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Jhon Alexander Osorio Romero

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Jhon Alexander Osorio Romero INVENTARIO TAXONÓMICO DE ESPECIES PERTENECIENTES AL GÉNERO PHYLLACHORA (FUNGI ASCOMYCOTA ) ASOCIADAS A LA VEGETACIÓN DE SABANA NEOTROPICAL (CERRADO BRASILERO) CON ÉNFASIS EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE BRASILIA DF. JHON ALEXANDER OSORIO ROMERO UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS UNIVERSIDAD DEL QUINDÍO UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE PEREIRA MAESTRÍA EN BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL PEREIRA 2008 INVENTARIO TAXONÓMICO DE ESPECIES PERTENECIENTES AL GÉNERO PHYLLACHORA (FUNGI ASCOMYCOTA ) ASOCIADAS A LA VEGETACIÓN DE SABANA NEOTROPICAL (CERRADO BRASILERO) CON ÉNFASIS EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE BRASILIA DF. JHON ALEXANDER OSORIO ROMERO Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito para optar al título de Magíster en Biología Vegetal Orientado por: CARLOS ANTONIO INÁCIO PhD. Departamento de Fitopatología Universidad de Brasilia Brasilia, D.F Brasil UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS UNIVERSIDAD DEL QUINDÍO UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE PEREIRA MAESTRÍA EN BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL PEREIRA 2008 DEDICATORIA A Dios, por ser el artífice de todo y permitirme alcanzar mis objetivos. A mis padres, quienes han aplaudido cada uno de mis logros y me han señalado correctamente los senderos del respeto, la honestidad, la perseverancia y la humildad; su confianza y apoyo incondicional han sido herramientas esenciales para cumplir con este importante objetivo en mi vida. A mi novia y mejor amiga Andrea, por ser mi fuerza y templanza, por mostrarme las bondades de la vida y ser mi fuente de inspiración para nunca desfallecer en el intento. A la memoria de mi Grecco. “La ciencia apenas sirve para darnos una idea de la extensión de nuestra ignorancia”. Félicité Robert de Lammenais AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera resaltar aquellas personas, que contribuyeron para llevar en buen término la realización de este trabajo y que enseguida me refiero: Especial agradecimiento al profesor (PhD), Carlos Antonio Inácio , mi orientador científico y quien me brindó la oportunidad de realizar esta importante investigación; a él, doy gracias por el apoyo científico, material y humano, por su colaboración y dedicación en mi formación como investigador. Al Profesor (Dr.) José Carmine Dianese, por su significativo respaldo a la tesis y sus oportunas clases de micología. A la (Dra) Marisa Álvarez , Jefe del Laboratorio de Fitopatología, por las facilidades, confianza y garantizar mi trabajo en el laboratorio, el cual se convirtió en mi hogar durante 9 meses. A la profesora Mariza Sanchez, curadora de la colección micológica de referencia, por su aporte invaluable para el desarrollo del proyecto. A los profesores Carolyn E. Barnes Proença, curadora del herbario (UB) y José Elias de Paula, profesor del Laboratorio de anatomía vegetal, especial agradecimiento por su colaboración en la difícil e importante labor de identificación de especies hospederas. A los jefes de los laboratorios de Microscopía Electrónica y Nanotecnología, por el préstamo de equipos. Al Profesor (Dr) Juvenil Cares , por su amistad y permitirme enriquecer mis conocimientos dentro de su clase de seminario de investigación. Al profesor (Dr.) Adalberto Café Filho , Coordinador de Postgrado en Fitopatología. A José Ribamar, secretario de Postgrado, por ofrecerme siempre un apoyo a los incovenientes presentados. A Leila Pereira dos santos, por su apoyo técnico. A mi gran amigo (Dr.) Marcos Freitas , por esa voz de aliento y apoyo en aquellos momentos difíciles y por su compañía en nuestras extensas jornadas de laboratorio. A la Dra. Zuleide M. Chaves, por sus asesorías en micología y la amistad que me brindó. A mis amigas Ednalva P. de Andrade y Rita de Cássia Pereira, estudiantes de Doctorado en Fitopatología, por su colaboración y estar en los momentos oportunos para siempre tenderme una mano amiga. A Ana Paula Castro, Jansen P. Santos y Eder Marques, estudiantes de postgrado en Fitopatología por su colaboración, amistad y compañía. Al grupo de micología a cargo del Dr. Carlos Inácio; Integrado por: Siomara Vasconcelos, Edivanio Araujo, Douglas Faria e Isaque Medeiros. A Cristiane Lopes de Oliveira, Reinaldo J. Miranda, Leandro N. Ramos, Rafael Brugger, Bruno E. Miranda, Paulo Mesquita y Keize Junqueira, estudiantes de postgrado en Fitopatología, por su invaluable amistad. Deseo expresar el más sincero agradecimiento al personal técnico del laboratorio de Fitopatología: Francisca Ferraz y kamila Pereira, Arenildo Soares, Arlindo Epaminondas, Marivaldo Farias y César de Castro. A la Dra. Profesora Meike Piepenbring de la Universidad de Frankfurt en Main, por su apoyo y aporte en la revisión de la tesis. A todas las anteriores personas, mil gracias por el óptimo ambiente de trabajo que me brindaron, por contribuir en mi formación pedagógica y personal, por su colaboración, desde el comienzo, durante la ejecución y culminación de mi proceso investigativo, vinculado al Programa de Fitopatología de la Universidad de Brasilia, Brasilia, DF. Jhon Alexander Osorio, Mayo de 2008. CONTENIDO Pág. RESUMEN ...................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................ 2 2. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................... 5 2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL ......................................................................... 5 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ................................................................ 5 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ........................................................................................ 6 4. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ....................................................... 7 5. MARCO TEÓRICO ..................................................................................... 8 5.1. GENERALIDADES DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ..................................... 8 5.1.1. El Cerrado....................................................................................... 8 5.1.2. Características del Parque Nacional de Brasilia ........................... 10 5.2. INFORMACIÓN MICOLÓGICA GENERAL ........................................ 11 5.3. INTERÉS TAXONÓMICO ................................................................... 12 5.4. CLASIFICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL GÉNERO PHYLLACHORA . 13 5.5. ORDEN PHYLLACHORALES ............................................................ 14 5.6. ANTEDECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DEL GÉNERO .......................... 15 5.7. CARACTERES TAXONÓMICOS DEL GÉNERO PHYLLAHORA Y SU SIGNIFICADO ..................................................................................... 18 5.7.1. Áreas infectadas ........................................................................... 18 5.7.2. Inserción y orientación del ascoma ............................................... 19 5.7.3. Paráfises....................................................................................... 20 5.7.4. Ascos ............................................................................................ 20 5.7.5. Ascosporos ................................................................................... 21 6. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .................................................................... 23 6.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ........................................................................... 23 6.2. ETAPA DE CAMPO ............................................................................ 23 6.3. ETAPA DE LABORATORIO .............................................................. 25 7. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ................................................................. 29 7.1. DESCRIPCIÓN E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPECÍMENES ................. 33 7.1.1. Phyllachora astroniicola asociada a hojas de Astronium fraxinifolium Schott. Anacardiaceae (UB 20.657), Fig. 1 A-G. ................ 33 7.1.2. Phyllachora nov. spec., asociada a hojas de Combretum sp. Combretaceae (UB 20.654), Fig. 2 A-G.................................................. 37 7.1.3. Phyllachora crotonis var. crotonis (Cooke) Sacc., en hojas de Croton goyazensis Müll. Arg., Euphorbiaceae (UB 10.887), Fig. 3 A- G...41 7.1.4. Phyllachora sobre hojas de Bauhinia spp. .................................... 46 7.1.5. Phyllachora nov. spec., en hojas y foliolos de Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Fabaceae (UB 20.660), Fig. 4 A-F. ............................................... 47 7.1.6. Phyllachora nov. spec., en hojas de Bauhinia rubiginosa Bong. Fabaceae (UB 20.659), Fig. 5 A-G. ........................................................ 52 7.1.7. Phyllachora tenuis (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc., sobre hojas y foliolos de Bauhinia sp. Fabaceae (UB 20.495), Fig. 6 A-G................................ 57 7.1.8. Phyllachora nov. spec., asociada a hojas y foliolos de Chamaecrista flexuosa (L) Greene (= Cassia flexuosa L.) Fabaceae (UB 10.149), Fig. 7 A-G. ......................................................................... 62 7.1.9. Phyllachora diocleicola Chardón, en hojas y foliolos de Chamaecrista sp. Fabaceae (UB 14.010), Fig. 8 A-F. ............................ 68 7.1.10 . Phyllachora copaiferae Speg., sobre hojas de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Fabaceae (UB 15.364), Fig. 9 A-G.............................. 74 7.1.11. Phyllachora puncta subsp. dalbergiicola (Henn.) P. Cannon, sobre hojas y foliolos de Dalbergia miscolobium Benth. Fabaceae (UB 10.114), Fig. 10 A-G. .............................................................................. 79 7.1.12. Phyllachora amazonensis (Bat. & J.L Bezerra) P. Cannon en hojas de Inga sp. Fabaceae (UB 8968), Fig. 11 A-G. ............................. 87 7.1.13 Phyllachora puncta subsp.
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