Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

TOWARDS A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF SETTAT FORESTS,

MOROCCO

FATIMA NASSIF1* AND ABBES TANJI1

EX-RESEARCHERS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR

Universal Impact AGRONOMIC RESEARCH, CRRA-SETTAT, MOROCCO. Factor 0.9285:2012; Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 1.2210:2013

Index Copernicus ABSTRACT: ICV 2011: 5.09 ICV 2012: 6.42 A study was conducted in all forest areas under the management of the Settat ICV 2013: 15.8 provincial directorate of waters and forests located in Settat with the aim to

NAAS Rating inventory plant species growing in these forests. Taken into consideration 2012 : 1.3; climatic conditions, particularly rainfall, three years (2013 to 2015) of 2013-2014:2.69 fieldwork were achieved to capture existing plant diversity. The number of Received on: visits per site varied between two and eight based on the nature and surface 14th September 2015 area of the site. Data on vernaculars and uses were collected directly from the Revised on: people living in these forests and nearby communities. A total of 561 plant 20th September 2015 species is recorded, representing 11.5% of Morocco’s flora. Tree species count Accepted on: 31 and shrub species count 32 species. The remaining 498 species are 20th September 2015 herbaceous plants. Inventoried species belong to 81 families and 334 genera. Published on: Fourteen species are Moroccan endemics and one species is endangered. The 1st October 2015 inventory provides clear evidence on the diversity of the local flora in studied Volume No. Settat forests despite their restricted areas. Nonetheless, signs of deterioration Online & Print 68 (2015) are evident. Some sites are almost depleted from their trees. Adequate forest management is essential to preserving this diversity. Further research is needed Page No. 98 to 137 to better assess existing diversity and understand the dynamics of Settat forest ecosystems for conservation purposes. Life Sciences Leaflets is an international KEY WORDS: Morocco, Settat, Forests, Inventory, Diversity. open access print & e journal, peer reviewed, INTRODUCTION: worldwide abstract listed, published every The present study covers all forests under the management of the Settat month with ISSN, RNI provincial directorate of waters and forests located in Settat, Morocco. This Free- membership, directorate is part of the Regional Directorate of waters and forests for the downloads and access. Centre-Region located in Casablanca. Existing forests are organized into four

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 98

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) forest districts (secteurs) which are 1) Sidi Sbaâ, 2) Machraâ Ben-Abou, 3) Settat, and 4) Sidi Rahal. Administratively, while the three districts of Sidi Sbaâ, Machraâ Ben-Abou and Settat are entirely located in the province of Settat, some forest sites of the Sidi Rahal district are located in the province of Berrechid created in 2009. In other words, there are forest sites which are administratively located in the newly created province of Berrechid but are still managed by the Settat directorate of waters and forests. The following statistics on land area and land use pertain to the province of Settat before the creation of the Berrechid province in 2009. The total land area amounts to 910,000 ha. Land use consisted of 650,000 ha of arable land, 150,000 ha of rangelands, 83,000 ha of non arable lands, and 27,000 ha of forests. Evidently, the Settat province can hardly be considered a forest province as it is the case of some mountain provinces in the Rif, the Middle Atlas or the High Atlas where forest ecosystems can cover up to half of the province’s territory. For example, according to the latest study on the Fès-Boulemane region, forests cover about 705,000 ha in the Boulemane province representing 47% of the total territory of this province (URAM Intl., 2013). According to the same source, about 76.8% of these forest areas consist of alfa grasses while the remaining 23% are natural forests. Another example of forest provinces is the Chefchaouen province where forests cover 175,000 ha which represent 40% of the province total land area. Nonetheless and despite the limited area of Settat forests, they are hosts of unexpected and unknown plant diversity. This paper is intended to improve our knowledge on Settat forests and their plant diversity. More precisely, the objective of the study was to inventory plant species growing in Settat forests. Table 1 presents synoptic briefs on studied forests, their location and surface area based on information from the Settat provincial directorate of waters and forests, and combating desertification. According to this source, forests in Settat and Berrechid provinces cover about 24,639 ha (Table 1), representing 2.7% of Settat territory before the creation of Berrechid province in 2009. The tenure status of these forests includes state owned forests and communal wooded lands under forest regime representing 79.2% and 20.8% respectively. According to the Settat provincial directorate of waters, forests and combating desertification, natural forests cover 13.608 ha while artificial forests cover the remaining 10,931ha. In 2008, Belouarda reported that the main tree species of the Aâchach natural forest are Tetraclinis articulata, Quercus ilex and Quercus suber to a lesser degree either in pure stands or in varied mixtures. Secondary species include Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia, Olea europaea, Arbutus unedo, and Searsia pentaphylla. Artificial forests consist of perimeters destined to soil conservation, sylvo-pastoral reforestation, production and protection. They are essentially composed of Eucalyptus and Pinus species. Atriplex, particularly Atriplex nummularia, is also used in most of the reforestation areas. In spite of their restricted area, existing Settat forests play important ecological and socioeconomic roles. They provide

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 99

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) habitats for plant diversity and preservation of particular endemic species. Surprisingly, Settat forests are hosts of significant plant diversity. They even provide habitats for several strictly Moroccan endemics such as Thymus maroccanus, Teucrium decipiens, Anacyclus maroccanus, and many other species. Research on Settat forests is rather limited. Little is known on the past structure of these forests, their current situation and their plant diversity. Available literature consists of few studies on medicinal plants (Nabih, 1992; Bammi and Douira, 2002; Tahiri et al., 2012) and a report on a management plan of Aâchach forest (Belouarda, 2008). The only study of vascular flora in the Aâchach forest is produced by Bammi and Douira (2004). This study revealed the presence of 269 species belonging to 61 families and 181 genera.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the conception and implementation of this study, several factors were taken into account. First, two years of fieldwork were initially planned to accommodate annual rainfall variability typical of arid and semi arid environments of which Settat is a case in point. During the first year (2013), intensive fieldwork was conducted from February to May with sporadic observations during the remaining months for verification purposes and detection for summer and autumn related species. The second year (2014) was devoted to complete the inventory. The significant amounts of rainfall in November 2014 in the Settat region provided the impetus to add a third year of fieldwork with the objective of a better assessment of existing plant diversity. Second, studied forests include all the 25 forest perimeters identified in the list provided by the Settat provincial directorate of waters and forests. Table 1 presents the complete list provided rearranged based on surface area and forest district. Given the substantial differences in surface areas and the density of the vegetation, some forest sites were visited more than once. The number of observations in each site was in fact pending on the extent of prevailing diversity and area with the objective of more complete coverage. For example, the Aâchach forest was visited more than ten times over the three years period of fieldwork. Each visit consisted of the entire day with several stops across one specific area. At each stop, plant observations were conducted simultaneously with discussions with at least few local people present on site and/or nearby villages. Third, climatic conditions of two out of the three years of the study were exceptionally favourable (Figures 1 and 2). Rainfall amounts and their distribution created enabling conditions for vegetation’s optimal growth. With completely different climatic conditions, the three years of fieldwork were sufficient for completing the inventory, verifying doubtful plant identifications, and collecting vernaculars. Fourth, in order to elaborate the inventory, visits were conducted by the two authors. Additional visits were conducted by the first author to collect vernaculars, verify gathered ones and incidently collect http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 100

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) ethnobotanical information. The number of people encountered varied from one visit to another from at least five people to over ten people. For certain plants, the search for vernaculars led to visiting douars (villages) adjacent to forest sites with the plant in hand. Fifth, while many of the reported vernaculars seem to correspond to what is mentioned in the literature for Settat or other regions of Morocco, all the vernaculars included in this paper have been collected directly from people met on-site and/or in nearby villages from shepherds, women attending animals or collecting weeds, and village dwellers. No one vernacular has been recorded unless it was mentioned by several people from the study area during the 2013-2015 field work. Some plants have more than one vernacular. In such cases, vernaculars with highest frequency are presented in this paper. Sixth, for the botanical identification of species, the three volumes of the Flore Pratique du Maroc, 1999- 2014 are used (Fennane et al., 1999, 2007, 2014). However, for the sake of consistency of information throughout the paper on updated family names and accepted taxa, only the five volumes of the index by Dobignard and Chatelain (2010-2013) are used. With no pretention about the exhaustiveness of the inventory, the present work presents the following features: a) it provides the first inventory ever achieved regarding plants species of Settat forests b) it is an adequate base for a better appreciation of the diversity of these forests despite their limited surface area compared to other forests of Morocco, c) it includes recent and precise indications on Moroccan endemics present in these forests, and d) it offers an unprecedented opportunity for further research work on regional and local flora within Morocco.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study area The province of Settat includes three bioclimatic clusters. Under the influence of the Atlantic, the northern part receives an average rainfall between 350-450 mm, the central and southern zone under continental influences between 300-400 mm and 250 and 300 mm respectively. The wet season includes months between October and April and the dry season extends from May to September. Dry years are more likely to occur than rainy years. Located in the semiarid part of Morocco, the irregularity of rainfall (inter and intra annual spatial and temporal variability, period of first rains, spring rains, temperatures, etc) is characteristic of the Settat province. The long term rainfall average for the province is 350 mm with important annual variations (Figure 2). Rainfall is also unevenly spread within the different areas of the province (Figure 3). More specifically, the time period of the study reveals the degree of climate irregularity characteristic of the study area (Figure 3). The monthly distribution of rainfall varies tremendously from one year to the other.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 101

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

As previously noted, table 1 presents studied forests as defined by the Settat forestry directorate. As indicated on this table, the size of forests varies from 13608 ha to 40 ha with the Aâchach forest being the largest, covering 55.5% of the total studied forest area. The Aâchach is also the only natural forest and the remaining forests consist of artificial plantations. While most of these forests are located in rural areas, three are defined as peri-urban forests. Because of their respective location, Settat forests are subject to different climatic conditions, particularity rainfall amounts and distribution. These forests have first been treated as individual entities with emphasis on their specificities and particular identities. In order to avoid repeated tables with plant species for each forest site and yet provide a comparative perspective in terms of prevailing plant diversity, the 25 forest sites are grouped and presented according to their respective forest district. Inventory and floristic analysis As indicated in table 2, the number of plant species recorded in Settat forests and nearby areas is 561 distributed over 81 families. With 82 species, Asteraceae stands as the richest family, followed by Fabaceae with 65 species. The other families with relatively significant numbers are Poaceae (35), Brassicaceae (28), Apiaceae (26), Lamiaceae (25), Caryophyllaceae (22), Plantaginaceae (20), and Amaranthaceae (19). These nine families count 322 species, representing 57% of the total number recorded (Table 2a). Overall, they contribute about 10.6% in the species richness of these families nationally. The remaining 72 families of the local flora count 239 species, thus contributing about 13% to their corresponding families nationally (1858 species). More than 40 families are represented with one or two species. The representation of recorded families varies between less than 5% such as the case of Cyperaceae and 100% in the case of four mono- specific families (Cannabaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Meliaceae, and Sapotaceae). To place the above numbers into the national picture using Chatelain’s quantitative synthesis, in Morocco, the total number of exclusively native taxa is 4707. With the inclusion of cultivated, naturalized taxa, etc, the number amounts to 5354 taxa (Chatelain, 2013). The comparison of the seven richest families in Settat forests with their position in the national flora reveals a clear match between the two in terms of ranking. The ranking of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Brassicaceae is the same in both local and national flora. Slight ranking differences are displayed in the case of Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Apiaceae (Figures 3 and 4). Floristic analysis by forest district Table 3 presents inventoried species by forestry district. With 391 species, the Sidi Sbaâ exhibits the highest degree of diversity. With 351 species, the Machraâ Ben Abou forest district comes in second place while the Sidi Rahal district holds the third place (321 species). The periurban forests of the Settat sector present the least degree of diversity with 273 species. These differences can be explained by the nature of the ecosystem, the localisation of forest units and their surface sizes. With respect to the number of families per district, the Sidi Sbaâ district counts 69 plant families followed by the Sidi Rahal district with 67 families. The Machraâ Ben Abou counts 64 families while the Settat district counts 59 families. While the numbers of families tend

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 102

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) to be relatively close between different forest districts, the composition differs significantly from one district to the other as detailed in tables 4, 5, and 6. The Sidi Sbaâ district: Located in the eastern side of the Settat province, the Sidi Sbaâ district is characterized by two key features. The first is the presence and the size of Aâchach forest which is the only natural forest in the region. The Aâchach forest is not only the unique natural forest in the region but it covers 13608 ha which represents 55.5% of all forests managed by the Settat forestry directorate. The second feature is the presence of Khatouat site which benefits from the status of protected area with ecological and biological interest (SIBE). The district includes three forest units. Because of its size and its natural character, only the Aâchach forest is covered in this paper. This forest takes its name from the Aâchach tribe which is one of the main tribes of Chaouia (Leroux, 1915). Overall, the main forest species are Tetraclinis articulata, Quercus ilex, and Quercus suber. With the objective of reconciling in situ conservation of biodiversity and the rational use of natural resources, the department of waters and forests established protected areas throughout Morocco. In 1996, the Master plan for protected areas (Plan Directeur des Aires Protégées) identified 154 Sites d’Intérêt Biologique et Ecologique (SIBE), which cover almost the totality of natural ecosystems of the country. The sites have been selected for their biological value, socioeconomic criteria and suitability to receive special attention and appropriate actions. As pointed out in the national report to the tenth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests, a law was enacted on forest protected areas to manage 154 sites having an ecological and biological interest, covering 2.5 million hectares (UNFF, 2012). The 154 sites are grouped into three priority groups. The Khatouate site is included in the second priority group. According to the clearing house mechanism on biodiversity of Morocco, the Khatouate SIBE covers 5000 ha. The SIBE status of Khatouat has definitely been instrumental for the preservation of existing plant diversity. In fact, the Khatouat SIBE can be considered as a microcosm for the Aâchach biodiversity. It is not surprising that the Sidi Sbaâ disctrict of which the Aâchach forest is central hosts 391 plant species belonging to 69 families and 200 genera (Table 3). The Machraâ-Ben-Abou district: Located in the south–eastern part of the province, the Machraâ Ben Abou includes 10 forest sites varying in size and composition. The three largest sites are Ouled Mhamed, Dahra and Touiza. Together, they cover 3709 ha which represents 71% of the district total area. With respect to plant species richness, this district counts 348 plant species belonging to 64 families. Ariplex nummularia is the most important planted species in Dahra forest. Despite its visible deterioration, Touiza forest hosts two strictly Moroccan endemics of the Lamiaceae which are Thymus maroccanus and Teucrium decipiens. The Sidi-Rahal district: Located in the western side of Settat province with a coastal opening on the Atlantic Ocean, this district includes diverse artificial forest units. The two most important forests are the Boulaouane and the Kradid sites (Table 1). One of the interesting features in Boulaouane forest is the presence of Argania spinosa that was planted by the department of waters and forests in the 1960s . Because of its adjacent

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 103

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) situation to the Daourate dam on the Oum Rbia river, the Kradid forest benefits from favourable environmental conditions for plant growth and diversity. The importance of this sector lies in the fact that few sites are located on the Atlantic coast. This implies the presence of plant species found only in this type of environment. The Settat district: Located within few kilometres from the city of Settat, the Settat forest district consists of three periurban forests. As reported in the guide on the urban and periurban forests, “a periurban forest is a forest under the influence of an urban space at a distance of less than 30 km. A part of this forest perimeter can be in contact with built spaces without being totally enclosed” (Haut Commissariat des Eaux et Forets, 2010). The database annexed to the guide indicates the three following periurban forests and their respective areas Bir Baouch (1229 ha), Settat (841 ha) and Moualine El-Oued (371). The national report to the tenth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests states that the urban and periurban forest is a relatively new concept in Morocco (UNFF, 2012). It has been implemented since 2007 after the establishment of a national strategy on the issue in 2006; 150 sites were identified and 44 are managed for recreation and environmental education (UNFF, 2012). As indicated in Table 3, the three forests of the Settat district count 273 plant species belonging to 59 families. The detailed inventory by plant growth type and forest district is summarized in the following three tables: trees in table 4, shrubs in table 5 and herbaceous plants in table 6. With respect to trees, the total number amounts to 31 species with significant differences between forest districts. As expected, with 20 species, the Sidi Sbaâ forest district shows the highest number of tree diversity. In addition, because of the nature of the Aâchach forest, five tree species are found only in Sidi Sbaâ district. These are Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, Osyris lanceolata, Arbutus unedo, and Pistacia lentiscus. All are part of the natural forest except Pyrus communis. The one old tree of Pyrus communis found in the Khatouate area not far from the forestry station is probably planted. The second richest forest district is Machraâ Ben Abou with 17 tree species. It is worth noting the presence of Populus euphratica which is an endangered species in this district. Few trees are located in the small forest at the outskirt of El Brouj, several trees are found at the outskirt of the Ouled Said and near Ain Ali Moumen. The Sidi Rahal forest district is host of 14 tree species. The three tree species worth mentioning are Melia azedarach planted near the Daourate dam, Ceratonia siliqua and Argania spinosa planted in the Boulaâouane area. In the fourth place, the Settat forest district counts 11 tree species made essentially of Eucalyptus, Schinus and Pinus species. All have been planted by the department of waters and forests. Table 5 presents the list of inventoried shrubs by forest district. The total number of shrubs across all four districts is 32. With ten species only, the Settat district is the poorest. Natural shrubs include Asparagus

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 104

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) horridus, Chamaerops humilis, Ziziphus lotus, and Nicotiana glauca. With respect to planted shrubs, Atriplex nummularia is the most common followed by Lycium europaeum. Table 6 presents herbaceous plants by forest district. The total number of herbaceous plants amounts to 507 species. As it is the case for trees and shrubs, the Sidi Sbaâ forest district is the richest district with 357 species followed by the Machraâ Ben Abou district with 317 herbaceous species. With 295 herbaceous plants, the Sidi Rahal district holds the third place. The Settat forest district counts 225 herbaceous species. It must be pointed out that 143 herbaceous species are found in all four districts. However, each district has distinct species. For example, the Sidi Sbaâ forest sites are exclusively hosts to Ammoides pusilla, Elaeoselinum foetidum, Smyrnium olusatrum, Cistus salviifolius, Cistus albidus, Tulipa sylvestris, many other species (Table 6). The coastal forest sites of the Sidi Rahal district provide habitats for several species that are typical of sand dunes such as Pancrantium maritimum, Eryngium maritimum, Salsola kali, and Calystegia soldanella. Sites within the Machraâ Ben Abou district, particularly those located near the Oum Rbiâ river, are hosts of Hammada scoparia, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Aizoon canariense, Capparis spinosa, and Thymus maroccanus. The Settat district is host for several Amaranthus species. The cannabis sativa plant was found in a forest site located near undergoing constructions in the vicinity of Settat university. The plant grew probably from seeds of plants used by constraction workers. Endemic species in Settat forests The sources used for endemic species identification and taxa status within the reported inventory include the three volumes of the Flore Pratique du Maroc by Fennane et al. (1999, 2007, 2014) and the five volumes of the Dobignard and Chatelain Index (2010-2013). As shown in Table 7, Settat forests count 14 strictly Moroccan endemics belonging to 8 families. Lamiaceae contributes with 4 species, followed by Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Resedaceae with two species each. In their study of local flora in Marmoucha (Middle Atlas), Nassif and Tanji (2013) emphasized the necessity of local and regional field investigations to learn about Moroccan endemic species on which available information is often insufficient. As stated by the authors “In Morocco, endemics, especially those strictly Moroccan, are still plagued with serious shortcomings. In general, they are the least studied and least known species of the national flora. Based on our modest experience with bibliographic searches both in the literature and in databases available in the Internet, it was noted that when the species was a strictly Moroccan endemic, information, photos and references become scarce” (Nassif and Tanji, 2013). Table 8 provides recently taken photographes of observed Moroccan endemics. According to Garzuglia (2006), Populus Euphratica (Salicaceae) is reported as an endangered tree in Morocco. In a small forest at the outskirt of El Brouj, several trees of Populus euphratica have been observed. Several

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 105

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) other trees of the species have been observed at the outskirt of the Qasba Ouled Said and near Ain Ali Moumen south of Settat. Issues of concern In conjunction with improving knowledge of Settat forests, three related issues are briefly addressed. In fact each of these issues requires further rigourous research. The first issue concerns climate change impacts on existing forests. The second concerns the assessment of the deterioration occurred in Settat forests. Third, the threats to biodiversity hosted in Settat forests and the likely loss of species, particularly endemics. Because of its geographical position, Morocco is characterized by a climate resulting from the combined effects of Mediterranean, Ocean and Saharan influences. The study area is located in semi-arid region known by tremendous rainfall spatial and temporal variability. This situation is exacerbated by the increasingly recognized effects of climate change experienced worldwide. Morocco is no exception. On the contrary Morocco is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. During the past three decades (1976-2006), Morocco has experienced a reduction in rainfall amounts ranging between 3% and 30% in different regions. The severity and the frequency of extreme weather events have increased. There also has been an increase in temperatures. According to the Second National Communication to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, between 1960 and 2000 mean temperature has increased by 1.4 degree C in the south east and more than two-thirds of the country has experienced a temperature rise of at least 1 degree C (2010). Forests are increasingly affected by climate change. Therefore there is an urgent need to develop new forest management strategies and programs that take into account climate change. In the light of the above, all Settat forests require assessment efforts to precisely determine degrees of deterioration experienced, particularly vegetation deterioration, in each forest unit. Such an assessment will allow the forest department to design appropriate measures to remedy the situation. The human pressures on forests in Morocco have often been pointed. They include fire, overgrazing, waste, urbanization, fuel, etc. The human pressures on Settat forests are not different. It is worth noting that these pressures are serious threats to the biodiversity hosted in Settat forests. More importantly they are conducive to the loss of valuable species, particularly endemics. It must be pointed that Settat forests, particularly the natural Aâchach forest are rich with medicinal plants. As reported by Bammi and Douira (2002), out of the 269 species recorded in this forest, 126 species are medicinal plants. Settat forests need further research to understand the dynamics of these forests, their structures, species composition, etc. The number of endemics and the importance of medicinal species in such limited forest areas must be a driving force towards more research for the double purpose of better knowledge and conservation. Knowledge and research are perquisite for protection and conservation goals. Thymus maroccanus in Touiza forest and other parts of the Beni Meskine region is highly appreciated by local people for its use as a medicinal and aromatic plant. Consequently, it is marketed in varying quantities along the road near El Brouj as well as in several local weekly souks of the region. It is still present in the

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 106

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) region but the permanent uprooting of the plant increase, among other factors, the risk of irreversible loss of the plant as it is the case in some other forests. In fact, several informants recognize the disappearance of certain medicinal species from their respective forest areas. The most telling case is the disappearance of Thymus sp. from some forest sites in the Machraâ Ben Abou district. According to local people, until few years ago, Thymus sp. were common in these forests.

CONCLUSION This inventory is not exhaustive. Nevertheless, it presents extremely needed updated indications on Settat forests and the important plant diversity they host. Despite their restricted surface area, Settat forests provide valuable directorates and benefits to local people, the region and the country. They provide habitats for an interesting flora and fauna, recreation, air purification, and many forest products. Located in arid - semi arid environments, Settat forests are highly sensitive to climatic conditions from extreme rainfall temporal and spatial variability to actual and projected climate change manifestations. Climate change will likely to add to already prevailing human pressures on these forests. According to Fennane and Ibn Tattou (2012) “the use, the valorisation and the protection of the national plant heritage still needs a lot of knowledge (inventory accuracy, systematic value of several taxa, range, ecology, etc.) that only field investigations may bring”. Knowledge is undoubtedly essential to better management and conservation. Further studies particularly for the Aâchach forest are urgently needed to assess the evolution and recommend measures for conservation and sustainable use.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Jamal Bellakhdar, Mohamed Ibn Tattou and Errol Vela. They express their deepest gratitude to all the people who volunteered valuable information. They also extend sincere thanks to all forest staff for their understanding and help.

REFERENCES: Bammi, J. and Douira A. 2002. Les plantes médicinales dans la forêt de l’Aâchach (Plateau Central, Maroc). Acta Botanica Malacitana, 27: 131-145.

Bammi, J. and Douira A. 2004. Contribution à la connaissance de la flore vasculaire de la forêt de l’Achach, (Plateau Central, Maroc). Acta Botanica Malacitana, 29: 23-41.

Belouarda, Y. 2008. Plan d’aménagement du massif forestier de l’Achach, province de Settat. Rapport de synthèse. Université Mohammed V, Agdal-Rabat. Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines.

Centre du Conseil Agricole Settat.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 107

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Chatelain, C. 2013. L’index synonymique en quelques chiffres. In : Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. Index Synonymique de la Flore d’Afrique du Nord. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, ville de Genève. Vol. 5, page 430.

Clearing House Mechanism on Biodiversity Morocco, ma.chm-cbd.net/

Dobignard, A. and Chatelain, C. 2010-2013. Index Synonymique de la Flore d’Afrique du Nord. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, ville de Genève, 5 volumes.

Fennane, M. et al. (Editeurs). 1999-2007-2014. Flore Pratique du Maroc: Manuel de détermination des plantes vasculaires, 3 volumes. Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Série Botanique, n° 36, n° 38, n° 40.

Fennane, M.; Ibn Tattou, M. 2012. Statistiques et commentaires sur l’inventaire actuel de la flore vasculaire du Maroc. Bull. Inst. Sci. Rabat, Section Sciences de la Vie, n°34 (1):1-9.

Garzuglia, M. 2006. Threatened, endangered and vulnerable tree species: A comparison between FRA 2005 and the IUCN red list. FAO - Forestry Department. Working Paper 108/E, Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ah886e/ah886e00.pdf

Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte contre la Désertification. 2010. Guide des forêts urbaines et périurbaines. http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/telechargement.aspx

Leroux, E. (Editeur). 1915. Villes et Tribus du Maroc, Casablanca et les Chaouïa, Mission Scientifique du Maroc, Paris, Tome II.

Nabih, M. 1992. Secrets et vertus des plantes médicinales utilisées en médecine traditionnelle à Settat. Thèse de pharmacie n° 50, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Rabat.

Nassif, F.; Tanji, A. 2013. Floristic analysis of Marmoucha’s plant diversity (Middle Atlas, Morocco). LAZAROA, 34: 117-140.

Provincial Directorate of Waters, Forests and Combating Desertification. Settat.

Second Communication to UNFCCC. 2010. Department of the Environment. Kingdom of Morocco.

Tahri, N., El-Basti, A., Zidane, L., Rochdi, A. and Douira, A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the province of Settat (Morocco). Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 12 No. 2 pp. 192-208

United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF). 2012. National Report to the Tenth Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests.

URAM Intl. 2013. Etude du Schéma Régional d’Aménagement du Territoire (SRAT) de la Région Fès- Boulemane-Phase 1 : Diagnostic Territorial Stratégique – Etape 1 : Rapports Sectoriels. http://www.srat-rfb.info/documents/.

.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 108

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Table 1. Name, location and area of studied forests

Identification Area A=State forest, Rural commune/ District (hectare) B=communal Community woodland Aâchach (total) 13608 A Ouled Mhamed & Sidi Sbaâ Mgarto Mimoza* 531 A Sgamna & Ouled Sidi Sbaâ Fares Mgarto Etat 1* 89 B Mgarto Etat 1 Sidi Sbaâ Ouled Mhamed 2000 B Ouled Mhamed Machraâ Dahra 1109 A Dar Chafaï Machraâ Touiza 600 A Beni Khloug Machraâ Touama 315 B Touama Machraâ Ouled Amrane 301 B Ouled Amrane Machraâ Ouled Youssef 227 B Ouled Youssef Machraâ Mellita 220 B Mellita Machraâ Toualet 203 B Toualet Machraâ Qraqra 200 B Qraqra Machraâ Ain Blal 40 B Ain Blal Machraâ Boulaouane 993 A Mzoura Sidi Rahal Kradid 400 B Kradid Sidi Rahal Khorissate 329 B Khorissate Sidi Rahal Ouled Sidi Rahal 200 B Ouled Sidi Rahal Sidi Rahal Boulaouane 200 B Boulaouane Sidi Rahal collectif Beni Khlef 200 B Beni Khlef Sidi Rahal Aounate 170 B Aounate Sidi Rahal Dunes de Soualem 140 A Soualem & Sidi Rahal Sidi Rahal Ouled Saïd Etat 138 A Sidi Ben Hamdoune Sidi Rahal Bir Baouch 1122 A Mzamza ljanoubia Settat Settat 830 A Sidi El Aydi Settat Moualine El-oued 374 A Mzamza ljanoubia Settat Source: Provincial Directorate of Waters, Forests and Combating desertification, Settat. *: These two sites have been visited but not included in this paper in order to highlight the diversity of the Aâchach natural forest.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 109

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Table 2. Plant families inventoried in Settat forests Plant family Number of species Plant family Number of species Asteraceae 82 Arecaceae 2 Fabaceae 65 Asphodelaceae 2 Poaceae 35 Cactaceae 2 Brassicaceae 28 Cucurbitaceae 2 Apiaceae 26 Cupressaceae 2 Lamiaceae 25 Dipsacaceae 2 Caryophyllaceae 22 Fagaceae 2 Plantaginaceae 20 Frankeniaceae 2 Amaranthaceae 19 Juncaceae 2 Solanaceae 12 Pinaceae 2 Boraginaceae 11 Plumbaginaceae 2 Ranunculaceae 11 Rhamnaceae 2 Euphorbiaceae 10 Santalaceae 2 Papaveraceae 9 Verbenaceae 2 Rubiaceae 9 Agavaceae 1 Convolvulaceae 8 Aristolochiaceae 1 Geraniaceae 8 Cannabaceae 1 Polygonaceae 8 Caprifoliaceae 1 Hyacinthaceae 7 Colchicaceae 1 Anacardiaceae 6 Dioscoreaceae 1 Campanulaceae 6 Ephedraceae 1 Cistaceae 6 Ericaceae 1 Crassulaceae 6 Gentianaceae 1 Malvaceae 6 Heliotropiaceae 1 Aizoaceae 5 Hypericaceae 1 Resedaceae 5 Liliaceae 1 Rosaceae 5 Lythraceae 1 Scrophulariaceae 5 Meliaceae 1 Asparagaceae 4 Molluginaceae 1 Cyperaceae 4 Moraceae 1 Iridaceae 4 Nitrariaceae 1 Myrtaceae 4 Oxalidaceae 1 Alliaceae 3 Portulacaceae 1 Amaryllidaceae 3 Primulaceae 1 Apocynaceae 3 Sapotaceae 1 Oleaceae 3 Tamaricaceae 1 Orobanchaceae 3 Thymeleaceae 1 Salicaceae 3 Typhaceae 1 Urticaceae 3 Vitaceae 1 Valerianaceae 3 Zygophyllaceae 1 Araceae 2

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 110

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Table 2a. The richest plant families in Settat forests and their representation in Morocco’s flora

Plant family Settat forests Morocco’s flora (N)* n/N*100 (n) Asteraceae 82 713 11.5 Fabaceae 65 558 11.5 Poaceae 35 469 7.5 Brassicaceae 28 280 10 Apiaceae 26 201 12.9 Lamiaceae 25 274 8.5 Caryophyllaceae 22 259 8.1 Plantaginaceae 20 153 13.1 Amaranthaceae 19 110 17.3 Sub total 322 3017 10.6 Remaining families 239 1858 12.9 Total 561 4875 11.5 * Numbers taken from Family recap tables of the Dobignard & Chatelain Index (2010-2013).

Table 3. The 15 richest plant families inventoried (number of species) in Settat forests and nearby areas by district

Famille Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Rahal Settat (Aâchach) Ben Abou Asteraceae 63 62 59 47 Fabaceae 47 38 32 26 Poaceae 29 26 24 26 Brassicaceae 18 24 12 15 Apiaceae 21 12 16 9 Lamiaceae 16 17 14 15 Caryophyllaceae 16 14 11 8 Plantaginaceae 14 15 9 8 Amaranthaceae 7 13 6 10 Solanaceae 7 5 6 7 Boraginaceae 6 6 7 4 Ranunculaceae 9 4 4 3 Euphorbiaceae 6 8 7 9 Papaveraceae 8 4 5 3 Rubiaceae 8 5 7 4 SubTotal 275 253 219 194 Remaining families 116 98 102 79 Total 391 351 321 273

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 111

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Table 4. Trees in Settat forests

Family Species Local name in Local name Sidi-Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat in Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal X X بطم، لبطم Anacardiaceae Pistacia atlantica Desf. btem, lebtem X درو Anacardiaceae Pistacia lentiscus L. drou X X X بزار Anacardiaceae Schinus molle L. bzar X بزار Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi bzar X X X نخل Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera L. nkhel X سيبري Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens L. cipri X X عرعار Cupressaceae Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. ârâar X النج Ericaceae Arbutus unedo L. lanj X X X طلح Fabaceae Acacia gummifera Willd. talh X X X طلح Fabaceae Acacia karroo Hayne talh X X X X ميموزا Fabaceae Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. mimouza X ميموزا Fabaceae Parkinsonia aculeata L. mimouza X خروب Fabaceae Ceratonia siliqua L. kharroub X كروش Fagaceae Quercus ilex L. kerrouch X فرنان Fagaceae Quercus suber L. fernan Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. X X X كرم Moraceae Ficus carica L. kram X X X كاليتوس Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. kalitous, jattiw X X X كاليتوس Myrtaceae Eucalyptus gomphocephalus DC. kalitous X X X X كاليتوس Myrtaceae Eucalyptus torquata Luehm. kalitous X X X X جبوج Oleaceae Olea europaea L. jebbouj X X لكتم Oleaceae Phillyrea latifolia L. legtem X صنوبرا Pinaceae Pinus canariensis C. Sm. snoubra X X X X صنوبرا، تايدا Pinaceae Pinus halepensis Mill. snoubra, tayda X بوعويد Rosaceae Pyrus communis L. bouaouid X صفصاف Salicaceae Populus alba L. sefsaf X صفصاف Salicaceae Populus euphratica Oliv. sefsaf X صفصاف Salicaceae Populus nigra L. sefsaf

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 112

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Species Local name in Local name Sidi-Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat in Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal X مرغاطا Santalaceae Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. merghata X شجرت أركان Sapotaceae Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels chajret argan X X X X طرفا Tamaricaceae Tamarix africana Poir. tarfa

Table 5. Shrubs in Settat forests by forest sector

Family Species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal X X X صابرا Agavaceae Agave americana L. sabra ݣ Xطف، ݣطفا Amaranthaceae Atriplex halimus L. gtaf, gatfa ݣ X X X Xطفـ، ݣطفا Amaranthaceae Atriplex nummularia Lindl. gtaf, gatfa ݣ Xطفت لما Amaranthaceae Atriplex prostrata DC. gatfet-lma X مليلحا Amaranthaceae Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel mliliha X تيزغا Anacardiaceae Searsia albida (Schousb.) Moffett tizgha X X X تيزغا، سدرا Anacardiaceae Sersia pentaphylla (Jacq.) F.A. tizgha, sedra Barkley X دفال Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. defla X X X X دوم Arecaceae Chamaerops humilis L. doum X X X X شبربAsparagaceae Asparagus horridus L. chbarbeg ݣ X X X X درݣ رومي Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia subulata drag roumi (Muehlenpf.) Backeb. X X X درCactaceae Opuntia maxima Mill. drag ݣ X X X وريورا Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. wriwra X فول كالب Fabaceae Anagyris foetida L. foul lklab X رطم Fabaceae Cytisus arboreus (Desf.) DC. rtem X X رطم، رطما Fabaceae Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. rtem, ratma

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 113

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal X X خرواع Lamiaceae Vitex agnus-castus L. kharouaâ X ريحان Myrtaceae Myrtus communis L. rihane X جوهر Oleaceae Jasminum fruticans L. jouhar X هرشا Rhamnaceae Rhamnus lycioides L. harcha X X X X سدر، سدرا Rhamnaceae Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. sder, sedra X أدمام Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna Jacq. admam X X زعرور Rosaceae Rosa canina L. zaarour X علليق Rosaceae Rubus ulmifolius Schott oulliq X بيروم Scrophulariaceae Myoporum laetum G. Forst. birom X X X X غرتSolanaceae Lycium europaeum L. gharteg ݣ X X غرتݣ بلدي Solanaceae Lycium intricatum Boiss. gharteg beldi X X X X لهبيال Solanaceae Nicotiana glauca Graham lahbila X X X X تيرنط، تيرنطا Solanaceae Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy tirnet, tirnta Solanaceae Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal X X النطانا Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. lantana X سموم Vitaceae Vitis vinifera L. semmoum

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 114

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Table 6. Herbaceous species in Settat forests

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X غاسول Aizoaceae Aizoanthemum hispanicum (L.) H. E. ghassoul K. Hartmann X غاسول Aizoaceae Aizoon canariense L. ghassoul X رجل دجاجا Aizoaceae Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br. rjel djaja X X X X غاسول Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. ghassoul X X X غاسول Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. ghassoul X X بصيال Alliaceae Allium litardierei J.M. Tison besseila X بصيال Alliaceae Allium roseum L. besseila X بصيال Alliaceae Allium subhirsutum L. besseila X برمرام Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L. berremram X X رجال Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson rejla X برمرام Amaranthaceae Amaranthus deflexus L. berremram X برمرام Amaranthaceae Amaranthus muricatus Moq. Hieron. berremram X برمرام Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus L. berremram X حطبا Amaranthaceae Arthrocnemum macrostachyum hatba (Moric.) K. Koch ݣ X X Xطف Amaranthaceae Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. gtaf X X X X سلݣ، سلك Amaranthaceae Beta macrocarpa Guss. selg, selk X X X X سلݣ، سلك Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) selg, selk Arcang. X X مخينزا Amaranthaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides L. mkhinza X X X X برمرام Amaranthaceae Chenopodium murale L. berremram X X برمرام Amaranthaceae Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex berremram W.D. J. Koch & Ziz X خناز الدار Amaranthaceae Chenopodium vulvaria L. khonnaz eddar X حطبا Amaranthaceae Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin hatba X شوك جمال Amaranthaceae Salsola kali L. chouk jmal X تيركلت Amaryllidaceae Narcissus cavanillesii Barra & G. tirklet http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 115

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

López X تيركلت Amaryllidaceae Narcissus serotinus Loefl. ex L. tirklet X لعنيصال Amaryllidaceae Pancrantium maritimum L. laâneisla X X X X طليالن، زياتا Apiaceae Ammi majus L. tlaylan, ziyata X سليلي ديال الغابة Apiaceae Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. slili diel ghaba X X كتارا Apiaceae Bunium fontanesii (Pers.) Maire ktara Apiaceae Bupleurum semicompositum L. X X X X كلليخا Apiaceae Cachrys libanotis L. koullikha X غزغاز Apiaceae Conium maculatum L. ghazghaz X X خيزو Apiaceae Daucus carota L. khizzou X X يابو، أبو Apiaceae Elaeoselinum asclepium (L.) Bertol. yabou, abou X تفاح شم Apiaceae Elaeoselinum foetidum (L.) Boiss. teffah-chem X X X X مغيزال Apiaceae Eryngium campestre L. mghizla X X X X كف سبع Apiaceae Eryngium ilicifolium Lam. keff sbaâ X شوك لحمير Apiaceae Eryngium maritimum L. chouk lehmir X X مغيزال Apiaceae Eryngium tricuspidatum L. mghizla X X زريݣا، كف-سبع Apiaceae Eyngium triquetrum Vahl zerriga, kef sbaâ X X X X كلخ Apiaceae Ferula communis L. klakh X X X X بسباس Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Mill. besbes X X X زياتا Apiaceae Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) W.D.J. ziyata Koch X X زياتا Apiaceae Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC. ziyata X بوجغاغا Apiaceae Oenanthe crocata L. boujghagha Apiaceae Pseudorlaya minuscula (Pau) M. X Laínz X X تبش Apiaceae Ridolfia segetum (Guss.) Moris tebch X مشطا Apiaceae Scandix pecten-veneris L. machta X حيار Apiaceae Smyrnium olusatrum L. hiyar X X X X درياس Apiaceae Thapsia transtagana Brot. deryas X X X X مشيطا Apiaceae Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. mechita http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 116

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X بشنيخا Apiaceae Visnaga daucoides Gaertn. bechnikha X X X دغموس Apocynaceae Apteranthes europaea (Guss.) Murb. daghmous Apocynaceae Asclepias curassavica L. X X X X X إرني Araceae Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu irni X X إرني Araceae Biarum dispar (Schott) Talavera irni X برزطم Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel berreztom X X سكوم Asparagaceae Asparagus acutifolius L. sekoum X X X X سكوم Asparagaceae Asparagus albus L. sekoum X X X سكوم Asparagaceae Asparagus altissimus Munby sekoum X X X X لحيت لعتروس Asphodelaceae Asphodelus fistulosus L. lehyiet lâatrous X X X X برواAsphodelaceae Asphodelus ramosus L. berwag ݣ X X X شحمت لرض Asteraceae Anacyclus maroccanus (Ball) Ball chehmet lard X X X حالال، ݣحوان Asteraceae Anacyclus radiatus Loisel. hellala, gahwan X X حميضا Asteraceae Andryala integrifolia L. hommeida X X نوارا صفرا Asteraceae Andryala laxiflora DC. nowara safra X نوارا صفرا Asteraceae Andryala pinnatifida Aiton nowara safra X جمرا Asteraceae Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns jamra X طفسا Asteraceae Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less. tafsa X X X X لعصفرا Asteraceae Atractylis cancellata L. lâasfra X حالال Asteraceae Bellis sylvestris Cirillo hellala X X X X جمرا Asteraceae Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. jamra X X X X جمرا Asteraceae Calendula stellata Cav. jamra X X جمرا Asteraceae Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr. jamra X X شوك لحمير Asteraceae Carduus pycnocephalus L. chouk lehmir X X X X شوك لحمير Asteraceae Carduus spachianus Durieu chouk lehmir X X جرنيج Asteraceae Carlina brachylepis (Batt.) Meusel & Jarnij Kästner X X X X داد، أداد Asteraceae Carlina gummifera (L.) Less. dad, addad X X X X لعصفر Asteraceae Carlina racemosa L. lâasfer

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 117

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X X لعصفر Asteraceae Carthamus lanatus L. lâasfer X X X بعاج نحل Asteraceae Centaurea calcitrapa L. beâaj nhal X X X X موصويفا ,Asteraceae Centaurea eriophora L. mousweifa X X X بعاج نحل ,Asteraceae Centaurea maroccana Ball beâaj nhal X X X X زمامور Asteraceae Centaurea pullata L. zmamour X فريريشا Asteraceae Centaurea sphaerocephala L. freiricha X بعاج نحل Asteraceae Centaurea sulphurea Willd. beâaj-nhal X X بابونج، ربيانا Asteraceae Chamaemelum fuscatum (Brot.) Vasc. babounj, rabiana X X X X بوعݣاد Asteraceae Cichorium intybus L. bouâguad X X X طفس Asteraceae Cladanthus arabicus (L.) Cass. tafs X حالال Asteraceae Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. hellala X X X X مرارا Asteraceae Crepis vesicaria L. merrara X X X X تيمط، تيمطا Asteraceae Cynara humilis L. timmet, timta X X X X مݣرامان، ترهال ,Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter magraman tirrehla X X X تاسكرا Asteraceae Echinops spinosissimus Turra taskra X X X مݣرمان، ترهال ,Asteraceae Erigeron bonariensis L. magraman tirrehla X X X مݣرمان، ترهال ,Asteraceae Erigeron canadensis L. magraman tirrehla X X مسكت جمال Asteraceae Filago gallica L. mesket jmal X X X مسكت جمال Asteraceae Filago pygmaea L. mesket jmal X X X X مسكت جمال Asteraceae Filago pyramidata L. mesket jmal X شوك Asteraceae Galactites tomentosus Moench chouk ݣ Xيز Asteraceae Geropogon hybridus (L.) Sch. Bip. guiz X X X X كراع دجاجا، ݣحوان ,Asteraceae Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach kraâ djaja gahwan X كراع دجاجا Asteraceae Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. kraâ djaja X X X X فريريشا Asteraceae Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F. W. friricha Schmidt http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 118

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X حريشا Asteraceae Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub horreicha X X X نوارا صفرا Asteraceae Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. nowara safra X X نوارا صفرا Asteraceae Hypochaeris glabra L. nowara safra X X X X حليب لحمارا Asteraceae Lactuca serriola L. hlib lahmara X X X X خنونت نعجا Asteraceae Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f. khnounat naâja X X X X مرارا، حليبا Asteraceae Leontodon saxatilis Lam. merrara, helliba X X مرارا Asteraceae Leontodon tuberosus L. merrara Asteraceae Leysera leyseroides (Desf.) Maire X X X X X X تازمورت Asteraceae Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & tazemourt Cavill. X موصويفا Asteraceae Micropus supinus L. mousweifa X X X X شوك Asteraceae Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. chouk X شوك لحمير Asteraceae Onopordum dissectum Murb. chouk lhmir X X X X شوكاحمار Asteraceae Onopordum macracanthum Schousb. choukahmar X حالال Asteraceae Otospermum glabrum (Lag.) Willk. hallala X X X X عين لعجل، لعصفر ,Asteraceae Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. âïn laâjel lâasfer X X X X شهيبا، بياضا Asteraceae Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. chehiba, biyada X X X X شوك جمال Asteraceae Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. chouk jmal X X X X حريشا Asteraceae Picris cupuligera (Durieu) Walp. horreicha ݣ Xيزݣيز Asteraceae Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC. guiz guiz X X X طفس، طفسا Asteraceae Pulicaria arabica (L.) Cass. tafs, tafsa X ودن لحلوف Asteraceae Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. wden hallouf X حليوا Asteraceae Reichardia gaditana (Willk.) Samp. helliwa X X X X حليبا، مرارا Asteraceae Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth helliba, merrara X X X ظفر لقوبع Asteraceae Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. dfer lqawbaâ ݣ X X X Xرنينا Asteraceae Scolymus hispanicus L. guernina ݣ X X Xرنينا Asteraceae Scolymus maculatus L. guernina X X X X مرارا Asteraceae Scorzoneroides hispidula (Delile) merrara Greuter & Talavera http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 119

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X عطيطيسا، مرارا Asteraceae Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir. âteitisa, merrara X X X مرارا Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris L. merrara X X X X شوكا-حمار Asteraceae Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. choukahmar X X تيفاف Asteraceae Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. tifaf X X X X تيفاف، حليبا، عݣايا ,Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus L. tifaf, halliba agaya X X X X تيفاف Asteraceae Sonchus tenerrimus L. tifaf X X X حنيزلو ديال لما Asteraceae Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) hnizlou dial lma G. L. Nesom X X X حليليبا Asteraceae Tolpis umbellata Bertol hliliba X X X X حليبا، مرار Asteraceae Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex helliba, merrar F.W. Schmidt X زمامار Asteraceae Volutaria crupinoides (Desf.) Maire zmamar X X X فواحا، زمامار ,Asteraceae Volutaria muricata (L.) Maire fouwaha zmamar X X حسكا Asteraceae Xanthium spinosum L. haska X X حسكا Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium L. haska X بوقرو Boraginaceae Anchusa italica Retz. bouqarrou ݣ Xب ثور، لسان Boraginaceae Borago officinalis L. gob tawr, lsan لعرض laard Boraginaceae Cerinthe major L. X X X X X X ودن لخروف Boraginaceae Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. wden lekhrouf X X ودن لخروف Boraginaceae Cynoglossum clandestinum Desf. wden lekhrouf X بوقرو Boraginaceae Echium creticum L. bouqarrou X X بوفرو، وشام ,Boraginaceae Echium horridum Batt. bouqarrou wecham X X X X وشام Boraginaceae Echium plantagineum L. wecham X وشام Boraginaceae Echium tenue Roth wecham X ربيعت لوشام Boraginaceae Neatostema apulum (L.) I. M. Johnst. rbiaat lwecham X X X X وشام Boraginaceae Nonea vesicaria (L.) Rchb. wecham http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 120

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

ݣ X X Xرننش Brassicaceae Alyssum simplex Rudolphi guernnech X X X X كركاز رݣيBrassicaceae Biscutella didyma L. karkaz rguig ݣ Brassicaceae Cakile maritima Scop. X X كبار Brassicaceae Capparis spinosa L. koubbar X X X X كلكاز لبيض، شرياط ,Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. kalkaz labiad رݣيك chariat rguig Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta L. X X Brassicaceae Carrichtera annua (L.) DC. X X X X حارا Brassicaceae Diplotaxis assurgens (Delile) Thell. harra X X X حارا Brassicaceae Diplotaxis catholica (L.) DC. harra X X X حارا Brassicaceae Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua Delile kalkaz, karkaz X X حارا Brassicaceae Diplotaxis virgata (Cav.) DC. harra X X X كلكاز، خنيزا Brassicaceae Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. kalkaz, khouniza X X X X كلكاز Brassicaceae Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. kalkaz Brassicaceae Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz X Brassicaceae Lepidium didymum L. X X X كركاز Brassicaceae Lepidium draba L. karkaz ݣ X X Xرنش Brassicaceae Lobularia libyca (Viv.) Meisn. guernnech Brassicaceae Malcolmia triloba (L.) Spreng. X ݣ X X X Xرن جدي ,Brassicaceae Matthiola parviflora (Schousb.) R. Br. garn jdye guernnech ݣ X Xرنش Brassicaceae Notoceras bicorne (Ait.) Amo guernnech X X كركاز لبيض Brassicaceae Psychine stylosa Desf. karkaz labiad X X X X بوخالل، بوحمو بيض ,Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum L. boukhlal bouhamou biad ݣ X Xرنونج Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) guernounj Hayek X بوحمو Brassicaceae Sinapis alba L. bouhamou X X X بوحمو Brassicaceae Sinapis arvensis L. bouhamou X X X كركاز Brassicaceae Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf. karkaz http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 121

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X كلكاز Brassicaceae Sisymbrium irio L. kalkaz X X X بوحمو Brassicaceae Trachystoma aphanoneurum (Maire & bouhamou Weiller) Maire & Weiller X لوايا Campanulaceae Campanula afra Cav. louwaya X X لوايا Campanulaceae Campanula dichotoma L. louwaya X X X X لوايا Campanulaceae Campanula erinus L. louwaya Campanulaceae Campanula lusitanica Loefl. X X X X Campanulaceae Campanula rapunculus L. X Campanulaceae Jasione corymbosa Poir. X X كيف Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. kif X X لوايا Caprifoliaceae Lonicera biflora Desf. louwaya X X لصيصيقا Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. lseisiqa X X X X هراست لحجر Caryophyllaceae Herniaria cinerea DC. herrast-lejer X X X X موصويفا Caryophyllaceae Paronychia argentea Lam. mousweifa X X موصويفا Caryophyllaceae Paronychia chlorothyrsa Murb. mouswaifa X كف صابون Caryophyllaceae Petrorhagia illyrica (Ard.) P.W. Ball kef saboun & Heywood X X X X سيسوان Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. siswan Caryophyllaceae Silene apetala Willd. X X Caryophyllaceae Silene behen L. X Caryophyllaceae Silene colorata Poir. X X X لصيقا Caryophyllaceae Silene gallica L. lessiqa X لصيصيقا Caryophyllaceae Silene muscipula L. lseisiqa Caryophyllaceae Silene nocturna L. X X Caryophyllaceae Silene rubella L. X X Caryophyllaceae Silene secundiflora Otth X Caryophyllaceae Silene tridentata Desf. X X X تيغشت Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke tighecht X X طريديݣا Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis L. traydiga X X X X طريديݣا Caryophyllaceae Spergula fallax (Lowe) E. H. L. traydiga http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 122

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

Krause Caryophyllaceae Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl X X X X X عش لقوبع، طريديݣا ,Caryophyllaceae Spergularia purpurea (Pers.) G. Don âch lqawbaâ traydiga X X X شحمت لفلوس Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill. chehmet lfellous X X X كحيال Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert kouheila X توزاال Cistaceae Cistus albidus L. touzzala X توزاال Cistaceae Cistus salviifolius L. touzzala ݣ Xرݣاع جمال Cistaceae Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. garguaâ jmal ݣ X X X Xرݣاع جمال Cistaceae Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill. garguaâ jmal ݣ X X Xرݣاع جمال Cistaceae Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. garguaâ jmal Cistaceae Helianthemum virgatum (Desf.) Pers. X X X عين أبقرا، مسي ,Colchicaceae Colchicum gramineum (Cav.) J. C. âïn abaqra أوغراب Manning & Vinn. messi oughrab X لوايا Convolvulaceae Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Br. ex louwaya Roem. & Schult. X X X X لوايا Convolvulaceae Convolvulus althaeoides L. louwaya X X لوايا Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. louwaya X لوايا Convolvulaceae Convolvulus gharbensis Batt. & Pit. louwaya X X X X لوايا Convolvulaceae Convolvulus siculus L. louwaya X لوايا Convolvulaceae Convolvulus tricolor L. louwaya X شيبت لعݣوز Convolvulaceae Cuscuta campestris Yunck. chibat laâgouz X X X شيبت لعݣوز Convolvulaceae Cuscuta planiflora Ten. chibat laâgouz Crassulaceae Crassula tillaea Lest.-Garl. X Crassulaceae Crassula vaillantii (Willd.) Roth X Crassulaceae Pistorinia breviflora Boiss. X X Crassulaceae Sedum album L. X X X Crassulaceae Sedum rubens L. X X X X X X مولبيݣيات Crassulaceae Umbilicus gaditanus Boiss. moulbiguiate X X X بوجالال ,Cucurbitaceae Bryonia dioica Jacq. boujlala http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 123

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

louwaya X حدج Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. hdej X X ديس Cyperaceae Bulboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G. diss Sm. X سلبو Cyperaceae Carex divisa Huds. selbou X سمار Cyperaceae Cyperus capitatus Vand. smar X X X تموسايت Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. tamousayt X لوايا Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & louwaya Wilkin Dipsacaceae Lomelosia stellata (L.) Raf. X Dipsacaceae Sixalis atropurpurea (L.) Greuter & X X X Burdet X X X X بوجالال Ephedraceae Ephedra altissima Desf. boujlala X حليبا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia chamaesyce L. helliba X X X X حليبا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia exigua L. helliba X X X X حليبا، ربيعت Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia falcata L. helliba, rbiaat لحصران hasrane X X X X حليبا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia L. helliba X X X X حليبا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia medicaginea Boiss. helliba X مولبينا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia paralias L. moulbina X X X حليبا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplus L. helliba X X حليبا Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia terracina L. helliba X X X X حريݣا لملسا Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua L. hourriga lmelsa ݣ X X X Xرين لغزال Fabaceae Astragalus boeticus L. grayn laghzal X X كرينبوش Fabaceae Astragalus edulis Bunge krinbouch ݣ X X X Xرين لغزال Fabaceae Astragalus epiglottis L. grayn laghzal ݣ X X Xرين لغزال Fabaceae Astragalus hamosus L. grayn laghzal ݣ X X Xرين لغزال Fabaceae Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby grayn laghzal X X X X كرينبوش Fabaceae Astragalus sesameus L. krinbouch ݣ X Xرين لغزال Fabaceae Astragalus solandri Lowe grayn laghzal http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 124

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X ظفرلقوبع Fabaceae Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. dfer lqawbaâ Koch Fabaceae Coronilla viminalis Salisb. X Fabaceae Ebenus pinnata Aiton X X فويليا، لفوليا Fabaceae Erophaca baetica (L.) Boiss. fwilia, lfoulia Fabaceae Hedysarum coronarium L. X Fabaceae Hedysarum spinosissimum L. X Fabaceae Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. X X X X ريق لحناش Fabaceae Lathyrus aphaca L. riq lehnech X X جلبانت لحنش Fabaceae Lathyrus cicera L. jelbant lehnech X X جلبانت لحنش Fabaceae Lathyrus clymenum L. jelbant lehnech X جلبانت لحنش Fabaceae Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. jelbant lehnech X بوزغيبا Fabaceae Lens nigricans (M. Bieb.) Godr. bouzghiba X X X X دسما Fabaceae Lotus arenarius Brot. desma X نفال، شهيبا Fabaceae Lotus creticus L. nefla, chehiba X فويليا، سمقاال Fabaceae Lupinus angustifolius L. fouilia, semqala X فويليا، سمفاال Fabaceae Lupinus micranthus Guss. fouilia, semqala X نفال، حسكا Fabaceae Medicago italica (Mill.) Fiori nefla, haska X X نفال، حسكا Fabaceae Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. nefla, haska X نفال Fabaceae Medicago littoralis Loisel. nefla X نفال Fabaceae Medicago marina L. nefla X X X نفال، حسكا Fabaceae Medicago minima (L.) L. nefla, haska X X X X حسكا، نفال Fabaceae Medicago polymorpha L. haska, nefla X X X X نفال، حسكا Fabaceae Medicago truncatula Gaertn. nefla, haska X نفال Fabaceae Melilotus indicus (L.) All. nefla X X X X نفل Fabaceae Melilotus sulcatus Desf. nfel X X ضرست لعدايزات، ,Fabaceae Onobrychis crista-galli (L.) Lam. darset laâdeizat نفل nfel X X X دسما Fabaceae Ononis biflora Desf. desma Fabaceae Ononis diffusa Ten. X http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 125

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

Fabaceae Ononis natrix L. X Fabaceae Ononis pendula Desf. X X X X X X دسما Fabaceae Ononis pubescens L. desma X نفال Fabaceae Ononis reclinata L. nefla X X X X بزولت لعودا، كلوا ,Fabaceae Scorpiurus muricatus L. bezoult lâawda kelwa X بزولت لعودا، كلوا ,Fabaceae Scorpiurus vermiculatus L. bezoult lâawda kelwa X X X ضرست لبغل Fabaceae Tetragonolobus purpureus Moench darset lebghal X X X X مو كبيال، ربيعت لما ,Fabaceae Trifolium angustifolium L. moukbiela rbiaât lma X نفال Fabaceae Trifolium arvense L. nefla X X X X نفال Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Schreb. nefla X X نفال Fabaceae Trifolium glomeratum L. nefla X نفال Fabaceae Trifolium scabrum L. nefla X نفال Fabaceae Trifolium stellatum L. nefla X X X X نفال Fabaceae Trifolium tomentosum L. nefla X X X X فصا Fabaceae Trigonella monspeliaca L. fessa X X X X نفل Fabaceae Tripodion tetraphyllum (L.) Fourr. nfel X X بوزغيبا Fabaceae Vicia benghalensis L. bouzghiba X X X بوزغيبا Fabaceae Vicia lutea L. bouzghiba X X X بوزغيبا Fabaceae Vicia sativa L. bouzghiba X X بوزغيبا Fabaceae Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. bouzghiba X بوزغيبا Fabaceae Vicia villosa Roth bouzghiba X X غبيرا Frankeniaceae Frankenia corymbosa Desf. ghobeira Frankeniaceae Frankenia laevis L. ghobeira X ݣ X X X Xصت لحيا Gentianaceae Centaurium erythraea Rafn gosset-haya X X X رݣما Geraniaceae Erodium aethiopicum (Lam.) Brumh. ragma & Thell. X X رݣما Geraniaceae Erodium ciconium (L.) L’Hér. ragma http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 126

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X X رݣما، ربيعت لمندال Geraniaceae Erodium malacoides (L.) L’Hér. ragma, rbiât lmendal X X X X رݣما، ربيعت لمندال Geraniaceae Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. ragma, rbiât lmendal X رݣما Geraniaceae Erodium primulaceum (Lange) Lange ragma X رݣما Geraniaceae Erodium touchyanum Delile ragma X X X X رݣما Geraniaceae Geranium molle L. ragma X X رݣما Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum L. ragma X X خنيزا Heliotropiaceae Heliotropium europaeum L. khonniza X X X X برواݣ صغير Hyacinthaceae Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. berwag sghir X X X X لعنصل Hyacinthaceae Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn lâansel X X X لعنصل Hyacinthaceae Drimia undata Stearn lâansel X X بصيال Hyacinthaceae Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. bessila Hyacinthaceae Oncostema peruviana (L.) Speta X X X بصيال Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum narbonense L. bessila X لعنصل Hyacinthaceae Prospero autumnale (L.) Salisb. lâansel X X X جربا Hypericaceae Hypericum tomentosum L. jarba X X سيف ديب Iridaceae Gladiolus italicus Mill. sif eddib X بوشراك لكبير Iridaceae Iris planifolia (Mill.) T. Durand & bouchrak lekbir Schinz X X X X بوشرك، بوشريك ,Iridaceae Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. bouchrak bouchrik X X مسيوا، عين أبقرا Iridaceae Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Sebast. messiwa, ain &Mauri abaqra X X X سمار Juncaceae Juncus acutus L. smar X X X X سمار Juncaceae Juncus bufonius L. smar X X X X شندݣورا Lamiaceae Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. chendgoura X X X X مريوت لملسا Lamiaceae Ballota hirsuta Benth. merriwet lmelsa Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule L. X X X X X X كحيال، كحيلت لحمير Lamiaceae Lavandula multifida L. kouheila, koheilt http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 127

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

lhmir X X حلحال Lamiaceae Lavandula stoechas L. halhal X X X X مريوت Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgare L. merriwet X X فليو Lamiaceae Mentha pulegium L. flyou X تيميجا Lamiaceae Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. timijja X X X عود لحمر Lamiaceae Nepeta apuleii Ucria oud lahmar X X X نوارت- نحل Lamiaceae Phlomis crinita Cav. nouwart nhel Lamiaceae Prasium majus L. X X X لندخير Lamiaceae Salvia aegyptiaca L. lendkhir X X ملفت لخادم Lamiaceae Salvia argentea L. mlefet lkhadm X X X X خياطا، عشيبت كل Lamiaceae Salvia verbenaca L. khiyata, âchibat بال kolbla Lamiaceae Stachys arvensis (L.) L. X X X X Lamiaceae Stachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. X X X جعيديا Lamiaceae Teucrium capitatum L. jâaydia X X X وريريزا Lamiaceae Teucrium decipiens Coss. & Balansa wririza X X X جعيديا Lamiaceae Teucrium demnatense Batt. jaaydia X X X X شهيبا Lamiaceae Teucrium fruticans L. chehiba X X جعيديا، جعدا Lamiaceae Teucrium polium L. jâaydia, jaâda X X زعتر Lamiaceae Thymus broussonetii Boiss. zaâtar X زعتر Lamiaceae Thymus maroccanus Ball zaâtar Liliaceae Tulipa sylvestris L. X X X X عويد لما Lythraceae Lythrum junceum Banks & Sol. âwid lma X X خبيزا روميا Malvaceae Althaea longiflora Boiss. & Reut. khoubiza roumia X X X X خبيزا روميا Malvaceae Malva hispanica L. khoubiza roumia X X خبيزا روميا Malvaceae Malva multiflora (Cav.) Soldano, khoubiza roumia Banfi & Galasso Malvaceae Malva nicaeensis All. khoubiza X X X X X خبيزا Malvaceae Malva parviflora L. khoubiza X X خبيزا روميا Malvaceae Malva trimestris (L.) Salisb. khoubiza roumia http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 128

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X صرغينا Molluginaceae Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. sarghina X X حرمل Nitrariaceae Peganum harmala L. harmel X لصيصيقا Orobanchaceae Bartsia trixago L. lseisiqa X X X شوال لخروف، وتد ,Orobanchaceae Orobanche crenata Forssk. chewal- lkhrouf wted X X X X شوال لخروف، وتد ,Orobanchaceae Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel chewal lkhrouf wted X X X حميضا Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae L. hoummida Papaveraceae Ceratocapnos heterocarpa Durieu X X X X X شحمت لفلوس Papaveraceae Fumaria agraria Lag. chehmet lfelous X شحمت لفلوس Papaveraceae Fumaria densiflora DC. chehmet lfellous X شحمت لفلوس Papaveraceae Fumaria parviflora Lam. chehmet lfellous ݣ X X Xليت سراح Papaveraceae Glaucium corniculatum (L.) H. gueliat-serah Rudolph X X X X بلعمان رݣيPapaveraceae Papaver hybridum L. bellaâman rguig ݣ X بلعمان Papaveraceae Papaver pinnatifidum Moris bellaâman X X X X بلعمان Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. bellaâman X بلعمان Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. bellaâman X عين لرنب Plantaginaceae Anarrhinum pedatum Desf. âïn lerneb Plantaginaceae Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek X Plantaginaceae Kickxia commutata (Rchb.) Fritsch X X X Plantaginaceae Kickxia heterophylla (Schousb.) X X Dandy Plantaginaceae Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. X X Plantaginaceae Linaria amethystea (Vent.) Hoffm. & X Link Plantaginaceae Linaria gharbensis Batt. & Pit. X X X X ظفرلغراب Plantaginaceae Linaria incarnata (Vent.) Spreng dfer lghrab Plantaginaceae Linaria micrantha (Cav.) Hoffmanns. X X & Link http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 129

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X X خوخو شعيرا، ,Plantaginaceae Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. khokho chîira حريمال hreimla X X X X عين زرودا Plantaginaceae Plantago afra L. âïn zrouda X X X تمرت لعݣرب Plantaginaceae Plantago amplexicaulis Cav. tamret lâagreb X X X X تمرت لعݣرب Plantaginaceae Plantago coronopus L. tamret lâagreb X X X تمرت لعݣرب Plantaginaceae Plantago lagopus L. tamret lâagreb X X X تمرت لعݣرب Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. tamret lâagreb X X عين زرودا Plantaginaceae Plantago ovata Forssk. âïn zrouda X تمرت لعݣرب Plantaginaceae Plantago serraria L. tamret lâagreb X X حريݣا رطبا Plantaginaceae Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. horriga ratba X حريݣا رطبا Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis L. horriga ratba X X X حريݣا رطبا Plantaginaceae Veronica polita Fr. horriga ratba ݣ X X X Xريصا Plumbaginaceae Limonium lobatum (L. f.) Chaz. gorrissa ݣ X X Xريصا Plumbaginaceae Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. gorrissa, bezoult lâawda X X سبولت لفار Poaceae Aegilops geniculata Roth sboulet lfar X ديس Poaceae Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link diss X X X X بهما، والغي Poaceae Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski bahma, wallaghi X X X X بهما Poaceae Anisantha rigida (Roth) Hyl. bahma X X X X بهما Poaceae Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski bahma ݣ X Xصب Poaceae Arundo donax L. gsab X X X X خرطال Poaceae Avena barbata Pott ex Link khortal X X X خرطال Poaceae Avena sterilis L. khortal X X X X بهما Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus L. bahma X X بهما Poaceae Bromus squarrosus L. bahma X X X X مدهون Poaceae Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E.Hubb. medhoun X X X X نجم Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. njem Poaceae Dactylis glomerata L. medhoun X X X بوسيبوس Poaceae Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau bousibous

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 130

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X X سبولت- لفار Poaceae Hordeum murinum L. sboulet lfar ݣ X X Xزمير Poaceae Hyparrhenia sinaica (Delile) G. López gozmir, lhamra Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. X X X X X بهما، بهموت Poaceae Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench bahma, bahmout X X X سيبوس، مدهون Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Lam. sibous, medhoun X X X X سيبوس، مدهون Poaceae Lolium rigidum Gaud. sibous, medhoun Poaceae Lygeum spartum L. X X X X سمارلواد Poaceae Parapholis incurva (L.) C. E. Hubb. smar loued ݣ Xازو Poaceae Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex gazo Chiov. X X X زوان، بوكباال Poaceae Phalaris aquatica L. zwan, boukbala X X X X زوان، بوكباال Poaceae Phalaris brachystachys Link zwan, boukbala X X X زوان، بوكباال Poaceae Phalaris minor Retz. zwan, boukbala X X زوان، بوكباال Poaceae Phalaris paradoxa L. zwan, boukbala ݣ X Xصيبا، ݣصب لما Poaceae Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. gseiba, gsab lma X X X بوسيبوس Poaceae Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. bousibous X X X X سيبوس Poaceae Poa annua L. sibous X X X زرع لفار Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. zraâ lfar X X X X سيبوس Poaceae Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev sibous X X X X بوسيبوس Poaceae Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) bousibous Thell. X X X X بهما Poaceae Stipa capensis Thunb. bahma X X X X بوسيبوس Poaceae Trachynia distachya (L.) Link bousibous X X X X حنباز، عايشا طحيشا Polygonaceae Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. henbaz, aicha theicha, X X X سليليتا Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. slilita Polygonaceae Polygonum maritimum L. X X X X حميضا Polygonaceae Rumex bucephalophorus L. hoummida X X X X حميضا Polygonaceae Rumex crispus L. hoummida X X حميضا Polygonaceae Rumex papilio Coss. & Balansa hoummida http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 131

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X X X حميضا Polygonaceae Rumex pulcher L. hoummida X X حميضا Polygonaceae Rumex vesicarius L. hoummida X رجال Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Rejla X X X X عين لفلوس Primulaceae Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U. Manns & âinlfelous Anderb. X X عين لحجال Ranunculaceae Adonis microcarpa DC. âïn-lhejla X X X X سليليتا، حويدݣا Ranunculaceae Delphinium obcordatum DC. slilita, houidga Ranunculaceae Ficaria verna Huds. X Ranunculaceae Nigella papillosa G. López X X نوار ديال لما ,Ranunculaceae Ranunculus aquatilis L. nouar diel ma nouwara lbaida X سنينات لفار Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bulbosus L. sninat lfar Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bullatus L. nar lbarda X X X X ودن لحلوف Ranunculaceae Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf. wden lhallouf X X ودن لحلوف Ranunculaceae Ranunculus muricatus L. wden lhallouf X سنينات لفار Ranunculaceae Ranunculus paludosus Poir. sninat lfar X X X ودن لحلوف Ranunculaceae Ranunculus trilobus Desf. wden lhallouf X X X X سربوب لخروف Resedaceae Reseda alba L. serboub lekhrouf X سربوب لخروف Resedaceae Reseda battandieri Pit. serboub lekhrouf Resedaceae Reseda diffusa (Ball) Ball X X X X سربوب لخروف Resedaceae Reseda lutea L. serboub lekhrouf X سربوب لخروف Resedaceae Reseda luteola L. serboub lekhrouf X X تمرلحجال، نقب Rosaceae Sanguisorba minor Scop. tmar lhajla, nqab لحجال lhajla X حريشا Rubiaceae Asperula arvensis L. horreicha Rubiaceae Crucianella angustifolia L. X X X X http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 132

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

X شهيبا Rubiaceae Crucianella maritima L. chehiba X X X حريريشا Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. hreiricha X X X X حريريشا Rubiaceae Galium murale (L.) All. hreiricha X X لصيصيقا Rubiaceae Galium parisiense L. lseisiqa X X X X لصيقا، لصيصيقا Rubiaceae Galium verrucosum Huds. lessiqa, lseisiqa X فوا Rubiaceae Rubia peregrina L. fouwa X X X X لصيقا، لصيصيقا Rubiaceae Sherardia arvensis L. lessiqa, lseisiqa X سليليتا Santalaceae Thesium humile Vahl. slilita Scrophulariacea Scrophularia arguta Sol. X X X e X X بوعسيال Scrophulariacea Scrophularia sambucifolia L. bouâssila e X مصلح نظر Scrophulariacea Verbascum faurei (Murb.) Hub.-Mor. meslah ndar e X X X مصلح نظر Scrophulariacea Verbascum sinuatum L. meslah ndar e X شدق جمل Solanaceae Datura inoxia Mill. chdeq jmel X X سيكران، ݣنݣيط ,Solanaceae Hyoscyamus albus L. sikrane guenguit X X X بيض لغول Solanaceae Mandragora officinarum L. bayd lghoul X X مطيشت لحمير Solanaceae Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. matichet lehmir X زكوم Solanaceae Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & Jaeger zekkoum X X X X عنب ديب Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. aneb eddib X X X عنب ديب Solanaceae Solanum villosum Mill. ânebeddib X لزاز Thymelaeaceae Daphne gnidium L. lazzaz X X X X برديل، تبودا Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. berdil, tbouda X X حريݣا ملسا Urticaceae Parietaria mauritanica Durieu horriga melsa X X X حريݣا Urticaceae Urtica membranacea Poir. hourriga X X X X حريݣا Urticaceae Urtica urens L. hourriga ݣ X X Xصت لحيا Valerianaceae Fedia cornucopiae (L.) Gaertn. gossat lhaya http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 133

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Family Scientific name / species Local name in Local name in Sidi Sbaâ Machraâ Sidi Settat Settat Arabic (Aâchach) Ben Abou Rahal

Valerianaceae Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. X Valerianaceae Valerianella discoidea (L.) Loisel. X X X X Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis L. beymout X X X X لصيصيقا Zygophyllaceae Fagonia cretica L. lseisiqa, âandres

Table 7. Moroccan endemic species recorded in studied Settat forests based on the Index by Dobignard & Chatelain (2010-2013). Family Species Asteraceae Anacyclus maroccanus (Ball) Ball Asteraceae Andryala pinnatifida Aiton Boraginaceae Echium tenue Roth Brassicaceae Diplotaxis assurgens (Delile) Thell. Brassicaceae Trachystoma aphanoneurum (Maire & Weiller) Maire & Weiller Convolvoluceae Convolvulus gharbensis Batt. & Pit. Fabaceae Acacia gummifera Willd. Lamiaceae Teucrium decipiens Coss. & Balansa Lamiaceae Teucrium demnatense Batt. Lamiaceae Thymus broussoneitii Boiss. Lamiaceae Thymus maroccanus Ball Polygonaceae Rumex papilio Coss. & Balansa Resedaceae Reseda battandieri Pit. Resedaceae Reseda diffusa (Ball) Ball

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 134

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Figure 1. Annual rainfall variability in Settat province (1982-2015)

700 600 500 400 mm 300 200 100 0

Source : Centre du Conseil Agricole de Settat.

Figure 2. Monthly rainfall during the three years period of the study in Settat

200

150

mm 100

50

0 Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Source : Centre du Conseil Agricole de Settat.

Figure 3. The seven richest plant families in Settat forests

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 135

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Caryophyllaceae 22

Lamiaceae 25 Asteraceae 82

Apiaceae 26

Brassicaceae 28

Poaceae 35 Fabaceae 65

Figure 4. The seven richest plant families in Morocco’s flora

Apiaceae 201 Caryophyllaceae 259 Asteraceae 713

Lamiaceae 274

Brassicaceae 280 Fabaceae 558

Poaceae 469

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 136

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Table 8. Photographs of Moroccan endemics observed in Settat forests

Acacia gummifera Willd. Anacyclus maroccanus (Ball) Andryala pinnatifida Aiton Ball

Diplotaxis assurgens (Delile) Convolvulus gharbensis Batt. Reseda battandieri Pit. Thell. & Pit.

Rumex papilioCoss. & Teucrium decipiensCoss. & Teucrium demnatense Batt. Balansa Balansa

Thymus broussonetii Boiss. Thymus maroccanus Ball subsp. Trachystoma aphanoneurum Leptobotrys (Murb.) (Maire & Weiller) Maire & Dobignard Weiller

Populus euphratica Oliv.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 137