II Die Gestreifte KZ-Häftlingskleidung Bis 1945

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

II Die Gestreifte KZ-Häftlingskleidung Bis 1945 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Vorwort............................................................................................... 4 I Einleitung.................................................................................... 7 1 Bedeutung des Themas für die Forschung .............................. 7 2 Theoretischer Rahmen: Gedächtnis und Erinnerung............. 18 3 Literaturbericht ....................................................................... 35 3.1 Konzentrationslager....................................................... 35 3.2 Sträflingskleidung .......................................................... 40 4 Quellenlage und methodisches Vorgehen ............................. 44 II Die gestreifte KZ-Häftlingskleidung bis 1945............... 47 1 Die Konzentrationslager......................................................... 47 1.1 Die ersten Konzentrationslager in Kuba, Mindanao und Südafrika................................................ 47 1.2 Politische Voraussetzungen zur Einrichtung von Konzentrationslagern im Deutschen Reich.................... 49 1.3 Die Bekleidungssituation von 1933 bis 1938 ................. 51 1.4 Die Bekleidungssituation von 1938 bis 1942 ................. 63 1.5 Die Bekleidungssituation von 1942 bis 1945 ................. 68 2 Exkurs: Die Vorgeschichte der Sträflingskleidung.................. 74 3 Die Herstellung der „Zebra“-Kleidung in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Textil- und Lederverwertung mbH ................ 95 3.1 Gründung, Aufgaben und Organisation ......................... 96 3.2 Die Schneiderei ........................................................... 105 3.3 Die Spinnerei ............................................................... 111 3.4 Die Weberei................................................................. 114 3.5 Die eingesetzten Gefangenen und die Arbeitszeit....... 117 3.6 Die Umsätze ................................................................ 119 3.7 Abzuführende Entgelte für Gefangene ........................ 122 4 Die Verteilung der gestreiften KZ-Häftlingskleidung an die KZ-Gefangenen......................................................... 126 4.1 Ausstattungssoll........................................................... 127 4.2 Die Kleiderrealität im Lager.......................................... 129 5 Die Innenwirkung der „Zebra“-Kleidung................................ 132 6 Die Außenwirkung der „Zebra“-Kleidung.............................. 137 6.1 Reaktionen von Gefangenen beim Anblick gestreift gekleideter KZ-Häftlinge................................. 137 6.2 Reaktionen der Bevölkerung auf gestreift gekleidete KZ-Häftlinge ............................................... 138 7 Der Körper............................................................................ 141 8 Soziale Distinktion - Die „Zebra“-Kleidung und Lagerprominenz ................................................................... 143 9 Die „Zebra“-Kleidung unter dem Aspekt der Vernichtung betrachtet ......................................................... 148 10 Die „Zebra“-Kleidung als lebensrettendes Zeichen .............. 152 Seite III Rekonstruktion von Objektwanderungen ................... 154 1 „Bekleidungsbiografien“ gestreifter KZ-Kleidung. Eine Spurensuche in Fallbeispielen ..................................... 154 1.1 Die Bestandsaufnahme ............................................... 154 1.2 Der Erhebungsbogen................................................... 158 2 Der Katalog .......................................................................... 162 2.1 Kleidung des Kataloges ............................................... 163 2.2 Winkel.......................................................................... 164 2.3 Schnittveränderungen - Spiegel sozialer Macht........... 170 2.4 Erinnerung an ein Geschlecht ..................................... 174 3 Standardkleidung und Abweichungen.................................. 184 3.1 Standardkleidung......................................................... 185 3.2 Unterscheidungskriterien ............................................. 188 3.3 Sonderfälle................................................................... 190 3.4 Übernahme aus dem normalen Strafvollzug................ 191 3.5 Internierung SBZ-Speziallager - Weiterverwendung nach 1945................................... 193 4 Nachgebildete oder originale KZ-Häftlingskleidung?............ 196 4.1 Nachbildungen - Bedarf im öffentlichen Bereich.......... 202 4.2 Übergabe von Asche und Erde auf gestreiftem Stoff .......................................................... 207 4.3 Kleidung aus Filmen .................................................... 209 5 Originale und nachgebildete KZ-Häftlingskleidung auf dem Freien Markt ........................................................... 210 5.1 Auktionshäuser............................................................ 210 5.2 Internet......................................................................... 215 6 „Zebra“-Kleidung als Denkmal.............................................. 217 7 Exkurs: Der Begriff „Authentizität“ ........................................ 226 IV Die gestreifte KZ-Häftlingskleidung nach 1945......... 239 1 Die gestreifte KZ-Häftlingskleidung in Ausstellungen........... 240 1.1 Rekonstruktion von KZ-Gefangenen............................ 244 1.2 Präsentation der „leeren“ KZ-Häftlingskleidung ........... 251 1.3 Präsentation als archivischer Beweis .......................... 255 1.4 Von der gestreiften KZ-Häftlingskleidung zum Streifenmuster...................................................... 257 2 Die Verwendung des Streifenmusters auf Plakaten............. 261 3 „Zebra“-Kleidung als Filmrequisiten ..................................... 267 4 „Zebra“-Kleidung auf der Straße und Demonstrationen ....... 272 4.1 Demonstrierende Überlebende.................................... 272 4.2 Die Verwendung von nachfolgenden Generationen .... 276 5 Urkunden und Handarbeiten von Überlebenden.................. 278 6 „Zebra“-Kleidung im politischen Raum in Kultus und Ritual am Beispiel des Paters Majksimilian Kolbe................ 284 7 „Zebra“-Kleidung in Comics.................................................. 287 Seite V Zusammenfassung.............................................................. 292 VI Archiv- und Literaturverzeichnis.................................... 305 1 Archivverzeichnis ................................................................. 305 2 Literaturvereichnis................................................................ 305 Vorwort Vorwort Die Idee zu der vorliegenden Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des von Prof. Dr. Detlef Hoffmann (Oldenburg) und Dr. Jonathan Webber (Oxford) geleiteten Tempus-Projektes „Civil Society and Social Change in Europe after Auschwitz“, an dem ich von Januar bis August 1995 als Stipendiatin teilnahm. Den Abschluß des Projektes bildete die Aus- stellung „Representations of Auschwitz. 50 Jahre Fotografie, Malerei, Grafik“ vom 11. Juli bis zum 20. August 1995 im Paáac Sztuki in Krakau.1 In der Ausstellung zeigten wir, daß die einzelnen Dinge wie das Tor „Arbeit macht frei“, Krematorium, Rampe oder Todeswand durch die ihnen zugeordneten Narrative - das Verbrechen, das um sie herum stattfand -, eine Bedeutung erhielten, die weit über ihre bauliche Erscheinung hinausgingen. Die unterschiedlichen Fotos und Zeich- nungen dieser Bauwerke sind nicht nur durch die genannten Narrative geprägt, sie entwickeln in unserem Bildhaushalt eine, wie wir es in der Ausstellung genannt haben, symbolische Kraft.2 Eines der immer wie- der auftauchenden Symbole war die gestreifte Kleidung beziehungs- weise die auf Streifen reduzierte Form. In der Ausstellung spielte die KZ-Kleidung bis auf die Präsentation in dem Exkurs Comics keine be- deutende Rolle. Viele Gespräche mit Prof. Dr. Detlef Hoffmann vor Ort lenkten mein Interesse auf die Geschichte und die Symbolik der KZ- Häftlingskleidung. Ohne den Zuspruch und die Ermutigung von ihm hätte ich mich nicht an das Thema gewagt. Dafür und für die an- schließenden vielen Gespräche, Hinweise und Unterstützung danke ich ihm. Mein Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Karen Ellwanger, die mir mit ihrer Zusage, mich als Doktormutter zu begleiten, ermöglichte, die Arbeit im Fach Textil- wissenschaften schreiben zu können. Sie unterstützte und förderte die Arbeit in mehrfacher Weise, so durch anregende Gespräche, die mich immer wieder auf den richtigen Weg brachten. 1 Die in der Ausstellung zusammengefaßten Ergebnisse des Projektes sind in dem von Yasmin Doosry herausgegebenen gleichnamigen Begleitkatalog zusammengefaßt. Siehe Doosry 1995. 2 Siehe dazu Schmidt 1997, S. 11f. 4 Vorwort Ohne die Erfahrungen, die ich während meiner Tätigkeit als wissen- schaftliche Hilfskraft in dem von Prof. Ingrid Köller initiierten Projekt „Empirsche Bestandsaufnahme von Textil-Exponaten in Museen Nord- Deutschlands“ während meines Studiums sammeln konnte, wäre mir mancher methodische Zugang sicher schwerer gefallen. Prof. Ingrid Köller habe ich vor allem für ihre Hilfestellung und Beratung bei der Er- stellung des Erhebungsbogens und des Kataloges zu danken. Durch die Vermittlung von Prof. Dr. Hans-Henning Hahn war es mir möglich, über mein Thema in Thorun zu referieren. Dafür und für die Unterstützung meiner Bewerbung für ein Reisestipendium beim Deutschen Historischen Institut in Warschau danke ich ihm herzlich. Dank des einmonatigen Stipendiums des Deutschen Historischen Instituts konnte ich in dem Staatlichen Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau und dem Staatlichen
Recommended publications
  • Alternate History – Alternate Memory: Counterfactual Literature in the Context of German Normalization
    ALTERNATE HISTORY – ALTERNATE MEMORY: COUNTERFACTUAL LITERATURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GERMAN NORMALIZATION by GUIDO SCHENKEL M.A., Freie Universität Berlin, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (German Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2012 © Guido Schenkel, 2012 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines a variety of Alternate Histories of the Third Reich from the perspective of memory theory. The term ‘Alternate History’ describes a genre of literature that presents fictional accounts of historical developments which deviate from the known course of hi story. These allohistorical narratives are inherently presentist, meaning that their central question of “What If?” can harness the repertoire of collective memory in order to act as both a reflection of and a commentary on contemporary social and political conditions. Moreover, Alternate Histories can act as a form of counter-memory insofar as the counterfactual mode can be used to highlight marginalized historical events. This study investigates a specific manifestation of this process. Contrasted with American and British examples, the primary focus is the analysis of the discursive functions of German-language counterfactual literature in the context of German normalization. The category of normalization connects a variety of commemorative trends in postwar Germany aimed at overcoming the legacy of National Socialism and re-formulating a positive German national identity. The central hypothesis is that Alternate Histories can perform a unique task in this particular discursive setting. In the context of German normalization, counterfactual stories of the history of the Third Reich are capable of functioning as alternate memories, meaning that they effectively replace the memory of real events with fantasies that are better suited to serve as exculpatory narratives for the German collective.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Presentation
    Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau Located in German-occupied Poland, Auschwitz consisted of three camps including a killing center. The camps were opened over the course of nearly two years, 1940-1942. Auschwitz closed in January 1945 with its liberation by the Soviet army. More than 1.1 million people died at Auschwitz, including nearly one million Jews. Those who were not sent directly to gas chambers were sentenced to forced labor. The Auschwitz complex differed from the other Nazi killing centers because it included a concentration camp and a labor camp as well as large gas chambers and crematoria at Birkenau constructed for the mass murder of European Jews. Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Hoecker/Auschwitz Albums Photo Analysis United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Auschwitz Album The "Auschwitz Album" specifically depicts the arrival of Hungarian Jews and the selection process that the SS imposed upon them. Lili Jacob (later Zelmanovic Meier), was deported with her family to Auschwitz in late May 1944 from Bilke (today: Bil'ki, Ukraine), a small town which was then part of Hungary.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Black Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution
    www.doew.at – Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes (Hrsg.), Forschungen zum Natio- nalsozialismus und dessen Nachwirkungen in Österreich. Festschrift für Brigitte Bailer, Wien 2012 91 Peter Black Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution During the spring of 1943, while on an inspection tour of occupied Poland that included a briefing on the annihilation of the Polish Jews, SS Personnel Main Office chief Maximilian von Herff characterized Lublin District SS and Police Leader and SS-Gruppenführer Odilo Globocnik, in the following way: “A man fully charged with all possible light and dark sides. Little concerned with ap- pearances, fanatically obsessed with the task, [he] engages himself to the limit without concern for health or superficial recognition. His energy drives him of- ten to breach existing boundaries and to forget the boundaries established for him within the [SS-] Order – not out of personal ambition, but much more for the sake of his obsession with the matter at hand. His success speaks unconditionally for him.”1 Von Herff’s analysis of Globocnik’s reflected a consistent pattern in the ca- reer of the Nazi Party organizer and SS officer, who characteristically atoned for his transgressions of the National Socialist code of behavior by fanatical pursuit and implementation of core Nazi goals.2 Globocnik was born to Austro-Croat parents on April 21, 1904 in multina- tional Trieste, then the principal seaport of the Habsburg Monarchy. His father’s family had come from Neumarkt (Tržič), in Slovenia. Franz Globocnik served as a Habsburg cavalry lieutenant and later a senior postal official; he died of pneumonia on December 1, 1919.
    [Show full text]
  • Young American Journalists in Germany and Poland International Summer Academy the Faces of Justice Auschwitz Album Revisited
    O Ś WIĘ CIM ISSN 1899-4407 PEOPLE CULTURE HISTORY YOUNG AMERICAN JOURNALISTS IN GERMANY AND POLAND INTERNATIONAL SUMMER ACADEMY THE FACES OF JUSTICE AUSCHWITZ ALBUM REVISITED no. 31 July 2011 Oś—Oświęcim, People, History, Culture magazine, no. 31, July 2011 EDITORIAL BOARD: Oś—Oświęcim, People, History, Culture magazine EDITORIAL Last month, the Jewish Center host- Their authors were Rodryg Romer, Site? Gerhard Hausmann, a lecturer ed FASPE project participants, on his daughter Elżbieta, and her fi ancé at this German institution, answers which we reported in the previous Maksymilian Lohman, who were im- this question in an interview in this issue of the monthly. Among them prisoned in Auschwitz in 1943. Fam- Oś. were young journalists as well as ily members of the former prisoners students from the Columbia Univer- donated these priceless heirlooms. We also invite you to visit the ex- Editor: sity in New York. In this issue of Oś, Within this Oś, we also summarize hibition at the International Youth Paweł Sawicki we are publishing their texts, which the fi rst International Summer Acad- Meeting Center. For the fi rst time Editorial secretary: were the effect of the ten-day pro- emy, which was prepared for teach- in Poland, the works of Pat Mercer Agnieszka Juskowiak-Sawicka gram. To start with, we have chosen ers from abroad by the International Hutchens are on display. In total this Editorial board: general refl ections and descriptions Center for Education about Ausch- includes twenty-fi ve reproductions Bartosz Bartyzel Wiktor Boberek of the entire visit, as well as a text witz and the Holocaust; as well as of oil paintings, which are an artis- Jarek Mensfelt written by Eugene Kwibuka from report on a visit to the Memorial tic and literary interpretation from Olga Onyszkiewicz Rwanda, who, in a particularly emo- Site by members of the International the infamous Auschwitz Album.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Title the Lagermuseum Creative Manuscript and 'Encountering Auschwitz: Touring the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum' C
    Thesis Title The Lagermuseum Creative Manuscript and ‘Encountering Auschwitz: Touring the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum’ Critical Thesis Author Dr Claire Griffiths, BA (Hons), MA, PhD Qualification Creative and Critical Writing PhD Institution University of East Anglia, Norwich School of Literature, Drama and Creative Writing Date January 2015 Word Count 91,102 (excluding appendices) This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract The Lagermuseum My creative manuscript – an extract of a longer novel – seeks to illuminate a little- known aspect of the history of the Auschwitz concentration and death camp complex, namely the trade and display of prisoner artworks. However, it is also concerned with exposing the governing paradigms inherent to contemporary encounters with the Holocaust, calling attention to the curatorial processes present in all interrogations of this most contentious historical subject. Questions relating to ownership, display and representational hierarchies permeate the text, characterised by a shape-shifting curator figure and artworks which refuse to adhere to the canon he creates for them. The Lagermuseum is thus in constant dialogue with my critical thesis, examining the fictional devices which often remain unacknowledged within established
    [Show full text]
  • Informationen Zur Politischen Bildung/Izpb
    Informationen 316 zur politischen Bildung / izpb 3/2012 Nationalsozialismus: Krieg und Holocaust 2 Nationalsozialismus: Krieg und Holocaust Inhalt Krieg und Holocaust ....................................................................... 4 Der Weg in den Krieg ......................................................................5 Außenpolitische Erfolge ......................................................................... 5 Wille zum Krieg .........................................................................................9 Hitler-Stalin-Pakt .................................................................................... 12 Krieg und Besatzung in Ost- und Westeuropa .......... 16 Siedlung und Vertreibung ...................................................................19 Kriegsalltag und Widerstand in Deutschland ........................... 20 Besetzung Westeuropas .......................................................................22 Luftkrieg gegen Großbritannien ..................................................... 24 Vernichtungskrieg gegen die Sowjetunion ..................................25 Massenmord und Holocaust ..................................................33 Krankenmord ............................................................................................33 Deportationen ......................................................................................... 36 Mord an den polnischen Juden .........................................................41 Wannsee-Konferenz ...............................................................................42
    [Show full text]
  • Zum Selbstverständnis Von Frauen Im Konzentrationslager. Das Lager Ravensbrück
    Zum Selbstverständnis von Frauen im Konzentrationslager. Das Lager Ravensbrück. von der Fakultät I Geisteswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie vorgelegt von Silke Schäfer aus Berlin D 83 Berichter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Benz Berichterin: Prof. Dr. Johanna Bleker (FUB) Tag der Wissenschaftlichen Aussprache 06. Februar 2002 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 4 1 Problemfelder und Nachkriegsprozesse 11 1.1 Begriffsklärung 11 1.1.1 Sprache 13 1.1.2 Das nationalsozialistische "Frauenbild" 14 1.1.3 Täterinnen 18 1.1.4 Kategorien für Frauen im Konzentrationslager 19 1.1.5 Auswahlkriterien 26 1.2 Strafverfolgung 28 1.2.1 Militärgerichtsverfahren 29 1.2.2 Die Hamburger Ravensbrück-Prozesse 32 1.2.3 Strafverfahren vor deutschen Gerichten 38 1.2.4 Strafverfahren vor anderen Gerichten 40 2 Topographie 42 2.1 Vorgeschichte 42 2.1.1 Moringen 42 2.1.2 Lichtenburg 45 2.2 Das Frauen-KZ Ravensbrück 47 2.2.1 "Alltagsleben" 52 2.2.2 Solidarität 59 2.3 Arbeit 62 2.3.1 Arbeitskommandos 63 2.3.2 Wirtschaftliche Ausbeutung 64 2.3.3 Lagerbordelle und SS-Bordelle 69 2.4 Aufseherinnen 75 2.4.1 Strafen 77 2.5 Lager bei Ravensbrück 80 2.5.1 Männerlager 81 2.5.2 Jugendschutzlager Uckermark 81 3 Die Medizin 86 3.1 Der Blick auf die Mediziner 86 3.1.1 Das Revier 87 3.2 Medizinische Experimente 89 3.2.1 Sulfonamidversuche / Knochen-, 91 Muskel- und Nervenoperation Sulfonamidversuche 93 Knochen-, Muskel- und Nervenoperation 104 Versuche 108 3.3 Sterilisation 110 3.3.1 Geburten und Kinder 115 3.4 Das medizinische Personal 123 3.4.1 NS-Ärztinnen - Lebensskizzen 125 Jantzen geb.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in a Man's War: the Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946
    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons War and Society (MA) Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-2019 Women in a Man's War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 Cameron Carlomagno Chapman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/war_and_society_theses Recommended Citation Carlomagno, Cameron. Women in a Man's War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946. 2019. Chapman University, MA Thesis. Chapman University Digital Commons, https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000075 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in War and Society (MA) Theses by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in a Man’s War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 A Thesis by Cameron Davis Carlomagno Chapman University Orange, California Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in War and Society May 2019 Committee in charge: Jennifer Keene, Ph.D., Chair Charissa Threat, Ph.D. Kathryn Statler, Ph.D. This thesis of Cameron Davis Carlomagno is approved. April 2019 Women in a Man’s War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 Copyright © 2019 by Cameron Davis Carlomagno iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been the culmination of a few years of thought, research, and discussion, all of which would not have been possible without the support of my dedicated professors and friends.
    [Show full text]
  • The Auschwitz Album Brochure
    THETHE AUSCHWITZAUSCHWITZ ALBUMALBUM TheThe storystory ofof aa transporttransport American Society for Yad Vashem THE AUSCHWITZ ALBUM he “Auschwitz Album” exhibit is based on an T album, which is the only surviving visual evidence of the process of mass murder at Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is a unique document donated to Yad Vashem by Lili Jacob-Zelmanovic Meier. The Exhibition created by Yad Vashem was first pre- sented at the United Nations in New York in January 2005 in observance of the 60th Anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. The photos were taken at the end of May or begin- ning of June 1944, either by Ernst Hofmann or by Bernhard Walter, two SS men whose task was to take ID photos and fingerprints of inmates (not Jews who were sent directly to the gas chambers). The photos show the arrival of Hungarian Jews from Carpatho- Ruthenia. Many of them came from the Berehov Ghetto, which itself was a collecting point for Jews from several other small towns. Eighteen-year-old Lili Jacob and her family were among these 3,500 deportees. Upon arriving at Auschwitz, Lili was sent to Dora, a Nazi slave labor camp 400 miles to the west, where she was eventually liberated by the Americans. While searching for warm clothing inside an abandoned German barracks, Lili came across a photograph album. Upon opening the album, Lili found familiar images of her family and friends, members of the doomed Auschwitz transport. It is extraordinary to think that out of hundreds of thousands of families who arrived at Birkenau, Lili uncovered such personal images of her transport, her family and her friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesi E Funzioni Del Campo Di Birkenau
    AAARGH Giugno 2008 Carlo Mattogno Genesi e funzioni del campo di Birkenau Robert Jan van Pelt è stato uno dei primi scrittori ad avere accennato all'importanza di Auschwitz nei progetti delle SS di colonizzazione dei territori orientali occupati. Nel libro da lui scritto in collaborazione con Debórah Dwork egli ha affermato che «la creazione del campo di Birkenau, che dalla fine del 1942 era diventato il maggiore centro di annientamento ebraico d'Europa, era collegata direttamente al programma di Himmler di trasformare Auschwitz in un paradigma di colonizzazione tedesca all'Est»1. Successivamente van Pelt ha cercato di sviluppare questa tesi in riferimento soprattutto all'Alta Slesia 2, ma ulteriori ricerche hanno poi documentato che questo paradigma era parte di un progetto molto più vasto, il “Generalplan Ost”, il “progetto generale Est”, che coinvolse i campi di Birkenau, di Lublino e di Stutthof come semplici centri di raccolta di manodopera, prima di prigionieri di guerra sovietici, poi di Ebrei. Questa nuova interpretazione è stata sostenuta in particolare da Jan Erik Schulte, autore di un importante articolo intitolato «Vom Arbeits- zum Vernichtungslager. Die Entstehungsgeschichte von Auschwitz-Birkenau 1941/42» (Dal campo di lavoro al campo di sterminio. Storia della genesi di Auschwitz- Birkenau 1941-1942)3 che delinea appunto la storia iniziale del campo di Birkenau, inquadrandola nel “Generalplan Ost”. Ne riassumo i punti essenziali, inserendoli in una prospettiva più ampia. Nelle cosiddette annotazioni di Cracovia, Rudolf Höss, il primo comandante di Auschwitz, scrisse: 1 D. Dwork, R. J. van Pelt, Auschwitz 1270 to the present. W.W. Norton & Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Destruction and Human Remains
    Destruction and human remains HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Destruction and human remains Destruction and Destruction and human remains investigates a crucial question frequently neglected in academic debate in the fields of mass violence and human remains genocide studies: what is done to the bodies of the victims after they are killed? In the context of mass violence, death does not constitute Disposal and concealment in the end of the executors’ work. Their victims’ remains are often treated genocide and mass violence and manipulated in very specific ways, amounting in some cases to true social engineering with often remarkable ingenuity. To address these seldom-documented phenomena, this volume includes chapters based Edited by ÉLISABETH ANSTETT on extensive primary and archival research to explore why, how and by whom these acts have been committed through recent history. and JEAN-MARC DREYFUS The book opens this line of enquiry by investigating the ideological, technical and practical motivations for the varying practices pursued by the perpetrator, examining a diverse range of historical events from throughout the twentieth century and across the globe. These nine original chapters explore this demolition of the body through the use of often systemic, bureaucratic and industrial processes, whether by disposal, concealment, exhibition or complete bodily annihilation, to display the intentions and socio-political frameworks of governments, perpetrators and bystanders. A NST Never before has a single publication brought together the extensive amount of work devoted to the human body on the one hand and to E mass violence on the other, and until now the question of the body in TTand the context of mass violence has remained a largely unexplored area.
    [Show full text]
  • [Pdf] Florian Schmaltz the Bunamonowitz Concentration Camp
    www.wollheim-memorial.de Florian Schmaltz The Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp The Decision of I.G. Farbenindustrie to Locate a Plant in Auschwitz . 1 The Buna ―Aussenkommando‖ (April 1941 to July 1942) . 10 The Opening of the Buna/Monowitz Camp – Demographics of the Prisoner Population . 15 Composition of the Prisoner Groups in Monowitz . 18 The Commandant of Buna/Monowitz . 19 The Administrative Structure of the Camp . 21 Guard Forces . 24 The Work Deployment of the Prisoners . 25 Casualty Figures . 28 The Camp Elders . 35 Escape and Resistance . 36 Air Attacks on Auschwitz . 38 The Evacuation of the Camp . 42 Norbert Wollheim Memorial J.W. Goethe-Universität / Fritz Bauer Institut Frankfurt am Main, 2010 www.wollheim-memorial.de Florian Schmaltz: The Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp, p. 1 The Decision of I.G. Farbenindustrie to Locate a Plant in Auschwitz The Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, which was erected by the SS in October 1942, was the first German concentration camp that was located on the plant grounds of a major private corporation.1 Its most important function was the fur- nishing of concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers for building the I.G. Auschwitz plant, I.G. Farben‘s largest construction site. Instead of estab- lishing an industrial production location on the grounds of an existing concentra- tion camp, a company-owned branch camp of a concentration camp was put up here, for the first time, on a site belonging to an arms manufacturer. This new procedure for construction of the I.G. Auschwitz plant served as a model and in- fluenced the subsequent collaboration between the arms industry and the SS in the process of expanding the concentration camp system in Nazi territory throughout Europe, particularly toward the end of the war, when numerous sub- camps were established in the course of shifting industrial war production to un- derground sites.2 The Buna/Monowitz concentration camp was located in East Upper Silesia within the western provinces of Poland, which had been annexed by the German Reich.
    [Show full text]