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Johannes Laudage Von Fakten und Fiktionen Mittelalterliche Geschichtsdarstellungen und ihre kritische Aufarbeitung Herausgegeben von Johannes Laudage 0 2003 BÖHLAU VERLAG KÖLN WEIMAR WIEN C)1/ýýL; - EINE VERSCHLEIERTE KRISE. DIE NACHFOLGE I KARL MARTELLS 741 UND DIE ANFÄNGE DER KAROLINGISCHEN HOFGESCHICHTSSCHREIBUNG von MATTHIAS BECHER Carolasmaior domesdefunctus est. So lautet der erste Jahresbericht der Reichsannalen zu 741. Die Reichs- annalen sind eine der bekanntesten Quellen der Karolingerzeit. Ihr erster Teil wurde um 790 am Hof Karls des Großen in einem Zug nieder- geschrieben und schildert als offiziöses Geschichtswerk den Aufstieg der Familie unter Karl Martells Sohn Pippin und seinem Enkel Karl dem Großen 2. Meilensteine dieser Erfolgsgeschichte waren der Dynastie- t Annales regni Francorum inde a. 741 in: Annales regni Francorum inde ab a. 741 usque ad a. 829, qui dicuntur Annales Laurissensesmaiores et Einhardi ad a. 741, ed. Friedrich KURZE (MGH SSrer. Germ. [6], 1895)S. 2. 'Wilhelm WATiEINBACH/Wilhelm LEViSON/Heinz LöwE, Deutschlands Geschichtsquel- len im Mittelalter. Vorzeit und Karolinger, Heft 2: Die Karolinger vom Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts bis zum Tode Karls des Großen (1953) S. 245 ff.; vgl. auch Hartmut HOFF- MANN, Untersuchungen zur karolingischen Annalistik (Bonner Historische Forschungen 10,1958) S. 38 ff.; Matthias BECHER,Eid und Herrschaft. Untersuchungen zum Herr- scherethos Karls des Großen (Vorträge und Forschungen, Sonderbd. 39,1993) S. 21 ff.; eine neue Sicht bietet Rosamond MCKrVrEJUCK, Constructing the Past in the Early Middle Ages: The Case of the Royal Frankish Annals, (Transactions of the Royal Histo- rical Society, 6th series, 7,1997) S. 101-129; vgl. auch DIES., L'ideologie politique dans 1'historiographie carolingienne, in: La royaute et les elites dans l'Europe Carolingienne (du debut du IXe aua environs de 920), hg. von Regine LE JAN (1998) S. 59-70; DIES., The Illusion of Royal Power in the Carolingian Annals, The English Historical Review 115 (2000) S. 1-20; Roger COLLINS,The Reviser' Revisited: Another Look at the Alternative Version of the Annales regni Franconm:, in: After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, hg. von Alexander C. MURRAY (1998) S. 191-213;zur Termino- 96 ,llsubias Becher wechsel von 751, das Bündnis mit dem Papsttum, die Eroberung Aqui- taniens, die Siege über die Langobarden in Ober- und Mittelitalien, die Eroberung Sachsensund schließlich die Absetzung des letzten großen Konkurrenten Karls des Großen, des Herzogs Tassilo M. von Bayern, im Jahr 788. Glaubt man den Reichsannalen, so gelang den Karolingern dieser Aufstieg mühelos und ihre Erfolge stellten sich fast zwangsläufig ein. Die moderne Forschung konnte dagegen aufzeigen, wie stark die Widerstände waren, wie kompliziert und mühevoll dieser Prozeß in Wahrheit gewesen ist'. Die Reichsannalen bieten also eine geglättete Darstellung, bei der jedes erwähnte Detail von größter Wichtigkeit für die des der Absichten oder Autoren ist, aber auch jede Nuance und jede der Auslassung- wofür Jahresbericht zu 741 wohl das beste Beispiel ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu fragen, warum der eigentlich lapidare Eintrag über den Tod Karl Martells am Anfang des Geschichtswerkes steht. Ein Mangel an Informationen über die Zeit davor kann nicht der Grund gewesensein, denn mit den sogenannten Fortsetzungen Fredegars dem stand Reichsannalisten eine hervorragende Quelle für diese Zeit zur Verfügung, die er bei anderer Gelegenheit sehr wohl benutzte{. Anders als in den Reichsannalen wurde auf dieser Basis die Zeit vor 741 etwa in dem um 805 entstandenen älteren Teils der sogenannten Metzer Annalen für ausführlich gewürdigt, obwohl er die Zeit nach 741 weitgehend eine Überarbeitung der bietets. Reichsannalen Er wurde wohl in Chelles ver- logie der Reichsannalen vgl. Jim N. ADA.ý. IS, The Vocabulary of the Annales regni Fran- (1977) corum, Glotta 55 S. 257-282; Wolfgang EGGERT,Zu Inhalt, Form und politischer Terminologie der Reichsannalen", in: Karl der Große das Frinkischen und Erbe der Kulturen, hg. von Franz-Reiner ERKE.NS (2001) S. 122-134. Vgl. etwa die entsprechendenAbschnitte bei Rudolf SCHIEFFER,Die Karolinger 02000); Johannes FRIED, Der Weg in die Geschichte. Die Ursprünge Deutschlands bis 1024 (1994); Roger COLLINS, Charlemagne (1998); Matthias BECHER,Karl der Große (1999); Dieter HÄGEMMANN, Karl der Große. Herrscher des Abendlandes. Eine Biographie (2000). dicuntur Chronicarum quae Fredegarii Scholastici continuationes, cd. Bruno KRUSCH (MGH SS rer. Merov. 2,1888) S. 168-193; zur Benutzung der Chronik in den Reichsanna- len vgl. WATTENBACH/LEV! SOti/LÖ E (wie Anm. 2) S. 250. Annales Mettenses priores, cd. Bernhard YON SIMsoN (MGH SS rer. Germ. [10], 1905). Eine tmcbleiene Krise Die AadbfolgeKarl Martells 741 97 faßt, wo Gisela, die Schwester Karls des Großen, als Äbtissin wirktet. In Überarbeitung einer der Reichsannalen aus der Zeit Ludwigs des From- men, den sogenannten Einhardsannalen, setzt die karolingische Ge- schichte dagegen ebenfalls mit dem Jahr 741 ein, allerdings mit einem weitaus ausführlicheren Bericht'. Warum also hielt man den Tod Karl Martells ein halbes Jahrhundert später am Hof Karls des Großen und seines Sohnes für den entscheidenden Einschnitt in der Geschichte der Herrscherfamilie, ja für ihren eigentlichen Ausgangspunkt? Von seiner Bedeutung her war Karl Martell dafür sicherlich geeignet. So wurde er wegen seines Siegesüber die Sarazenen in der Schlacht von Poitiers 732 bis in die Gegenwart hinein als des Abendlandes" Übertreibung: Retter gefeiert'. Trotz einiger Karl konnte im Jahr 741 auf eine erfolgreiche Herrschaftszeit zurückblicken. Er war gegen äußere und innere Feinde Sieger geblieben und hatte die Herrschaft seiner Familie im Frankenreich stabilisiert9. Im Jahr 737 hatte er sogar darauf verzichten ' %7ATTENBACH/LEV'ISON/LÖWE(wie Anm. 2) S. 260 ff.; HOFFMANN, Untersuchungen (wie Anm. 2) bes. S. 55 ff. (zu Chelles); Irene HASELBACH,Aufstieg und Herrschaft der Karlinger in der Darstellung der sogenannten Annales Mettenses priores (Historische Studien 412,1970) S. 23 f.; Norbert SCHRÖER,Die Annales Mettenses priores. Literari- sche Form und politische Intention, in: Geschichtsschreibung und geistiges Leben im Mittelalter. Festschrift für Heinz Löwe zum 65. Geburtstag, hgg. von Karl HAUCK/ Hubert MORDEN (1978) S. 139-158;Janet L. NELSON, Gender and Genre in Woman Historians of the Early Middle Ages, in: DIES.,The Frankish World 750-900 (1996) S. 183- 197, S. 191 f.; Yitzhak HEN, The Annals of Metz and the Merovingian Past, in: The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages, hgg. von DELIS./Matthew INNES (2000) S. 175-190; vgl. aber auch Hartmut ATStA, Chelles, in: Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 4 (-1981) S. 424; COLLINS,Reviser (wie Anm. 2) S. 196, der die Entste- hung des Gesamtwerks auf ca. 831 datiert. ' Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi (wie Anm. 1) a. 741 (S. 3). 1 Vgl. dazu Ulrich NON-,4, Die Schlacht bei Poitiers 732. Probleme historischer Urteils- bildung, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Regnum Francorum, hg. von Rudolf SCHIEFFER (Beihefte der Francis 22,1990) S. 37-56; Paul FOURACRE,The Age of Charles Mattel (2000)S. 87 f. ' Zusammenfassend: Karl Mattel! in seiner Zeit, hgg. von Jörg JARNUT/Ulrich NONN/Michael RICHTER(Beihefte der Francia 37,1994); FOURACRE,Charles Mattel (wie Anm. 8); vgl. auch Waltraud JOCH, Legitimität und Integration. Untersuchungen zu den 98 ML-ubiasBecher können, einen Merowinger als Schattenkönig einzusetzen und herrschte seither zwar ohne Königstitel, aber doch königsgleich über das Reich",. Man wird indes einwenden können, daß gerade die Bedeutung Karl Martells nicht gerade dafür sprach, ein Geschichtswerk erst mit seinem Tod einsetzen zu lassen.Rudolf Schieffer weist daher mit Recht auf einen Aspekt hin: Generationswechsel 741 bildete pragmatischen Der von geradenoch den Horizont zeitgeschichtlicher Erinnerung als um 790 ein Geistlicher aus der Umgebung Karls des Großen den angemessenenAuf- takt für ein neu konzipiertes Annalenwerk suchte"". Auf der Seite Schieffer die Anteil- anderen verweist auch auf innere nahme" des Reichsannalisten an den Ereignissen von 741, die durchaus nicht so reibungslos verliefen, wie der Geschichtsschreiber glauben ma- chen will". Zudem nahm damals der Aufstieg von Karls des Großen Va- ter Pippin zur Königswürde seinen Ausgang. Zusammen mit seinem älteren Bruder Karlmann unterwarf Pippin in den auf 741 folgenden Jahren äußere und innere Feinde des Frankenreiches und schuf so die Voraussetzungen für den Dynastiewechsel von 751". Bereits der zweite Eintrag der Reichsannalen zum Jahr 742 bezieht sich auf einen dieser Kriege: die Hausmeier Karlmann Pippin Heer Als und mit einem gegen den Herzog Hunald von Aquitanien zogen und die Burg Loches erober- ten, teilten sie während diesesFeldzugs auch das Frankenreich unter sich auf in dem Ort, der Vieux-Poitiers genannt wird. Im selben Jahr verwü- stete Karlmann Alamannien"". Anfängen Karl Martells (Historische Studien 456,1999). 10Vgl. Brigitte KASTEN, Königssöhne und Königsherrschaft. Untersuchungen zur Teil- (Schriften habe am Reich in der Merowinger- und Karolingerzeit der MGH 44,1997) S. 109 ff.; FOURACRE,Charles Martel (wie Anm. 8) S. 155 ff. SCHIEFFER,Karolinger (wie Anm. 3) S. 50. 12Ebda. " Eine kritische Würdigung dieses Aufstiegs bei Michael RICHTER,Die lange Machter- die in greifung" der Karolinger. Der Staatsstreichgegen Merowinger den Jahren 747-771, in: Große Verschwörungen. Staatsstreich und Tyrannensturz von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, hg. von Uwe SCHULZ(1998)
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