Hour Slot Which Feels This Very Hour Team Two Minutes” was in Gaziantep

roadcast live between 17.00 and 19.00 hours five B days a week at TRT FM, the show “This Very Hour” has taken to the roads across Anatolia... The show is put together by producer and presenter Acar Acartürk, producer Şükrü Oral and a dynamic team.

With the slogan “The Two-Hour Slot Which Feels Two Minutes”, This Very Hour show steps out of the studio frequently and goes to different parts of Anatolia, different provinces and university campuses to carry out its broadcasts outdoors. With live shows at university campuses, the show aims at encouraging young people’s participation and of youths. This Very Hour show mingled with enriching its audience profile. Having travelled to university students and Gaziantep residents during Gaziantep for a four-day broadcast through March four-day live broadcasts at Gaziantep University 8-11, This Very Hour team visited girls’ dormitories campus, Culinary Arts Training Centre and Balıklı in the city on March 8, International Women’s Day Square and it will continue to visit different parts of and broadcast the show with the participation Anatolia for the next episodes.

Seda Uslu Sarıoğlu Çukurova Radio is 48 Years Old

March 3, 1968 is a significant date for regional devoted listeners of Çukurova Radio also kept them broadcasting. The establishment of Çukurova company by listening to the shows aired that day. Radio, the first and only station of TRT Radios, Sounds from bygone but unforgotten shows, were bearing the name of not a city but an area, took broadcast, giving the sense to listeners that they place on March 3. The 48th anniversary of the are in a time tunnel. Having played a critical role in establishment of Çukurova Radio, which has been the Cyprus Peace Operation by acting as a bridge working for the past 48 years to reach, day and between Mehmets and their families, Çukurova night, each individual, young and old and female Radio broadcast, enriched with various anecdotes, and male alike, in all corners of Çukurova, from aired celebratory messages of governors, mayors, neighbourhoods to city centres, from the seaside university rectors and loyal listeners, who fall to mountain villages, and assuming the duty of within the coverage area of the station. A cocktail informing people by voicing the questions of to celebrate the day also included a nice surprise. the audience, thus succeeded in becoming the Organizers created the atmosphere of a radio show might voice of the area, was celebrated with great where guests were greeted to the accompaniment enthusiasm. of music and sound effects synchronized to a text. Radio employees, who produced in 2016 eight Resting on a 50-year glorious past, Çukurova Radio different shows at the station, one of them regional will be committed to producing more shows with and the other seven national, met with leading the proud affirmation at the celebration of its bureaucrats, politicians, representatives of NGOs privileged place in the hearts of its listeners and of and press members at the celebration, while the region it appeals to.

63 Le on RADYOvizyon a rd o d a

V i n c i

first came sound Şirin Sümer

he first moment when the heart of a baby beats in its the world was just you and me... These lullabies mean the mother’s womb... The first moment when the heart is filled instinct of giving birth to a mortal and attaining maturity... T with life... When man is nothing but a mere clot of congealed Listen to the lullabies that I have been singing to you for blood... When man is just a few millimeters long...When the thousands of years... Listen to sounds that flow towards first sound of life is heard... The first heartbeat... The first you from the heart of Anatolia... I have looked in the eyes movement in the core of our soul... of death many times...May be this is the reason my lullabies Do you know who has heard your first heartbeat? tear my soul apart... Anatolia is a house of affection... A I have... mother who cries her heart out for her baby...Mothers who Your mother has... have been crying their hearts out in several languages for I have heard it, sensed it, felt it and knew it with all my heart. thousands of years... Every mother touches her belly when she hears that first "Will you fall asleep if I lull you to sleep? / Will my sweet heartbeat... Life becomes nothing but that heartbeat. Even words lull you to sleep?/ Will my baby grow up?/ Will you the mother’s heart stops beating for a moment and only sleep if I tell you to sleep?/ Will my baby grow up?/ Sleep cares for the baby... The world is only your first sound at that peacefully my dearest”... moment... This is what life is dear reader...I cannot prove this Do you know when your heart first beat after you were to you scientifically, I cannot show you any statistical data conceived? At that time doctors did not call you a “baby.” but this is what life is... They did not even call you a “fetus.” Please take a ruler in In fact the first heartbeat deserves a name. I wish we had your hand and look... You are only a 3 millimeter clot of named that miracle. congealed blood... You are hidden in a tiny egg... And then you were born and I set you free into this world... Then your heart starts beating outside of me... First in my arms, then beside me and then far away from me; your I have written these tunes and melodies to you from my and dearest heart beats so far away... your heart, dear reader... It is a lullaby that I sang with the first musical notes of my heart... It is a pigeon that flaps its wings In fact, the kingdom of motherhood ends when you take so that the whole world hears this first sound...The world the first breath in this world... Listen to my first lullabies... needs to hear this first sound and understand this miracle... These lullabies are the laments of my heart... These lullabies’ wail for life painfully cutting the umbilical cord between We should perhaps name this sound that is only heard by you and me... These lullabies long for your fetal state when mothers and this name should be an unforgettable one... [email protected] 64 TurkishTurkish Folk Folk Music Music reparedrepared in incollaboration collaboration of ofTRT TRT and and Kalan Kalan Music, Music, the the Aşık Aşık VEYSEL VEYSEL Project Project was was created created PPwith with the the recordings recordings from from TRT TRT archives archives and and a selectiona selection of ofpieces pieces from from Aşık Aşık Veysel Veysel gramophonegramophone records. records. Voice Voice restoration restoration was was handled handled by by Kalan Kalan Music. Music. You You can can purchase purchase thethe album album through through www.trtmarket.net www.trtmarket.net and and TRT TRT Market Market stores. stores.

In Inthe the first first one one of theof the albums albums prepared prepared in intwo two discs discs Aşık Aşık Veysel Veysel performs performs his hisown own works. works. In Inthe the second second album, album, Aşık Aşık Veysel Veysel performs performs the the pieces pieces of ofmasters masters that that lived lived before before him. him. R R A A NN D D Y Y O O V V Rİ Rİ AZ AZ DY DY OY OY ON ON QUARTERLYQUARTERLY RADIO RADIO MAGAZINE MAGAZINE / APRIL / APRIL 2016 2016 / 6 / 6 V V HAVEHAVE YOU YOU EVER EVER READ READ RADIO RADIO? ? İ İ Z Z YE YE ON ON EE NG NG L L I I FILE:FILE: THE THE FUTURE FUTURE OF OF EXTERNAL EXTERNAL BROADCASTING BROADCASTING - - S S IIII WW H H NN

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S S “We“We have have some some words words to tellto tell the the world. world. This This country country has hasa lot a lotto to say,say, and and people people of this of this country country have have a lot a lotto say.to say. TRT TRT is a is powerful a powerful tooltool to tomake make this this voice voice and and these these words words heard heard all allaround around the the world.world. TRT TRT External External Services Services Department Department is bringingis bringing Turkey’s Turkey’s EXTERNALEXTERNAL BROADCASTING BROADCASTING THROUGH THROUGH Naci Naci KORU KORU voicevoice and and words words to theto the whole whole world world through through radio radio broadcasts broadcasts in in A FOREIGNA FOREIGN POLICY POLICY PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE 37 37languages languages and and web web broadcasts broadcasts in 41in 41languages.” languages.” INTERVIEWINTERVIEW WITH WITH EBU EBU DIRECTOR DIRECTOR GENERAL GENERAL Ingrid Ingrid DELTENRE DELTENRE THE THE FUTURE FUTURE OF OFINTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RADIO RADIO BROADCASTING BROADCASTING Steve Steve Ahern Ahern ŞenolŞenol GÖKA GÖKA DIGITALDIGITAL RADIO RADIO WAVE WAVE CROSSES CROSSES EUROPE EUROPE David David Fernández Fernández QUIJADA QUIJADA TRTTRT Director Director General General 6 6 AN ANEVALUATION EVALUATION OF OFEXTERNAL EXTERNAL BRODCASTING BRODCASTING WITHIN WITHIN Assoc. Assoc. Prof. Prof. Enderhan Enderhan KARAKOÇ KARAKOÇ THETHE CONTEXT CONTEXT OF OFPUBLIC PUBLIC DIPLOMACY DIPLOMACY BROADCASTING BROADCASTING WITHOUT WITHOUT BORDERS BORDERS IN THE IN THE 21st 21 CENTURYst CENTURY Dr. Dr.Mike Mike McCLUSKEY McCLUSKEY TO THETO THE WHOLE WHOLE WORLD WORLD FROM FROM A TINY A TINY MICROPHONE MICROPHONE Serkan Serkan ERSÖZ ERSÖZ | Tayfun | Tayfun YÖNLÜ YÖNLÜ