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Διδακτορική Διατριβή - Doctoral Thesis ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΩΝ Τομέας Αρχιτεκτονικού Σχεδιασμού Διδακτορική Διατριβή - Doctoral Thesis Πέτρος ΦΩΚΑΪΔΗΣ αρχιτέκτονας ΕΜΠ υπότροφος ΙΚΥ Κύπρου & ΕΛΚΕ/EΜΠ Petros PHOKAIDES architect NTUA Cyprus’ State Scholarship Foundation & ‘ELKE’/NTUA scholarship recipient Τα Χωρικά Οράματα του Γραφείου Δοξιάδη για τη Μετααποικιακή Αφρική Το Αγροτικό σε Ανάπτυξη Doxiadis Associates’ Spatial Visions for Postcolonial Africa The Rural in Development Επιβλέπων Παναγιώτης ΤΟΥΡΝΙΚΙΩΤΗΣ καθηγητής ΕΜΠ, υπεύθυνος διατριβής Τριμελής Συμβουλευτική Επιτροπή Σταύρος ΣΤΑΥΡΙΔΗΣ καθηγητής ΕΜΠ Παναγιώτα ΠΥΛΑ αναπληρώτρια καθηγήτρια Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου Επταμελής Εξεταστική Επιτροπή Κωνσταντίνα ΒΑΪΟΥ καθηγήτρια ΕΜΠ Δήμητρα ΛΑΜΠΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ επίκουρη καθηγήτρια ΕΚΠΑ Ijlal MUZZAFAR επίκουρος καθηγητής Rhode Island School of Design Θάνος ΠΑΓΩΝΗΣ επίκουρος καθηγητής ΕΜΠ Αθήνα - Athens 2018 Η έγκριση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής από την επταμελή εξεταστική επιτροπή και τη Σχολή Αρχιτεκτόνων Μηχανικών του Εθνικού Μετσόβιου Πολυτεχνείου δεν προϋποθέτει και την αποδοχή των απόψεων του συγγραφέα σύμφωνα με τις διατάξεις του άρθρου 202, παράγραφος 2 του Ν.5343/1932 ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 3 Research framework .................................................................................................................. 3 Research questions .................................................................................................................. 18 On methodology ...................................................................................................................... 22 Thesis outline .......................................................................................................................... 38 1 Ekistics: Shaping a post-war planning discourse .................................... 41 1.1 Modernist debates and the birth of Ekistics ................................................................ 41 1.2 Ekistics as a state-led strategy for the reconstruction .................................................. 49 1.3 Spatio-economic priorities: Drawing on Christaller’s economic geography .................. 54 1.4 Regionalism and anti-urbanism in post-war planning culture ...................................... 57 1.5 Imagining the Nation as Organism .............................................................................. 62 2 Rural resettlement in Greek Reconstruction ......................................... 67 2.1 The Greek recovery program ...................................................................................... 67 2.2 The Ekistic problem of Greece .................................................................................... 75 2.3 Resettlement policies in rural Greece.......................................................................... 79 2.4 The economics of rural reconstruction ........................................................................ 84 2.5 Cold War politics in the Greek countryside.................................................................. 88 3 The village as model for Third World modernization ............................. 95 3.1 From Greece to the Third World ................................................................................. 95 3.2 The politics of village planning .................................................................................... 96 3.3 The politics of low-cost housing ................................................................................ 102 3.4 Patterns of rural development in the Middle East ..................................................... 109 4 Ecumenopolis: Planetary development and the re-scaling of Ekistics ... 123 4.1 Revisiting Ekistics ...................................................................................................... 123 4.2 Evolutionary thinking ................................................................................................ 125 4.3 Ecumenopolis’ shifts ................................................................................................. 130 4.4 (Im)balances of planetary development .................................................................... 135 4.5 From the organic to the system ................................................................................ 138 4.6 ‘Frictions’ on scale .................................................................................................... 145 5 Rural infrastructures in Sub-Saharan Africa ........................................ 153 5.1 From Pan-African visions to nation-building .............................................................. 154 5.2 South-to-South developmentalism ........................................................................... 159 5.3 The persistence of colonial agrarian legacies............................................................. 163 5.4 Hierarchical networks in rural Zambia ....................................................................... 169 5.5 Urban vs. Rural bias .................................................................................................. 187 5.6 From Zambia to Ecumenopolis .................................................................................. 191 6 From the perspective of the rural: A conclusion .................................. 193 6.1 Thesis’ Summary ....................................................................................................... 193 6.2 The ‘rural’ in Ekistics and Ecumenopolis. Beyond the rural-urban divide ................... 197 6.3 Shaping rural landscapes: Infrastructures, land patterns and self-help housing ......... 200 6.4 Rural governmentalities and the role of the expert ................................................... 204 6.5 The rural in the postcolonial: Future research ........................................................... 206 Appendix A Images ............................................................................................................... 211 iii iv Acronyms and Terms ACE Athens Centre of Ekistics AMAG American Mission for Aid to Greece ATO Athens Technological Organization CIAM Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne COF City of the Future CPT Central Place Theory DA Doxiadis Associates ECA Economic Cooperation Administration ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America ELS Ekistics Logarithmic Scale EPR European Recovery Program FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FNDP First National Development Plan (Zambia) GSE Graduate School of Ekistics GNP Gross National Product HHFA Housing and Home Finance Agency HTCP Housing and Town and Country Planning (United Nations) IBRD International Bank of Reconstruction and Development IBPR Interallied Bureau of Postwar Requirements IMF International Monetary Foundation ML British Military Liaison NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NTUA National Technical University of Athens NSDAP National Socialist German Workers Party OEEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation OSR Office of Special Representative RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects TVA Tennessee Valley Authority UN United Nations UNCIO United Nations Conference on International Organization UNECA United Nations Economic Commission in Africa UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration WSE World Society for Ekistics ΑΣΑ Ανώτατο Συμβούλιο Ανασυγκροτήσεως Higher Reconstruction Council ΓΧΠΜΕ Γραφείο Χωροταξικών Πολεοδομικών Μελετών και Ερευνών Office of Town Planning Studies and Research EAM Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο National Liberation Front ΕΔΕΣ Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικός Σύνδεσμος National Republican Greek League ΕΛΑΣ Ελληνικός Λαικός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός Greek People's Liberation Army ΚΚΕ Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Greek Communist Party ΥΣΕΣΑ Υπηρεσίας Συντονισμού της Εφαρμογής του Σχεδίου Ανασυγκροτήσεως GRPCO Greek Recovery Program Coordinating Office Υφυπουργείο Ανοικοδόμησης - Undersecretary’s Office for Reconstruction Γενικός Διευθυντής Υπουργείου Ανοικοδόμησης - General Director at the Ministry for Reconstruction v vi Τα Χωρικά Οράματα του Γραφείου Δοξιάδη για τη Μετααποικιακή Αφρική Το Αγροτικό σε Ανάπτυξη Doxiadis Associates’ Spatial Visions for Postcolonial Africa The Rural in Development vii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been the same without the many contributions from my supervisors, people who offered access to valuable resources, colleagues, close friends and family. I especially like to thank my advisory committee: my supervisor, Panayiotis Tournikiotis; Panayiota Pyla and Stavros Stavrides for their constructive feedback and their confidence in my work. Colleagues, and all those who participated at the doctoral seminar of the History/Theory of Architecture for their critical comments and our productive discussions. This study would have been impossible to complete without the support of Constantinos A. Doxiadis Archives and, particularly, of Giota Pavlidou. I would like to express my gratitude for her valuable assistance in accessing archival material and her openness to my requests. I am grateful to Laure Franceschi, Responsible at the Library of École Française d’Athènes, for supporting my writing; Iro Kompothanasi and Afroditi Oikonomou for their help in accessing books in NTUA’s Doxiadis Library. Daniel Huws for granting me permission
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