SPECIAL SUBJECT III Sophister Module

HI4302 - The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814

ECTS Value: 10

(Professor Robinson)

This is a semester-long module, consisting of two hours of classes a week during Michaelmas Term.

HI4302 - Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this module, students should be able to:

 Analyse political, religious and intellectual developments during Charlemagne’s reign

 Identify and search for relevant secondary literature

 Engage with relevant theoretical and critical approaches to the history of Carolingian Europe

 Apply different techniques of evaluation and interpretation to relevant primary sources

 Critique relevant historiography in the light of study of primary sources

 Present and discuss analysis of questions relating to the history of Charlemagne and his reign

 Analyse the impact of different aspects of early medieval European politics, society and culture.

Special Subject III: The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814 LECTURES

The Conquests of Charlemagne 1. The creation of the Carolingian royal dynasty 2. The succession of Charles to the Frankish kingdom and the Lombard war 3. The conquests of Charles: the Saxon wars to 777 4. The Saxon wars from the Paderborn assembly to the Nordalbingian campaign 5. The Avar wars and Bavaria; the itinerary of Charles Charles, the Papacy and Byzantium 6. Italy in the eighth century: the retreat of Byzantine power 7. The papacy: the regime of Stephen III and the accession of Hadrian I 8. Hadrian I and Charles: the implications of the conquest of the Lombard kingdom 9. Hadrian I, Charles and the Frankish-Byzantine alliance 10. Hadrian I, the Frankish Church and the Byzantine general council 11. Charles, the papacy and Byzantium in a period of transition, 795-9 12. The origins of the imperial coronation: the thesis of the 'Alcuin school' 13. The origins of the imperial coronation: Leo III and the 'Heldmann thesis' 14. The imperial coronation: reconstruction of events, 23 – 25 December 800 15. Influences on the coronation ceremony of 25 December 800 16. Frankish interpretations of the imperial coronation 17. The development of Charles's imperial ideas, 801-806 18. The Frankish-Byzantine war, 806-814 Government in the reign of Charlemagne 19. Carolingian government: the capitularies 20. The royal authority of Charles 21. The governmental officials of the Carolingian empire 22. The office of the count in the Carolingian empire

SPECIAL SUBJECT III

ESSAY SCHEDULE AND EXAMINATION

Moderatorship Essay The written work for List III modules (as set out in the course Handbook) includes a compulsory Moderatorship essay. This should be no longer than 3,000 words. The Moderatorship Essay is to be submitted on Monday, 12 December 2011. The essay must be delivered to the Departmental Office (Room 3118). Please note that the Moderatorship essay cannot be accepted late unless there is (a) a medical certificate covering the entire period of the delay or (b) an extension granted in advance by the Head of Department (Dr Ditchburn).

Examination The examination consists of two elements: (1) Examination Paper (an essay paper of three hours, consisting of twelve questions, three to be answered), counting as one examination paper (2) Moderatorship Essay, counting as half an examination paper.

Special Subject III: The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814

The Moderatorship Essay: suggested titles

1. The value of the Royal Frankish Annals as a source for the reign of Charlemagne.

2. The date and purpose of Einhard's Life of Charles the Great.

3. The distortion of the image of Charlemagne in Einhard's Life of Charles the Great.

4. An analysis of the presentation of the Saxon wars in the primary sources for the reign of Charlemagne.

5. The aims and methods of Carolingian government as presented in the capitularies of Charlemagne:

6. An analysis of the Life of Pope Hadrian I in the Liber pontificalis.

7. The political ideas of Alcuin, as expressed in his letters.

8. An analysis of the primary sources for the imperial coronation of Charlemagne.

9. The structure of the aristocracy in the Frankish kingdom in the reign of Charlemagne.

10. The office of bishop in the Carolingian empire during the reign of Charlemagne.

11. The reform of the Frankish church in the reign of Charlemagne.

12. The importance of the written word in the territories of Charlemagne either in literary composition or in government.

Special Subject III

The reign of Charlemagne, 768-814

BIBLIOGRAPHY

General Surveys 1. The New Cambridge Medieval History volume 2 ed. R. McKitterick (1995) 2. C. Wickham, The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000 (2010) 3. D. Bullough, The age of Charlemagne (second edition, 1972) 4. L. Halphen, Charlemagne and the Carolingian empire (English translation, 1977) 5. H. Fichtenau, The Carolingian empire (English translation, 1957) 6. J. Boussard, The civilization of Charlemagne (English translation, 1968) 7. F.L. Ganshof, The Carolingians and the Frankish monarchy. Studies in Carolingian history (English translation, 1971) 8. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West 400-1000 (third edition, 1967) chapters 5, 7 9. M. Deanesly, A History of Early Medieval Europe 476-911 (second edition, 1960) chapters 15-20, 22-23, 26-29 10. J. Fleckenstein, Early medieval Germany (English translation, 1978) 11. R. Latouche, Caesar to Charlemagne: the Beginnings of France (English translation, 1968) 12. E. James, The origins of France (1982) 13. E. James, The Franks (1988) 14. M. Innes, Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900: the sword, the plough and the book (2007) 15. R. McKitterick, The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987 (1983) 16. R. Collins, Early medieval Europe, 300-1000 (1999) 17. P.M. Sawyer and I.N. Wood (ed.), Early medieval kingship (1977) 18. D.T. Rice (ed.), The Dark Ages (1965) 19. E.S. Duckett, Carolingian Portraits (1962) contains essays on Charlemagne and Einhard 20. T. Reuter, Germany in the early Middle Ages c.800-1056 (1991) 21. P. Stafford, Queen, concubines and dowagers: the king's wife in the early Middle Ages (1990) 22. S.F. Wemple, Women in Frankish Society (1981)

The reign of Charlemagne: warfare and politics 23. P.D. King, Charlemagne (Lancaster pamphlet, 1986) 24. R. Collins, Charlemagne (1998) 25. M. Becher, Charlemagne (Yale, 2003) 26. A. Barbero, Charlemagne: father of a continent (California, 2004) 27. J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne. Empire and society (2005) 28. R. McKitterick, Charlemagne (2008) 29. D. Bullough, 'Europae pater. Charlemagne and his achievement in the light of recent scholarship', English Historical Review85 (1970) (a bibliographical survey) 30. F.L. Ganshof, Frankish Institutions under Charlemagne (1968) F.L. Ganshof (no. 7) also includes essays on specific problems in the reign of Charlemagne. 31. S. Airlie, 'Narratives of triumph and rituals of submission: Charlemagne's th mastering of Bavaria', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 series, 9 (1999), 93-119 32. J. France, 'The composition and raising of the armies of Charlemagne', Journal of Medieval Military History 1 (2003), 61-82 33. C. Bowlus, 'Two Carolingian campaigns reconsidered', Military Affairs 48 (1984), 121-5 34. D.H. Green and F. Sigmund (ed.), The continental Saxons from the migration period to the tenth century: an ethnographic perspective (Studies in Historical Archeoethnology 6, 2003) 35. E.J. Goldberg, 'Popular revolt, dynastic politics and aristocratic factionalism in the early Middle Ages: the Saxon stellinga reconsidered', Speculum 70 (1995), 467-501 36. M. Erbe, 'Charlemagne's conquest of Saxony', Concilium 3 (1988), 120-5 37. C. Gillmor, 'The 791 equine epidemic and its impact on Charlemagne's army', Journal of Medieval Military History 3 (2005), 23-45 38. M. Innes, 'Franks and Slavs c. 700-1000: the problem of European expansion before the millennium', Early Medieval Europe 6 (1997), 201-16 39. Y. Hen, 'Charlemagne's Jihad', Viator 37 (2006), 35-51 40. R. Folz, The coronation of Charlemagne, 25 December 800 (English translation, 1974) 41. P. Munz, The origin of the Carolingian empire (1960) 42. R. Folz, The concept of empire in Europe from the fifth to the fourteenth century (English translation, 1969) 43. D.A. Bullough, 'Empire and emperordom from late antiquity to 799', Early Medieval Europe 12 (2003), 377-87 44. R.E. Sullivan, The coronation of Charlemagne: what did it signify ? (1959) contains translated extracts from the works of K. Heldmann (1928) and W. Ohnsorge (1947) 45. H. Mayr-Harting, 'Charlemagne, the Saxons and the imperial coronation of 800', English Historical Review 111 (1996), 1113-33

The Carolingians and the Frankish Church 46. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (1983) 47. R. McKitterick, 'The illusion of royal power in the Carolingian annals', English Historical Review 115 (2000), 1-20 48. W. Levison, England and the Continent in the eighth century (1946) 49. C. Cusack, Conversion among the Germanic peoples (1988) 50. R.A. Fletcher, The conversion of Europe from paganism to Christianity (1998) 51. R.E. Sullivan, The Carolingian missionary and the pagan', Speculum 28 (1953) 52. B. Effros, 'De partibus Saxoniae and the regulation of mortuary custom: a Carolingian campaign of Christianization or the suppression of Saxon identity ?', Revue Belge de philologie et d'histoire 75 (1997), 267-86 53. M.R. Karras, 'Pagan survivals and syncretism in the conversion of Saxony', Catholic Historical Review 72 (1986), 553-72 54. F. Prinz, 'King, clergy and war at the time of the Carolingians' in: Saints, scholars and heroes. Studies in honor of C. W. Jones volume 2 (1979) 55. R. McKitterick, The Frankish Church and the Carolingian Reforms, 789-895 (1977) 56. E.S. Duckett, Alcuin, friend of Charlemagne (1951) 57. L. Wallach, Alcuin and Charlemagne (1959) 58. D. Bullough, Alcuin: achievement and reputation (2004) 59. L. Wallach, Alcuin and Charlemagne: studies in Carolingian history and literature (1959) 60. J.C. Cavadini, The last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (1993) 61. A. Freeman, 'Caroline orthodoxy and the fate of the Libri Carolini', Viator 16 (1985), 65-108

The Carolingians and the Papacy 62. E. Ewig, 'The papacy's alienation from Byzantium and rapprochement with the Franks'; 'The age of Charles the Great, 768 to 814' in Handbook of Church History 3 ed. H. Jedin (English translation, 1968), 3-25, 54-103 63. W. Ullmann, The growth of papal government in the Middle Ages (third edition, 1970) chapters 2-7 64. J.T. Hallenback, 'The election of Pope Hadrian I', Church History 37 (1968), 261-70 65. J.T. Hallenback, 'Pavia and Rome: the Lombard monarchy and the papacy in the eighth century', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new series 72 (1982), 1-186 66. D.H. Miller, 'The Roman revolution of the eighth century: a study in the ideological background of the papal separation from Byzantium and the alliance with the Franks', Mediaeval Studies 36 (1974), 79-134 67. P. Partner, The Lands of St. Peter (1972) chapters 1, 2 68. T.F.X. Noble, The republic of St Peter: the birth of the Papal State, 680-825 (1984) 69. P. LLewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (1971)

Carolingian Government See especially D. Bullough (nos. 3, 29) and F.L. Ganshof (nos. 7, 30) 70. S.C. Easton and H. Wieruszowski, The era of Charlemagne. Frankish state and society (1961) 71. R. McKitterick (ed.), The Carolingians and the written word (1989) 72. C.E. Odegaard, 'Carolingian oaths of fidelity', Speculum 16 (1941) 73. C.E. Odegaard, The concept of royal power in Carolingian oaths of fidelity', Speculum 20 (1945) 74. C. Wickham, Early medieval Italy (1981) 75. K.F. Drew, The immunity in Carolingian Italy', Speculum 37 (1962) 76. K.F. Drew, The Carolingian military frontier in Italy', Traditio 20 (1964) 77. T. Reuter, 'Plunder and tribute in the Carolingian empire', Transactions of the th Royal Historical Society 5 series, 35 (1985), 75-94 78. S. Coupland, 'Carolingian arms and armour in the ninth century', Viator 20 (1989) 79. A.J. Kosto, 'Hostages in the Carolingian world (714-840)', Early Medieval Europe 11 (2002), 123-47 80. K. Leyser, 'Early medieval warfare' in: K. Leyser, Communications and power in Medieval Europe. The Carolingian and Ottonian centuries (1994) pp. 29-50 81. M. McCormick, 'The liturgy of war in the early Middle Ages: crises, litanies and the Carolingian monarchy', Viator 15 (1984), 1-23 82. J. Nelson, 'Violence in the Carolingian world and the ritualisation of ninth-century warfare' in: : Violence and society in the early medieval West (1998) ed. G. Halsall pp. 90-107 83. T. Reuter, 'Carolingian and Ottonian warfare' in: Medieval warfare: a history (1999) pp. 13-35 84. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, 'War and peace in the early Middle Ages', Transactions of th the Royal Historical Society 5 series 25 (1975), 157-74 85. T. Reuter (ed.), The medieval nobility (1978), especially the essay by K.-F. Werner 86. J.M.H. Smith, Province and empire. Brittany and the Carolingians (1992) 87. J. Martindale, Aquitaine from the eighth to the eleventh centuries (1996)

Carolingian Political Thought 88. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Early Germanic kingship in England and on the Continent (1971) chapter 5 89. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The via regia of the Carolingian age' in: Trends in Medieval Political Thought ed. B. Smalley (1965) 90. W. Ullmann, The Carolingian Renaissance and the idea of kingship (1969) 91. K.F. Morrison, The two kingdoms: ecclesiology in Carolingian political thought (1964) 92. J.L. Nelson, 'Kingship and empire' in: Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought ed. J.H. Burns (1988) 93. J. Story, 'Cathwulf, kingship and the royal abbey of St Denis', Speculum 74 (1999), 3-21

Carolingian Culture 94. D. Bullough, Carolingian renewal. Sources and heritage (1991) 95. R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian culture, emulation and innovation (1994) 96. R. McKitterick, The Frankish kings and culture in the early Middle Ages (1995) 97. R. McKitterick, Books, scribes and learning in the Frankish kingdoms (1994) 98. M.L.W. Laistner, Thought and letters in Western Europe, 500-900 (revised edition, 1957) 99. M.B. Parkes, Scribes, scripts and readers (1991) 100. P. Godman, Poets and emperors: Frankish politics and Carolingian poetry (1987) 101. J. Marenbon, From the circle of Alcuin to the school of Auxerre: logic, theology and philosophy in the early Middle Ages (1981) 102. R.E. Sullivan (ed.), The gentle voices of teachers: aspects of learning in the Carolingian age (1995)

Primary Sources in Translation 103. Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Knithard's Histories trans. B.W. Scholz and B. Rogers (1970) 104. Two Lives of Charlemagne [Einhard and Notker of St. Gallen] trans. L. Thorpe (1969) 105. The reign of Charlemagne trans. H.R. Loyn and J. Percival (1975) 106. Charlemagne: translated sources ed. P.D. King (1987) 107. Alcuin of York. His Life and Letters trans. S. Abbott (1974) 108. Liber Pontificalis trans. R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-century Popes (1992) 109. Theophanes, Chronographia trans. H. Turtledove (1982) 110. P.E. Dutton (ed.), Carolingian Civilisation: a Reader (second edition: Plymouth, 2004)

Special Subject III The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814

STYLE SHEET

These guidelines refer to the presentation of the Moderatorship Essay (see above) and are offered as a supplement to the Departmental Guidelines for Essay Writing in the Sophister Handbook .

Bibliography and Footnotes The bibliography should include all the works consulted in the course of writing the essay. It should be divided into two categories: (A) Primary Sources (B) Secondary Works

A. The following examples indicate the different ways in which primary sources may be cited in footnotes: (1) Einhard, Life of Charlemagne Book 2, trans. L. Thorpe (Harmondsworth, 1969) p. 79. [It is recommended to give both the book 9 (or chapter) of a primary source and the page reference in the translation.] (2) Royal Frankish Annals 799, trans. B.W. Scholz and B. Rogers (Nebraska, 1970) p. 108. [In the case of annals and chronicles, cites the year as well as the page.] (3) Alcuin, Letter to Archbishop Arno of Salzburg (799) in Alcuin of York. His Life and Letters trans. S. Abbott (York, 1974) p. 118. (4) Charlemagne, Capitulary of 802 in The reign of Charlemagne trans. H.R. Loyn and J. Percival (London, 1975) p. 170 (5) Prologue to the Salic Law, quoted in H. Fichtenau, The Carolingian empire (English translation: Oxford, 1957) p. 1.

B. The following examples indicate how to cite different categories of secondary work in the bibliography: (1) A monograph: T. Reuter, Germany in the early Middle Ages c. 800-1056 (London, 1991) [title in italics; place and date of publication in brackets] (2) An article in a collection of articles: J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, 'The via regia of the Carolingian age' in Trends in Medieval Political Thought ed. B. Smalley (London, 1965) pp. 23-56 [title of article in plain text and single quotation marks; title of book in italics; pagination preceded by the abbreviation pp.] (3) An article in a journal: R. McKitterick, 'The illusion of royal power in the Carolingian annals', English Historical Review 115 (2000), 1 – 20 [title of article in plain text and single quotation marks; title of journal in italics; volume number in Arabic numerals; pagination is not preceded by the abbreviation pp. where there is a volume number]

In footnotes each work should be cited in full on its first appearance. Thereafter it may be cited in an abbreviated form. e.g. using the example from B(1) above on its second or subsequent appearance: 10 10 Reuter, Germany p. 90. Or: Reuter (1991) p. 90. Use the Latin abbreviation Ibid. when citing the same work in consecutive footnotes: 8 T. Reuter, Germany in the early Middle Ages c. 800-1056 (London, 1991) p. 90. 9 Ibid., p. 92.

In the text always use the following simple form for dates: 25 December 800 [day, month, year – not month, day, year].