Lanthanides and Actinides

Ck12 Science

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Printed: September 23, 2016 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Lanthanides and Actinides CHAPTER 1 Lanthanides and Actinides

• Describe the electron conﬁgurations of the lanthanide and actinide elements. • List uses for lanthanides and actinides.

How many dolls are in this picture?

Russian “nesting dolls” (often known as matryoshka dolls) have a long history in Russia. These dolls are designed to nest inside of one another. When we open the largest doll, we ﬁnd a somewhat smaller doll inside it. These dolls can often go down seven or eight layers. The set seen above is unusual in that it has over thirty-ﬁve layers.

Lanthandies and Actinides

We see some hidden “layers” in chemistry. As we look at the periodic table below, we see two pink boxes - one between Ba (element 56) and Hf (element 72) and the other between Ra (88) and Rf (104). These elements all have unfilled f -sublevels. Because of the uniqueness of the electron configurations, these elements fit into the two boxes in the larger periodic table. As the number of elecrons in an atom increases, we begin to see some strange behaviors. Due to the way the electron energy levels work, some inner levels fill after one or more outer levels do. We see this in two similar groups of elements - the lanthanides and the actinides.

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The f-Block

The first of the f sublevels to begin filling is the 4f sublevel. It fills after the 6s sublevel, meaning that f sublevels are two principal energy levels behind. The general electron configuration for elements in the f block is (n - 2)f 1−14ns2. The seven orbitals of the f sublevel accommodate 14 electrons, so the f block is 14 elements in length. It is pulled out of the main body of the period table and is shown at the very bottom. Because of that, the elements of the f block do not belong to a group, being wedged in between Groups 3 and 4. The lanthanides are the 14 elements from cerium (atomic number 58) to lutetium (atomic number 71). The word comes from the Greek “lanthanein” meaning “to be hidden.” The name probably arose because these elements all hide behind one another in the periodic table. The 4f sublevel is in the process of being filled for the lanthanides. They are all metals and are similar in reactivity to the Group 2 alkaline earth metals. The actinides are the 14 elements from thorium (atomic number 90) to lawrencium (atomic number 103). The 5f sublevel is in the process of being filled. The actinides are all radioactive elements and only the first four have been found naturally on Earth. All of the others have only been artificially made in the laboratory. The lanthanides and actinides together are sometimes called the inner transition elements.

MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/ﬂx/render/embeddedobject/184541

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Uses of Lanthanides

Lanthanides have been widely used as alloys to impart strength and hardness to metals. The main lanthanide used for this purpose is cerium, mixed with small amounts of lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. These metals are also widely used in the petroleum industry for reﬁning of crude oil into gasoline products.

FIGURE 1.1 Oil reﬁnery.

Erbium and other lanthanides are widely used in some optical devices, such as night vision goggles, laser beams, and phosphorescent materials.

FIGURE 1.2 Night vision goggles.

Uses of Actinides

The actinides are valuable primarily because they are radioactive. These elements can be used as energy sources for applications as varied as cardiac pacemakers and generation of electrical energy for instruments on the moon.

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Uranium and plutonium have been employed in nuclear weapons and in nuclear power plants.

FIGURE 1.3 Pacemaker.

Summary

• Lanthanides and actinides are elements with unﬁlled f orbitals. • Lanthanides are all metals with reactivity similar to group 2 elements. • Actinides are all radioactive elements. • Lanthanides are used in optical devices (night vision goggles), petroleum reﬁning, and alloys. • Actinides are found primarily in applications where their radioactivity can be used to power devices such as cardiac pacemakers.

Review

1. What electron sublevel is being filled in the lanthanides? 2. What electron sublevel is being filled in the actinides? 3. What sublevel is filled just prior to the filling of this sublevel? 4. Which actinides are found naturally on earth? 5. List some uses for lanthanides. 6. List some uses for actinides.

• lanthanide: The lanthanides are the 14 elements from cerium (atomic number 58) to lutetium (atomic number 71). The word comes from the Greek "lanthanein" meaning "to be hidden." • actinide: The actinides are the 14 elements from thorium (atomic number 90) to lawrencium (atomic number 103). The 5 f sublevel is in the process of being ﬁlled. The actinides are all radioactive elements and only the ﬁrst four have been found naturally on Earth. • f -block: In the periodic table, any element that has atoms or ions who have valence electrons in f-orbitals.

References

1. Adrian Pingstone (Wikimedia: Arpingstone). Russian Dolls. 2. Cepheus, modiﬁed by CK-12 Foundation. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_table.svg. 3. Walter Siegmund. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG. 4. Courtesy of the U.S. Army. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PEO_ANAVS-6_NVG.jpg. 5. Steven Fruitsmaak. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Jude_Medical_pacemaker_with_ruler.jpg.