 First Round Tabe Conference (1930)  Partition of India (1947) alm³am-cpsS t]cv Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ ]qÀW- Indian ambpw Fgp-Xp-I.  Nethaji Subhash Chandra Bose  Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. F´mWv Pmen-b³hm-em-_mKv Iq«-s¡me F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v D¯cw FÃm-hÀ¡pw History Adn-bmw. Hcp {]tIm-]-\-hp-an-ÃmsX \ncm-bp-[-cmb  Hcp Iq«w {]I-S-\-¡mÀ¡v t\sc ]«mfw \S-¯nb ss]im-Nn-I-amb Iq«-s¡me \S-¶Xv 1919 F{]n 13 \v  Øew ]©m-_nse Aar-Xv- kÀ  hnNm-cW IqSmsX Btcbpw AdÌv  sN¿m\pw Xpdp-¦n-e-S-bv¡-m\p-apÅ A[n- Imcw kÀ¡m-cn\p \ÂIp¶ ssdueIväv BIvSn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n-¡m-\mWv {]I-S\w \S-¶-Xv. ]©m-_nse KhÀWÀ Bbn-cp¶  ssa¡nÄ H U-b-dnsâ \nÀt±i {]Imcw {_n«ojv P\-d UbÀ BWv shSn-sh-¸n\v D¯-chv \ÂIn-b-Xv. C{Xbpw hkvXp-X-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bm D¯-c-am-bn. D¯-c-¯n\v IqSp-X Poh\pw DWÀhpw \ÂI-W-sa-¦n Hcp BImw. Introduction C´y³ kzmX{´y kac Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Gähpw Zmcp-Whpw \njvTq-c-hp-amb kw`-h-§-fn H¶mWv Pmen-b³ hmem-_mKv Iq«-s¡m-e. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp XpS-¡-¯n- dramatic ASp-¯-Im-e¯v \S¶ hnh-cWm-ßI coXn-bn-AXn\v \à DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. 2005 se ]co- eqsS ]cntim[Isâ {i² ]cn-]qÀWambpw epÅ {][m\ aÕc ]co-£-I-fn-seÃmw Ncn-{X- £bv¡v s]mXp hnÚm-\-¯nse 25 tNmZy- \n§Ä¡v ]nSn¨p]ämw. ¯n\v kp{]-[m-\amb Øm\-amWv \ÂIn §-fn C´y³ Ncn-{X-¯n \n¶pw h¶Xv 10 hkvXp-X-IÄ hni-Zo-I-cn¨ tijw Hcp D]-kw- ImWp-¶-Xv. Hcp DtZym-KmÀ°n-bpsS A]-{K- tNmZy-§Ä. tIcf Ncn-{X-¯n \n¶pw 1 lm-c-am-Imw. Y\tijnbpw, temI]cn-N-b-hpw, `mjm tNmZyw. AXn-\m Ncn{Xw kp{]-[m\ hnj-b- ss\]p-Wyhpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ ]co- C´y³ kzmX´y ka-c-¯n\pw Xo{hX hÀ²n- £Ifn F´n\v Ncn-{X-¯nse tNmZy§Ä¡p ASn-¯dam-Wv. FÃm Ncn-{X-¯n km[y-X-Ifpw krjvSn-¡p-I. DÄs¡m­v \à Hcp ¸n-¡m\pw {_n«ojv `c-W-¯ns\Xnsc temI {]m[m\yw \¡p¶p F¶ tNmZyw A{]- Xmsg ]d-bp¶ {]am-W-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åm- a\xkm£n DbÀ¯m\pw Cu kw`hw Imc- kàw. tNmZy-IÀ¯m-hn\v F´pw tNmZn-¡m- \m-bm Fgp-¯nsâ amäv hÀ²n-¸n-¡m-\pw, W-am-b-tXmsS {_n«ojv `c-W-¯nsâ ]X-\- \pÅ Ah-Imiw DÅ-t¸mÄ adp tNmZy-a-cp-Xv.IqSp-X krjvSn-¡m\pw km[y- ¯n\p Bcw`w Ipdn¨ kw`hwIqSn-bm-bncp- impression am-Wv. ¶p Pmen-b³ hmem-_mKv Iq«-s¡m-e. Just perform well. Hcp ]t£ Ncn{X A[ym-]-IÀ IqSp-X-epÅ kp{]-[m\ hkvXp-X-IÄ Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ hÀj- Your writing must be passionate as well. ]m\-ens\ tNmZy-t]-¸À X¿m-dm-¡m³ GÂ]n- §Ä {_m¡-än \ÂIp-I, DZm-l-c-W- Poh-\pÅ D¯-c-§Ä \ÂIpI Adn-hns\ ¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw Imc-Ww. AXn-tebv¡v ¯n\v Bth-i-]qÀÆw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I. D¯-c-§-fn- eqsS Pohn-¡p-I. D¯-c-§sf Hcp BtLm-j- embnIqSp-X A`y-kn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. IS¶v Nn´n-t¡-­-Xn-Ã. Ignª tNmZyNcn{Xw t]¸À AÊ- First Battle of Panipat (1526) am-¡pI!  Sipoy Mutiny (1857) Jawaharlal Nehru as one of 31...... was the hero of a famous Fill in the Blanks its main leaders, founded the drama Malavikagnimitra 1. The All India Muslim League ‘Independence for India written by Kalidasa. was formed in 1906 at ...... League’ in opposition to ...... 32. The last Mauryan King was 2. The Sufi Saint who founded 16. The term ‘Yavanapriya’ ...... the Chishti order was ...... mentioned in ancient 33. When Alexander invaded Sanskrit texts, denoted ...... 3. The title given by the British India, Taxila was ruled by Government to Mahatma 17. The Sarabandi (no tax) ...... Gandhi which, he surrend- campaign of 1922 was led by 34. Buddha delivered his first ered during the Non Co- ...... sermon at ...... operation Movement was 18. Mughal painting reached its 35. The proceedings of the Third ...... zenith under ...... Buddhist Council led to the 4. The Buddhist sect Mahayana 19. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar was issue of ...... Edict. formally came into existence elected to the Constituent 36. The most important Pallava during the reign of ...... Assembly from ...... ruler was ...... 20. The Anarchical and 5. In Jainism, ‘perfect knowl- 37. The capital of Kanishka’s Revolutionary Crime Act edge’ is referred to as ...... empire was ...... 6. A lot of details regarding the (1919) was popularly known as the ...... 38. Porus was defeated by village administration under Alexander at the Battle of 21. In Medieval India, Mansabdari the Cholas is provided by the ...... inscriptions at ...... system was introduced mainly for ...... 39...... was the mother of 7. Asokan inscriptions were Vardhamana Mahavira. first deciphered by ...... 22. The head of the military 40. The city of Pataliputra was 8. The first political organi- department under the founded at the junction of the sation established in India in reorganised central machi- Ganges and the ...... 1838 was known as ...... nery of administration during Akbar’s reign was ...... 41...... was the first Muslim 9. The Ryotwari Settlement was invader to enter India. introduced by the British in 23. The tribal population in ...... and ...... Presidencies. Andaman and Nicobar 42. The best specimens of Islands belongs to the ...... Mauryan art are represented 10. The foundation of modern educational system in India 24. The Medieval Indian writer by their ...... was laid by ...... who refers to the discovery of 43. The word ‘Veda’ has been America is ...... 11. The capital of the kingdom of derived from the root word Maharaja Ranjit Singh was 25. The famous dialogue between ‘Vid’ which means ...... Nachiketa and Yama is 44. Ashoka has been particularly mentioned in ...... 12. The name of the poet influenced by the Buddhist Kalidasa is mentioned in the 26. The first metal to be monk ...... inscription of Chandra- extensively used by the 45. The Indus Valley Civiliz- gupta II. people in India was ...... ation can be said to belong to 13. The word ‘Hindu’ as 27. The utensils to the Indus the ...... age. reference to the people of Valley people were mainly 46. Gautama Buddha as a prince ‘Hind’ (India) was first used made of ...... was known as ...... by ...... 28. The most common animal 47. The deep, transforming effect 14. According to the ‘Mimamsa’ figure found at all the that the Kalinga War had on system of philosophy, Harappan sites is ...... Ashoka has been described in liberation is possible by 29. The Rig Veda consists of ...... edicts...... hymns. means of ...... 48...... was the first metal to 15. The radical wing of the 30...... veda is rendered be discovered and used as Congress Party, with musically. tools by humans.

1 6 8 49. The Ajanta cave paintings 64. In medieval India, the state 79. Jama Masjid at Delhi was built mostly belong to the period of derived the highest income by ...... the ...... from ...... 80...... built by Shah Jahan is 50...... was the founder of the 65. Harihara and Bukka, the one of the unrivalled beauties Sankhya School of founders of the Empire of of the world. Philosophy. Vijayanagar, named their 81. The Peacock throne was built 51. The Harappan site that had a dynasty as ...... by ...... dock is ...... 66. The greatest ruler in the 82. The ‘Adi Granth’ was 52. The famous Indo-Greek King history of Vijayanagar Empire compiled by ...... was ...... to embrace Buddhism was 83. Guru Arjun Dev transferred ...... 67. Hemu, whom Akbar defeated the headquarters to ...... in the Second Battle of 53. The original teachings of 84. The Sikh Guru who fought in Panipat (1556), was the Mahavira are contained in the Mughal ranks during the minister of ...... the ...... reign of Aurangazeb was 54. The term used to denote a 68. The famous Mughal General ...... who conquered Assam, group of families in the vedic 85. Guru Govind Singh was the Chittagong, etc., in the north- society was ...... son of ...... east was ...... 55. The great Hindu law giver 86. ‘Jaziya’ was abolished by the 69. The Sikh Guru executed by was ...... Mughal ruler ...... Aurangazeb after cruel 56. The fourth Buddhist Council torture was ...... 87. Babar was originally the ruler had compiled an of ...... encyclopedia of Buddhist 70. The Maratha dominion of 88. Sher Shah was succeeded by philosophy, called ...... Shivaji was known as ...... 57. The Harappan Civilization 71. The later Mughal King, 89. The Charminar had been was discovered in the year popularly known as Shah-i- constructed by ...... Bekhabar was ...... 90. Token currency had been 58. The Saka Era started from the 72. The Jat king of Bharatpur introduced for the first time in year ...... who is known as the ‘Plato of the Jat tribe’ and the ‘Jat India by ...... 59. The achievements of Ulysses’ was ----. 91. The East India Company was Samudragupta have been founded in India during the chronicled in the ...... 73. The capital of Tipu Sultan, reign of ...... inscription. where he died while fighting the fourth Anglo-Mysore war 92. The island of Bombay had 60. The Chola ruler who had in 1799, was ...... been given to the British Prince subdued the Ganges and Charles II as dowry by the -- obtained the title ‘Gangai 74. The capital of the Sikh ...... Konda Cholan’ was ...... kingdom of Ranjit Singh was ...... 93. Amir Khusrau’s name is 61. The ancient medical treatise, associated with the invention Charaka Samhita is attributed 75. The largest standing army of of the ...... to Charaka, who was a the Delhi Sultanate directly contemporary of ...... paid by the State was created 94. Fatehpur Sikri had been by ...... founded by ...... 62. The fresco paintings of Ajanta Caves illustrate the art of the 76. The city of Ajmer was 95. The ruler of medieval India ...... founded by ...... credited with the construction of the Grand Trunk Road is 63. The last Nanda ruler of 77. In India, artillery was first ...... Magadha who was overth- used by ...... rown by Chandragupta 78. The Upanishads were 96. Chengiz Khan had invaded Maurya with the help of translated into Persian by India when the throne was Chanakya was ...... occupied by ...... 97. The first Muslim ruler to 113. The word ‘Pakistan’ was Answers to Fill in the Blanks conquer Southern India was coined by ...... 1. Dhaka ...... 114. As per ‘August Offer 1940’ 2. Khwaja Moinuddin 98. Gandhiji gave the title ‘Deen the Constitution of India 3. Kaiser-e-Hind Bandhu’ to ...... would be drawn by ...... 4. Kanishka 99. The Bardoli Satyagraha was 115. According to the Regul- led by ...... ating Act, directors were to 5. Kaivalya 100. The Permanent Settlement be elected for a period 6. Uttaramerur introduced by Lord of ...... 7. James Princep Cornwallis in Bengal is 116. The term of office fixed by 8. Settlers Association known as ...... Regulating Act for Gover- 9. Madras, Bombay 101. The main exponent of the nor General was ...... 10. Macaulay’s Minutes of 1835 “Theory of Drain of 117. The Rohillas helped the 11. Lahore Wealth’’ was ...... Afghan invaders in 1761 in 102. The immediate fore-runner the Battle of ...... 12. Hanumakonda of the Indian National 118. The Non Co-operation 13. The Arabs Congress was ...... Movement under Gandhi 14. Karma 103. The first weekly paper was in full swing during the 15. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact published by the INC (in Viceroyality of ...... 1889) was ...... 16. Pepper 119. In the interim government 17. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 104. The immediate cause of formed in 1946, the Mini- split in the INC at its Surat ster for Education was ...... 18. Jahangir session was ...... 120. The Shivaji Festival was 19. Bombay Presidency 105...... is regarded as ‘the inaugurated in 1895 by 20. Rowlatt Act Mother of the Indian ...... 21. Making recruitment to the army Revolution’. 121. The author of ‘A Nation in 22. Mir Bakshi 106. The first truly revolutio- the Making’ was ...... nary organisation in Bengal 23. Negroid race was ...... 107. The first congress and The Rowlatt Act nationalist leader to face repeated imprisonment The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British Raj in India in was ...... March 1919, indefinitely extending “emergency measures” enacted 108. The actual name of during the First World War in order to control public unrest and Dayanand Saraswati, the root out conspiracy. Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt founder of the Arya Samaj commission, this act effectively authorized the government to was ...... imprison, without trial, any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj. The Rowlatt Acts gave British imperial authorities power 109. The first elected Indian to deal with revolutionary activities. President of the Legislative Assembly was ...... Mahatma Gandhi, among other Indian leaders, was extremely critical of the Act and argued that not everyone should be punished 110. The most famous woman in response to isolated political crimes. The Act led to indignation disciple of Vivekananda from Indian leaders and the public, which caused the government was ...... to implement repressive measures. Gandhi and others found that 111. Chandrasekhar Azad was constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on April the ...... of the Hindustan 6th, a “hartal” was organized where Indians would suspend all Socialist Republican Army. business and fast as a sign of their hatred for the legislation. 112. A day of deliverance and The Rowlatt Act came into effect in March 1919. A protest was held thanks giving, was in Amritsar, which led to the Jallianwala bagh Massacre of 1919. celebrated in 1939 by ......

1 7 0 24. Abul Fazl 25. Kathopanishad Krishnadevaraya 26. Copper Krishnadevaraya was the most famous 27. clay king of Vijayanagara empire. He presided 28. unihorn bull over the empire at its zenith. He is regarded 29. 1028 as a hero of people of Kannada and Telugu descent and considered to be one of the 30. Sama great kings of India. Emperor 31. Agnimitra Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles 32. Brihadratha Andhra Bhoja and Kannada Rajya Rama 33. Ambhi Ramana. Much of our information about his reign comes from the accounts of 34. Sarnath Portuguese travelers Domingos Paes and 35. Sarnath Nuniz. He was assisted in the 36. Gondophernes administration by the very able prime minister Timmarusu. It was Timmarusu, 37. Peshawar who was responsible for the coronation of 38. Hydaspes Krishnadevaraya. Krishnadevaraya 39. Trisala revered Timmarusu as a father figure. 40. Sone Krishnadevaraya was the son of Nagala Devi and Tuluva Narasa Nayaka an army 41. Mohammed - bin - Qasim commander under Saluva Narasimha 42. Pillars Deva Raya, who later took control of the 43. Knowledge reign of the empire to prevent it from 44. Upagupta disintegration. The kings coronation took place on the birthday of Lord Krishna and his earliest inscription is from July 26th. 1509 45. Bronze C.E. He built a beautiful suburb near Vijayanagara called Nagalapura 46. Siddhartha in memory of his mother. 47. Rock 65. Sangama 83. Amritsar 48. Copper 66. Krishnadeva Raya 84. Tegh Bahadur 49. Guptas 67. Muhammad Shah Abdali 85. Tegh Bahadur 50. Kapila 68. Mir Jumla 86. Akbar 51. Lothal 69. Tegh Bahadur 87. Kabul 52. Menander 70. Swaraj 88. Islam Shah 53. Purvas 71. Bahadur Shah 89. Quli Qutb Shah 54. Jana 72. Suraj Mal 90. Mohammed bin Tughlaq 55. Manu 73. Srirangapattanam 91. Akbar 56. Mahavibhasha Sutra 74. Lahore 92. Portuguese 57. 1921 75. Alauddin Khilji 93. Sitar 58. 78AD 76. Ajayaraja 94. Akbar 59. Allahabad Pillar 77. Babur 95. Sher Shah Suri 60. Rajendra Chola I 78. Prince Dara Shikoh 96. Iltumish 61. Kanishka 79. Shah Jahan 97. Alauddin Khilji 62. Guptas 80. Taj Mahal 98. C.F. Andrews 63. Dhanananda 81. Shah Jahan 99. Vallabhbhai Patel 64. Land Revenue 82. Guru Arjun Dev 100. Zamindari System 101. Dadabhai Naoroji 7. Where did Mahatma Gandhi tunity which would enable 102. Indian National Conference start the Civil Disobedience Indians to exploit the situation to their advantage? 103. India Movement? 21. Name the Congress leader 104. The election of the 8. Who had suggested the President of INC winding up of the Indian who was totally in favour of National Congress after India Cabinet Mission Plan. 105. Madam Bhikaji Cama attained independence? 22. Who was dismissed by the 106. Abhinav Bharat 9. Name the organisation which British from the Indian Civil 107. Bal Gangadhar Tilak first mooted the idea of a Service? 108. Mula Shankar Constituent Assembly to 23. While delivering his 109. V.J. Patel frame a Constitution for presidential address, which 110. Sister Nivedita India. congress President had advocated the introduction of 111. Commander-in-Chief 10. What is ‘Nastaliq’? Roman script for Hindi? 112. Muslim League 11. Name the text of ancient India which allows divorce to a 24. Who was the first to introduce 113. Rahmat Ali wife deserted by her husband. the practice of military 114. Indians 12. What is ‘Rupaka’? governership ? 115. 4 years 13. ‘The Congress is tottering to 25. What was the brain-child of Lord Mountbatten for the 116. 5 years its fall and one of my fragmentation of India? 117. Panipat ambitions while in India, is 118. Lord Reading to assist it to a peaceful 26. “In this instance we could not 119. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad demise.” Who made this play off the Mohammedans against the Hindus”. To 120. Bal Gangadhar Tilak statement? which event did this remark 14. “The king was freed from his 121. S.N. Banerjee of Aitchison relate? people and they from their One Word Questions king”. On whose death did Answers to One word questions Badaumi comment this? 1. Lord Canning 1. Who was the governor 15. What was the first venture of 2. Aurangazeb general when the 1857 revolt Gandhi in the All India 3. Sher Shah broke out? Politics? 4. Chamundaraya 2. Who was the Mughal ruler 16. What does the term ‘Aryan’ 5. Dharmachakra who prohibited tobacco denote? smoking even though the 6. Feroz Shah Tughlak 17. Who was the first writer to use attempt was unsuccessful? ‘Urdu’ as the medium of 7. Sabarmati 3. Who constructed the poetic expression? 8. M.K. Gandhi monument ‘Kila-Kuhna Mosque’ at Delhi? 18. What was the most short lived 9. Swaraj Party of all of Britain’s constit- 4. Who built the statue of 10. It is a cess levied by the utional experiments in India? Gomateswara at Sravanabe- Mughal rulers. lgola? 19. Name the Governor - General 11. Arthashastra 5. In the Gandhara sculptures, who followed a spiritual 12. It was a silver coin issued by the preaching mudra which is ‘forward’ policy towards the Guptas Afghanistan? associated with the Buddha’s 13. Lord Curzon first sermon at Sarnath? 20. Which Indian nationalist 14. Muhammad-bin-Tughlak 6. Who was the first Indian ruler leader looked upon a war to organize Haj pilgrimage at between Germany and 15. Non Co-operation Movement the expense of the state? Britain as a God sent oppor- 16. A superior race

1 7 2 17. Amir Khusru 13. Home Rule Movement. 52. What are the important 18. Indian Councils Act of 1909 14 What are Vedas and How features of the Gandhara school of art? 19. Lord Lytton many vedas are there? 53. Which are the Four Varnas of 20. Subhash Chandra Bose 15 Atharva Veda the Vedic Society? 16 Upanishads 21. Jawaharlal Nehru 54. Jainism and its main 22. Surendranath Banerjee 17 Puranas teachings 23. Jawaharlal Nehru 18 Valmiki 55. Buddhism and its main 24. The Greeks 19 Vyasa Maharshi teachings 25. The Balkan Plan 20 Selukus Nikator 56. Ashoka (273-232 B.C.) 26. Revolt of 1857 21 Indica 57. Ashoka's Dharma. 22 Persian invasion 58. Chandragupta II (380-414 Short Essays & 23 Battle of Jhelum A.D.) 24 Arya Satyas 59. Mention two achievements of Short Notes Raja Rammohan Roy in Social 25 Tripitakas field. 1. What are the major features of 26 The Jatakas 60. The Sufi Movement Indus Valley Civilization ? 27 Ethnological Museum 61. Bhakti Movement OR 28 Numismatics 62. Qutub-ud-din Aibak Bring out the salient features 29 The Great Bath of urban culture of Indus 63. Tughlaq Dynasty Valley Civilization? 30. Bana Bhatta’s Harshacharita 64. Khilji Dynasty 2. Why is Gupta period called 31. Amaravati 65. Lodi Dynasty the `Golden age’ in Indian 32 Rudradamana 66. The Cholas History? 33. Arthasastra 67. Vijayanagar Empire 3. Write notes on the following: 34. Arab conquest of Sindh 68. Mughal Rulers in India (a) Megasthenese, (b) Fa-Hien, 35. Battle of Tarain 69. Subsidiary Alliance System of (c) Huien-Tsang, (d) I-Tsing, 36. Qutub Minar Wellesley (e) Al-Masudi, (f) Al-Baruni, 70. Indian Councils Act 1861 (g) Maroco polo (h) Ibn-Batuta. 37. Al-Beruni 71. Chauri-Chaura Incident 4. What do you know about 38. Chenghiz Khan Nalanda University? 39. Balban (1266-86) 72 What are the main causes which led to the Civil Disob- 40. Amir Khusrau 5. Akbar edience movement of 1930? 41. Timur’s invasion 6. Shivaji and his reforms 73 Quit India Movement 42. Battle of Talikotta 7. Theosophical Society 74. The Mountbatten Plan of 8. The 19th century Indian 43. The Epics 1947 renaissance was both an 44. The Nandas 75. Brahmo Samaj acceptance and rejection of 45. Alexander, the Great 76. Prarthana Samaj western values. Do you agree? 46. Mauryan Dynasty 77. Arya Samaj 9. Narrate the salient features of 47. Kanishka Government of India Act of 78. Write notes on the ‘Rock-cut 1935. 48. The Guptas Kailash Temple at Ellora’ and the ‘Cave Shrine of Elephanta’. 10. Partition of Bengal 49. The Vardhana Dynasty 79. What were the basic 50. What is Sangam Literature? 11 Analyse the role of Gandhiji weaknesses of the National in politics 51. Write about the four ashra- Movement during 1885- 12. Permanent Settlement mas and their aim: 1905? 80. First Round Table Conference 99. Policy of Divide & Rule (1930) 100. Rowlatt Act of 1919 81. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931 101. The Jallianwala Bagh 82. Second Round Table Tragedy Conference (1931) 102. The Khilafat Movement 83. Third Round Table 103. Non Co-operation Move- Conference (1932) ment 84. What were the chief aims of 104. Renewal of Civil Jewellry of Indus Valley Civilization British Administration of Disobedience Movement in India? 1932 or Poona Pact also flourished during this 85. What were the two period. 105. Cripps Mission drawbacks of the Regulating The striking feature of Indus Act? 106. Give any two proposals of Valley Civilization was its the Cripps Mission. 86. What were the two merits of urban culture. The cities of the Permanent Settlement? 107. Why were Cripps proposals Harappa and Mohenjadaro rejected by the Congress? 87. What was the Ryotwari were built with a definite plan. System? 108. The English East India Houses were built with burnt Company bricks. There existed multi- 88. What was the Mahalwari 109. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 storeyed buildings also. Each System? house had its own well and 89. What do you understand by 110. Minto-Morley Reforms or bathroom. Town planning in the Industrial Revolution and the Indian Council Act, both Mohenjadaro and its impact in India? 1909 Harappa was excellent. 90. What were the main 111. Government of India Act, Roads were straight and they provisions of the Pitt’s India 1919 met together at particular Act? 112. Lord Dalhousie (1848-56) junctions. The roads were 91. Which were the three pillars and the Doctrine of Lapse built with burnt bricks and mortar. Great granaries were of British administration in Answers to short notes and the another major feature of India? Essays both Mohenjadaro and 92. What was Tantya Tope’s 1. Indus valley civilization, one Harappa. The granaries were contribution to the freedom of of the greatest civilizations in built in circular platforms. India? the world flourished on the Food materials were supplied 93. What was the point of banks of river Indus. to the people from these controversy on the Ilbert Bill? Mohenjadaro and Harappa, granaries during calamities. 94. Give the names of two the primary centres of this Bullock cart was their chief revolutionaries who threw a civilization are now in vehicle. The drainage system bomb in the Central Pakistan. The other of Mohenjadaro was very Assembly. important sites of this impressive. Houses had good 95. The Dandi March. civilization are Lothal drainage system. The street (Gujarat), Hastinapur (U.P), drains were equipped with 96. Why did the people boycott Ropar (Punjab), Kalibengan manholes. The remains of the Simon Commission? (Rajasthan) and Rangpur streets and drains have also 97. Give two suggestions made (Gujarat). The period of this been found in Benawali in in the Nehru Report. civilization is between 3000- Haryana. 98. What were the two chief 1500 B.C. It is believed that Agriculture was the main job recommendations of the Dravidians were the settlers of the people of Indus Valley. Cabinet Mission? and Sumerian civilization They mainly cultivated

1 7 4 wheat, barley, peas, sesame people mainly worshipped and mustard. In Lothal Matrudevata (Mother God- region, they cultivated rice dess) and Pashupati (Lord also. They domesticated Shiva). Along with this they animals like oxen, buffalloes, also practised Stone worship, goats, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs Tree worship and Serpent etc. They had also knowledge worship. on wild animals like Remains showed that Indus elephant, tiger, crocodile etc. people had their own script, According to the scholars, which was used both from left Harappan culture belongs to to right and from right to left. the Bronze Age. The people of Their script primarily was Harappa used many tools pictographic in nature and till and implements of stone. now nobody has deciphered it. They had knowledge on all The urban people of Indus metals except iron. Smiths region used their own weight from Gupta Period made bronze by mixing tin and measures for trade and with copper. Harappan other transactions. Numerous There was all sided people also used potter’s articles used for weights have development in the fields of wheel and their pottery was been found. In weighing mostly literature, science and art. The unique, which was made 16 or its multiples were used; establishment of Hindu glossy and shining. for instance 16, 64, 160 etc. colonies in South East Asia started. Foreign travellers like It has been proved that Indus This great civilization Fahien testified the material civilization had trade declined due to two reasons - prosperity of the people. All relations within India and continuous floods in river these factors prove the outside India. The port city Indus and the Aryan glorious age of the Guptas. Lothal is a typical example for invasion. trade affairs. The Harappans Most of the Gupta rulers 2. The period of the Guptas is had commercial links with patronised Hinduism and considered as the Golden Age parts of Rajasthan and also this resulted in the upliftment of Ancient India. It is with Afghanisthan and Iran. of vedic tradition and of compared with the Periclean They had set up a trading Sanskrit language. The Age of Ancient Greece. colony in northern Afgha- present shape of Hinduism Hinduism and Sanskrit nistan which evidently literature received new was also carved out during facilitated trade with central impetus during this period. this period. The system of Asia. They also had trade The country attained political sacrifices and ritualism with those in the land of Tigris unification to a large extent developed and idols were and the Euphretis. and was also safe from made for various Gods and In the case of religion, Indus foreign invasions. Goddesses like Siva, Vishnu, Vinayaka, Parvati, Saraswati and Lakshmi. Sanskrit literature also flourished during this time. The Navaratnas of Sanskrit literature are believed to have lived in the court of Chandra Gupta-II. Among Navar- atnas, Kalidasa was supreme and Abhijnana Shakuntala from bronze age his masterpiece. Literary giants like Sudraka, Vishakhadatta, Vishnu (d) I-Tsing (671-695 A.D.): A 1,510 professors and 10,000 Sharma, Dandin, Harisena Chinese traveller, he visited students. Gaining admission also lived during this time. India in connection with to this well organised Smritis and Puranas were Buddhism. His work university was a tough task. updated during the time. ‘Biographies of Eminent Once admitted the students There was remarkable Monks', provides us useful got free education and free progress in the fields of information about the social, boarding and lodging astronomy, astrology, mathe- religious and cultural life of facilities. Kings and wealthy matics and medicine. Aryabhatta the people of this country. citizens gave cash grants to and Varahamihira were the (e) Al-Masudi (957 A.D.): An run the university. prominent astronomers of the Arab traveller, who has given The university used time. Famous mathematician an extensive account of India classroom discussion Brahma Gupta also lived in his work Murujul Zahab. method for teaching. Logic, during this period. We can see (f) Al-Beruni (1024-1030 philosophy, grammar, tremendous progress in the A.D.): His real name was Abu literature, astronomy, fields like art and arch- Rehan Mahmud and he came Buddhism and Hinduism itecture. Rulers renovated so to India along with Mahmud were taught here. The many temples from its of Ghazni during one of his Nalanda University was degeneration. Indian raids. He travelled all destroyed at the end of the Cave paintings also received over India and wrote a book 12th century by Muhammad high impetus during this time. Tarikh-ul-Hind. The book Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Ajanta caves and Bagh caves dealt with the social, religious general of Mohammad Ghori. are the typical examples of and political conditions in 5. Akbar was born in Amarkot Gupta paintings. A lot of gold India. in 1542 A.D. His original coins were also issued of by (g) Marco Polo (1292-1294): A name was Jalaluddin the rulers. Thus in all ways Venetian traveller, he visited Muhammad Akbar. He was the Gupta period was South India in 1294 A.D. His only 13 when he came to the categorically a glorious one or work ‘The Book of Sir Marco throne and his tutor Bairam golden one. Polo’ gives an invaluable Khan was appointed regent. 3. (a) Megasthenese (302-298 account of the economic Akbar won the Second Battle B.C.): An ambassador of history of India. of Panipat. He used diplom- Seleucus Nicator, who visited (h) Ibn Batuta (1333-1347 acy and power to subdue the the court of Chandragupta A.D.): A Moorish traveller, he Rajputs. He fought against Maurya. He wrote an interesting visited India during the reign the Rajputs from 1572 to 1597 book ‘Indica’ in which he gave a of Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq. but was unable to conquer vivid account of Chandra-gupta His book ‘Rehla’ (the Maurya’s reign. Mewar throughout his life. Travelogue) throws a lot of He also conquered Bengal, (b) Fa-Hien (405-411 A.D.): light on the reign of Kashmir, Sind and Gujarat. He came to India during the Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq For 40 years, he made reign of Chandragupta II, and the geographical, econ- Vikramaditya. The object of conquests in quick succe- omic and social conditions in ssion. He decided to end the his visit was to see the holy India. places of Buddhism and to regency of his powerful collect Buddhist books and 4. Located near Rajgriha in minister Bairam Khan in relics. He was the first Chinese Bihar, Nalanda University is 1560. He made friends with pilgrim to visit India. believed to have been the Rajputs by establishing established as a Buddhist (c) Huien-Tsang (also spelt matrimonial relations with monastry by Kumaragupta I Yuan Chwang) (630- 645 important Rajput families. (A.D. 414-445). Covering an A.D.): He visited India during He gave a 1ot of responsible area of 1.6 km x 0.8 km, this the reign of Harsha posts to Rajputs. In 1581, he six storeyed building housed Vardhana. promulgated the Din-i-Il1ahi.

1 7 6 By introducing this religion, and was determined to The impact of western culture his aim was to propound a harass the Mughals. In the and consciousness of defeat new re1igion approved by following years, until his by a foreign power gave birth Hindus and accepted by death in 1680, he succeeded to a new awakening. Muslims. He was illiterate but in building a strong Maratha Thoughtful and intelligent, wise. He was a lover of art. state. Shivaji succeeded Indians began to look into the The buildings at Agra, mainly because Mughals strengths and weaknesses of Fatehpur Sikri and Delhi give control over Deccan had their society and for ways and an idea of the architecture of weakened. Secondly, the means to strengthen the those times. Tansen, one of the Marathas had worked out a society by removing the most lovable musicians of all revenue system by which they weakness. While a large times was his court poet. obtained a large revenue and number of Indians refused to Akbar was a skillful could maintain strong come with terms to the west administrator. He dispensed armies. and still put their faith in traditional Indian ideas and impartial justice to all. He set 7. The society was founded in institutions, others gradually up the Mansabdari system. the U.S. by Madame H.P. came to accept the elements He abolished’ Jaziya’ in 1564. Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. of modern western thought He believed that a ruler was Olcott, who later came to India that had to be imbibed for the guardian of his subjects and and founded the headqu- regeneration of their society. had to look after the welfare arters at Adyar in Madras in They were impressed in of his subjects irrespective of 1882. The Theosophical particular by modern science their sect of creed. He believed movement grew in India as a and the doctorines of reason in the policy of ‘Sulh-i-Kul’ result of the leadership given and humanism. They (peace to all). to it by Mrs. Annie Besant imbibed the western ideas Due to his policy of tolerance, who had come to India in and institutions and used unification of larger areas and 1893. As religious revivalists, them in the favour of Indian able administration Akbar is the Theosophists were not society. They also appreciated considered as the first very successful. But as a the Indian values of the past. National King of India. movement led by wester- Raja Ram Mohan Roy had 6. The most powerful of the ners who glorified Indian great admiration for the Maratha chiefs was Shivaji. religious and philosophical scriptures of christianity. He His father, Shahji, had served tradition, it helped Indians’ published the percepts of in the Bijapur army. But to recover their self - confid- Jesus. He tried to separate the Shivaji seeing the weakness ence. moral and philosophical message of the New of Bijapur, asserted his 8. The second half of the 19th independence. Aurangazeb Testament from its miracle century was marked by a stories. He wanted the moral appointed Jai Singh of Amber strong wave of reforming to deal with Shivaji. In 1665, message of Christ to be activities in religion and incorporated into Hinduism. Purandar Fort in the heart of society. These activities are Shivaji’s territory was On the other hand, collectively coined as Indian Dayananda Saraswati did besieged by Jai Singh and a Renaissance. After a long gap, treaty between the two was not give importance to Indian religion and society signed. Shivaji visited western values. He firmly saw rays of hope in Raja Ram Aurangazeb’s court in Agra believed that even the latest Mohan Roy, Swami Dayan- in 1666, where he was made inventions could be traced anda Saraswathi, Keshab a prisoner but escaped. He back to the Vedas. Although Chandra Sen, Devendranath declared himself the he fought for the social justice Tagore, Swami Vivekananda, independent ruler of the and believed in education, his Maratha Kingdom and was Iswar Chandra Vidya Sagar glorification of the Vedas and crowned Chhatrapati in 1764 and many others. founding of the cow protection association and the Shuddhi in which the states were given which started a chain of movement antagonised the the disproportionate represent- events which culminated in muslims. ation. Representatives of the the independence of the Vivekananda criticised princely states were not to be country. Lord Curzon issued Indians for having lost touch elected by people, but an order dividing the with the rest of the world. He appointed by the rulers. province of Bengal into two said motion is the sign of life. Resultant voting right was parts on the ground of He condemned caste system given only to 14 percent administration but the and the current Hindu people of the country. The Nationalists saw the act of emphasis on rituals and central legislature was not partition as a challenge to superstition, and urged the given any real powers and Indian Nationalism. This was people to imbibe the spirit of Defence and Foreign affairs infact done to separate the liberty, equality and free remained outside its control. Muslims and the Hindus. thinking; the ideas that came Governer General retained They rightly described this act from the west. Keshab special control over many as `divide and rule’ policy of Chandra Sen’s Adi Brahma subjects. The Governor- British regime. Samaj primarily emphasised General and the Governors Within Bengal, different a casteless community. This were to be appointed by the sections of the population- reaction was more in British Government. Provi- zamindars, merchants, consonance with egalitarism ncial autonomy was anno- lawyers, students, the urban of the humanitarian movem- unced for the states. The poor and even women-rose up ent in England during the powers of state assemblies in spontaneous opposition to 19th century. were increased and they the partition of their province. could control all the Annie Besant’s Theosophical Rabindranath Tagore comp- departments in the province. Society advocated the revival osed the National Song ` Amar But even in the states, the and strengthening of the Sonar Bangla’. Demonstra- Governors enjoyed special ancient religions like tions, public meetings and powers and could strike Hinduism, Zoroastrianism resolutions were some down any Act of the state and Buddhism. This suggests activities to protest Curzon’s legislature. Individual that even westerners never decision. Swadeshi and judgment and direction forced Indians to follow the Boycott were the next step. granted to the Governor - west. But it is a fact that we Indigenous industries and General and the Governors owed very much to the west enterprises were encouraged denied any real power to the in the fields like education, and foreign goods were people and the Act could not language, science and boycotted everywhere in satisfy the aspirations of the material well-being. Bengal. Tilak gave a cry nationalist leaders. 9. The Government of India Act `Swaraj is our birthright and All political parties including of 1935 had several features, we’ll have it.’ Indian National Congress which were later adopted by The cry of Swadeshi and criticised the Act severely for the Constituent Assembly Swaraj was soon taken up by its rigidity, lack of anything with slight modifications, other provinces of India. new to offer and failure to while some others were Partition of Bengal gave the provide dominion status. completely excluded. One of national leaders a challenge Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the important features was and opportunity to lead a said that ‘‘The Government of establishment of an All India popular struggle against the India Act of 1935 is a machine Federation. Raj and to unite the entire with strong brakes and no country in one bond of The Federation was to be engine.’’ based on a union of provinces common sympathy. of British India and Princely 10. The partition of Bengal was A new militant leadership states. There was to be a the watershed in the history emerged under Tilak, Bipin bicameral federal legislature of Indian national movement Chandra Pal and Aurobindo

1 7 8 Ghosh gave a national co-operation Movement. The Mahatma who practised outlook to the movement. Inspired by his call, what he preached thus Ultimately, government had thousands of people left their played a fine role during to quash the decision of working places and joined freedom struggle and became partition in 1911. This the national struggle. Along a model as a sincere servant incident boosted the with this mass struggle, he of a Nation. The universe nationalists to protest against conducted another crusade always will remember his their rulers in coming years. against all social evils like doings at every moment untouchability, prohibition 11 Gandhiji, Father of our because he is the real son of Nation, the super hero of etc. He was forced to suspend the Non Co-operation the soil. As Emerson rightly millennium registered his said, ``Generations to come name in modern history with Movement due to Chauri- may scarce believe that such his simple life and noble Chaura incident (1922). He a one as this ever in flesh and deeds. As a man from soil, he felt that incident was a shook the foundation of the violation of his Ahimsa blood walked upon this mighty empire of Britian with principle. earth.’’ his atomless weapons like After a short gap, Gandhiji 12. The Permanent Settlement truth and non-violence. again came into the arena of was introduced in Bengal and Bapu for everyone, came to the freedom struggle during Bihar in 1793 by Lord forefront of freedom struggle 1930s by launching Civil Cornwallis. According to this, during the first World War. Disobedience Movement. He the traditional Zamindars or Before his arrival the political led this mass movement with revenue collectors were made platform in India has been utmost vigour and broke the landlords and they were prepared for him, by the salt laws. But in 1931, he asked to surrender 10/ of the withdraw Civil Disobedience 11 moderate leaders of Indian rent derived from the Movement when the Gandhi National Congress. Gandhiji peasantry while keeping experimented philosophy of - Irwin Pact was signed. He only 1/ th for themselves. Ahimsa and Satyagraha in participated in the Second 11 This payment was fixed and South Africa and was well Round Table Conference, acquainted with the which was held at London. permanent. The state demand harshness and brutality of Conference was a mock show could not be increased and white people there itself. and he returned to Bombay payment should be made on In India, he launched his with empty hands. the due date. Failure to pay mission with Champaran After the debacle in 1930s he resulted in sale of the land to Satyagraha (1917). After its vociferously questioned the the highest bidder. victory, he took the leadership right of Britain in India 13. Home Rule Movement (1915- of Ahmedabad Mill Strike during 1940s. His emphatic 1916):- Annie Besant, the Irish (1918) and Kheda Satyagraha call during the Quit India lady, started the Home Rule (1918). Both were victorious. Movement, ‘Do or Die’ movement in India in These incidents highlighted created percussions all over September 1916. The his ability and soon he India. Jinna’s demand for a movement spread rapidly became the leader of masses. separate nation for Muslims and branches of the Home His satyagraha against was a great blow for Rule League were established Rowlatt Act and the rejection Gandhiji. He ruthlessly all over India. Bal Gangadhar of Kaiser-i-Hind title after the opposed any kind of division Jalianwalla Bagh Tragedy of India. But the Calcutta Tilak whole heartedly once again limelighted his Massacre of 1946 changed supported this movement. He name in media and among his mind and ultimately but joined forces with Dr. Annie masses. reluctantly he gave green Besant and persuaded the The historic turn in Gandhiji’s signal for the separation of Muslim League to support life was the operation of Non- India. this programme 14 The word veda means the immortal epic. It is a story a naval expedition under knowledge. They embodies of conflict between Rama and Scylax to explore the river the ancient wisdom of India. Ravana, who represent the Indus. Scylax occupied Sindh There are four vedas namely Aryan and Non-Aryan and a portion of the Punjab. Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur civilizations. It consists of The Indian territory formed Veda and Atharva Veda. seven chapters containing 20th Satrapy of the Persian They are the oldest literary 24,000 couplets. empire and it remained under work of India. 19 Vyasa Maharshi was the Persian rule till the advent of 15 The Atharva Veda Samhita author of Mahabharata, an Alexander’s invasion. contains 760 hymns divided epic of 18 volumes consisting 23. It was fought between into 20 books. It mostly deals of 1,00,000 couplets. The Alexander and Porus in 326 with charms, magic and Mahabharata war was fought B.C. on the banks of the river spells by which one could between Pandavas and Jhelum. Alexander stealthily overcome demons and Kauravas probably in 1000 moved 16 miles northwards, enemies, win over friends and B.C. Vyasa was also the crossed the river at night and gain worldly benefits. It is a author of 18 Puranas and the made a surprise attack on source of occult practices. Bhagavad Gita. Porus. Alexander won the 16 The word Upanishad means 20 After the death of Alexander, battle but moved by the valour `sitting near.’ It relates to the his commander, Selukus of Porus, Alexander set him disciple sitting down at the Nikator became the ruler of free and so withdrew himself feet of his teacher and his master’s kingdom in the from conquering the Gangetic learning the secrets of the East. He occupied Bactria and plain. On his return journey Universe. The Upanishads tried to reoccupy the Punjab. he died at Babylon. consist of philosophical He was defeated by Chandra- 24 The four noble truths taught discussions between the gupta Maurya in 305 B.C. He by Lord Buddha are known teacher and the disciple. ceded Kabul, Khandahar, as Arya Satyas. The first truth There are 108 Upanishads Herat and Baluchistan to is the existence of sorrow. The which were probably written Chandragupta and sent second one is that desire is the between 800 and 500 B.C. The Megasthenese as ambassador cause of sorrow. The third Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka, to the Mauryan Court. truth is that sorrow can be Mundaka, Kena and 21 Megasthenese was the Greek ended by eliminating desires. Taithiriya Upanishads are Ambassador in the court of The fourth one is that desires prominent among them. Chandragupta Maurya. He can be conquered by 17 The Puranas give a clear recorded his experiences in following the eight-fold path. picture of the Aryans. They his book ``Indica’’. It provides 25 Tripitakas are the Buddhist are 18 in number. They valuable information about sacred books. They are the contain gables, discipline, the Mauryan history. Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta religious rites, etc. Vishnu Unfortunately, the original Pitaka and the Abhidamma Purana, Bhagavatha Purana book is not available at all. Pitaka. Upali and Ananda are two of the important Some extracts taken from wrote these texts in Pali puranas. ‘‘Indica’’ were quoted by the language, the language of the 18 He is considered as Adi-Kavi Greek authors. Only such mass. They contain the or the first among the Sanskrit quotations are used by the teachings of the Buddha and poets. Originally a hunter in historians while writing the rules to be followed by the forests, he was very much Mauryan history. Megasth- Buddhist monks. moved by the sorrow of a bird enese gave elaborate 26 The Jatakas are the stories at the death of her mate. His description of the royal palace about Lord Buddha. They sympathies for the crying bird and the city of Pataliputra. describe his previous births turned him into a great poet. 22. Persian invasion took place before he was born at On the suggestion of sage in 516 B.C. during the regime Kapilavastu in the Sakya Narada, he wrote Ramayana, of Darius I of Persia. He sent family and his later `Avatars’.

1 8 0 27 Ethnology is a study of the described the ancestors of Politics, Economics and State- races of mankind. Dr V A Harsha who were the rulers craft. It was rendered into Smith describes India as an of Thaneswar. It gives a vivid English by Shyama Sastri in Ethnological Museum. description of Harsha’s 1909. It was the chief source According to Sir Herbert military expeditions, and of information for a study of Rusley, Indians belong to depicts the social, religious Mauryan administration. seven different races. They are and political conditions in Kautilya (real name Vishnu : Indo -Aryan, Dravidian, North India during those times. Gupta) was also known as Mongolian, Aryo-Dravidian, Bana Bhatta excessively praised Chanakya. Mongolo -Dravidian, Scythio the achievements of Harsha in 34. In the early years of 8th - Dravidian and Turko - his book. century A.D., the Caliph of Iranian. The foreigners who 31. Amaravati in Guntur district, Baghdad asked his Persian invaded India also merged was an important seat of Governor, Hajaj to invade with the native population. Buddhism in South India. The Sindh and destroy the 28 It is the study of coins. The great Stupa at Amaravati was infidels. The pretext given for gold and silver coins of probably built by Asoka. It has the invasion was that the ancient times throw light on a height of 100 feet and a pirates of Sindh plundered the contemporary history. In circumference of 435 feet at certain Arab ships carrying the asbsence of historical the base. The life of Lord some valuables from Ceylon evidences, the coins form the Buddha was carved to Baghdad. Muhammed - bin source of information for beautifully around the stupa. - Kasim, a commander of writing a particular history. The sculpture of Amaravati Persian Governor, invaded For instance, the ship-marked had unique place in the Sindh, by land route and coins of the Satavahanas Buddhist scriptures. Mahad- defeated Dahir, the Hindu speak of their foreign trade. eva a missionary sent by King in the Battle of Rowar in 29 The excavations made at Asoka, made Amaravati his 712 A.D. He occupied Alor Mohenjodaro in the Larkana centre of activity in South the capital of Sindh. He District of Sindh revealed that India. The Amaravati Stupa further continued his there existed a well-built city and its architecture belongs to expedition and plundered the during Indus Valley 200 to 100 B.C. city of Multan. The Arab Civilization. The town had 32 Rudradamana was the conquest was limited to drainage facilities also. ‘‘The famous Saka king of Ujjain. Sindh only. They could not Great Bath’’ was a swimming The Junagad Rock inscrip- penetrate into other parts of pool unearthed at Mohenjo- tion gives information about India. Mohammed Bin daro. It was an open his administration. He Quasim’s dream to establish quadrangle surrounded by belongs to the period 130-150 a Muslim rule in India did not varandhas (steps) and A.D. His empire extended come true, as Quasim was flanked by rooms on all sides. from the Lower Indus Valley murdered at his early age. But The bath used to get water to the Western Vindhyas. He the dream was realised by from the nearby wells. Its claimed that he defeated a Mohammed Ghori. In 1175, measurements are 30 x 23 x 8 Satavahana king twice and Ghori brought Sind under his feet. It indicates the advanced gave his daughter in marriage control. In 1186, Punjab came state of civilization attained to him. He spent his personal under his rule. But in 1191, by the Indus people even at money for the reconstruction of Prithiviraj Chauhan defeated that time. It also had some the Sudarshana lake in him in the First Battle of religious significance. Saurashtra which was origin- Tarain. However, his victory 30. Bana Bhatta was a court-poet of ally built by the Mauryans. at Kanauj in 1194, paved the way for establishment of Harsha Vardhana. His book 33. Kautilya, the Prime Minister Muslim rule in India. Harshacharita is a source of of Chandra Gupta Maurya information on a study of was the author of Artha- 35. The First Battle of Tarain was Harsha and his times. It sastra. It is a treatise on fought between Muhammed Ghori and Prithviraj in 1191. the Chief huntsman under Meerut, Haridwar, Kangra Prithviraj, the king of Delhi Sultana Raziyya. After the and Jammu. As a result of and Ajmer won the battle and death of Nasiruddin, Balban Timur’s invasion, Tughlaq’s drove away the invader occupied the throne and dynasty came to an end at triumphantly. But in 1192, in established a stable admin- Delhi. The provincial the Second Battle of Tarain istration. He ruthlessly governors declared indepe- Prithviraj was defeated and suppressed the power of the ndence in Gujarat, Malwa taken as a prisoner. forty Turkish nobles. He and Jaunpur. Timur appoin- Muhammed Ghori occupied introduced persian customs ted Khizr Khan as viceroy of Delhi and appointed Qutb- in his court. He organised a Punjab and left for Kabul. ud-din Aibak as viceroy of the very efficient spy system and 42. The Battle of Talikotta in 1565 conquered territories. Aibak received exact information of led to the down fall of the founded the Slave dynasty on the developments in the Vijayanagar empire. It was the throne of Delhi. The Kingdom. He suppressed fought between Aliya Second Battle of Tarain was a rebellions in Bengal and Ramaraya of Vijayanagar on turning point in the Indian brought it under his control. one side and Hussain Nizam History. It paved the path for He successfully defended the Shah of Ahmadnagar on the Muslim rule in India. Kingdom against the other side. The Sultans of 36. Qutub Minar is a huge pillar invasions of Mongols. Golkanda, Bidar and Bijapur in Delhi built during the times 40. Amir Khusrau was the first also joined hands with the of Qutub - ud - din Aibak and poet of Urdu Literature. He Sultan of Ahmadnagar. The Iltumish. Aibak started its was in the Court of Alauddin war took place near the construction in memory of Khilji and described his villages of Rakshas and Qwaja Qutub - ud - din, a conquests in the book Tarikh Thangadi in the Raichur religious preceptor of - i - Alai. For his sweet poetry Doab. Aliya Ramaraya was Baghdad. The construction he was known as ‘Parrot of killed in the battle field. The was completed by Iltumish. India’. He wrote another book armies of Vijayanagar were The pillar represents the in which the love story of completely rooted and Islamic architecture of middle Khizr Khan and Deyal Devi massacred. The enemies ages. was depicted. He lived till the entered the city and time of Ghiyasuddin Tughlak 37. Al-Beruni was a famous Arab plundered it for full six and wrote Tughlake-nama, a historian. He was a scholar months. The seat of history of Ghiasuddin. He in Sanskrit and Arabic. His Vijayanagar kingdom was was also a musician. work Tarikh - ul - Hind gives shifted to Penugonda where information about the 41. Timur belonged to Tirumalaraya founded the conditions in India at the time Samarkhand. After conqu- Aravidu dynasty. ering Persia, Iraq and of Mahmud of Ghazni’s 43. The available epics are the Afghanistan, he invaded invasion. Ramayana and the India in 1398. Nasiruddin Mahabharatha. The former 38. Chenghiz Khan was a Muhammed Shah was the was written by Valmiki and Mongol invader. His original ruler of Delhi at that time. the latter by Ved Vyas. name was Temujin. He over Timur reached Delhi with ran China and Central Asia. 10,000 cavalry and 40,000 Bhagavad Gita is a part of He destroyed the Khwarazm infantry. At the out skirts of Mahabharatha. The Gita is Empire. Under Chenghiz Delhi he routed the army of full of teachings to Arjuna by Khan, the Mongols reached Nasiruddin and captured the Lord Krishna. The Ramayana upto the river Indus in 1220. city. He plundered and was written much earlier 39. Balban was the greatest of the destroyed the city of Delhi than the Mahabharatha. Slave kings. Iltumish and massacred the people in 44. When Alexander invaded purchased him as slave and thousands. On his return India, the Nandas ruled over made him one of the forty journey he demolished Magadha which comprised Turkish nobles. He served as temples, and killed Hindus in of modern Patna and Gaya

1 8 2 districts in Bihar. The came to an end because of known great kings. Because Nandas ruled for 100 years certain policies of Ashoka of his valiant conquests, and there were 9 kings, against Brahminical religion, Samudra Gupta is known as according to Puranas. Hieun weak successors of Ashoka ‘Indian Napoleon.’ Harisena Tsang mentions about the last and invasion of Sungas. was the poet laureate of king of the Nandas. The Pushyamitra Sunga the Samudra Gupta. Nanda rule came to an end Commander-in-Chief of the 49. After the Guptas, the well with the invasion of Chandra Mauryas, established the known Hindu dynasty in the Gupta, the founder of Maurya Sunga dynasty. North was Vardhana dynasty. 47. Though many petty dynasties dynasty of which Harsha 45. Alexander was the son of a rose and fell in the period after Vardhana was a famous king. great King of Macedonia, King the Mauryas, the Kushana Harsha was a great scholar. Philip II. Inspired by the dynasty has made indelible Hieun Tsang visited India in teachings of Aristotle who history on the Indian soil. the 7th century A.D. during was his teacher, Alexander Though many theories have Harsha’s period. Hieun wanted to bring India under been forwarded about the Tsang’s accounts are valuable his control so that he could origin of the Kushanas, it can source of information on become the Emperor of the be well said that they came Harsha’s period. Nalanda whole world. He came to India from Central Asia. Of the University flourished and two in 326 BC and defeated Porus. Kushana Kings, Kanishka’s conferences on Buddhism As his army rebelled he was reign is well-known. The were held under Harsha-one forced to give up further beginning of Saka era on at Kanauj under the religious invasion and decided to return. which the Indian calendar is leadership of Hieun Tsang. He On his way back he died at based coincides with was defeated ultimately by Pulikesin-II of Chalukya Babylon at the age of 33. enthronement of Kanishka in 78 A.D. Gandhara Art, the dynasty. Bana Bhatta, the 46. After defeating Nandas, fusion of Indo-Greek arts, court poet of Harsha Chandragupta Maurya esta- flourished during the period Vardhana wrote Harsha blished his kindgom with of Kushanas. The two Charita. Harsha wrote Pataliputra as his capital. He branches of Buddhism Ratanavali. Thus Harsha was defeated Selucus Nikator emerged under the reign of not only a warrior but a who was the representative of Kanishka. scholar and a good Alexander. Then Nikator sent 48. The Age of Guptas is known administrator also. The Magasthanese as his amba- as `Golden Age’ in the history Vardhana dynasty was the ssador to Mauryan Court. of India for the reasons of last Hindu dynasty in the Indica of Megasthanese is a revival of Hinduism, Art, North. valuable source of Mauryan Literature etc. Kalidasa, the 50. Ancient Tamilian poets had history. Kautilya, the author author of Sakuntala, produced literature which is of Arthasastra was Chand- Raghuvamsam, Meghdoot; popularly referred as Sangam ragupta’s minister. Chandra- Aryabhatta, the great Literature. It earned this name gupta was succeeded by his mathematician and the because much of this son Bindusara who was the astronomer, Amarasimha literature was written in three father of Ashoka. Asoka ruled lived during this age. Fahien sangams or ‘assemblies’ of between 273 B.C and 236 B.C. visited the court of Chandra Tamil poets which had been The only war he waged was Gupta II and stayed in India held between the 1st century that of Kalinga. The sufferings between 399 and 417 A.D. AD to 6th century AD. We can of the people due to that war Though the period of Gupta learn a lot about South India changed his whole life. He dynasty is not definitely from these works including became a Buddhist and known, we can well say that detailed accounts of great propagated the ideals of Chandra Gupta I and kings, commercial activities, Buddhism. Mauryan dynasty Samudra Gupta were well administration and social, economic and religious life in Mathura artists are in a purely the Jains are known as ancient South India. It is Indian style while those made Angas. believed that the sangams by the Gandhara artists show 55. Buddhism was founded by were held in Madurai. a strong Greek influence. Lord Buddha, a Sakya prince Examples of Sangam litera- 53. The Brahmana, the Kshatriya, and the son of the ruler of ture include Tiruvalluvar’s the Vaishya and the Sudras Kapilavastu. He was born in classic Thirukkural and the are the four varnas of the 567 B.C. in the Lumbini, near two Tamil epics Silappadi- vedic society. The Brahmanas Kapilavastu. He left his family karam and Manimekalai. were the priests assigned to in search of enlightenment in These particularly depict life perform religious rituals and 537 B.C. In 531 B.C., he in ancient Tamil land in to educate young people. The detail. attained the higher Kshatriyas were the ruling knowledge at Gaya. He was 51. The Aryan culture divided a and warrior class who were 36 then. The main teachings man’s life into four stages, brave and learned in of Buddha are: all misery is each of which was called an administration. The Vaishya caused by desire, and may be Ashram. The Brahmacharya was a class consisting of Ashram ranged from agriculturists, industrialists put to an end by destroying childhood to 25 years of age and traders. The Sudras were desire; Nirvana, or freedom when a man was engaged in servants, labourers and from the cycle of birth and receiving education. Then he slaves who worked for the rebirth, may be attained by married and entered the other three classes. following the eight- fold path of right belief, right thought, Grihasthya Ashram, which 54. Vardhamana Mahavira, the continued to the age of 50. In 24th and last Tirthankara right speech, right action, the Vanaprastha Ashram, he (saint with divine power), right living, right effort, right himself retired from active life was the founder of Jainism recollection and right but guided the life of his who first preached it in the meditation; ahimsa or the grown-up children. The stage 6th century B.C. Born to a path of non-violence; no faith continued up to the age of 75. Kshatriya chieftain at in sacrifices and rituals; faith Finally, in Sanyas Ashram, a Kundagrama, near Vaishali, in the equality of men and not man retired from society and he left his family at the age of in the caste system; belief in went to the hills, forests or 30 and set out in search of true karma and transmigration of hermitages in order to attain knowledge. At 42, he acquired soul; and emphasis on salvation. the highest ‘knowledge, morality. The most important 52. First, the life-size statues of kevalyanana, and began to be Buddhist scriptures are the Buddha made by the known as Mahavira. He Tripitakas or ‘the three Gandhara artists are in the spent the rest of his life baskets’ - the Vinayakapitaka, likeness of the Greek Gods. preaching Jainism. The main the Suttapitaka and the This was because the teachings of Jainism are : Abhidhammapitaka. The techniques used and forms Ahimsa or non-violence; religious texts of the applied were Greek in nature, hard penance and self- Buddhists are known as the while the subjects were all of sacrifice; no faith in the Jatakas. A few centuries after Indian origin. These statues existence of God; worship of Buddha’s death, Buddhism are in stone, cement, clay and the 24 Tirthankaras; was divided into two sects: terracotta. Secondly, this art attainment of moksha or Hinayana and Mahayana. is realistic in which much salvation as the main aim of attention was paid to minute life; belief in the next life, 56. The son of Bindusara, ranks details like folds and turns of transmigration of soul and the as one of the greatest rulers, the dress. Rich ornamen- theory of karma; no faith in not only in the annals of tation and refinement can be religious rites and rituals; Indian history but also in that seen in these art works. The and equality of human of the world. He endeavoured Buddha statues made by the beings. The religious texts of to do all he could for the good

1 8 4 of his people and, therefore, dynasty. He, was a great teachers taught that the his reign is considered to be conqueror and added to the relationship between man one of the most glorious vast empire he had inherited and god was based on love, periods in the history of India. from his father and and worshipping god with By his conquests, he furthered grandfather. His greatest devotion was better than the borders of the empire military achievement was merely performing any which he had inherited from when he destroyed numbers of religious his father and grandfather, so completely the power of the ceremonies. Bhakti teachers stressed the need for tolerance that it became the biggest Sakas and drove them out of among man and religions. empire in ancient India. Malwa, Gujarat and They also objected to the However, after the Kalinga Saurashtra, thus wiping away the last trace of foreign division of society into castes war, in which countless and the low status given to rule in India. His empire, thus, people were killed, before he women. They encouraged the touched the Arabian Sea. He, emerged the victor, he was so women to join in gatherings. too, was a patron of art and deeply affected by the sight of The most significant literature and because of this, bloodshed and suffering that contribution of this move- he underwent a change of he is often identified with the ment during this period came heart and completely gave up renowned Vikramaditya from Kabir and Nanak. of Ujjain, who patronaged the policy of conquests. He 62. Qutub Ud din Aibak was a the famous ‘Nine Gems’ embraced Buddhism and slave purchased by Ghori. (Navratnas). thereafter gave up all sorts of After the Second Battle of violence. He then turned his 59. Raja Rammohan Roy played Tarain in 1192, he was full attention towards an important role in the appointed Governor of Lahore the good of the people and abolition of the evil custom of by Ghori. After the death of gave them an efficient Sati. It was because of his Ghori, with the support of the administration ensuring efforts that it was legally people of Lahore, he peace and prosperity. Many banned by William Bentick in proclaimed himself as King. schools were opened and the 1829. The abolition of Sati His period was between arts also flourished under his brought forth the problem of 1206’-10. The famous Qutub patronage. He also worked widows, so he stressed upon Minar was built by him the remarriage of widows. tirelessly for the propagation though he could not complete of Buddhism in India and 60. Sufi mystic orders arose in the it before his death. It was abroad. 10th century. They laid great completed by Iltumish in 1232. emphasis on love and 57. Ashokas’s greatness lies in 63. It lasted for about 100 years. devotion as the bond between the fact that he was perhaps The founder of this dynasty God and the individual soul. the first king to conceive some was Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. Around this time, the sufis Mohammed Bin Tughlaq is sort of a world religion- were organised into 12 orders Dharma-comprising the good well-known for his or silsilahs and these were personality. He was the king principles of all religions. It’s broadly divided into two: Ba- main principles were respect who introduced brass and shara (those who followed copper coin system and who of elders, good treatment of the the Islamic law) and Be-shara younger people, ahimsa, changed his capital from (those who were not bound by Delhi to Daulatabad and truthfulness, charity, Islamic law). The two orders religious toleration and a back to Delhi. Though his which acquired importance ideas were fantastic, they simple and virtuous life. in India were the Chisti and could not be implemented as 58. Chandragupta-II or Chandra- Surhawardi silsilahs. they lacked practical gupta Vikramaditya, the son 61. Bhakti Movement was a imagination. He has been of Samudragupta, was a continuation of the earlier dubbed as eccentric and ill powerful ruler of Gupta devotional cult. The Bhakti starred idealist by Ibn Batuta, an African traveller. The Raja ruled between 985 AD wrote his autobiography worst part of it was that he and 1014 AD. He built the ‘Babur Nama’. changed not only his capital Brihadeswara temple at Humayun : Fraternal fract- but the entire populace. As a Tanjore. His was a rule of ions criss - crossed with a historian said, he could have democracy. He was a staunch weak character of his own, better been a Professor than a Hindu. But he practised Humayun could not stand for King. He was known as the religious tolerance not a long time, when he was wisest fool. known in those days. Raja driven out of the country by a 64. Khilji dynasty was founded Raja was succeeded by his native Sher Shah Suri. by Malik Firoz in 1290 and son Rajendra who ruled Humayun tumbled through assumed the title Jalaluddin between 1012 A.D. and 1044 his life and tumbled out of it. Khilji (1290-96). Alauddin A.D. During his time, foreign After trials and tribulations Khilji, the nephew of trade flourished. and wanderings for many Jalaluddin Khilji killed him 67. Vijayanagar Empire was years, he could stage a come after his victory on Devagri in established by Harihara and back with some of his well- 1296. He was the most Bukka on the banks of wishers. In the mean time famous ruler of the Khilji Tunghabadra in Andhra. Akbar was born at Amarkot Dynasty. Alauddin Khilji is Krishnadevaraya was a in 1542. well known for his famous king who ruled Sher Shah Suri: Sher Shah administration and military between 1509 A.D. and 1530 Suri, worth his name of tiger, system. Akbar’s mansabdari A.D. He brought under his could easily defeat the forces system was contemplated control, the modern Raichur, of Humayun at many and introduced by Alauddin Bijapur, Gulbarga etc., in engagements. Though his Khilji. Karnataka and Kondappalli rule lasted for only six years and Kondaveedu in Orissa. between 1539 and 1545, Sher 65. This was the last Muslim His period witnessed peace Shah could pay much dynasty which ruled Delhi. and prosperity. Krishnade- attention on the revenue Ibrahim Lodi ruled Delhi varaya, himself, was a administration and organise while Mohammed Lodi was scholar. His court was the army on scientific lines. in Gujarat. Including the rule adorned by Ashtadiggajas of During his time the Grand of their predecessors, the Lodi whom Tenaliraman was well Trunk Road between rule lasted for about 75 years - known for his witticism. Peshawar and Calcutta was between 1415 and 1526. Because of the weak built. Now it runs from Because of fraternal fractions successors and of the rise of Calcutta to Amritsar. As he and rivalries Daulat Lodi Bahmini Kingdom, Vijayan- was succeeded by weak invited Babar to fight with his agar Empire vanished. rulers the Suri interrugnum brother Ibrahim Lodi. It 68. Babur: Babur who was driven could linger on only for a few resulted in the First Battle of out of his own country, was years. Panipat which paved the invited by Mohammed Lodi Akbar : He came to power at way for the Mughal rule in in India. After his failure the age of 12. Though he was India. thrice to get back illiterate, his vision of 66. They ruled the very fertile Samarkhand, he locked religious tolerance, revenue delta of Cauvery basin which himself in the First Battle of administration and military lie in the modern Trichy and Panipat in 1526 with Ibrahim hierarchy had far reaching Tanjore districts of Tamil Lodi. It led to the consequences. He preached Nadu. Though their rule establishment of Mughal rule Hindu Muslim unity. He lasted for about 200 years the in India. Babur ruled for married Rajput ladies. He rule of Raja Raja, the great and 4 years. Hence he could not founded a religion; `Din - I- his son, Rajendra Chola are consolidate his gains, when lahi’. Though the religion had marked for their adminis- he was succeeded by a weak a few followers and died soon tration and conquests. Raja son Humayun. Babur after the death of Akbar, we

1 8 6 have to take into account the Indian States within the orbit discuss the Dominion broad view Akbar had in the of British political power. It status of India and the sixteenth century. paved the way for stationing framing of a new Jehangir : Akbar was of British troops in the constitution for India. succeeded by his son, territories of native Princes. However, he refused to Jehangir. Though no The Princes have to pay for give any assurance. This remarkable achievements the stationing of troops. In led the congress to were made by Jehangir, the return the troops will take care demand for poorna royal affairs handled and the of the defence of the territories. Swaraj and subsequently royalty dominated by a harem First Indian ruler to join the to start the Civil Disobe- around his wife Noorjehan subsidiary Alliance was dience movement. are worth mentioning. Nizam of Hyderabad. 73. In 1942, the Congress Jehangir used to consume 24 70. Indian Councils Act 1861 demanded the immediate pegs of wine. Religious brought many administrative ending of the British rule in intolerance started surfacing changes. Non-official Indians India. The failure of the and bankruptcy permeated. were taken in the Executive Cripps Mission was the major Shah Jahan : More than his Council, the Government reason for the beginning of conquests and administr- departments were decentr- Quit India Movement. ation, his love for Mumtaz, art alised and the portfolio Gandhiji along with many and architecture need system was introduced. The others were arrested. Violence mentioning. Because of lavish Act sought to bridge the gap spread throughout the coun- spending on art and between the rulers and the try, several government architecture, the Governm- ruled. offices were destroyed and ent’s coffer started drying and 71. When Gandhiji’s Civil damaged, telegraph wires excessive doses of taxation Disobedience Movement was were cut and communication year after year was the only in progress, a strong mob in paralyzed. The movement remedy. Thus the people Chauri-Chaura, a place in was, however, crushed by the groaned under heavy and Bihar killed some police government. unbearable taxes. Taj Mahal, personnel by setting fire to the 74. Mountbatten's plan was to built of white marbles in police station. It was against divide India but retain memory of his wife Mumtaz, Gandhiji’s non-violent maximum unity. The country was completed in 1653. policies. Hence he called off would be partitioned but so Aurangazeb: Alamgir was the the agitation. would be Punjab and Bengal name adopted by Auran-gazeb 72 The main causes of Civil and two separate indepe- when he became the Padusha. Disobedience movement of ndent Dominions of India Aurangazeb is known as 'Zinda 1930 were: and Pakistan would emerge Pir' or living saint because of his with its own Governor a. No Indian was included simple life. He banned music general. Mountbatten Plan in the Simon Commision and dance. He ousted all the divided India into Indian which was to look into artists from his court. He was dominion and Pakistan the matter of responsible the last great Mughal dominion. Thus Pakistan self-government. Emperor. His intolerance came into being. towards the Hindus, civil b. Nehru's Report, the 75. Rammohan Roy regarded as wars and weak successors Indian National leader's modern India’s first great resulted in the downfall of consti-tutional draft of leader and was the central this empire. Finally the 1928, drew an indifferent figure in the awakening dynasty ended with the death response from the British. movements started in Bengal. of Bahadur Shah II in 1826 in c. In 1929, viceroy Irwin He sought inspiration from Myanmar. announced that the the modern sciences of the 69. Subidiary Alliance system was Round Table Conference West as well as from the used by wellesley to bring would be called to ancient knowledge of India. In 1809, he wrote in Persian marriage and encouraged Congress leaders in the early his famous work “Gift to widow re-marriage. Dayana- phase wanted first of all to Monotheism’ in which he nda Saraswati’s emphasis on unite the heterogenous argued in favour of a the super-natural and Indian society into a nation universal religion based on infallible character of the and then start a mass the principle of one Supreme Vedas seems to have risen movement. This was wrong God. In 1828, a new society from his ardent desire to give approach towards the called ‘Brahmo Samaj’ was Hinduism a definite creed masses. The masses were started which discarded idol and equip it with a militant assigned a passive role in the worship, caste divisions and character. Similar in nature, early phase of the national many other meaningless rites was his move for the movement against the and rituals. For this purpose, reconversion of those Hindus colonial rule. he published the Bengali who had been converted to Secondly, the Congress translation of the Vedas and other religions like Islam and leaders in the early phase the Upanishads and demo- Christianity. For this purpose, believed in passing resolu- nstrated to the people that a purificatory ceremony called tions after resolution and these texts preached only one ‘Shuddhi’ was prescribed. submitting petitions after God and idol worship had no 78. The Rashtrakuta rulers were petitions. As the Government place there. Later on, the great patrons of art and turned a deaf ear to their Samaj expanded throughout literature. Krishna-I built the petitions, these leaders the country. famous rock-cut Kailash became unpopular among 76. Formed along the lines of the Temple at Ellora in the later the masses. Many people Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana half of the 8th century A.D. It laughed at their futile efforts. Samaj of Bombay was was constructed in the Their talking of loyalty to the founded in 1867. An Dravidian style of the British rule was not liked by educated middle class has Chalukyas and elaborately the people. They felt that arisen there too and it sought carved with fine sculptures. these leaders were stooges of the reform of society and Probably in the second half of the Government so they had religion. The real force behind the eighth century, on an no sympathy for them and no the Prarthana Samaj was island near the west coast faith in their programmes and M.G. Ranade and R. Bhan- was built the cave shrine of policies. They wanted action darkar. It emphasised more Elephanta. It was dedicated oriented programmes and not on social reforms. to Shiva, whose image as mere speeches. As the 77. The Arya Samaj, founded in Mahesha (popularly known moderate leaders were not 1875 by Swami Dayanand as Trimurti) counts amongst prepared for the change they Saraswathi, undertook the the most magnificent art could not attract the masses task of reforming Hindu creations of India. The three towards them. religion in North India. He faces represent Shiva as 80. In order to tide over the Indian believed that there was only creator, preserver and situation the British one God who was to be destroyer. Government called a Round worshipped not in the form 79. The early phase of the national Table Conference in London of images but as a spirit. The movement did an important where Congress was also member of the Arya samaj pioneering work in the fields invited. The chief item on the were guided by “Ten of nationalism, but it had some agenda was to discuss the Principles” of which the first basic weaknesses too. ‘Simon Report’. But the one was studying the Vedas. Firstly, the national move- Congress boycotted this The rest were tenets of virtue ment in its early phase had a conference which failed to and morality. There was no narrow social base. It did not achieve its objective as no vital room for caste distinctions penetrate down to the masses. decision could be taken and social inequality. The It was a movement of the few without the Congress taking Arya Samajists opposed child educated people. In fact the part in it.

1 8 8 81. Non- participation by the (1) Effecting increase in ryot or peasants. This system Congress in the Round Table Company’s profits. was introduced in Madras Conference worried the (2) To make Indian and Bombay. Neverthless the British Government. But, after possessions of the Company rents in this system were so some efforts made by it, an fruitful for Britain. high that the peasants were forced to fall in to the clutches agreement was reached in (3) To strengthen the British of the money lenders. March 1931 between hold on India. Mahatma Gandhi and the 88. Mahalwari was a system of 85. The Regulating Act was then Viceroy Lord Irwin. This revenue settlement. Under passed in 1773 to regulate the agreement is popularly this system the Government Company’s administration in known as the ‘Gandhi-Irwin dealt with the representative India. But it had many Pact’ under which Gandhiji of a ‘Mahal’ or village and drawbacks of which the most suspended his Civil notable were the following: they paid ‘rent’ collectively Disobedience Movement and on behalf of the whole village. agreed to attend the Second (1) The four members of the Whatever the mode of Round Table Conference. On Governor-General’s collection, the rents were quite the other side, the govern- Council had the right to high and the peasants were ment released all those undo his decisions by a hard pressed to pay them. majority vote which arrested in connection with 89. By the Industrial Revolution the Movement. created many problems for Warren Hastings, we refer to the revolutionary 82. As already stated, the changes in the mode of government released all the (2) Though a Supreme Court production and organisation political detenu that were was set up yet its that were introduced in arrested for taking part in the relations with the Europe during the later half non-violent movement in Governor-General and of the 18th century. These his Council was not accordance with the Gandhi- changes were so swift and so specified. Irwin Pact of 1931 and the effective that they are referred Congress also suspended the 86. Lord Cornwallis introduced to as revolution. It gave birth Civil Disobedience Move- the system of Permanent to factory system which ment. Thereafter, Gandhiji Settlement which had many replaced the old system of went to London to represent merits: cottage industry where in India at the Round Table (1) By conferring ownership manual labour was replaced Conference. But as the rights on the zamindars by machines and small government refused to accede the Company had artisans by capitalist to the demand of a Dominion created a class of staunch enterprises. The two effects of Status for India, Gandhiji loyalists. the Industrial Revolution in came back to revive the Civil (2) Knowing that they were India are: (1) Indian export fell Disobedience Movement. permanent master of the sharply as a result of the 83. When the policy of repression land, the zamindars took Industrial Revolution in was at its full swing after the interest in its improve- Europe. (2) It also reduced Second Round Table ment which in turn India to a colony that supplied Conference (1931), the British resulted in an increased raw materials to the British Government in England production. industries. summoned the Third Round 87. The English East Company 90. Pitt’s India Act was passed in Table Conference in 1932 to introduced many systems of 1784 with a view to remove draw a new constitution for revenue settlement. One of the shortcomings of the India. The Congress was not those was Ryotwari. Under Regulating Act. Its two chief invited to this conference. this system, the Government provisions were as under: 84. Main aims of the British did not act through any (1) The number of the administration of India were intermediary or zamindar but members of the Governor- as under: had direct contact with the General’s Council was reduced to three so that he was none except Lord Ripon ission that Lala Lajpat Rai could have his way by (1880-84) who cared for the suffered lathi blows that winning support of even one interests of the Indian people. proved fatal. member. He introduced the Ilbert Bill 97. Nehru report was put forward (2) Trade was separated, from so that the Indian judges by the Swarajist leader Motilal administration. While the could be authorised to hear Nehru and the following are the Company was allowed the the cases involving the two suggestions of the Nehru monopoly of trade, a Board of Europeans. The previous Report: Criminal Procedure Code of Control of six members was (1) India should immediately 1873 had a clause that no established to guide and be granted Swaraj. control the administration of Magistrate or sessions Judge (2) The executive should be British India. In this way the could try a European British subject unless he was himself responsible not to the authority of the British Viceroy but to the legislature. Government was imposed on a European by birth. The bill the Company’s administ- was so vehemently opposed 98. The Cabinet Mission came to ration. by the Europeans that it had India in 1946. The following to be withdrawn. It, however, were its two chief recomm- 91. The British Empire in India proved that the British Indian endations: stood on the following three government’s claim of pillars namely: (1) There should be a ‘equality before law’ was a federation of both the (1) Civil Service (2) Army and mere eyewash. British Indian Provinces (3) Police. Civil service was and the Indian States. essential for the maintenance 94. The two young revolutio- (2) A scheme for framing the of British rule in India and as naries who threw a bomb in Constitution of India was foreign rulers they needed the Central Assembly on also suggested and it was army and police to keep the April 8, 1929 were Bhagat proposed to form a people under control. Singh and B.K. Dutt. Though Bhagat Singh and his friends Constituent Assembly for 92. Tantya Tope was the loyal were hanged to death yet their this purpose. servant of Nana Sahib who sacrifice gave fresh mome- 99. After the uprising of 1857 the fought for his martyrdom. He ntum to the national struggle. British were hostile to the was a patriot to the core and Muslims, but the rise of brave like a lion. He was adept 95. Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement with nationalism forced the British in the art of guerrilla warfare. to change their ideas and He defeated General his famous Dandi March on March 12, 1930. He started policy towards the Muslims. Windham though he himself They were now too weak and the march from Sabarmati was defeated at the hands of backward to revolt so the Ashram in Gujarat towards General Campbell. But even British followed the policy of Dandi. He was accompanied in defeat he remained Divide and Rule. They by 79 followers. He reached dauntless. He also allied with became the champions of the Dandi on April 5, 1930 and the Rani of Jhansi and fought Muslims and sowed the seeds there he broke the Salt Laws. against the English at of disunity between the two Gwalior on June 18, 1858. In In this way the Dandi March communities. They painted this battle the Rani of Jhansi became a symbol of Civil Muslims rulers as tyrants herself met her death and Disobedience movement. who terrorised Hindus, and Tantya Tope escaped. He 96. The Indian people boycotted on the other hand, painted the was, however, caught and the Simon Commission as all Hindu rulers as cruel to their hanged to death. It was the its members were English subjects. In 1905, they sad end of a noble and brave and there was no Indian to partitioned Bengal and made patriot. represent the Indian people. a new Muslim majority 93. Of all the British Governor- It was during a protest march province to win their support. Generals and Viceroys there against the Simon Comm- They supported the

1 9 0 foundation of Muslim League blocked by the troops. The sworn enemy of the British in 1906 to create a wedge massacre left 1000 dead and Rule in India. He vowed not between the Hindus and the more than two thousand to co-operate with the Muslims. In 1909, the Minto - wounded. This shattered British. He declared that co- Morley Reforms introduced the faith of Gandhiji in the operation in any shape or the principle of separate Government and he vowed form with the satanic electorates in the legislature. not to co-operate with the Government is sinful, and 100. The Indians had rendered British again. Under his under his leadership the meritorious service during inspiration, the Congress at Congress passed a resolu- the First World War. They the Nagpur session in 1920 tion in 1920 of launching a expected Home Rule when passed a resolution to Non Co-operation Move- the war ended in 1918. The launch the Non Co- ment against the Govern- British passed the operation Movement. ment. Thus the people lost Montague - Chelmsford 102. At the end of the First World faith in the British rule and Reforms in 1919 which did War, Turkey was a defeated took to the extremist path of not satisfy the Indians. nation. The British and their violent struggle to get rid There was widespread allies inflicted punishment of it. agitation against these and humiliation on it. They 104. Gandhiji came back to India reforms. In order to crush divided the country among after attending Second these agitations the themselves and abolished Round Table Conference government passed the the office of the Caliph. This and renewed the Civil Rowlatt Act in 1919. It gave aroused the anger of the Disobedience Movement in the government power to Muslims in India. They 1932. Gandhiji and other arrest and to detain started a powerful agitation leaders of the Congress were suspected persons without known as the Khilafat again arrested and put into warrant and imprison them Movement, under the prison without trial. Over a without a trial. This led to leadership of the Ali lakh of satyagrahis were widespread agitation Brothers (Mohammed Ali arrested and their property throughout the country. and Shaukat Ali) in 1920. was confiscated. The police Mahatma Gandhi came to Gandhiji supported this committed great atrocities the forefront and took the movement and this brought on the freedom fighters. To lead of the freedom the Hindus and Muslims pursue the policy of ‘Divide movement in his hands. together against the British. and Rule’ the British Gover- Meetings were held all over On June 9,1920 they adop- nment gave a ‘Communal the country against this ted a resolution to launch a Award’ in 1932, which gave Black Act and an All India separate electorates to hartal was observed on 6th non-violent, non co-opera- Hindus and Harijans. April, 1919. tion movement and reque- sted Gandhiji to lead it. Gandhiji observed a ‘fast 101. As a protest against the unto death’ in the Poona jail 103. The Amritsar Tragedy was Rowlatt Act a meeting was and to save him, a Poona a turning point in Indian held at Jallianwala Bagh on Pact was signed. According History. The people were not April 13, 1919. It was a to the Poona pact, the idea intimidated by the peaceful meeting. General of separate electroate for Dyer, to teach the people a Government’s policy and Depressed classes was lesson, arrived at they jumped into the abandoned but seats Jallianwala Bagh with his freedom struggle with great reserved for them in the troops who were ordered to vigour and courage. There provisional legislatures open fire on the gathering was an upsurge of unity were increased from 71 to without a warning. There between the Hindus and 147, and in the central was only one narrow lane Muslims as never seen legislature to 81 percent of to escape which was before. Gandhiji became the the total. 105. Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet disintegration of the Mughal was taken by the British Minister in the British rule. Taking undue advant- Crown. Government came to India in ages, the company obtained 110. Minto - Morley reforms was March 1942. The Cripps the Diwani rights from the the most short lived of all the Mission came to India to solve Mughal Emperor Shah Britain’s constitutional the political deadlock in Alam for Bihar, Bengal and experiments in India. The India. The Second World War Orissa. The Company main provisions of this act was in full swing and the became a political power in were to increase the size of Japanese had over run the far 1765, since then, the history the Council of Governor- East, including the Phili- of British sovereignty over General and provincial ppines, Indo-china, Indone- India begins. councils. This act recog- sia, Burma and Malaya. They 109. The causes of the Sepoy nized the separate electo- were right on India’s Mutiny were many but the rates of Mohammedan’s doorstep. To win the co- principle behind them was and Indians were allowed operation of the Indian the hatred of the Indian for appointment to the leaders the Cripps mission people against the British Executive Councils. came to India. rule. The Indian native 111. Under this Act the 106.(1) Dominion status will be rulers were annoyed provincial legislatures came granted to India immedi- because if they had no male to be constituted with no ately after the war. issue to succeed the father, official majority, but the (2) The provinces will be free the territory should have official majority was to refuse accession to the been merged with the British retained at the centre. At Indian Union and Indian territory (Doctrine of provincial level Dyarchy formulate their own Lapse). Another reason was was introduced. constitution which could the disparity of salary and 112. According to the Doctorine have the same status, behaviour between the of Lapse, if the ruler of a powers and functions as British and the Indian protected state died without the Union of India. The sepoys. Another cause was a natural heir, his state Indian states will be the introduction of a new could not pass to an similarly free to adhere to cartridge supposed to be adopted heir, as had been the new constitution or not. greased with the fat of cow the custom, Unless the 107. The Congress opposed them or pig for the use in rifle, adoption had been because they did not grant which had to be cut with approved earlier by the complete independence to teeth. Protesting against this British, the state was to be India in the immediate introduction an Indian attached to the British present or in the future. It Sepoy named Mangal domains. Satara (1848), recognised the principle of Pandey had to give away his Nagpur (1854) and many the partition of the country life at the firing squad. The other states were annexed by proposing the principle revolt spread throughout all with the help of this of non-accession of the the cantonments of India doctrine. Dalhousie also provinces, and lastly, it starting at Meerut on 9th refused to recognise the titles ignored the interests of the May, 1857. Within a year the of many ex-rulers or pay people of Indian states. revolt was suppressed by the pension, as in the cases of Their representatives were might of the British arms. the Nawabs of Carnatic and to be selected by the rulers. ‘Rani of Jhansi, Tantiya of Surat, the Raja of Tanjore 108. In 1600, the Queen Elizabeth Tope and Nana Sahib were and Nana Saheb Peshwa. granted a charter to certain the valliant fighters of the Dalhousie accused Nawab traders of England for revolt. The failure of the Wajid Ali Shah of exclusive rights of trading revolt brought India to be a misgoverning his state, in India. The death of object of slavery of the British Awadh, and annexed it in Aurangzeb in 1707 brought rule. The Company’s power 1856.

1 9 2