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The Sinhalese Diaspora in the United Kingdom

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The Sinhalese Diaspora in the United Kingdom The Sinhalese Buddhist Diaspora in the United Kingdom: Negotiating Sinhalese Identity By Nandasinghe Arachchige Jitendra Wijenayake A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2019 DECLARATION I, Nandasinghe Arachchige Jitendra Wijenayake, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm this has been indicated in the thesis. Nandasinghe Arachchige Jitendra Wijenayake Total word count: 83462 words i Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my first Director of Study, Prof. David Chalcraft, for giving me this opportunity in the first place and guiding me through the first three years of my PhD with his expert knowledge. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Simone Krüger Bridge, who assumed the role of Director of Study in the last year of completing my PhD, for guiding me through the final writing up and examination stage. Sincere thanks also go to Dr Sara Parker for her continuous support of my PhD study and related research. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined of having better supervisors and mentors for my Ph.D. study. Besides my supervisors, I would also like to thank all the members of the Sinhala Buddhist community in the United Kingdom, including the participants, Gatekeepers and all the resources providers for their kindness and support. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my PhD study. I appreciate the support from my family. I would especially love to thank my wife Yvonne. I do not believe I could finish this thesis without her support. ii Abstract Sinhalese Buddhist people have been living in the United Kingdom for a period spanning over three generations. They have grown in number rapidly over the last five decades and have organized themselves as a distinctive community. This community has never been subjected to a formal study with regard to their diasporic experience, identity negotiations, Buddhist orientation and homeland relations. This research is aimed at filling this gap of knowledge about the Sinhalese Buddhist diaspora in the United Kingdom and their homeland relations. Firstly, this research is underpinned by a literature review of sources on Sinhala Buddhist history and civilization in Sri Lanka and the Sinhalese presence in the United Kingdom in order to set the background for this research. The review of literature revealed a rich history of Sinhalese Buddhist civilization in Sri Lanka. The written history of the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka and the mythology provide a perspective of the importance given by the Lord Buddha to the Sinhalese nation and Sri Lanka as the guardian of his pure Theravada Buddhist doctrine. The research also includes a review of discourses on diasporic theory to identify attributes or common features of diaspora in order to fully appreciate the diasporic qualities of the Sinhalese community in the UK. This has formed the basis of the empirical research in the UK, which considered Sinhala Buddhist mythology and heritage in Sri Lanka as a variable in their diasporic identity and homeland relations whilst residing in the UK. The researcher himself is a member of the Sinhala Buddhist diasporic community in the United Kingdom. Therefore, this research has utilised ethnographically-informed qualitative research methods to provide a descriptive analysis of the lived experience, identity negotiations and homeland relations of the Sinhala Buddhist community in the United Kingdom. The findings are presented via grounded thematic analysis and represent several facets of the Sinhala Buddhist lifestyle. They support the existence of a well-established, functional first generation of Sinhala Buddhist diasporic community in the United Kingdom, whose members are dynamically involved in their identity maintenance in the host land while developing relentless relationships with their homeland. iii Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Design ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Research Questions, Objectives, Scope and Contribution .................................................. 5 1.3 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................. 6 2. The Sinhala Buddhist History and Migration ............................................................................. 9 2.1 Prehistoric Era ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 The Vijaya Legend and the Sinhalese................................................................................... 10 2.3 The Arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka ................................................................................. 12 2.4 The Visits of the Lord Buddha and the Solosmasthana ........................................................ 14 2.5 Education and Women in Sinhalese Buddhist Society ......................................................... 15 2.6 Sri Lankan Culture and Events ............................................................................................ 15 2.7 British Colonialism and The Revival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka ......................................... 18 2.8 Sri Lankans in the United Kingdom ..................................................................................... 19 3. Theories of Diaspora .................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Existing Definitions and Debates on Diasporic Theory ...................................................... 23 3.2 Attributes of Sinhala Buddhist Diaspora ............................................................................. 29 4. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 32 4.1 Research Philosophy .............................................................................................................. 32 4.2 Qualitative Research Methods .............................................................................................. 33 4.2.1 Document and Literature Analysis .................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Participatory Observations ............................................................................................... 34 4.2.3 Oral Accounts and Interviews ........................................................................................... 36 4.2.4 Visual Methods .................................................................................................................. 39 4.2.5 Study of Artefacts .............................................................................................................. 40 4.3 Approaching the Field ........................................................................................................... 41 4.4 Positionality ............................................................................................................................ 42 4.5 Recording Data ....................................................................................................................... 43 4.6 The Process of Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 44 4.7 Ethical Issues .......................................................................................................................... 45 5. Research Findings ........................................................................................................................ 47 iv 5.1 Language and Identity ........................................................................................................... 48 5.1.1 Origins and Development of the Sinhala Language and Buddhism ................................. 48 5.1.2. The Sinhala Language and Sinhala Buddhist Culture ..................................................... 49 5.1.3 Sinhala Language and the Sinhala Diaspora in the United Kingdom .............................. 50 5.2 Food Culture ........................................................................................................................... 59 5.2.1 Past and Present Perceptions of Food Habits in the Sinhala Buddhist Diaspora ............ 60 5.2.2 Social and Religious Aspects of the Sinhala Buddhist Food Culture in the Diaspora ..... 64 5.3 Music and Arts: Aesthetic Expressions of Sinhalese Identity ...........................................
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