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ﺑﺮرﺳ ﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳ ﻦﻳﻪ ا ﻫﻤﺎﻧ ﻲ ذﻫﻦ و ﻣﻐﺰ * 88( 12/ 25/ : 88 13/9/ : )
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* Email: [email protected] 021 61117356 :
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. 1 . 2 : ( 4 ) ( 3 ) . 5 . : . 7" " 6" " : 1 . 2 . 3 . 1 9.( 1991 ) 4 . ) 2 3 3 4 ( . . . 1 2 3 4 . 3 4 1 2
1. Dualism 2. Monism 3. Idealistic monism 4. Materialistic monism . ( 1650 1596 ) Rene Descartes 5 . 6.Thought 7. Extension
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( 1 ) " " : . 2 .
" " " " " : . 3 . 4" . : 1 . 2 . 3 . : . 1 . . 2 . . 3 .
1. Materialism 2. Mind – brain identity 3. Neurological processes 4. Principle of persimony
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1 : . 5 4 3 2 ( ) . : . :( ) . . : . . 6 . . : . : . 7.
1. Extreme materialism 2. Identity 3. Subjective idealism 4. Double - respect theories 5. Neutral monism 6. George Berkeley . : 7 . Jerome Shaffer, Mind Body Problem, in: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol 5, ed. Paul Edwards, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1972
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. 2 1 : : . . 4 3 : . . 5 : . .
: 6 ( ) .( ) 7 . :
1. Traditional dualism 2. Epiphenomenalism 3. Simple causation 4. Overdetermination 5. Epiphenomenon . . (. 360 470 ) Democritus of Abedara 6 . 7. matter
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" . .(448 447 1972 ) " 1 . 2 . 56( 55 1349 ) 3 4 . ( ) . : 5 " . . . . .( 651 1963 ) " . ( )
. (1704 1632 ) John Lock 1 . . (1955 1879 ) Albert Einstein 2 . 3. mass 4 . 2 E E= mc . . ( 300000 ) c m 5. J.J.C.Smart
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( ) . - : 1 . 33(. 1965 )
. : . 4 3 2 : . 1. . 2 . ) . .( . 3 . : ...
1. Thomas Nagel 2. Direct awareness 3. Incorrigibility 4. Intentionality
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: 1 . (145 133 1379 ) . ... : . . . . 2
4 3 . . . 6 5 1960 8 80 70 . 7
" " " " 1 . . . " " " " 2. Eliminativistic materialism 3. Eliminativism 4. Mental nihilism 5. Daniel Dennett 6. Sense-datum (direct realists) : 7 . (indirect realists) ( ) 60 . . 8. Paul & Patricia Churchland
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2 1 ) ... ( ) 88.( 77 1386 ٣٣٣
( b ( ) a) : 4 . ( b ) ( a) . ( b ( ) a) . 6 5 . . . . H2O . H2O .
propositional attitudes . 1 . . 2 . . 3. Reductionistic materialism 4. Reduction 5. Phosphorus 6. Hesperus
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. . : 1 . 1 2 . . 2 3 . .
. 3 (H2O) . 5" " 4" " . 1950 . 9 . . 8 . . . 7 . . 6 .
1. Philosophical behaviourism 2. Functionalism 3. Neurological processes 4. Nothing - but theori 5. Psychophysical identity 6. H.Feigle 7. U.T.Place 8. J.J.C.Smart 9. D.M.Armstrong
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. ) . ( ) ( . ) . . ( . . 1 : . "2 " . "3 " .
. : . 1 David K. Lewis , An Argument for the Identity Theory : The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Jan. 6, 1966), pp. 17-25 2. Explanation 3. Covering law
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(r) (e) .2 1(i) : . b a : r . b a : i . : e . (e) (i) ( r) (i) (r) (e) . : . . .
initial conditions 1 . . 2. cf. Philosophy,A Guide Through the Subject,ed. A. C. Grayling, Oxford University Press, U.S.A.,pp.171-180
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) . : ( . 1 . : . . c . . c . ( ) . . . ...
1. Principle of persimony
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. ( ) ( ) " " 1 .
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35
. ) . ( ) ( . 1 . . . . . : . . 2 .
. 1 . 2. Leibniz’ Law
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: x=y . x y y x . . . . . . . 1" " . .
1. Determinism
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. " " (1386 ) .1 " " (1379 ) .2 4. 4 . " " (1349 ) .3 " " (1384 ) .4 . 121 146 5 5. Foster, John (1991), The Immaterial Self: A defense of the Cartesian dualist conception of the mind , Routledge, London and New York. 6. Grayling, A.C. (ed.), "Philosophy, A Guide Through the Subject ", Oxford University Press, U.S.A. 7. Lewis, David K (1966), "An Argument for the Identity Theory ", The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Jan. 6, 1966). 8. Lloyd ,G.E.R (1972), "Leucippus and Democritus, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy" , vol.4, ed. Paul Edwards, Macmillan Publishing, New York. 9. Nagel ,Thomas (1965), "The Philosophical Review" , vol. 74, No.3. 10. Shaffer Jerome (1972), "Mind Body Problem, in: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy" , vol 5, ed. Paul Edwards, Macmillan Publishing, New York. 11. Smart, J.J.C (1963), "Materialism ", The journal of philosophy, American philosophical Association, Eastern Division, Sixtieth Annual Meeting, Vol. LX, No.22