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The Dutch East India Company Settlements in Tamil Nadu, 1602 -1825 – a Study in Political Economy

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The Dutch East India Company Settlements in Tamil Nadu, 1602 -1825 – a Study in Political Economy THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY SETTLEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU, 1602 -1825 – A STUDY IN POLITICAL ECONOMY Thesis submitted to the Bharathidasan University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Submitted by S. RAVICHANDRAN, M.A., M.Phil., Supervisor & Guide Dr. N. RAJENDRAN, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024 November – 2011 Dr. N. RAJENDRAN Department of History Dean of Arts, Professor & Head Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli – 24 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis entitled “The Dutch East India Company Settlements In Tamil Nadu, 1602 -1825 – A Study In Political Economy” is a bonafide record of the research work carried out by Thiru. S. Ravichandran, under my guidance and supervision for the award of Ph.D. Degree in History in the Department of History, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli during the period 2006 - 2011 and that anywhere the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, dissertation, thesis, associateship or any other similar title to the candidate. This is also to certify that this thesis is an original, independent work of the candidate. (N. RAJENDRAN) Supervisor & Guide DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “The Dutch East India Company Settlements In Tamil Nadu, 1602 -1825 – A Study In Political Economy” has been originally carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. N. Rajendran, Dean of Arts, Professor and Head, Department of History, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, and submitted for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli is my original and independent work. (S. RAVICHANDRAN) CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES i MAPS ii ABBREVIATIONS iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v INTRODUCTION 1 I SOUTHERN COROMANDEL COAST ON THE 12 EVE OF THE DUTCH SETTLEMENTS II ESTABLISHMENT DUTCH EAST INDIA 36 COMPANY (VOC) III CROSS-CULTURAL CONTACTS 76 IV COMMERCIAL COMPETITION 121 V DUTCH TRADE AND COMMERCE 155 VI IMPACT OF DUTCH TRADE AND COMMERCE 225 CONCLUSION 261 BIBLIOGRAPHY 273 APPENDICES i LIST OF TABLES Title Page 1. Capital (guilders) of the Dutch East India Company. 40 2. Dutch Revenues from the Pearl Fishery, 1663-1749. 163 3. Number of Slaves Traded by Dutch to Destinations within the 188 Indian Ocean, 1600–1700. 4. VOC Exports from Coromandel, 1608-1650. 206 5. Direct Trade from Coromandel to Holland, 1616-1626. 207 6. VOC Textile Orders, Coromandel to South –East Asia, 1617-1650. 208 7. Quantity and Value of Cloth Exported From Coromandel 1700-1740. 211 ii MAPS Page 1. Dutch Ports of the South Coromandel Coast 62 2. Topographical Representation of Dutch East India Company 65 at Pulicat iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASR - American Sociological Review EHR - The English Historical Review EHR - The Economic History Review EPW - Economic and Political Weekly ICHR - Indian Council of Historical Review IESHR - The Indian Economic and Social History Review IHR - Indian Historical Review IHR - The International History Review IIAS - International Institute of Asian Studies IJHS - Indian Journal of History of Science ITINERARIO - International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction JAS - Journal of the Asiatic Society JASB - Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay JEH - Journal of Economic History JESHO - Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JSEA - Journal of South East Asian Studies JSAH - Journal of Southeast Asian History JAS - The Journal of Asian Studies JWH - Journal of World History iv MAS - Modern Asian Studies MHJ - Medieval History Journal PIHC - Proceedings of Indian History Congress PSIHC - Proceedings South Indian History Congress PTNHC - Proceedings of Tamil Nadu History Congress PHR - Pacific Historical Review SAJSAS - South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies TNA - Tamil Nadu State Archives TNAP - Towards a New Age of Partnership v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It’s great sense of truthfulness, I render my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my Research guide Prof. N. Rajendran, Dean of Arts, Professor and Head, Department of History, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli for providing an opportunity in his esteemed research group and for permitting me to carry out the research work under his expert guidance. Right from the day of the decision to work on this topic which was chosen; he took active, personal interest in my work and guided me by offering his generous help, valuable suggestions and constant encouragement in each and every stage. Throughout the Ph.D programme, he provided me lot of freedom, encouragement and good support. He is a keen taskmaster that demands conscientious, prompt and first rate academic work from his scholars. This work would not have been possible without his guidance, encouragement and I have successfully overcome many difficulties and learned a lot from him. This will be ever memorable moment and I will never forget his help throughout my entire life - thanks a lot sir. In this occasion, I should thank GOD, because he only introduced him and assigned, Prof. NR as my research supervisor. I would like to record my great sense of gratitude to Dr. K. Suryamurthy, Associate Professor & Head (Retd.,) Department of History, Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli. I am also grateful to him for his care, concern and goodwill for me. I wish to express my warm and sincere thanks to Prof. N.K. Narayanan, Former Principal, Pachiyappa’s College, Chennai, for his valuable suggestions, advice and goodwill for me. My hearty thanks to Ms. M. Nageswari, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Seethalakshmi Ramaswamy College, Tiruchirappalli, for her kind help, co-operation and gave lot of motivation during my course. I sincerely thank to Dr. S.K. Aruni, Deputy Director, Indian Council of Historical Research Southern Regional Centre (SRC), Bangaluru for his encouragement and support to carry out this research work. vi My sincere thanks to Bharathidasan University and Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), New Delhi for providing the fellowship. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. Sethuraman, Dr. S. Swaminathan, Dr. T. Asokan, Dr. Y. Srinivasa Rao, Dr. D. Julius Vijayakumar, Dr. K. Pandiyan, Thiru. S. Muruguraj for their generous help. I take this opportunity to thank my colleagues, Dr. J. Durgalakshmi, Mr. P. Suthakar, Dr. P.J. Biju Joseph, Dr. C. Chitra Latha, Dr. G. Gowri, Mrs. Deepa Biswas, Mr. K. Marimuthu and Mr.V. Murali, for their support during my stay in the department of history. I would like to thank librarians and staff members of Tamil Nadu State Archives in Chennai, especially, Mr. Neelavannan. I also thank Mrs. R Seetha and Ms. Marry, Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS), Chennai. I thankful to various authorities of following libraries viz. Madras University Library, Connemara Public Library, Maraimalai Adigal Library, British Council Library, French Institute of Pondicherry Library for their valuable help. I extend my thanks to my friends Mrs. Bharathi and Dr. S. Manikandan and Dr. V.Ramesh, Pondicherry University, Puducherry. A peaceful life is essential for the better outcome of an effort. This credit goes to my end ever friends Mr. K. Sudhakar, Dr. K. Vedhagiri ,Dr. S. Mayavan and Dr. K. Muthukumar whose constant support and gave their shoulders when ever which ever needed. I have been associated with a fantastic set of seniors, batch-mates, juniors and all supported me in every stage. A special thanks to Dr. S. Anandavel, Dr. Vijay, Dr. Azhagan, Dr. A. Riyazdeen, Dr. Sabari, Dr. MD. Zeeshan, Dr. S. Dharaneedhaaran, Dr. V.S. Periyasamy, Dr. M. Sakthivel, Dr. RV, Dr. A. Ganesh, Dr. Faisal, Dr. P.N. Ramesh, Dr. Govind, Mr. Jennis and Mr. Karmegam. vii It’s my pleasure to thank Mr. Shafi, ASP Computers, Tiruchirappalli for his support for the preparation of thesis. Lastly and most importantly, my special and heartiest thanks are to my lovable Amma, Appa and Sisters Mrs. Rajeshwari, Ms. Rajamani and my most beloved uncle Thiru.N. Rajkumar. I learned everything from them only; they supported me from the childhood onwards. I thank them for innumerable support and they taught me and loved me. This thesis is the end of my Ph.D journey and I’m glad that I have not travelled in a vacuum in this journey. This thesis has been kept on track and seen through to completion with the support and encouragement of numerous people including my well wishers, my friends, students and colleagues. On this occasion, I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and unforgettable experience for me. It is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all those whoever contributed in any way to the success of this study and made it an unforgettable experience. S. Ravichandran INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The Indian Ocean region has played a vital role in the world’s commercial and maritime activities. This ocean as a great highway and source of food and raw materials served as a vital force in linking a variety of people, culture and their economy1. The Portuguese traders who had the head start enjoyed a monopoly of the sea-borne trade between Asia and Europe, which mainly consisted in the export of spices from India, Ceylon and the Spice Islands. The Dutch acted as the principal distributors from Lisbon, port of Portugal2. In 1580, Portugal’s Union with Spain forced the Dutch to seek a direct access to the spice markets in South Asia. This new European thrust into the spice trade was organized by the national monopolist companies. The most important of these were the English East India Company (EIC) founded in 1600,3 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded 1 McPherson Kenneth, The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea, New Delhi, 2004, pp.4-5; K.N.
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