Chapter 6 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements 281
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Thallium-201 for Medical Use. I
THALLIUM-201 FOR MEDICAL USE. I E. Lebowitz, M. W. Greene, R. Fairchild, P. R. Bradley-Moore, H. 1. Atkins,A. N. Ansari, P. Richards,and E. Belgrave Brookhaven National Laboratory Thallium-201 merits evaluation for myocar tumors (7—9), the use of radiothallium should also dial visualization, kidney studies, and tumor be evaluated for this application. diagnosis because of its physical and biologic Thallium-201 decays by electron capture with a properties. A method is described for prepara 73-hr half-life. It emits mercury K-x-rays of 69—83 tion of this radiopharmaceutical for human use. keY in 98% abundance plus gamma rays of I 35 and A critical evaluation of 501T1 and other radio 167 keV in 10% total abundance. Because of its pharmaceuticals for myocardial visualization is good shelf-life, photon energies, and mode of decay, given. 201T1was the radioisotope of thallium chosen for development. Thallium-20 1 is a potentially useful radioisotope MATERIALS AND METHODS for various medical applications including myocardial Thallium-201 is produced by irradiating a natural visualization and possible assessment of physiology, thallium target in the external beam of the 60-in. as a renal medullary imaging agent, and for tumor Brookhaven cyclotron with 3 1-MeV protons. The detection. nuclear reaction is 203Tl(p,3n)201Pb. Lead-201 has The use of radiothallium in nuclear medicine was a half-life of 9.4 hr and is the parent of 201T1.The first suggested by Kawana, et al (1 ) . In terms of thallium target, fabricated from an ingot of 99.999% organ distribution (2) and neurophysiologic function pure natural thallium metal (29.5% isotopic abun (3), thallium is biologically similar to potassium. -
Additional Teacher Background Chapter 4 Lesson 3, P. 295
Additional Teacher Background Chapter 4 Lesson 3, p. 295 What determines the shape of the standard periodic table? One common question about the periodic table is why it has its distinctive shape. There are actu- ally many different ways to represent the periodic table including circular, spiral, and 3-D. But in most cases, it is shown as a basically horizontal chart with the elements making up a certain num- ber of rows and columns. In this view, the table is not a symmetrical rectangular chart but seems to have steps or pieces missing. The key to understanding the shape of the periodic table is to recognize that the characteristics of the atoms themselves and their relationships to one another determine the shape and patterns of the table. ©2011 American Chemical Society Middle School Chemistry Unit 303 A helpful starting point for explaining the shape of the periodic table is to look closely at the structure of the atoms themselves. You can see some important characteristics of atoms by look- ing at the chart of energy level diagrams. Remember that an energy level is a region around an atom’s nucleus that can hold a certain number of electrons. The chart shows the number of energy levels for each element as concentric shaded rings. It also shows the number of protons (atomic number) for each element under the element’s name. The electrons, which equal the number of protons, are shown as dots within the energy levels. The relationship between atomic number, energy levels, and the way electrons fill these levels determines the shape of the standard periodic table. -
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance. -
Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Thallium and Silver Speciation Loïc Martin, Caroline Simonucci, Sétareh Rad, Marc F
Effect of natural organic matter on thallium and silver speciation Loïc Martin, Caroline Simonucci, Sétareh Rad, Marc F. Benedetti To cite this version: Loïc Martin, Caroline Simonucci, Sétareh Rad, Marc F. Benedetti. Effect of natural organic matter on thallium and silver speciation. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, 2020, 93, pp.185-192. 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.001. hal-02565435 HAL Id: hal-02565435 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02565435 Submitted on 6 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Title Page (with Author Details) Effect of natural organic matter on thallium and silver speciation Loïc A. Martin1,2, Caroline Simonucci2, Sétareh Rad3, and Marc F. Benedetti1* 1Université de Paris, Institut de physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France. 2IRSN, PSE-ENV/SIRSE/LER-Nord, BP 17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France 3BRGM, Unité de Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring environnemental 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France. *Corresponding authors. Email address: [email protected] Manuscript File Click here to access/download;Graphical Abstract;graphical abstract.001.jpeg Manuscript File Click here to view linked References 23 Effect of natural organic matter on thallium and silver speciation 24 25 Loïc A. -
Power Sources Challenge
POWER SOURCES CHALLENGE FUSION PHYSICS! A CLEAN ENERGY Summary: What if we could harness the power of the Sun for energy here on Fusion reactions occur when two nuclei come together to form one Earth? What would it take to accomplish this feat? Is it possible? atom. The reaction that happens in the sun fuses two Hydrogen atoms together to produce Helium. It looks like this in a very simplified way: Many researchers including our Department of Energy scientists and H + H He + ENERGY. This energy can be calculated by the famous engineers are taking on this challenge! In fact, there is one DOE Laboratory Einstein equation, E = mc2. devoted to fusion physics and is committed to being at the forefront of the science of magnetic fusion energy. Each of the colliding hydrogen atoms is a different isotope of In order to understand a little more about fusion energy, you will learn about hydrogen, one deuterium and one the atom and how reactions at the atomic level produce energy. tritium. The difference in these isotopes is simply one neutron. Background: It all starts with plasma! If you need to learn more about plasma Deuterium has one proton and one physics, visit the Power Sources Challenge plasma activities. neutron, tritium has one proton and two neutrons. Look at the The Fusion Reaction that happens in the SUN looks like this: illustration—do you see how the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants? That is called a mass deficit and that difference in mass is converted into energy. -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
ELECTRON AFFINITY - the Electron Affinity Is the ENERGY CHANGE on Adding a Single Electron to an Atom
189 ELECTRON AFFINITY - the electron affinity is the ENERGY CHANGE on adding a single electron to an atom. - Atoms with a positive electron affinity cannot form anions. - The more negative the electron affinity, the more stable the anion formed! - General trend: As you move to the right on the periodic table, the electron affinity becomes more negative. EXCEPTIONS - Group IIA does not form anions (positive electron affinity)! valence electrons for Group IIA! period number - To add an electron, the atom must put it into a higher-energy (p) subshell. - Group VA: can form anions, but has a more POSITIVE electron affinity than IVA valence electrons for Group VA! Half-full "p" subshell! To add an electron, must start pairing! - Group VIIIA (noble gases) does not form anions full "s" and "p" subshells! 190 "MAIN" or "REPRESENTATIVE" GROUPS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE IA VIIIA 1 H He IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 Li Be Read about these in B C N O F Ne Section 8.7 of the Ebbing 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar textbook! 4 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe 6 Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Chalcogens Alkaline earth metals Halogens Alkali metals Noble/Inert gases 191 The representative (main) groups GROUP IA - the alkali metals valence electrons: - React with water to form HYDROXIDES alkali metals form BASES when put into water! - Alkali metal OXIDES also form bases when put into water. (This is related to METALLIC character. -
The Modern Periodic Table Part II: Periodic Trends
K The Modern Periodic Table Part II: Periodic Trends November 13, 2014 ATOMIC RADIUS Period Trend *Across a period, Atomic Size DECREASES as Atomic Number INCREASES DECREASING SIZE Li Na K Rb Cs 2.2.0 1. 0 0 Group Trend *Within a group Atomic Size INCREASES as Atomic number INCREASES Trend In Classes of the Elements Across a Period Per Metals Metalloids Nonmetals 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Trend in Ionic Radius Definition of Ion: An ion is a charged particle. Ions form from atoms when they gain or lose electrons. Trend in Ionic Radius v An ion that is formed when an atom gains electrons is negatively charged (anion) v Nonmetal ions form this way v Examples: Cl- , F- v An ion that is formed when an atom loses electrons is positively charged (cation) v Metal ions form this way v Examples: Al+3 , Li+ v METALS: The ATOM is larger than the ion v NON METALS: The ION is larger than atom Trends in Ionic Radii v In general, as you move left to right across a period the size of the positive ion decreases v As you move down a group the size of both positive and negative ions increase Ionization Energy Trends Definition: the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom v The energy required to remove the first electron from an atom is its first ionization energy v The energy required to remove the second electron is its second ionization energy v Second and third ionization energies are always larger than the first Period Trend *Across a period, IONIZATION ENERGY increases from left to right Group Trend *Within a group, the IONIZATION ENERGY Decreases down a column Octet Rule Definition: Eight electrons in the outermost energy level (valence electrons) is a particularly stable arrangement. -
Chapter 8 2013
described by Core Chapter 8 Electrons Wave Function e- filling spdf electronic configuration comprising (Orbital) Valence determined by Electrons described by Aufbau basis for Rules Periodic Quantum which involve Table Numbers which summarizes Orbital Pauli Hund’s which are Energy Exclusion Rule Periodic Properties Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity Quantum 4-quantum numbers specify the energy and location of Numbers electrons around a nucleus (all we can know). This numbers are the framework for the “electronic structure Orbital size of an atom”. Principal define & energy n = 1,2,3,.. s defines Name Symbol Permitted Values Property principal n positive integers (1,2,3...) orbital energy (size) Angular Orbital angular l orbital shape (0, 1, 2, and 3 momentum, l defines momentum integers from 0 to n-1 correspond to s, p, d, and f shape orbitals, respectively.) Magnetic Orbital magnetic integers from -l to 0 to +l orbital orientation in space defines ml ml orientation direction of e- spin spin m +1/2 or -1/2 Electron s Spin, ms defines spin Quantum Allowed Schrodinger’s equation gives an exact solution for H- Possible Orbitals Number Values atom, but does not for many electron-atoms. Electron- n Positive integers 1 2 3 electron repulsion in multi-electron split energy levels. 1,2,3,4.... Hydrogen Atom Multi-electron atoms 0 0 1 0 1 2 l 0 up to max Orbitals are of n-1 “degenerate” or Energy the same energy in Hydrogen! ml -l,...0...+l 0 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 -2-1 0 12 Orbital Name 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d Electrons will Shapes or Boundry fill lowest Surface Plots energy orbitals first! Inner core electrons “shield” or “screen” outer 4-quantum numbers specify all the information we can know the energy electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. -
An Octad for Darmstadtium and Excitement for Copernicium
SYNOPSIS An Octad for Darmstadtium and Excitement for Copernicium The discovery that copernicium can decay into a new isotope of darmstadtium and the observation of a previously unseen excited state of copernicium provide clues to the location of the “island of stability.” By Katherine Wright holy grail of nuclear physics is to understand the stability uncover its position. of the periodic table’s heaviest elements. The problem Ais, these elements only exist in the lab and are hard to The team made their discoveries while studying the decay of make. In an experiment at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy isotopes of flerovium, which they created by hitting a plutonium Ion Research in Germany, researchers have now observed a target with calcium ions. In their experiments, flerovium-288 previously unseen isotope of the heavy element darmstadtium (Z = 114, N = 174) decayed first into copernicium-284 and measured the decay of an excited state of an isotope of (Z = 112, N = 172) and then into darmstadtium-280 (Z = 110, another heavy element, copernicium [1]. The results could N = 170), a previously unseen isotope. They also measured an provide “anchor points” for theories that predict the stability of excited state of copernicium-282, another isotope of these heavy elements, says Anton Såmark-Roth, of Lund copernicium. Copernicium-282 is interesting because it University in Sweden, who helped conduct the experiments. contains an even number of protons and neutrons, and researchers had not previously measured an excited state of a A nuclide’s stability depends on how many protons (Z) and superheavy even-even nucleus, Såmark-Roth says. -
The Oganesson Odyssey Kit Chapman Explores the Voyage to the Discovery of Element 118, the Pioneer Chemist It Is Named After, and False Claims Made Along the Way
in your element The oganesson odyssey Kit Chapman explores the voyage to the discovery of element 118, the pioneer chemist it is named after, and false claims made along the way. aving an element named after you Ninov had been dismissed from Berkeley for is incredibly rare. In fact, to be scientific misconduct in May5, and had filed Hhonoured in this manner during a grievance procedure6. your lifetime has only happened to Today, the discovery of the last element two scientists — Glenn Seaborg and of the periodic table as we know it is Yuri Oganessian. Yet, on meeting Oganessian undisputed, but its structure and properties it seems fitting. A colleague of his once remain a mystery. No chemistry has been told me that when he first arrived in the performed on this radioactive giant: 294Og halls of Oganessian’s programme at the has a half-life of less than a millisecond Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) before it succumbs to α -decay. in Dubna, Russia, it was unlike anything Theoretical models however suggest it he’d ever experienced. Forget the 2,000 ton may not conform to the periodic trends. As magnets, the beam lines and the brand new a noble gas, you would expect oganesson cyclotron being installed designed to hunt to have closed valence shells, ending with for elements 119 and 120, the difference a filled 7s27p6 configuration. But in 2017, a was Oganessian: “When you come to work US–New Zealand collaboration predicted for Yuri, it’s not like a lab,” he explained. that isn’t the case7. -
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table • 1864 - John Newlands - Law of Octaves- every 8th element had similar properties when arranged by atomic masses (not true past Ca) • 1869 - Dmitri Mendeleev & Lothar Meyer - independently proposed idea of periodicity (recurrence of properties) Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 2 • Mendeleev – Grouped elements (66) according to properties – Predicted properties for elements not yet discovered – Though a good model, Mendeleev could not explain inconsistencies, for instance, all elements were not in order according to atomic mass Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 3 • 1913 - Henry Moseley explained the discrepancy – Discovered correlation between number of protons (atomic number) and frequency of X rays generated – Today, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 4 Periodic Table by Dates of Discovery Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 5 Essential Elements in the Human Body Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 6 The Modern Periodic Table Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 7 7.2 The Modern Periodic Table • Classification of Elements – Main group elements - “representative elements” Group 1A- 7A – Noble gases - Group 8A all have ns2np6 configuration(exception-He) – Transition elements - 1B, 3B - 8B “d- block” – Lanthanides/actinides - “f-block” Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 8 Periodic Table Colored Coded By Main Classifications Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 9 Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 10 • Predicting properties – Valence