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Documenting the Establishment, Spread, and Severity of Phyllachora Maydis on Corn, in the United States

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Documenting the Establishment, Spread, and Severity of Phyllachora Maydis on Corn, in the United States Plant Pathology and Microbiology Publications Plant Pathology and Microbiology 2020 Documenting the Establishment, Spread, and Severity of Phyllachora maydis on Corn, in the United States Nathan M. Kleczewski University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Diane E. Plewa University of Illinois Extension Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette University of Missouri Norman D. Bowman University of Illinois Extension Joseph LaForest University of Georgia See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/plantpath_pubs Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ plantpath_pubs/323. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology and Microbiology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plant Pathology and Microbiology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Documenting the Establishment, Spread, and Severity of Phyllachora maydis on Corn, in the United States Abstract Tar spot on corn, caused by the fungus (Phyllachora maydis Maubl. [Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae]), is an emerging disease in the United States. In 2018 and 2019, significant but localized epidemics of tar spot occurred across the major corn producing region of the Midwest. After being first detected in 2015, tar spot was detected in 135 and 139 counties where the disease was not previously detected in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and is now established across 310 counties across the United Sates. Foliage with signs (stromata) of P. maydis and symptoms of tar spot were collected from 128 fields in 2018 and 191 fields in 2019, across seven states. Samples were assessed for severity of fungal stromata (percent leaf area covered with stromata) on foliage and the incidence of fisheye lesions (proportion of lesions with fisheye symptoms) associated with fungal stromata. Stromatal severity on samples in 2018 ranged from 0.5 to 67% and incidence of fisheye lesions ranged from 0 to 12%, whereas in 2019, stromatal severity ranged from 0.1 to 35% and incidence of fisheye lesions ranged from 0 to 80%, with 95% of samples presenting less than 6% incidence of fisheye lesions. Tar spot has spread substantially from where it was first eporr ted in the United States. Collaborative efforts to monitor the spread and educate clientele on management are essential as this disease spreads into new areas. Keywords ascomycete, dispersal, fungi, hybrid, management Disciplines Agricultural Science | Agriculture | Plant Pathology Comments This article is published as Kleczewski, Nathan M., Diane E. Plewa, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Norman D. Bowman, Jan M. Byrne, Joseph LaForest, Felipe Dalla-Lana et al. "Documenting the establishment, spread, and severity of Phyllachora maydis on corn, in the United States." Journal of Integrated Pest Management 11, no. 1 (2020): 14. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmaa012. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors Nathan M. Kleczewski, Diane E. Plewa, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Norman D. Bowman, Joseph LaForest, Felipe Dalla-Lana, Dean K. Malvick, Daren S. Mueller, Martin I. Chilvers, Pierce A. Paul, Richard N. Raid, Alison E. Robertson, Gail E. Ruhl, Damon L. Smith, and Darcy E. P. Telenko This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/plantpath_pubs/323 Journal of Integrated Pest Management, (2020) 11(1): 14; 1–5 doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmaa012 Issues applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Documenting the Establishment, Spread, and Severity of Phyllachora maydis on Corn, in the United States Nathan M. Kleczewski,1, Diane E. Plewa,2 Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette,3 Norman D. Bowman,2 Jan M. Byrne,4 Joseph LaForest,5 Felipe Dalla-Lana,6, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/11/1/14/5871671 by Iowa State University user on 18 August 2021 Dean K. Malvick,7 Daren S. Mueller,8 Martin I. Chilvers,4 Pierce A. Paul,6 Richard N. Raid,9 Alison E. Robertson,8 Gail E. Ruhl,10 Damon L. Smith,11, and Darcy E.P. Telenko10 1Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, IL, 2Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois Extension, 111 Mumford Hall, 1301 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 3Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 110 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO, 4Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 5Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 6Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 7Department of Plant Pathology, University of Min- nesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, 8Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 9Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 3200 East Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430, 10De- partment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 11Department of Plant Path- ology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, and 12Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Nathan Walker Received 25 February 2020; Editorial decision 4 June 2020 Abstract Tar spot on corn, caused by the fungus (Phyllachora maydis Maubl. [Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae]), is an emerging disease in the United States. In 2018 and 2019, significant but localized epidemics of tar spot occurred across the major corn producing region of the Midwest. After being first detected in 2015, tar spot was detected in 135 and 139 counties where the disease was not previously detected in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and is now established across 310 counties across the United Sates. Foliage with signs (stromata) of P. maydis and symptoms of tar spot were collected from 128 fields in 2018 and 191 fields in 2019, across seven states. Samples were assessed for severity of fungal stromata (percent leaf area covered with stromata) on foliage and the incidence of fisheye lesions (proportion of lesions with fisheye symptoms) associated with fungal stromata. Stromatal severity on samples in 2018 ranged from 0.5 to 67% and incidence of fisheye lesions ranged from 0 to 12%, whereas in 2019, stromatal severity ranged from 0.1 to 35% and incidence of fisheye lesions ranged from 0 to 80%, with 95% of samples presenting less than 6% incidence of fisheye lesions. Tar spot has spread substantially from where it was first reported in the United States. Collaborative efforts to monitor the spread and educate clientele on management are essential as this disease spreads into new areas. Key words: ascomycete, dispersal, fungi, hybrid, management Tar spot, caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Phyllachora Bajet et al. 1994), with symptoms and signs also occurring on leaf maydis Maubl. (Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae), is a foliar sheaths and husks in severe cases (Hock et al. 1992, Bajet et al. disease that can cause significant damage to corn throughout 1994). Occasionally, stromata may be surrounded by a necrotic Central America, South America, the Caribbean, and the lesion, giving the lesion a ‘fisheye’ appearance (Kleczewski et al. Midwestern United States (Liu 1973, Bajet et al. 1994, Ruhl et al. 2019a). Although the cause of fisheye lesions is unknown (McCoy 2016, Mottaleb et al. 2018). Initial symptoms appear as small, et al. 2019), severe yield loss of up to 90% has been reported to be chlorotic lesions ~7 d after infection, followed by the develop- associated with these symptoms in Central America (Hock et al. ment of small (0.5–2.5 mm [0.019–0.098] in diameter), gener- 1995, Pereyda-Hernandez et al. 2009, Mahuku et al. 2013). Yield ally circular, brown to black stromata (signs) scattered across the loss resulting from tar spot has been attributed to reduced ear upper and lower leaf surfaces, occasionally coalescing into stripes weight, poor kernel filling, loose kernels, and vivipary, which is a (Liu 1973). Older leaves are most frequently affected (Liu 1973, phenomenon where seeds germinate prematurely before reaching © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ 1 by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 2020, Vol. 11, No. 1 maturity (Dittrich et al. 1991, Hock et al. 1995). An increase in Distribution of Tar Spot in the United States in the incidence of stalk rots, and a reduction in fodder quality and 2018 and 2019 quantity has also been reported (Bajet et al. 1994, Mahuku et al. Survey data were collected and shared with stakeholders in 2018 2013). and 2019 using different mechanisms. This was due to the need to Tar spot is favored by moderate temperatures (16–21°C [60.8– rapidly acquire data during the sudden tar spot epidemic of 2018, 69.8°F]), a daily average relative humidity of >75%, and at least 7 h whereas the 2019 survey was generally a planned group effort. of free moisture on foliage. Ascospores are produced in perithecia In 2018, state extension specialists manually entered county level within stromata, exuded in a gelatinous matrix, and are believed to incidence data into a shared spreadsheet, and national- and state- be dispersed via wind and rain. After infection and an incubation level maps were manually produced for each state by the state exten- period of 12 to 20 d, new stromata are produced.
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