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Olhos: Do Rei .. I· PI \ :--;-1.\ 1)0 f'L O' nODV memória de PAULUS EDWARD P E S e EDMUND REIMERS, À I RI que começaram este projecto há mais de setenta anos DESENHOS E DESCRIÇÕES PORTUGUESAS DA ILHA DE CEILÃO (1624, 1638) JorgeManu elFlores Cmu!'osÂo NACIONAL 1',\llA AS Cml[�IORAÇlH:.s nns D :.SCOlllUMI [t..'T OS P OnTU(;UI..:i:r.s' Lisboa , 2001 ÍNDICE GERAL ��-------------------------------------------------------- ------------- 006 Palavras prévias ooS I.INTRODUÇAO 011 l.} 1638, um ano de muitos significados 017 2.} O enquadramento 017 [2.1.] Do CERCO DE COLOMBO (I 587- r 588) AO TRATADO DE 1617 024 [2.2.] A ERA DE 'KOSTANTIN U DE SA' (1618-r630) °31 [2.3-] ENTRE DUAS BATALHAS: DA 'PERDIÇÃO DE CONSTANTINO' (r630) A GANNORU VA (1638) °35 3.} Constantino de Sá de Miranda e o seu livro °35 [3.1.] o AUTOR: ESBOÇO BIOGRÁFICO 036 [3.2.] CONHECER PARA GOV ER NAR: OS CÓDICES DE MADRID E SARAGOÇA E OS SEUS PARES DE WASHINGTON E HAIA [303.] o CÓDICE DE SARAGOÇA: FONTES E RECEPÇÃO °52 [3+] CONSTAN T INO DE SÁ DE MIRAN DA, UM "ANTROPÓLOGO PRECONCEITUOSO" Ficha Técnica COORDENAÇÃO EDITORIAL: João Paulo Salvado José Brandão DESIGN: José Brandão I Paulo Falardo {Atelier B2} CONTROLO "' I>lrl"",io: Gabriel Godoi PRÉ-1M PR "ss,\o: Textype 1�'(PR[SSÀO: Printer DEPÓSITO LEGAL: 162563/01 058 II. OS TEXTOS 061 {O códice de Madrid Descrição codicológica 06J BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE MADRID, Manuscrito 8930, ,,°5 fols.184-222 101 { O códice de Saragoça /01 Descrição codicológica 10J BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITÁRIA DE SARAGOÇA, Manusc"':to 13 189 Bibliografia Palavras Prévias Jorge Manuel Flores U Não me temo de Castela, uando o poeta Sá de Miranda escreveu estes versos, à roda de 1530, estava longe donde inda guerra não soa; de supor o que aconteceria um século depois. No final dos anos de 1630, Ul11- mas temo-me de Lisboa, outro Sá de Miranda (Constcmtino e não Francisco), qu,e algumas décadas que, ao cheiro desta canela, o reino nos despovoa n antes ajudara a despovoar o reino l11,udando-se justamente para. a i,lha da. canela, descrevia a sua terra de adopção a Filipe IV, um rei. castelhano que, até 1640, seria também o rei de Portugal ... No início desse reinado, um outro Constantino (Sá de Noronha e não Sá de Miranda), enviava para Madrid o primeiro dessa. cLwiosa série de livros dos "rios, plantas e formas da fortificação dos portos do mar desta ilha de Seilão". Ironias, coincidências e desconcertos da sociedade portuguesa da expansão. f Apesar de sugestivas, as imagens de um e de outro não terão proporcionado grande deleite estético a Filipe IV Quem tinha Velásquez em Madrid para pintar os seus filhos, as sLl,as mulheres e a ele próprio, não se impressionaria ce/iamente com a qualidade aliística dos desenhos aguarelados que lhe chegavam de Ceilão. Todavia, mais do que a fruição da sua beleza, o qLle estava em causa era a SLla utilidade tendo em vista a condução de um projecto político. Aí, a fidelidade das representações, conjugada com o rigor das descrições, era infinitamente mais imp01iante. f O objecto da presente obra é a edição destes dois manLlscritos sem título, separados por década e meia de história mas unidos por um sem número de semelhanças que adiante e:xplorarei. Um, o de Constantino de Sá de Noronha (1624), guarda-se na Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid. Ainda que conhecido dos historiadores, este documento - consistindo num cOl1junto de desenhos capeados por uma brevíssima explicação preliminar - nunca foi publicado. O outro, o de Constantino de Sá de Miranda (1638), faz palie dos fundos da Biblioteca da Universidade de Saragoça. Também inédito, para ele me chamou primeiramente a atenção António Manuel Hespanha. Um seu amigo, o histo­ riador Fernando Bouza Álvarez, especialista de história modema e profundo conhecedor dos núcleos documentais de muitos arquivos espanhóis, com ele tinha topado em Saragoça. f Ambos os Constantinos foram, conforme sugere o título desta obra, os "Olhos: do Rei" na ilha de Ceilão. Todavia, sendo o trabalho de Sá de Miranda consideravelmente mais rico e completo que o de Sá de Noronha, pareceu-me ajustado organizar o volume em fimção dessa hierarquia. Daí que o Os OLHOS 00 REI {006 Pnlnvms prévins estudo introdutório que se segue tenha sido constnddo sobretudo em tomo do códice de Saragoça. f As dívidas contraídas ao longo da preparação deste trabalho foram, como é de ver, numerosas. Em primeiro lugar, estou profundamente grato a António Manuel Hespanha e a Fernando Bouza Álvarez, que me colocaram, no trilho do manuscrito de Saragoça. Espero que o resultado final, que agora se apresenta, não os desiluda. em absoluto. A Dr." M." Remedios Moralejo Álva.rez, Directora da Biblioteca Universitári.a de Saragoça, foi desde o primeiro instante uma entusiasta do projecto. A sua colaboração, pronta e permanente, foi muito além daquilo qu.e lhe era instit�tci.onalmente soli­ citado. O Dr. Juan Manuel López Nadai, na qualidade de Conselheiro Cultural da Embaixada de Espanha em Lisboa, prestou um auxílio inestimável a esta obra. 1 A Chandra R. de Silva, para além do estím�tlo que representa com ele partilhar territórios de inves­ tigação, devo o entusiasmo com q�le acompanhou o desenrolar deste trabalho. Não esquecerei a paciên­ cia. e a competência com que resolveu as inúmeras dúvidas que lhe fiz chegar a propósito da anota­ ção do códice de Saragoça. Mas o rol dos débitos alarga-se a �Im conj�mto significativo de colegas e amigos cuja colaboração l1te permitiu ultrapassar os sucessivos escolhos: António Vasconcelos de Saldanha, Anuradha Seneviratna, George Winius, J(enneth David Jackson, João Carlos Ga.rcia, John Clifford Holt, Ju.rrien van Goor, ülÍs Filipe Thomaz, Margarita Estella Marcos, Nuno Vassallo e Silva, Paulo Varela Gomes, Roderich Ptak, Rosa Maria Perez e Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 1 A transcrição efixação do texto de Saragoça, wja ortografiaorigina/foi preselvada, estiveram a ccugo de Pedro Moreira e João Carlos Oliveira. A ambos agradeço o interesse e o profissionalismo que puseram nessa tarefa. 1 À Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid e à Biblioteca Universi.tária de Saragoça, agradeço a autoriza­ ção concedida para a reprodu.ção dos dois manuscritos e sua publicação. O mesmo é válido para as pessoas e instituições que permitiram a reprodução das imagens que ilustram a introdução deste tra­ balho, sendo que os respectivos créditos vão assinalados no lugar próprio. f Finalmente, um agradecimento é devido ao João Salvado, responsável pelo pelouro das edições da Comissão Naci.onal para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos POIiugueses, pela sua arnizade e com­ petência. Os eventuais méritos desta obra não são estranhos àforma como soube conduzir o projecto. Mas é sobretudo ao Comissário-Geral, o Prof Dou.tor Joaq�âm Romero Magalhães, que impOlia diri­ gir o agradecim.ento institucional. Em ambiente de celebrações cabralinas, não deixou. de apoiar a investigação, assumindo o pesado encargo da. publicação, de um trabalho sobre a Ásia do Sul. Ao fazê­ -lo neste momento específico, a Comissão dos Descobrimentos tornou-se uma das escassas instituições nacionais a dar relevo à presença portug�lesa em Ceilão. E é de sublinhar que em 2006 passam quinhentos anos sobre a primeira viagem pOli�lguesa àquela ilha... CARCAVELOS, Fevereiro de 2001 P"I"vr<lS prévios '-']7} 05 OI.HOS 00 REI Introdução . T /\I' JiA \1�\1/\. T ... Ponta das Pedras Karaitivu O AFFNA O �n'-.. Pungudutivu O tJ Neduntivu I I I C) o Km 80 VANNI Mantota Anuradhapura 8° Chilaw Madampe Kurunagala Matale NEGOMBO Malvana KANDY Badulla UVA Pico de Adão Sabaragamuva '$:. ? "to -< :{:Cal1gQ ';-::"'", '" ILHA DE CEILÃO NO SÉCULO iZ Cl Yala A XVII t5 ? ir\ -:. G � �o. " ? ? <;- Devinuvara 80° 81° 82° r638, um ano de muitos significados á cerca de vinte anos, Ray Huang escreveu um livro, frequentemente citado '1 New Haven/Londres, '981. aclamado pelos estudiosos da dinastia Ming, a que deu o sugestivo e enigmá 2er. The general crisís ofthe seventeenth century, eds. Geoffrey Parker & Lesley tico título 1587, a year ar no significance. Th e Ming dynasty in decline. A su M. Smith, reed., Londres/Nova Iorque, '997· tese é a seguinte: 1587, Ano do Porco, é um ano sem importância particular n :3 Foi assim, por exemplo, que seu avô to- que ao Império do Meio se refere. Não há invasões externas nem guerras civis, 1110U conhecimento da Relación de las co­ sas particulares de la China, composta pe­ ao passo que os cataclismos naturais não atingem proporções alarmantes. To davia, lo jesuíta Alonso Sanchez em 1582: "estando indispuesto", Filipe II pediu que esmiuçados os pequenos e 'insignificantes' detalhes do quotidiano, o historia­ lha lessem (Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid [BNM], Ms. 287, rols. '98 55., pub. León dor logra identificar as sementes que, germinando irreversivelmente desde esse ano, acaba Bourdon, "Un projet d'invasion de la Chine par Canton à la fin du siecle" in Actas 1 XVII' I riam por ditar o fim dos Ming meio século mais tarde . do III Colóquio Internacional de Estudos Luso-Brasileiros, vaI. II, Lisboa, 196o, , Ao invés, o ano de 1638 dificilmente poderia passar despercebido em Ceilão. Ta lvez seja mais pp. 97-121). uma parcela da tão propalada crise geral do século Mas o facto é que, seja qual fo r o ângulo xvn2• de visão escolhido, não é necessário escavar em demasia até que se encontrem as marcas de um enorme turbulência. Para os interesses do Estado da Índia na ilha, a data representa o princípio do fim: 1638 é o ano da humilhante derrota infligida por Kandy na batalha de Gannoruva e, be assim, da perda da fo rtaleza de Batticaloa para os Holandeses.
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