168 | Thailand 2016 1932 Army opensfireonstudentsprotesting26 1973 military control. and constitutions,12coups,34yearsof next 85years,Thailandsees20charters Absolute monarchyisabolished.Overthe 1932 months callingforYinglucktostepdown. Yellow Shirtstaketothestreetsforsix 2013 least 91andinjuremorethan2,000. Protests andamilitarycrackdownkillat business centerdemandingnewelections. Pro-Thaksin RedShirtsoccupyBangkok’s 2010 the firstpost-coupelections. Thaksin’s People’sPowerParty(PPP)wins 2007 2016. Overtwo-thirdsarecivilians. Nearly 6,500arekilledbetween2004and new waveofMalayMusliminsurgency. Coordinated attacksintheDeepSouthmark 2004 the kingintervenes. Kraprayoon’s premiership.Heresignswhen Black MayprotestsagainstSuchinda 1992 ultra-right-wing groupskill45students. end incarnagewhensecurityforcesand former militarydictatorThanomKittichorn Protests atThammasatUniversityagainst 1976 killed and800injured. years ofmilitaryrule.Seventy-sevenare military regime,isadoptedbyreferendum. A newconstitution,writtenunder the 2016 protests. Shinawatra amidincreasinglyviolent Military seizespowerfromYingluck 2014

serve hisfullterm,andtowinreelection. minister. HewillbethefirstThaipremierto Thaksin Shinawatraiselectedprime 2001 CPT armedinsurgencydrawstoaclose. 1982 armed insurgency, costing3,415livesby1982. Communist PartyofThailand(CPT)begins 1974 population. forced assimilationoftheMalayMuslim Deep Southstartresistingperceived Militant separatistsinthecountry’s 1948 violent newphase. that theDeepSouthconflictisentering a popular seasidetouristresorts,raise fears insurgents insevenprovinces,including Coordinated attacksbyMalayMuslim 2016 20 andinjures125. of Bangkok,bytransnationalterroristskills Bombing oftheErawanShrine,inheart 2015 Deep South.Talksfailthefollowingyear. Revolusi Nasional(BRN)insurgentsinthe First attemptatdialoguewithBarisan 2013 elected primeministerinfreshelections. Thaksin’s sister,YingluckShinawatra,is 2011 orders PPPdisbanded. the PPPgovernment.ConstitutionalCourt New YellowShirtprotestsagainbringdown 2008 exile. Yellow Shirts.Hegoesintoself-imposed following massivestreetprotestsbythe Military overthrowsThaksinShinawatra 2006

numbers ofpeopleanddeserve moreattention. large affect also rights, community over contention local as well as violence, political 2004. since deaths 6,500 nearly in resulted has conflict The operations remain factions, frequent. separatist violent attacksandcounterinsurgency some with current military government’s dialogue the Despite state. Thai Buddhist the grounded in historical grievances oftheMalay Muslim majority community toward is conflict The Asia. Southeast in deadliest the currently is which South, Deep the as by an ethnonationalist insurgency in its southern border provinces, a region known affected also is Thailand unclear. is timing the though elections, to lead will that cess promulgation ofthenewconstitutionin April 2017, the government hasbegunapro process. Withthe many tocriticizethe leading was restricted, text on the debate open 2016,gone away.In August was approvedbyreferendum,though a newconstitution previous criseshasnot that fueled polarization ofnationalpolitics deep high, andthe remain tensions political that signs clear are calm, there current the Despite liberties. activities andcivil Thailand, costofincreasedrestrictionsonpolitical but itcameatthe to stability restored coup The 2014, country’stwelfth. in May the d’état a militarycoup in culminated Tensions polarized. deeply were high,andnationalpolitics were tensions former primeministerThaksin of thepopulist Shinawatra. During thisperiod,political supporters and elites traditional between power for contest a as conflict the described observers have governance. Many and unstable protests, street regular violence, tent From 2004 to2014, Thailandexperiencedanationalpoliticalcrisisleadingtointermit * Rankingsarebasedonthelast15yearsandrelativetootherAsiancountries. Thailand At a glance a At Overview High Separatism andautonomy Low Transnational terrorism Shifting betweenlowandmedium National politicalconflict Absent National civilwar Urban crimeandviolence Low Local resource conflict Low Local politicalandelectoralconflict Absent Communal/ideological conflict Medium, movingtoward low 1 Gender-based and local Gender-based - -

169 | Thailand 170 | Thailand enjoyed adecadeofcivilianruleandgenuinedemocratic participation. country 2004,the From1992to minister. as prime resigned Suchinda Bhumibol Adulyadej, 52 demonstrators dead. at least Kraprayoon’s premiership,left of militaryrulein1991 and 1992. organized in1992 The BlackMayprotests, against Suchinda justify acoup,whichbroughtthemilitarybackintopower. 46 lives. least at claimed that forces security and groups wing a massacreinvolving ultra-right- to another governmentcrackdown.Thecrackdownled to led of theformermilitarydictatorThanom thereturnfrom exile Kittikachorn, University, opposing new constitutionwaspromulgated in 1974. In 1976, another massdemonstration atThammasat became the first democratically elected premier to serve a full term, winning reelection in 2005. a former police officer and telecommunications tycoon, was elected prime minister in 2001 and causing 77 deaths and over800injuries. deaths 77 causing protestors, on fire open to army the ordered government the as tragedy in ended It stitution. con and foranew down military governmenttostep for the calling protests in student a surge sentiment, increasedovertheyears. development andmodernization. However, demandsfor democraticgovernment, andantimilitary politicians, turning thecountry intoabureaucratic stateandpresiding over aperiod ofeconomic establishment.political Theycivilianforgedstronga the alliance bureaucracywith and sidelined as amajor part ofThailand’s themselves 1973. armed forcesestablished During thatperiod,the coups since2004,themostrecentofwhichinstalledcurrentmilitaryregime. clashes. resulting killed andaround3,500 in the injured reported were 2008 and2014, 127 people gridlock. Between into country the plunging goals, their achieve to protests mass used have sides Both office. of out forced been has government Thaksin’s politicalparties have wonevery electionsince2001, althoughsince2005, every elected Party). Democrat (e.g., the parties from other leaders class, andsome urban middle the elites, traditional Shirts,whichincludes Yellow asthe known ofgroups Thai),andanalliance Pheu (e.g., him to linked parties political and Thailand, northeastern and northern rural, hailfrom whom of ThaksinShinawatra,many minister controversialformerprime supportersofthe which includes has been protracted conflict between an alliance of groups commonly known as the Red Shirts, stage. There to center have returned politics however, street decade, past frequent. Duringthe less military interventionshavebecome of democracy,while Thailand hasseenlongerstretches 1980s, the military rule.Since of d’état, and34years 12coups 20 chartersandconstitutions, Thailand Beginning in 2004, Thailand once again experienced political turmoil.Thaksin political Shinawatra, Beginning in2004, Thailand onceagainexperienced period brief a fordemocracy, except to returned country mid-2000s,the the to 1980s the From By theearly1970s, the democracymovementhadbeguntotakeshape.In 1973, there was to from1947 dictatorship, ofmilitary 26years WorldWarII,Thailandexperienced After the army frequently stepping in to seize control. Since then, the country has had country the then, control. Since seize in to stepping army frequently the for power,with jostle as newandoldelites by ahighlevelofinstability acterized Since theabolitionofabsolutemonarchyin1932, Thaipoliticshave beenchar National politicalconflict Not presentinThailandsince1777. National civilwar 4 The military regime was eventually overthrown, and a Themilitaryregimewaseventually 3 This situation has led to twomilitary Thissituationhasled 5 The ensuing crisis was used to used crisis was Theensuing 6 After the intervention ofKing Afterthe National level - - 2

the previousOctober. BhumibolAdulyadej, King ofhisfather, death the after throne tothe ralongkorn, whohadacceded politics. in influence military strengthens and parties, political weakens bodies, tounelected power considerable provides voted infavor, turning outtovote. The newconstitution with only59percentoftheelectorate percent Sixty-one referendum. the itormonitoring against campaigning fromopenly groups government barred opposition the where 7, 2016, on August in acontext voters inareferendum ings or expressing opinions against the junta on social media. A new constitution was adopted by gather joining public of people arrests andsummonses There havebeen has subsided. violence society. This served as justification for Thai Army leaders to step in and seize power once again. occasional mobilization ofRed Shirts, all prompted fears of escalation in an increasingly polarized ries. and over700inju in 28deaths from November2013 2014, to May lasted and resulted Protests Taugsuban. primeministerSuthep by formerDemocratPartymemberanddeputy led Shinawatra becomingprimeminister.TheYellowShirts people werekilledandmorethan2,000injuredinstreetclashesAprilMay2010. Shirts, theRedShirtsweremetbyamilitarycrackdown, Yellow and atleast91 by the protests Minister AbhisitVejjajivaelection.Unlikeprevious down andannouncean immediate to step Prime pressure to ofBangkok areas mainbusiness the occupying politics, street of strategy same the 2008. Red Shirtsadopted In response,the Party formedagovernmentinDecember Minister Samak Sundaravej from office and later disbanded the PPP. The opposition Democrat security forces and the Red Shirts. Two Constitutional Court rulings eventually disqualified Prime with attacks andclashes anonymous grenade of result injured, the and 737 killed were people Bangkok’s seven-month period,eight international airportforseveraldays.Overthe and closed offices government key occupied protestors Shirt Yellow 2008. in Shirts Yellow the by protests renewed of months seven to leading 2007, in elections post-coup first the won (PPP) Party er Pow People’s His abroad. from politics Thai influence to continued he but charges, corruption on toavoidaprisonsentence exile party wasoutlawed,andThaksinwentintoself-imposed 2006. Thaksin His in September overthrew that for amilitarycoup way paved the gridlock that organized massive streetprotestsbetween2004 and2006, leadingthecountryintopolitical Shirts power. TheYellow corruption,andabusingpolitical him, accusinghimofpopulism, with Asian financial crisis, the traditional elite and a large part of the broader public became frustrated While Thaksin presided over a rapid recovery of the Thai economy, still suffering from the 1997 With military rule now suppressing political activity, the cycle of street protests and political protests street of cycle activity, the political suppressing now With militaryrule Fresh electionsin2011 onceagainbroughtThaksin’s partytopower, withhissisterYingluck 10 Assassinations of protest leaders on both sides, sporadic shoot-outs, grenade attacks, and grenade shoot-outs, sporadic sides, on both leaders protest of Assassinations 11 In April 2017, the constitution was ratified by King Maha Vaji Maha King by ratified was constitution the 2017, April In 9 once more took to the streets, this time thistime oncemoretooktothestreets, 8 - - - - 7

171 | Thailand 172 | Thailand militants toChinainJuly2015. However, itiswidelyspeculatedthat theattackers were avenging thedeportationofUighur againstThaiauthorities for suppressing network a smugglingUighurmigrants throughThailand. vengeance of act an as out carried was blast the that claimed Officials region. Xinjiang China’s killing 20 and injuring 125. Two suspects were identified as being ethnic Uighurs from Western when abombwasdetonatedinsidetheErawanShrine, intheheartofBangkok’sbusinessdistrict, reportedly usedThailandasabase. such astheIslamicState(IS). and transnationalIslamicterroristnetworks section) next (see South of Thailand’sDeep gents South Asia, such as the Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka and some Naga separatists from India, Tamil TigersofSriLanka Naga separatists Asia, suchasthe and some South convened inThailand in early2002 attack. to planthe In operativesfrom addition, separatist after the2002the bombing, that beforeseniorJI Bali bombings. had It was reported leaders in Thailand Embassy. In2003, JemaahIslamiyah(JI) leader, Hambali,wasapprehended the in 1982.Israeli In device to the 1993, in atruckcarryingexplosives Iranian caught men were a C4explosive in Thailandwith Iraqi consulate the targeted Islamic Movement The Kurdistan Palestinian Black September organization seized the Israeli Embassy and held six staff hostage. financial support. There has so far been no evidence of operational linkages between the Malay Muslim insur Muslim Malay the between linkages operational of no evidence far been so has There 2015 August in place took Thailand in attack terrorist transnational high-profile latest The and a base to hold meetings, maintain transitroutes,acquirearms, and mobilize meetings, hold to and abase hideouta as countrythe terroristgroupshaveused transnationalseparatist and Thailand’sDue toweakbordertourist-friendlycontrolsand visarequirements, Transnational terrorism 12 At times, terrorist networks have also attacked targets in Thailand. In 1972, the Attimes, terrorist networks have alsoattacked targets inThailand. In 1972, the 14 Bangkok YALA PATTANI NARATHIWAT 13 have - a factionofBRN,assembled underanadhocumbrellagroupcalledMARAPatani. Since the2014coup,government hascontinuedinformaltalkswithseveralgroups, including in February2013, Nasional (BRN), group, Barisan Revolusi started soon stalled. separatist but prominent most the with dialogue official first The insurgents. with talks peace in engaged has Thaigovernment situation.The toimprovethe havesofarfailed region inthe nomic development percent ofallincidents. 40 nearly for accounting districts violent most five the with districts, across differs violence of in all three affected provinces: Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat. Within each, however, the degree and state institutions remain the most common targets. Similar levels ofviolent incidents appear up 40 percent of the victims were mainly killed in insurgent attacks. Schools, government offices, of thedeadwereMuslims,killedbyinsurgentsor forces. The Thai security whomade Buddhists 12,000 wereinjured( and over killed 2016,6,500 were 2004 and nearly Between civilian casualties. causing quently fre places in public bombings andshootings discriminate, with less and became daily occurred Attacks intensity. unprecedented of violence of wave a new of beginning the marked districts and railways. Malay Muslim population. They carried out attacks against government officials, public schools, predominantly the and forciblyassimilate identity local suppress to Thai state by the attempts Thailand in1909. was annexedandinternationallyrecognizedaspartof andunrest.Thesultanate to rebellions have led rule Buddhist Siamese resist to Muslims Malay local by the attempts then, 1786. Since former nameofThailand)in kingdom ofSiam(the a tributaryofthe of “Patani,”whichbecame sultanate former the comprises which region, the and Bangkok between conflict century-old a intensity. of Asia interms in Southeast deadliest the of one Significant increases in government budgets for counterinsurgency operations and socioeco nine in attacks coordinated when 2004, 4, January until flowed and ebbed insurgency The as systematic perceived they what resisting started separatists onward, militant From 1948 in 2004, it has been especially violent, and Thailand’s Deep South conflict is currently insurgency against the Thai state over the last century. Since the conflict reemerged waves of The predominantlyMalayMuslimsouthernborderprovinceshaveseen Separatism andautonomy 16 figure 1 18 ); two-thirdsofthevictimswerecivilians. 15 The current violence is a legacy of legacy a is violence current The 17 Approximately 60 percent Approximately60percent Subnational level - -

173 | Thailand 174 | Thailand had beengenerallyconfined tothethreeprovincesandadjacentdistrictsofSongkhlaProvince. operations of theater Their attacks. for responsibility claimed previously never had groups separatist government’s lackofsincerityinthepeacetalks. Themovewasunprecedented, asBRNandother the response to were in attacks the announced that and 9, September on claimed responsibility Nga, Krabi, andNakhornSiThammarat. Fourwerekilledandmorethan30injured. devices, whichblewuponAugust11and12, 2016,inTrang, HuaHin, SuratThani,Phuket,Phang raised concernsaboutapossibleshiftinBRN’sstrategy. Theattacksusedimprovised explosive the DeepSouth,someofthemseasideresortspopularwithdomesticandinternationaltourists, locationsoutside attacksinmultiple ofcoordinated of2016,aseries summer the During sight. While overall levels of violence have declined, it is unlikely that an end to the conflict is in in is conflict the to end an that unlikely is it declined, have violence of levels overall While

Number of Incidents Figure 2. 1,500 2,250 3,000 750 100 0 20 40 60 0 0 2004 Figure 1. Share ofdeaths,byethnoreligious group andbyyear, intheDeepSouth(2004–2016) Injured 2004 2005 uslim 2005 Yearly incidents,deaths, andinjuriesintheDeepSouth(2004–2016) 2006 2006 Dead 2007 uddhist Source: Source: 2007 200 Incidents DeepSouthIncidentDatabase DeepSouthIncidentDatabase 200 2009 Unnown 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016

0 750 1,500 2,250 3,000 Number of Persons Dead or Injured or Dead Persons of Number 19 BRN BRN 20 decreased at end of the 1970s. Worsening relations between China and Vietnam created a rift China andVietnamcreated between 1970s. Worseningrelations of the at end decreased movement inThailand byproviding funds, weapons, andtraining. However, foreignsupport intellectuals, and theopposition. In addition toChina, Cambodia also supported theguerilla labor unionists, amongstudents, CPT, for the especially support 1976 militarycoupbolstered The mid-1970s. the in intensified clashes Armed activities. military its increased it and force, by from China. power support In its strategytowardseizingpolitical the 1960s, CPT shifted the Party in1942andreceived Communist Chinese the of Thai section as the formed originally was the highestassassinationrate. andautonomy,above),withNarathiwatregistering onseparatism section (see Muslim insurgency Malay the by affected also provinces border southern three the in percent 18 including south, and government administrative officers. Over 40 percent of the incidents took place in Thailand’s arrests.to elections.led cases Only86 Thevictims localincluded politicians, canvassers,political national during violence political of levels with coinciding a trend study, the of years two last the 362 deaths. of total in 1980ledtoconsiderableattrition.Theconflictwasconsideredoverby1982. rebels to granted anamnesty CPT,and aweakened Thaiarmyhurt the by campaigns Large-scale factions. pro-Vietnamese and pro-Chinese between occasional clashes CPT, causing the within 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 459 murders and attempted murders between 2000 and 2009, which resulted in a 2000 resulted and 2009, which between murders attempted murders and 459 recorded violence political local of study A this. quantified have studies recent no but violence, to led sometimes has level local the at power for political Competition Local politicalconflictandelectoralviolence Large-scale communalandideologicalconflicts estimated that the conflict took at least 3,415 lives between 1974 and 1982. Communist PartyofThailand(CPT). Thai governmentandthe It is the between conflict armed an by affected were country the of parts 1980s, and 1970s the In 2000 22 The number of victims fluctuated in the first eight years, then declined in declined then years, eight first the in fluctuated victims of number The 2001 Figure 3. 2002 Victims oflocalpoliticalviolence(2000–2009) Source: 2003 Vititanon (2010) 2004 2005 23 2006 2007 200 2009 Local level 21 The CPT TheCPT

175 | Thailand 176 | Thailand 88 percentincrease. Firearms Act the violations of across allcategories( half 2006 and2015—byroughly harm between and bodily life concerning crime major formsof all in decline a steep show also Office Statistical National the from Data respectively. 4.3, and 100,000 people). region. the of January19andApril19,2016,whichkilledtwoinjured16. opposition totheplan.Thedisputemayhavebeenakeymotivebehindmotorcyclebombings Patani, insurgency, expressed an factionsoftheseparatist umbrella organization formultiple them toenvironmental damage. MARA and expose mosques, andcemeteries cation ofpeople, relo forcible in the result work would the community, because Malay Muslim from the protests Thailand’s Deep South. In 2015, plans to build coal-fired power plants in Pattani were met with evictions. during forces security and officers, park authorities, local by intimidation and harassment with There havebeenreportsofincreasingarrestsforillegalloggingandencroachment, along increased pressure on highland communities, particularly poor, ethnic-minority groups. significantly has which Plan, Master Forestry new a passed government the 2014, In north. of the regions upland in Thailand, in the a long-runningproblem particularly land havebeen to Hmongfamilies. that belonged plantations, andburnedhouses road to aHmongvillage,raidedlychee the farmers blocked in 2000, lowland similar incidentswhen areas. NanProvinceexperienced engaged in a series of protests, blockading access roads to the highlands and fencing off forested toadrought.Mobilizedbyenvironmentalorganizations,lowlandfarmersthe late1990sdue and contamination downstream. Inregion,Chiang Mai the simmering tensionsbroke outin in water shortages say results slash-and-burn agriculture,onwhichhilltribesrely,they polarization, thehighrate of gunpossessioniscauseforconcern. Asia. Hmong, Karen,and Lahu, and lowland Thai farmers. 35 havebeenkilledinthelast19years. or murder.Over victims ofassault have been legal charges,andinnumerouscases Activists face affecting them, in practice they are seldom consulted, and protests often lead to violent clashes. stitutions upheld the right of affected communities to review and approve infrastructure projects In 2012, Reuters reported that Thailand had the most guns in civilian hands in Southeast in civilianhands guns most the Thailand had that In 2012, reported Reuters an alarming number ofcrimesinvolving other hand,hasbeenincrease inthe On thethere in conflict ethnonationalist the fuel help also rights community and use land over Tensions boundaries oftraditional over the communities and indigenous state the Tensions between hill tribes,suchasthe In between northern Thailand, forest andwateruseisoftencontested 32 GivenThailand’shistory of politicalinstabilityandthecurrenthighlevels political 27 29 The homicide rate in Bangkok, the country’s capital, was only half as high (2.6 only halfashigh per in Bangkok,country’s capital,was rate the homicide The Local conflictover resources andcommunityrights of 2.9 Asia, and Laos in with onlythePhilippineshaving Southeast higher ratesin the lastyearforwhichUNODCdataisavailable. Thisishigherthantheaverage rate Thailand’s homicide rate was4.8 intentionalhomicidesper 100,000 peoplein2011, Urban crimeandviolence 1997 and2007con the in Thailand. Although mining operationsoccurfrequently plants, or as dams,power such and privateinvestments public by lations displaced popu of resettlement the and rights, community resources, natural over Conflicts 30 Both rates have been gradually declining since 2005, when they stood at 7.3 at stood they 2005, when since declining gradually have been rates Both 26 table 1 ). 31 ( table 2 table 24 ), which rose from 18,701in2006 35,280 in 2014, rose to ), which an 25 The lowlandfarmers resentimpact the of 28 - - - year, amountingtoonecaseevery15minutes. the Thai Development ResearchInstituteestimatesatleast30,000 casesremain unreported each percent ofcasesinvolvedphysicalviolence,and5.9sexualviolence. boyfriends, andfriends.Eighty-three as spouses, victims, such by the to andtrusted close were who those by committed usually was Violence women. adult were and 40percent children were cases ofwomenand childrenseeking assistance for domestic abuse. Year Year Rape Assault Attempted murder Murder War weapon General weapon(gun) Even though the number of rape cases reported to the police has declined since 2007 ( 2007 since declined has police the to reported cases rape of number the though Even 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 across thecountry. Between2007and2016, OSCCsrecordedatotalof 227,909 (OSCCs) Crisis Centers Stop One emergency created Health Public of Ministry the Thailand passedtheProtection ofVictims ofDomesticViolence Actin2007. In 2005, Domestic andgender-based violence Source: Source: 2007 StatisticalForecastingBureauoftheNationalOfficeThailand StatisticalForecastingBureauoftheNationalOfficeThailand Table 1. 25,798 18,701 2006 2006 5,308 4,687 1,455 7,125 200 Table 2. Crimesconcerninglifeandbodilyharm(2006–2015) Figure 4. 22,667 21,023 2007 2007 4,436 1,049 6,713 5,155 2009 ReportedcasesofFirearmsActviolations Source: Reportedrapecases(2007–2015) 18,802 22,169 2008 2008 4,644 5,564 3,974 773 2010 RoyalThaiPolice 25,087 18,359 36 2009 2009 3,703 4,676 5,452 855 2011 16,066 21,463 2010 2010 4,852 3,654 4,255 699 2012 37 12,338 23,941 3,537 3,176 2011 2011 4,141 546 2013 34 28,134 13,152 2012 2012 Sixty percent of the victims 3,431 4,331 3,217 605 2014 34,895 12,349 3,303 2,927 2013 2013 4,421 620 2015 33 35,280 12,966 2,968 2,648 2014 2014 4,112 713 35 figure 4 31,232 15,153 2,848 2,228 4,001 2015 2015 570 ), ),

177 | Thailand 178 | Thailand 3 2 1 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Notes ing-systems/ east-asia-contribution-violent-incidents-monitor org/publication/understanding-violence-south The AsiaFoundation, 2016), olent Incidents Monitoring Systems ofVi TheContribution SoutheastAsia: in Violence Engvall,andAdrianMorel, Anders Intensity kok-blast-suspects-151124041245335.html com/news/2015/11/thai-military-court-charges-bang​ Aljazeera, November24, 2015, “Thai military courtcharges Bangkok blastsuspects,” 751–772, (2000): 4 no. 24 Analysis Strategic Future,” the and Past The Insurgency: Naga “The Kotwal, Dinesh 2009), Service, Research Congressional DC: (Washington, Bruce Vaughn etal., Terrorism in Southeast Asia bbc.com/news/world-asia-39499485 uncertainties,” BBCNews,April7,2017, Jonathan Head, “Thailand’s constitution: New era, new Campbell, “ThaiArmyDeclaresMilitaryCoup.” Committee (PDRC). same name, wasledbythePeople’s Democratic Reform Shirtsmovement, This known time, theYellow by the Human RightsWatch,DescentintoChaos. ly known asthePeople’s AllianceforDemocracy(PAD). The Yellow Shirts movement of2004–2008 was formal world/asia/17thai.html May 16,2010, YorkTimes, asChaosContinues,”New General Dies Seth MydansandThomasFuller, “RenegadeThai 6-1976-thammasat-massacre-students-joshua-wong/ http://time.com/4519367/thailand-bangkok-october- 2016, 5, October Time, Day initsLivingMemory,” DarkestMarkingSolomon,the “Thailandis Feliz newsid_2534000/2534347.stm bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/14/ Day, 1950–2005, May 1, 2017, accessed This On BBC: protesters,” shoots army Thai “1973: army-declares-military-coup/ Time, May21, 2014, Coup,” Military Declares “ThaiArmy Campbell, Charlie 2010-red-shirt-protests-and-government-crackdown org/report/2011/05/03/descent-chaos/thailands- York: Human Rights Watch, 2011), Government Crackdown(New and the Shirt Protests Red 2010 Thailand’s Chaos: into Descent Watch, aspx?NewsID=9510000143152 2008, 4,8 killed”[inThai],MGROnline,December injured, 737 protests: ended PAD after toll “Casualty wear red. protestorsgenerallyRedShirtsbecause the called for DemocracyAgainstDictatorship(UDD).Theyare Front United The movementisformallyknownasthe watch.org/en 9,2017,website,May accessed SouthWatch Deep Database,” SouthIncident “Deep All data on the Deep South conflict are from thefromare conflict South Deep the on data All (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International, 2005), 2. Chua, Rohan Gunaratna, Arabinda Acharya, and Sabrina http://www.manager.co.th/QOL/ViewNews. Conflict and Terrorism in Southern Thailand Southern in Terrorism and Conflict http://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL34194.pdf http://www.idsa-india.org/an-content.htm refers to deaths per capita.PatrickBarron, per todeaths refers . . http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/17/ http://time.com/108719/thai- . . http://asiafoundation. http://www.deepsouth http://www.aljazeera. . ; HumanRights https://www.hrw. (San Francisco: (San . Understanding http://news. http://www. . . - - ; . . ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 21 20 19 18 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch,Petter“Monitor Nils Lacinaand Bethany Samui andPhuket. South, in Deep the of attacks outside separatist pected sus were onlytwo years, there previous twelve In the TURNd01RPT0=&day=TWpBeE5pMHdPQzB4TXc9PQ TUROd01ERXdNakV6TURnMU9RPT0=§ionid=​ http://daily.khaosod.co.th/view_news.php?newsid= Thai],[incause” sible pos and Southerninsurgency bombings, referendum attacks,17 Southunder provincesinupper “Seven dation, 2013),24. of Southern Thailand and InternationalDevelopmentAssistance, The Case oen, Adam Burke, and Ora-orn Pauline Tweedie, Poochar were civilians. and 7,135ofthoseinjuredbetween20042016 region.the DSID,Accordingto 4,517those killed of incidentsin inYala,tomonitorviolent call center as mediareportsandinformation from a government pus.reports,police well DSIDmilitaryand as uses Cam Songkla University–Pattani by Princeof hosted ent projectimplementedbyDeepSouthWatch and Deep SouthIncidentDataset(DSID),anindepend and theEquivalent ofFirearms ActB.E.2490 (1947) Fireworks, Ammunition,Explosives, Firearms, The official homicidedatainThailand. However, questionsremainregardingquality the of enna: UNODC, 2013), 151, Study onHomicide2013:Trends, Contexts, Data Crimes, and Drugs on Office Nations United 2016, a southern power struggle,” Paritta Wankiat, “Songkhla bombingsignitefearsof bangkokpost.com/print/1083356/ poor,” Nanchanok Wongsamuth,“Forestclampdownhurts wp-content/uploads/2008/03/chusak.pdf 111–127, (2008): 1 no. in NorthernThailand,” cations related to resource conflicts and ethnic violence Chusak Wittayapak, “History and geography of identifi South Asia (IUCN), International Union for Conservation ofNature 2014/07/54631 July18,2014, crimes againstlocalactivist”[inThai], state the tracking Chalee: Por of disappearance to Nitirat Samsomboon, “19 yearsfromPravian’s death http://128.199.181.253:8001/?edmc=1686 tute Journal (2000-2009)” [inThai], politics: an initial survey of number in the last decade Nattakorn Vititanon, “Assassination in Thai local local-politics/ https://kyoto​ KyotoReview ofSoutheast Asia Politics: A Decade of Decentralization (2000–2009),” inThaiLocal “Assassination Vititanon, Nuttakorn (2005): 145–166. deaths,” battle of dataset new A combat: global in trends ing The Contest Corners of Asia: Subnational Conflict http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/973481/ Bangkok Post, European Journal ofPopulation Journal European Communities and Forest Management in (Gland:IUCN,1999). 3 (2010), accessed January 19, 2015, review.org/issue-21/assassination-thai- . . http://www.prachatai.com/journal/ KhaosodDaily November 9, 2016, November (San Francisco: The Asia Foun http://www.newmandala.org/ Asia Pacific Viewpoint http://www.unodc.org/gsh/ King Prajadhipok’s Insti Prajadhipok’s King Bangkok Post, ,21 . ,13, August 2016,

(March 2017),(March http://www. Prachathai . . 21,no.2 May 15, Global (Vi 49, . ------. , . ​ ​ ​ 34 33 32 in Q4/2016 and Overall Situations in 2016 Situations Q4/2016 andOverall in mentBoard (NESDB), Develop Social and Economic National the of Office statseries13.html 2013), Cases Bureau, Forecasting Statistical us-thailand-guns-idUSBRE89K0GE20121021 2012, 21, October Reuters, guncrime,” ofrising barrel the Thailand staresdown Amy SawittaLefevre,“Friendly trade offirearms. generally coverstheillegalpossession, carrying, and download/article/Social%20Press_Eng_Q4-2559.pdf NESDB, 2017), http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/21/ [in Thai] (Bangkok: National Statistical Office, Statistical National (Bangkok: Thai] [in http://service.nso.go.th/nso/web/statseries/ http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ . Thailand’sSocial Development Important CriminalImportant (Bangkok: . - . 37 36 35 ject-en.htm go.th/nso/nso_center/project/search_center/23pro 2017, 5, May accessed website, Office Statistical National 2007–2015,” Months: and Case of byType Statistics “Crime ThaiPolice, Royal penalty-for-rapist/3404520.html voanews.com/a/thai-government-rules-out-death- ists,” for Rap Penalty Death Out “Thai GovernmentRules Social Science and Humanity Intervention Programme,” and Situation Thailand Violence: Partner “Intimate Montakarn Chuemchit and Usaneya Perngparn, Voice ofAmerica . , July5,2016, International Journal of 4, no. 4 (2014): 275–278. . http://service.nso. http://www. - ​

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