DOCSLIB.ORG

Special Study Package

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Special Study Package Downloaded From: http://www.upscportal.com Specially designed for UPSCPORTAL.COM Members. Special Civil Services Main Examina8on 2010 SPECIAL STUDY PACKAGE Alexander crossed the Indus and Indian History Aryan and Greek Invasions defeated an Indian king, he turned back without extending India is home to one of the rich- The country was influenced by his power into India. est and the most ancient civiliza- many invasions, the Arya or 8ons in the world, which existed Aryans (1500BC) as they are over 5,000 years ago. This civiliza- known today, are the first in- Maurya and Gupta Periods 8on originated in the Indus River vaders. Aryans were a group of Valley, hence the name given to it nomadic tribes who had origi- The receding 8de of Greek power was Indus Valley civiliza8on. It nally inhabited the steppes of led to a period of confusion and was the origin of many of the Central Asia, in par8cular the re- uncertainty in northern India as ideas, philosophies and move- gion between the Caspian Sea various rulers tried to make capi- ments which have shaped the and the Black Sea. Tall, fair tal of the vacuum that Alexander des8ny of mankind. Its people haired, with clear cut features, had le( behind. These circum- are thought to be Dravidians, they spoke a group of languages stances saw the rise of Mauryas, whose descendants s8ll inhabit which have become known as India's first imperial dynasty, the far south of India. Indo-European. They se9led in founded by Chandragupta Mau- the region to the north west of rya. Maurya dynasty reached its India, known as the Punjab. They peak around 260 BC under the History of India brought with them new ideas, Emperor Ashoka, the most fa- new technology and new gods, mous figures in Indian History. He India is home to one of the rich- this is one of the most important le( a series of inscrip8ons on pil- est and the most ancient civiliza- epochs in Indian history. With lars and rocks across the sub-con- 8ons in the world, which existed 8me, the Aryans were engaged in 8nent. But a(er his death, the over 5,000 years ago. This civiliza- struggle with the dark skinned Mauryan empire gradually fell 8on originated in the Indus River people or Dasyus. The Dasyus apart because his descendants Valley, hence the name given to it were the Dravidians. The superi- were not as strong rulers as he was Indus Valley civiliza8on. It is ority of the Aryans resulted in the was. the origin of many of the ideas, Dravidian submission. At the beginning of the philosophies and movements The second great invasion fourth century AD, India was frag- which have shaped the des8ny of into India occurred around 500 mented into a lot of small king- mankind. The civiliza8on with its BC, when the Persian kings Cyrus doms. They were o(en invaded main ci8es Mohenjadaro and and Darius, pushing their empire by stronger neighbors like Harappa flourished for over eight eastward, conquered the prized Greeks. They conquered Indus centuries. Its people thought to Indus Valley. A(er centuries of Valley again but they didn't stay be Dravidians, whose descen- obscurity, doubt and conjecture, for long. Out of this seeming dants s8ll inhabit the far south of India came into the full light of Chaos, King Chandragupta II India. recorded history with the inva- united all of northern India into a sion of Alexander the Great of great empire again. Macedonia in 327 BC. Although The Gupta period has been 66 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM Vol. - 18 ORDER Free HARD COPY of This Magazine. ORDER LINK: http://upscportal.com/store/magazine/vol18-hard-copy Downloaded From: http://www.upscportal.com Specially designed for UPSCPORTAL.COM Members. Special described as the golden age of In- Persian and Central Asian influ- of the three successive Carna8c dian history and under their rule ences manifested in an impres- wars between them, from 1746- of northern India, arts, including sive legacy of magnificent 48, 1748-54 and 1758-63 more- poetry and literature, flourished. palaces, forts, tombs and land- over sealed the fate of the French The exquisite Ajanta and Ellora scaped gardens-including India's possessions in India caves were excavated in this pe- magnificent edifice, the Taj In 1757, at the Ba9le of riod. Gupta period extended from Mahal. The golden era of the Plassey, Robert Clive, an em- 320AD to 480AD. But in 455 AD Mughal period was under the ployee of the Bri8sh East India the Huns invaded India from the rule of Akbar the great. Company, defeated the Nawab of north and destroyed the Guptan Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah and es- Empire. Again India was split into tablished their poli8cal sover- small kingdoms un8l the Muslim European Invasions eignty in India. It was an invasions around 1000 AD. important step towards the even- In South India, great empires The country’s riches in different tual Bri8sh dominance of the rose, en8rely independently from cultures, wealth in spices and country. The First War of Inde- those of the north. These in- minerals - made it a target for in- pendence (Sepoy Mu8ny) or the cluded the Kalachuris, Chalukyas, vasion and colonisa8on by Euro- first major Indian rebellion Rashtrakutas, Yadhavas, pean powers from the fi(eenth against the Bri8sh a(er the ba9le Hoysalas, Pallavas, Cholas, century onwards. of Plassey took place in 1857. Al- Pandyas, Cheras and the Vi- The Portuguese were the first though the rebels succeeded in jayanagar kingdom. Europeans to se9le in India, in capturing territories in the Goa, in the fi(eenth century Gange8c plain, it was recaptured (1498). The Europeans arrived by the Bri8sh and the rebellion Muslim Invasions even before the Mughals. The was completely crushed by mid Dutch East India company was 1858. The Bri8sh government The Medieval Period in Indian his- chartered in 1602 and they estab- took over control of India from tory began with the Muslim Inva- lished spice trade and factories in the East India Company. Britain sions. While the Hindu kingdoms Cochin, Nagapa8nam and Agra. then ruled India with local rulers ruled in the south and Buddhism They did not have any military for over three hundred years. was fading in the north, Muslim ambi8ons for India. In 1613, the invasions from the Middle East Bri8sh East India Company, a Indian Independence began, towards the end of the trading company, started its first 12th century. The Muslim period trading post in Gujarat. Later in Eventually demand grew for In- in India began with the Turkish the century, the East India Com- dian independence. The socio- conquests under Mahmud of pany opened permanent trading religious movements brought Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori. sta8ons at Madras, Bombay, and forth by various social reformers Many famous dynas8es such as Calcu9a, each under the protec- all over the country inspired na- the the Slave Dynasty, Khilji Dy- 8on of na8ve rulers. 8onal consciousness to improve nasty, Tughlaq Dynasty, Saiyyid Meanwhile around 1644, the their social condi8on and invoked and Lodhi, Bahmani Dynasty, and French established trade with the spirit of patrio8sm among the Others followed. In the16th cen- India. Pondicherry was the hub of Indian masses. A na8onal move- tury, Babur from Fergana (Uzbek- French se9lements. Other French ment for independence was cre- istan), a descendant of Genghis factories and se9lements were at ated. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Khan swept across the Khyber Surat, their first trading post in Subhash Chandra Bosh, Bhagat Pass, defeated Ibrahim Lodi the 1666, then Masulipatanam, Singh, Rajguru, Mahamana, Sar- last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate at Karikal, Chandernagore in Bengal dar Ballabh Bhai Patel, Sarojini the ba9le of Panipat and estab- and Mahe at the Malabar coast. Naidu, Chander Shekhar Azad lished the Great Mughal Dynasty The struggle for establishing su- were the notable people of the which lasted for 200 years. premacy in trade resulted in wars movement. But the most rele- The Mughal (Mogul) period between the English and the vantverent leader of the move- saw a remarkable blend of Indian, French in the Deccan. The la9er ment was Mohandas Vol. - 18 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM 67 ORDER Free HARD COPY of This Magazine. ORDER LINK: http://upscportal.com/store/magazine/vol18-hard-copy Downloaded From: http://www.upscportal.com Specially designed for UPSCPORTAL.COM Members. Special Karamchand Gandhi, a lawyer ins8tu8ons of jus8ce, media and about the boundaries of king- who believed in non violent bureaucracy. doms and empire. protest (civil disobedience). Gandhi worked with Jawaharlal 2. Numisma%cs Nehru, the secretary of the Indian Sources of Indian History Numisma8cs is the study of coins. Na8onal Congress and trans- Coins yield informa8on on the formed the Indian Na8onal Con- The sources of Indian history can condi8on of country. The coins gress poli8cal party into a mass be classified under the following made of gold, silver and copper movement to campaign against heads: speak of the economic situa8on the Bri8sh colonial rule. A(er 1. Inscrip8ons of that place in the period. Coins several years of struggle, Britain 2. Numisma8cs gives us chronological informa- decided to quit India. 3. Archaeology 8on. It also gives us knowledge But a major problem had 4. Literature about the extent of influence of arisen. A large Muslim minority 5. Foreign Sources that a par8cular ruler or kingdom doubted that an independent 6. Tradi8ons and its rela8on with the distant India would also mean a Hindu- areas. Roman coins discovered in dominated India. The Muslim 1. Inscrip%ons India gives us an idea about the League, led by Muhammad Ali Epigraphy is the study of in- existence of contacts with the Jinnah began to call for an inde- scrip8ons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Post-Canonical Buddhist Political Thought
    Post-Canonical Buddhist Political Thought: Explaining the Republican Transformation (D02) (conference draft; please do not quote without permission) Matthew J. Moore Associate Professor Dept. of Political Science Cal Poly State University 1 Grand Avenue San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 805-756-2895 [email protected] 1 Introduction In other recent work I have looked at whether normative political theorizing can be found in the texts of Early or Canonical Buddhism, especially the Nikāya collections and the Vinaya texts governing monastic life, since those texts are viewed as authentic and authoritative by all modern sects of Buddhism.1 In this paper I turn to investigate Buddhist normative political theorizing after the early or Canonical period, which (following Collins2 and Bechert3) I treat as beginning during the life of the Buddha (c. sixth-fifth centuries BCE) and ending in the first century BCE, when the Canonical texts were first written down. At first glance this task is impossibly large, as even by the end of the early period Buddhism had already divided into several sects and had begun to develop substantial regional differences. Over the next 2,000 years Buddhism divided into three main sects: Theravada, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. It also developed into numerous local variants as it mixed with various national cultures and evolved under different historical circumstances. To give just one example, the Sri Lankan national epic, the Mahāvaṃsa, is central to Sinhalese Buddhists’ understanding of what Buddhism says about politics and very influential on other Southeast Asian versions of Buddhism, but has no obvious relevance to Buddhists in Tibet or Japan, who in turn have their own texts and traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Courses Taught at Both the Undergraduate and the Postgraduate Levels
    Jadavpur University Faculty of Arts Department of History SYLLABUS Preface The Department of History, Jadavpur University, was born in August 1956 because of the Special Importance Attached to History by the National Council of Education. The necessity for reconstructing the history of humankind with special reference to India‘s glorious past was highlighted by the National Council in keeping with the traditions of this organization. The subsequent history of the Department shows that this centre of historical studies has played an important role in many areas of historical knowledge and fundamental research. As one of the best centres of historical studies in the country, the Department updates and revises its syllabi at regular intervals. It was revised last in 2008 and is again being revised in 2011.The syllabi that feature in this booklet have been updated recently in keeping with the guidelines mentioned in the booklet circulated by the UGC on ‗Model Curriculum‘. The course contents of a number of papers at both the Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels have been restructured to incorporate recent developments - political and economic - of many regions or countries as well as the trends in recent historiography. To cite just a single instance, as part of this endeavour, the Department now offers new special papers like ‗Social History of Modern India‘ and ‗History of Science and Technology‘ at the Postgraduate level. The Department is the first in Eastern India and among the few in the country, to introduce a full-scale specialization on the ‗Social History of Science and Technology‘. The Department recently qualified for SAP.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parinirvana Cycle and the Theory of Multivalence: a Study Of
    THE PARINIRVĀṆA CYCLE AND THE THEORY OF MULTIVALENCE: A STUDY OF GANDHĀRAN BUDDHIST NARRATIVE RELIEFS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ART HISTORY MAY 2017 By Emily Hebert Thesis Committee: Paul Lavy, Chairperson Kate Lingley Jesse Knutson TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. BUDDHISM IN GREATER GANDHĀRA ........................................................... 9 Geography of Buddhism in Greater Gandhāra ....................................................................... 10 Buddhist Textual Traditions in Greater Gandhāra .................................................................. 12 Historical Periods of Buddhism in Greater Gandhāra ........................................................... 19 CHAPTER 2. GANDHĀRAN STŪPAS AND NARRATIVE ART ............................................. 28 Gandhāran Stūpas and Narrative Art: Architectural Context ................................................. 35 CHAPTER 3. THE PARINIRVĀṆA CYLCE OF NARRATIVE RELIEFS ................................ 39 CHAPTER 4 .THE THEORY OF MULTIVALENCE AND THE PARINIRVĀṆA CYCLE ...... 44 CHAPTER 5. NARRATIVE RELIEF PANELS FROM THE PARINIRVĀṆA CYCLE ............ 58 Episode
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting Buddhist Narratives Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar
    Policy Studies 71 Contesting Buddhist Narratives Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar Matthew J. Walton and Susan Hayward Contesting Buddhist Narratives Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar About the East-West Center The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the US Congress in 1960, the Center serves as a resource for infor- mation and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options. The Center’s 21-acre Honolulu campus, adjacent to the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, is located midway between Asia and the US main- land and features research, residential, and international conference facilities. The Center’s Washington, DC, office focuses on preparing the United States for an era of growing Asia Pacific prominence. The Center is an independent, public, nonprofit organization with funding from the US government, and additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, foundations, corporations, and govern- ments in the region. Policy Studies an East-West Center series Series Editors Dieter Ernst and Marcus Mietzner Description Policy Studies presents original research on pressing economic and political policy challenges for governments and industry across Asia, About the East-West Center and for the region's relations with the United States. Written for the The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding policy and business communities, academics, journalists, and the in- among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the formed public, the peer-reviewed publications in this series provide Pacifi c through cooperative study, research, and dialogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search
    Buddhism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A statue of Gautama Buddha in Bodhgaya, India. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening[1] Part of a series on Buddhism Outline · Portal History Timeline · Councils Gautama Buddha Disciples Later Buddhists Dharma or Concepts Four Noble Truths Dependent Origination Impermanence Suffering · Middle Way Non-self · Emptiness Five Aggregates Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Practices Three Jewels Precepts · Perfections Meditation · Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path Wings to Awakening Monasticism · Laity Nirvāṇa Four Stages · Arhat Buddha · Bodhisattva Schools · Canons Theravāda · Pali Mahāyāna · Chinese Vajrayāna · Tibetan Countries and Regions Related topics Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism v • d • e Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद धमर Buddh Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[2] He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications Vajrayana, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch.
    [Show full text]
  • Bodh Gayā in the Cultural Memory of Thailand
    Eszter Jakab REMEMBERING ENLIGHTENMENT: BODH GAYĀ IN THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF THAILAND MA Thesis in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Central European University CEU eTD Collection Budapest June 2020 REMEMBERING ENLIGHTENMENT: BODH GAYĀ IN THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF THAILAND by Eszter Jakab (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest Month YYYY REMEMBERING ENLIGHTENMENT: BODH GAYĀ IN THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF THAILAND by Eszter Jakab (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest June 2020 REMEMBERING ENLIGHTENMENT: BODH GAYĀ IN THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF THAILAND by Eszter Jakab (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Kingdom of Eternal Peace: Buddhist Kingship in Tenth-Century Dali
    buddhist kingship in tenth-century dali Asia Major (2019) 3d ser. Vol. 32.1: 87-111 megan bryson The Great Kingdom of Eternal Peace: Buddhist Kingship in Tenth-Century Dali abstract: Tenth-century China’s political instability extended beyond Tang territorial bound- aries to reach the Dali region of what is now Yunnan province. In Dali, the void left by the fallen Nanzhao kingdom (649–903) was filled by a series of short-lived regimes, the longest of which was Da Changhe guo (903–927), or “The Great King- dom of Eternal Peace.” Though studies of the “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” omit Changhe, its rulers’ diplomatic strategies, and particularly their representa- tions of Buddhist kingship, aligned with the strategies of contemporaneous regimes. Like their counterparts to the east, Changhe rulers depicted themselves as heirs of the Tang emperors as well as the Buddhist monarchs Liang Wudi and Aªoka. This article uses understudied materials, including a 908 subcommentary to the Scripture for Humane Kings (Renwang jing) only found in Dali, to argue that Changhe belongs in discussions of religion and politics in tenth-century China, and tenth-century East Asia. keywords: Dali, Yunnan, Changhe kingdom, Scripture for Humane Kings, Buddhism, Five Dynas- ties and Ten Kingdoms, tenth century INTRODUCTION tudies of tenth-century East Asia have long recognized the limita- S tions of Ouyang Xiu’s 歐陽修 (1007–1072) “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” model, which took the Song dynastic viewpoint. However, scholarship on this time period continues to apply its focus on the re- gional politics that was of interest to the Song court and its officials.1 This has had the effect of erasing the short-lived regimes in modern- day Yunnan from the period’s overall religious, cultural, and political Megan Bryson, Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashoka-Emperor.Pdf
    Newsletter Archives www.dollsofindia.com Ashoka the Great A Journey from Monarch to Monk Copyright © 2015, DollsofIndia India is a land of great spirituality – a land which has seen much spiritual upheaval; where mighty kings and emperors suddenly attained a realized state; gave up all the wealth, position and power they possessed; and followed the hallowed path to true freedom and liberation. Such is the story of Emperor Ashoka Maurya, popularly referred to as Ashoka the Great. In this post, we bring you the tale of that great ruler. Introduction to Ashoka Ashoka Comic Book Ashoka Maurya ruled almost the entire Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. Rapidly rising to fame, he went on to become one of India's greatest ever emperors. His realm spanned the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan, to present-day Bangladesh in the East. Barring small regions in present-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala, his rule spread over all of India. Pataliputra in Magadha (present-day Bihar) was his capital – he also maintained provincial capitals at Takshashila and Ujjaini. In 260 BCE, King Ashoka waged a great war against Kalinga (present-day Odisha) and won the same. All his ancestors had failed at their previous attempts to conquer this region. The war brought on much destruction, which saddened him. He started looking for inner peace and finally embraced Buddhism. He later dedicated his entire life for the propagation of Buddhism, eventually coming to be known as one of the greatest ever philanthropists that the motherland gave birth to. Birth and Early Life Ashoka Maurya was born to the Emperor of the Mauryan dynasty, Bindusara and his wife Dharma or Dhamma.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagining the Buddhist Ecumene in Myanmar: How Buddhist Paradigms Dictate Belonging in Contemporary Myanmar
    Imagining the Buddhist Ecumene in Myanmar: How Buddhist Paradigms Dictate Belonging in Contemporary Myanmar Daniel P. Murphree A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies: Southeast Asia University of Washington 2017 Committee: Laurie J. Sears Jenna M. Grant Timothy J. Lenz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: The Jackson School of International Studies ©Copyright 2017 Daniel P. Murphree University of Washington Abstract Imagining the Buddhist Ecumene in Myanmar: How Buddhist Paradigms Dictate Belonging in Contemporary Myanmar Daniel P. Murphree Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Walker Family Endowed Professor in History Laurie Sears Department of History This paper argues that the model of an “Ecumene” will aid external interpretation of the Myanmar political process, including the beliefs of its leaders and constituents, the Bamar. Myanmar as Ecumene better articulates Bama constructions of society, including governance, in that it resituates the political process as a Buddhist enterprise, shifting “Buddhist nationalism” to an imagined “Nation of Buddhists.” It also provides the rational for othering of religious minorities, such as the Muslim Rohingya or the Christian Chin. Utilizing ethnographic, historical, and textual source material, I show how the Bamar of Myanmar understand their relationship with the State, with one another, and with minority groups primarily through Buddhist modes of kingship and belonging. The right to rule is negotiated through the concept of “moral authority.” This dhamma sphere exists as a space to contest power legitimation, but requires the use of Buddhist textual and historical concepts provided in the dhammarāja or Cakkavattin model of Buddhist kingship, The Ten Virtues, the Jātakas, and the historical figures of Aśoka and Anawrahta.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of 'Dhamma' in Thai Buddhism: a Study in the Thought of Vajiranana and Buddhadasa
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1985 The Concept of 'Dhamma' in Thai Buddhism: A Study in the Thought of Vajiranana and Buddhadasa Pataraporn Sirikanchana University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Philosophy Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Sirikanchana, Pataraporn, "The Concept of 'Dhamma' in Thai Buddhism: A Study in the Thought of Vajiranana and Buddhadasa" (1985). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 954. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/954 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/954 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Concept of 'Dhamma' in Thai Buddhism: A Study in the Thought of Vajiranana and Buddhadasa Abstract Dhamma is one of the most important and most difficult concepts in Pali Buddhism. Its significance lies in the fact that the term points to both the essence and the goal of Buddhism. Its ambiguity, however, results from the variety of the term's interpretations depending on its contexts. This dissertation analyzes the concept of dhamma in the writings of the two foremost interpreters of Thai Buddhism in the modern and contemporary periods, Vajiranana (1860-1921) and Buddhadasa (1906- ), who, in differing ways, attempt to recover the original teaching of the Buddha's dhamma. The study first describes the anger of meanings of the term in the Pali canonical materials, and selected western interpreters, before focusing on its normative and popular significance in Thai Buddhism. After discussing the historical context in which Vajiranana and Buddhadasa have worked, the dissertation then provides a detailed exposition of their interpretations of dhamma.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosopis, an Alien Among the Sacred Trees of South India
    TROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS 38 REPORTS FORESTRY TROPICAL UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Viikki TropicalUNIVERSITY Resources OF HELSINKI Institute Viikki Tropical Resources Institute UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Viikki TropicalVITRI Resources Institute VITRI VITRI Viikki Tropical Resources Institute TROPICALTROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS REPORTS VITRI No. 32 Laxén, J. 2007. Is prosopis a curse or a blessing? – An ecological-economic TROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS analysis of an invasive alien tree species in Sudan. Doctoral thesis. TROPICAL FORESTRY REPORTS No. 33No. 32Katila, P.Laxén, 2008. J. Devolution2007. Is prosopis of forest-related a curse or a blessing? rights: – An ecological-economic 34 Comparativeanalysis analyses of an invasive of six alien developing tree species countries. in Sudan. Doctoral Doctoral thesis. 38 No. 34No. 33Reyes, T.Katila, 2008. P. Agroforestry2008. Devolution systems of forest-related for sustainable rights: Comparativelivelihoods analysesand improved of six Prosopis, an land managementdeveloping countries. in the East Doctoral Usambara thesis. Mountains, Tanzania. No. 34Doctoral Reyes, thesis T. (limited 2008. Agroforestry distribution). systems for sustainable livelihoods and improved land management in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Doctoral thesis (limited distribution). No. 35 Zhou, P. 2008. Landscape-scale soil erosion modelling and ecological restoration for of South India Trees Alien among the Sacred a mountainous watershed in Sichuan, China. Doctoral thesis (limited distribution). No. 36 Hares, M. & Luukkanen, O. 2008. Research Collaboration on Responsible Natural Resource Management, The 1st UniPID Workshop. No. 37 Husgafvel, R. 2010. Global and EU governance for sustainable forest management with special reference to capacity building in Ethiopia and Southern Sudan. Doctoral thesis. No. 38 Walter, K. 2011. Prosopis, an alien among the sacred trees of South India.
    [Show full text]
  • Council of State Debates
    Wednesday, 13th March, 1935 THE COUNCIL OF STATE DEBATES V o lu m e i, 1935 (itih February to i^ih April, 193$ ) MNTH SESSION OF THE THIRD COUNCIL OF STATE, 1935 PUBUBHCD BT M aMAOCR OF PtTELICATlONa, DfLHT. PKIHTID BT THE MaNAOCR, OoVIENiaMT OF INDIA P bXSS, NBW DIUU. 1036. t il ) m a a v , W b m nunr 10S5-«om2. Paqxs. Indim Natusalization (Amendment) Bill—Considered and paned . 221^23 Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill—Conaidered and passed . 223—82 Thonday, 21st F^broaiy, 1985— Questions and A n s w e r s ................................................ • . Election of four non-official Members to the Standing Committee on g r a t i o n ...................................................................................... 236 Nominations for election to the Central Advisory Council for Railways 235 General discussion of the Railway Budget for 1936-36 . ^ . 23^81 Monday. 26th Febmary. 1 9 8 5 - Questions and A n s w e r s ................................................................... 283—88 Resolution re reduction of British soldiers in India—^Negatived . 28»-^ll Resolution re Government of India and State Railway Presses—^With drawn 311—25 ResoluHon re advancement of loans on the security of postal insurance policies—W ith d ra w n ...................................... 326—28 Resolution re inquiry into conditions of horse-breeding oolooista—With d r a w n ...................................................................................... 328—33 Resolution re import of foreign rice—Moved . , . 333 WednMday, 27th February. 1985- Member Sworn ...................................................................................... 336 Questions and Answers ........ 336—36 Short Notice Questions and A n s w e r s ................................................ 336—37 Statement laid on the t a b l e ......................................................... 337—38 Election of six non-official Membeitt to the Central Advisory Council for R a i l w a y s ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]